Because of global warming and decreased river flows, all of Pakistan's provinces, especially larg... more Because of global warming and decreased river flows, all of Pakistan's provinces, especially large parts of Sind and Baluchistan, have been experiencing water shortages for decades. Based on such climatic changes several management techniques have been recommended to cope through drought stress. This study is focused on the assumption that seed soaking of Triticum aestivum L. at low (4 °C) and high (80 °C) temperature (thermopriming) with exogenous spray of alpha-Tocopherol (150 mol/L) will increase seedling formation and crop production through drought stress of 5 and 10 days recommended to persuade resistivity in test species. This study also describes resistance mechanism of drought both in physiological and biochemical activities. Results concluded that chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, sugar, protein and proline (µmg/g) contents were detected maximum in case of T1 (control) and T5 (5 days drought + 4 °C + α-Tocopherol) enhancing growth and osmolytes component in plant whereas; antioxidant enzymes bitterly respond under induced high drought stress and growth regulator at p≤0.05. The study showed the degree of resistance to various drought stressors best suited in agricultural country (Pakistan) signifying successful demonstration of priming method with the application of α-Tocopherol as growth regulator will help agricultural industries improve seed quality and germination rate.
This work aimed to synthesize biodiesel from Ricinus communis L., using calcium oxide (CaO) nanop... more This work aimed to synthesize biodiesel from Ricinus communis L., using calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles as a catalyst. The CaO nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel were studied through H and C-NMR, GC-MS, FT-IR, and fuel properties were studied according to ASTM and EN standard methods. The oil content of the feedstock was 53.7% with a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 0.89 mg KOH/g. The suitable condition for the optimum yield (89%) of biodiesel was 1:15 of oil to methanol using 20 mg of catalyst at a temperature of 60 °C for 80 to 100 min of reaction time. The H and C-NMR confirm the biodiesel synthesis by showing important peaks at 3.661, 2.015–2.788, 24.83–34.16 and 174.26 and 130.15 ppm. Similarly, GC-MS spectroscopy confirmed 18 different types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the biodiesel sample. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of biodiesel by showing chara...
Background: Accidental deaths are the object of public health issues. This study was designed to ... more Background: Accidental deaths are the object of public health issues. This study was designed to explore and compare the statistics of all types of accidental deaths that occurred in the Rajshahi district in 2019 and 2020. Materials and methods: The data presented here were accumulated from the forensic examination of the corresponding dead bodies, which were submitted by police from the different police stations in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (DFMT) at RMC for postmortem examination. This study confirms and explores the number of accidental deaths based on the observation, which were analogous with corresponding signs of studied accidental events. Results: According to the data, road traffic accident (RTA) was the most prevalent cause of unnatural accidental death in both years. In 2019, the number of deaths due to unwanted bomb explosions was the lowest. But, in 2020, the lowest number of deaths were observed due to alcohol overdose. The numbers of deaths due ...
A 16-valued logic system for testing combinational circuits is presented. This logic system has b... more A 16-valued logic system for testing combinational circuits is presented. This logic system has been used to develop SIMPLE, an efficient test generation algorithm for single stuck-at faults. The proposed scheme for testing stuck-at faults is based on imposing all the constraints that must be satisfied in order to sensitize a path from a fault site to a primary output. Consequently all deterministic implications are fully considered prior to the enumeration process. The resulting ability to identify inconsistencies prior to enumeration improves the possibility of quicker identification of redundant faults. In order to prune the search space we have introduced several speed-up techniques that effectively combine the information provided by the deterministic path sensitization and that obtained from the circuit topology. Some properties of undetectable faults are presented and methods to identify them without actual test generation are proposed. 1This work was partially supported by t...
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2021
BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is considered an otologic emergency globally... more BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is considered an otologic emergency globally. Aetiology is unknown in most cases but still the disease is believed to be caused by inflammation of the cochlea; therefore, steroids are considered beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS This study was conducted on 62 patients of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in Ayub Medical Complex, Abbottabad. The patients were given prednisolone and their response to the therapy was monitored. Factors like age of the patient, gender, degree of hearing loss and duration of symptoms at initial presentation were recorded and their effect of response of the patient was also noted. RESULTS The research subjects were 62 patients. Majority of the patients suffered from moderate to moderately severe hearing loss. Age and gender did not influence the response to the treatment. While the patients who presented earlier after the onset of disease and the patients who had milder d...
Background: Chronic otitis media is perforation of tympanic membrane with infection. It is mostly... more Background: Chronic otitis media is perforation of tympanic membrane with infection. It is mostly seen in underdeveloped countries. Culture and sensitivity reports show that the major pathogens responsible for chronic otitis media are pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus. Objective: To ascertain the sensitivity of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in chronic otitis media which will help in the selection of antibiotics in resistant cases of chronic otitis media. Materials and Method: This prospective cross sectional study including 150 patients was carried at PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi from 20/04/2017 to 05/01/2018.Pus sample/swab was collected via pre-packed sterile cotton sticks for bacteriology and sent to consultant microbiologist for culture and sensitivity. Laboratory reports of the bacterial spectrum and their sensitivity to antibiotics were reviewed and data entered in the proforma was analyzed. Results: After processing 36.6% pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were sensitiv...
Background: Plants provide food, clothing, shelter, medicines, fodder, fuel wood and ecosystem se... more Background: Plants provide food, clothing, shelter, medicines, fodder, fuel wood and ecosystem services. The floristic diversity of any area plays an important role in the sustainable livelihood and food security of the inhabitants of that area. The people of the research area Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan are living in the far flung and backward area. They are dependent on plants and plants products for supporting their livelihood and other needs. They obtain food, fuel, timber, medicines and fodder from plants and also use plants for ornamental purposes. Since the area has a rich flora which was not previously documented. Similarly, the inhabitants use these plants for many purposes. Therefore, the present study was planned to document the flora and its local uses and to know how the local people use these plant natural resources to support their livelihood. Methods: Thorough collection of plants was made from the research area during 2019-2020. Plants were collected and the related data was documented on the spot in the field. Identification was carried out with the help of authentic literature. The ethnobotanical data was collected through questionnaires and 50 informants were interviewed, whose age was ranging from 20-60 years. Standard procedures were adopted for ethnobotanical information collection which includes (Stijfhoorn 1996-1997) and (Martin 2004) procedures and further data authentication was made by adopting artifact (ex-situ) and inventory (in-situ) methods. Results: A total of 85 species belonging to 42 families were recorded. Out of 42 families, 35 families were dicots, 5 were monocots and 2 families were gymnosperms. The dominant family was Asteraceae comprised of 7 genera (9.09 %) and 7 species (8.23 %) followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae with 5 species each, while Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae with 3 species each and the remaining families were represented by 2 or less species. The life form class was dominated by Therophytes comprised of 31 spp. (36.4%) followed by Nanophanerophytes 24 spp. (28.2 %) and Chamaephytes 11 spp. (12.9 %). The leaf size spectra showed that Microphylls was dominant with 25 spp. (29.4 %), followed by Mesophylls with 24 spp. (28.2 %), while the Nanophylls with 12 spp. (14.1%) and Leptophylls with 10 spp. (11.7 %). The habit of plants showed that 43 species (50.5 %) were herbs, 28 species (32.5 %) were trees, and 14 spp. (16.4 %) were shrubs.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is an uncommon tumor constitutingless than 1% of all h... more Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is an uncommon tumor constitutingless than 1% of all head & neck tumors. Tumor has an aggressive local behavior if left untreated.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with no common consensus on a single approach. Tumourstage and surgical approaches are the major determinants of tumour recurrence. Objectives:To evaluate the influence of stage of tumor in recurrence in nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery,PIMS, Islamabad and Ayub medical institution, Abbottabad. Period: Jan 2010 to Jan 2014.Materials and Methods: Consisting of 34 diagnosed cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.CT-scan was done in all patients and were treated surgically except one patient who wasirradiated. All patients were followed up for one year. Results: Among 34 patients, 24 patientswere classified as stage III, 4 were in stage II and 5 were in stage IVa and one in stage IVb. 17.6%(6/34) of pat...
Hearing is decreased in later age is due to aging and is normally seen in most of the elderly peo... more Hearing is decreased in later age is due to aging and is normally seen in most of the elderly people all over the world. Objectives: To ascertain the degree of hearing in elders in relation to age, pattern and extent of hearing weakness in old age so that interventional strategies can be planned to improve their wellbeing. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: ENT Outdoor Clinic of Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital of Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Period: December 2017 to October 2018. Material & Methods: 200 patients were part of the study with age > 50 years and no past history of drug therapy. Data was gathered by detailed clinical history, clinical examination and audiometric findings. Result: 57% patients were found with normal hearing and 43% had variable degree of hearing deterioration. Highest number of hearing weakness was found in 9th decade. Most of hearing deterioration was found in both the ears and that of sensorineural in type. Co...
RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences, 2020
Background: The study of species diversity, its conservations and extinction can be done by using... more Background: The study of species diversity, its conservations and extinction can be done by using systematics in plant biodiversity. Poaceae is a very diverse grass family with great economic importance as it contains crops like rice, maize, oats, wheat, etc. Objectives: The current study was undertaken in district Charsadda during 2017-18 in flowering season to collect different grass species from the area. Methodology: Grass specimens were gathered, preserved, mounted and then identified from the available literature/native flora (Flora of Pakistan). Ecological parameters like habitat, class, life cycle and biological spectra were determined. A total of 51 taxa comprised of 34 genera, 5 subfamilies and 11 tribes of grasses were collected from the District Charsadda. The subfamily Panicoideae was the leading family with highest number of genera, taxa and tribes, followed by Pooideae. Results: The biological spectrum showed that in the life-form class, therophyte had the highest num...
Because of global warming and decreased river flows, all of Pakistan's provinces, especially larg... more Because of global warming and decreased river flows, all of Pakistan's provinces, especially large parts of Sind and Baluchistan, have been experiencing water shortages for decades. Based on such climatic changes several management techniques have been recommended to cope through drought stress. This study is focused on the assumption that seed soaking of Triticum aestivum L. at low (4 °C) and high (80 °C) temperature (thermopriming) with exogenous spray of alpha-Tocopherol (150 mol/L) will increase seedling formation and crop production through drought stress of 5 and 10 days recommended to persuade resistivity in test species. This study also describes resistance mechanism of drought both in physiological and biochemical activities. Results concluded that chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, sugar, protein and proline (µmg/g) contents were detected maximum in case of T1 (control) and T5 (5 days drought + 4 °C + α-Tocopherol) enhancing growth and osmolytes component in plant whereas; antioxidant enzymes bitterly respond under induced high drought stress and growth regulator at p≤0.05. The study showed the degree of resistance to various drought stressors best suited in agricultural country (Pakistan) signifying successful demonstration of priming method with the application of α-Tocopherol as growth regulator will help agricultural industries improve seed quality and germination rate.
This work aimed to synthesize biodiesel from Ricinus communis L., using calcium oxide (CaO) nanop... more This work aimed to synthesize biodiesel from Ricinus communis L., using calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles as a catalyst. The CaO nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel were studied through H and C-NMR, GC-MS, FT-IR, and fuel properties were studied according to ASTM and EN standard methods. The oil content of the feedstock was 53.7% with a free fatty acid (FFA) content of 0.89 mg KOH/g. The suitable condition for the optimum yield (89%) of biodiesel was 1:15 of oil to methanol using 20 mg of catalyst at a temperature of 60 °C for 80 to 100 min of reaction time. The H and C-NMR confirm the biodiesel synthesis by showing important peaks at 3.661, 2.015–2.788, 24.83–34.16 and 174.26 and 130.15 ppm. Similarly, GC-MS spectroscopy confirmed 18 different types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the biodiesel sample. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of biodiesel by showing chara...
Background: Accidental deaths are the object of public health issues. This study was designed to ... more Background: Accidental deaths are the object of public health issues. This study was designed to explore and compare the statistics of all types of accidental deaths that occurred in the Rajshahi district in 2019 and 2020. Materials and methods: The data presented here were accumulated from the forensic examination of the corresponding dead bodies, which were submitted by police from the different police stations in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (DFMT) at RMC for postmortem examination. This study confirms and explores the number of accidental deaths based on the observation, which were analogous with corresponding signs of studied accidental events. Results: According to the data, road traffic accident (RTA) was the most prevalent cause of unnatural accidental death in both years. In 2019, the number of deaths due to unwanted bomb explosions was the lowest. But, in 2020, the lowest number of deaths were observed due to alcohol overdose. The numbers of deaths due ...
A 16-valued logic system for testing combinational circuits is presented. This logic system has b... more A 16-valued logic system for testing combinational circuits is presented. This logic system has been used to develop SIMPLE, an efficient test generation algorithm for single stuck-at faults. The proposed scheme for testing stuck-at faults is based on imposing all the constraints that must be satisfied in order to sensitize a path from a fault site to a primary output. Consequently all deterministic implications are fully considered prior to the enumeration process. The resulting ability to identify inconsistencies prior to enumeration improves the possibility of quicker identification of redundant faults. In order to prune the search space we have introduced several speed-up techniques that effectively combine the information provided by the deterministic path sensitization and that obtained from the circuit topology. Some properties of undetectable faults are presented and methods to identify them without actual test generation are proposed. 1This work was partially supported by t...
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2021
BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is considered an otologic emergency globally... more BACKGROUND Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is considered an otologic emergency globally. Aetiology is unknown in most cases but still the disease is believed to be caused by inflammation of the cochlea; therefore, steroids are considered beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS This study was conducted on 62 patients of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) in Ayub Medical Complex, Abbottabad. The patients were given prednisolone and their response to the therapy was monitored. Factors like age of the patient, gender, degree of hearing loss and duration of symptoms at initial presentation were recorded and their effect of response of the patient was also noted. RESULTS The research subjects were 62 patients. Majority of the patients suffered from moderate to moderately severe hearing loss. Age and gender did not influence the response to the treatment. While the patients who presented earlier after the onset of disease and the patients who had milder d...
Background: Chronic otitis media is perforation of tympanic membrane with infection. It is mostly... more Background: Chronic otitis media is perforation of tympanic membrane with infection. It is mostly seen in underdeveloped countries. Culture and sensitivity reports show that the major pathogens responsible for chronic otitis media are pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus. Objective: To ascertain the sensitivity of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in chronic otitis media which will help in the selection of antibiotics in resistant cases of chronic otitis media. Materials and Method: This prospective cross sectional study including 150 patients was carried at PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi from 20/04/2017 to 05/01/2018.Pus sample/swab was collected via pre-packed sterile cotton sticks for bacteriology and sent to consultant microbiologist for culture and sensitivity. Laboratory reports of the bacterial spectrum and their sensitivity to antibiotics were reviewed and data entered in the proforma was analyzed. Results: After processing 36.6% pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were sensitiv...
Background: Plants provide food, clothing, shelter, medicines, fodder, fuel wood and ecosystem se... more Background: Plants provide food, clothing, shelter, medicines, fodder, fuel wood and ecosystem services. The floristic diversity of any area plays an important role in the sustainable livelihood and food security of the inhabitants of that area. The people of the research area Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan are living in the far flung and backward area. They are dependent on plants and plants products for supporting their livelihood and other needs. They obtain food, fuel, timber, medicines and fodder from plants and also use plants for ornamental purposes. Since the area has a rich flora which was not previously documented. Similarly, the inhabitants use these plants for many purposes. Therefore, the present study was planned to document the flora and its local uses and to know how the local people use these plant natural resources to support their livelihood. Methods: Thorough collection of plants was made from the research area during 2019-2020. Plants were collected and the related data was documented on the spot in the field. Identification was carried out with the help of authentic literature. The ethnobotanical data was collected through questionnaires and 50 informants were interviewed, whose age was ranging from 20-60 years. Standard procedures were adopted for ethnobotanical information collection which includes (Stijfhoorn 1996-1997) and (Martin 2004) procedures and further data authentication was made by adopting artifact (ex-situ) and inventory (in-situ) methods. Results: A total of 85 species belonging to 42 families were recorded. Out of 42 families, 35 families were dicots, 5 were monocots and 2 families were gymnosperms. The dominant family was Asteraceae comprised of 7 genera (9.09 %) and 7 species (8.23 %) followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae with 5 species each, while Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae with 3 species each and the remaining families were represented by 2 or less species. The life form class was dominated by Therophytes comprised of 31 spp. (36.4%) followed by Nanophanerophytes 24 spp. (28.2 %) and Chamaephytes 11 spp. (12.9 %). The leaf size spectra showed that Microphylls was dominant with 25 spp. (29.4 %), followed by Mesophylls with 24 spp. (28.2 %), while the Nanophylls with 12 spp. (14.1%) and Leptophylls with 10 spp. (11.7 %). The habit of plants showed that 43 species (50.5 %) were herbs, 28 species (32.5 %) were trees, and 14 spp. (16.4 %) were shrubs.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is an uncommon tumor constitutingless than 1% of all h... more Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is an uncommon tumor constitutingless than 1% of all head & neck tumors. Tumor has an aggressive local behavior if left untreated.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with no common consensus on a single approach. Tumourstage and surgical approaches are the major determinants of tumour recurrence. Objectives:To evaluate the influence of stage of tumor in recurrence in nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery,PIMS, Islamabad and Ayub medical institution, Abbottabad. Period: Jan 2010 to Jan 2014.Materials and Methods: Consisting of 34 diagnosed cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.CT-scan was done in all patients and were treated surgically except one patient who wasirradiated. All patients were followed up for one year. Results: Among 34 patients, 24 patientswere classified as stage III, 4 were in stage II and 5 were in stage IVa and one in stage IVb. 17.6%(6/34) of pat...
Hearing is decreased in later age is due to aging and is normally seen in most of the elderly peo... more Hearing is decreased in later age is due to aging and is normally seen in most of the elderly people all over the world. Objectives: To ascertain the degree of hearing in elders in relation to age, pattern and extent of hearing weakness in old age so that interventional strategies can be planned to improve their wellbeing. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: ENT Outdoor Clinic of Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital of Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Period: December 2017 to October 2018. Material & Methods: 200 patients were part of the study with age > 50 years and no past history of drug therapy. Data was gathered by detailed clinical history, clinical examination and audiometric findings. Result: 57% patients were found with normal hearing and 43% had variable degree of hearing deterioration. Highest number of hearing weakness was found in 9th decade. Most of hearing deterioration was found in both the ears and that of sensorineural in type. Co...
RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences, 2020
Background: The study of species diversity, its conservations and extinction can be done by using... more Background: The study of species diversity, its conservations and extinction can be done by using systematics in plant biodiversity. Poaceae is a very diverse grass family with great economic importance as it contains crops like rice, maize, oats, wheat, etc. Objectives: The current study was undertaken in district Charsadda during 2017-18 in flowering season to collect different grass species from the area. Methodology: Grass specimens were gathered, preserved, mounted and then identified from the available literature/native flora (Flora of Pakistan). Ecological parameters like habitat, class, life cycle and biological spectra were determined. A total of 51 taxa comprised of 34 genera, 5 subfamilies and 11 tribes of grasses were collected from the District Charsadda. The subfamily Panicoideae was the leading family with highest number of genera, taxa and tribes, followed by Pooideae. Results: The biological spectrum showed that in the life-form class, therophyte had the highest num...
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