Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in ... more Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in overpopulated regions of the world comprising thalassaemia as a main concern. The variety of infectious diseases that transfer from blood donors to thalassaemia patients leading complications which result in delay hemolytic transfusion reactions and different types of infections whose causative agents may be HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis etc. Epidemiology: The thalassaemia affects almost 4.4 of every 10000 births worldwide although its rate in Pakistan is 5000 to 10000 births per year with 5-7 % estimated carrier rate. The blood transfusion and transmissible infections ratio in low income countries is as, HIV presence is from 0.33% to 1.66%, HBV presence is from 2.00% to 4.50%, HCV presence is from 0.50% to2.23% and Syphilis presence is from 0.60% to 1.81%. Diagnostics: The Immuno-chromatographic tests are affordable and can be valid to be used for blood screening throughout world. Blood samples should be processed for a counter check via ELISA/ CLIA and NAT technique to eliminate risk of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis deadly infections. Treatment: Patients must be provided regular blood transfusion to keep average hemoglobin level at 10-12 g/dl. Other treatments include Iron Chelation therapy which is mandatory for better life expectancy as well as splenectomy, stem cell transplant and gene therapy. Conclusion: The blood transfusion infections based on ICT (Immuno-chromatographic technique) prove unreliable while CLIA (ChemiluminescenceImmunoassay) is reliable comparatively due to capturing weak positive and low titer infectious agents. In order to avoid the delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions it is enforced to detect the subgroups of blood like A (A1 and A2) and AB (A1B and A2B).
The corona virus disease being aware commonly as Covid-19 in passing days among common masses is ... more The corona virus disease being aware commonly as Covid-19 in passing days among common masses is a novel viral illness of the systema respiratorium, causing a sustained pandemic which is in particular characterized by atypical pneumonia with specific symptoms of mild fever, runny nose with secreted fluid similar to flu, hypoxia, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, shortness of breath, normal or decreased leukocyte count, ground glass opacities, sore throat and cough without phlegm. It is caused by an epidemic referred as SARS CoV-2 with abbreviation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 nowadays. The procedures to be adopted for the diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based not only on clinical but epidemiological agents also and anyways stand on the link to an assessment and likelihood of the infection. The SARS CoV-2 is diagnosed with different test techniques like serological, molecular and others but most common for it is RT-PCR which is widely used and most reliable one to auth...
The helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulates the infected host's immune system to facilitate it... more The helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulates the infected host's immune system to facilitate its own survival, by producing excretory/secretory molecules that interact with a variety of the host's cell types including those of the immune system. Herein, we characterise the S. mansoni adult male worm secretome and identify 111 proteins, including 7 vaccine candidates and several molecules with potential immunomodulatory activity. Amongst the molecules present in the secretome, a 17-19kDa protein analogous to human cyclophilin A was identified. Given the ability of cyclophilin A to modulate the immune system by regulating antigen presenting cell activity, we sought to determine whether recombinant S. mansoni Cyclophilin A (rSmCypA) is capable of modulating bone-marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDC) and T cell responses under in vitro conditions. rSmCypA was enzymatically active and able to alter the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile of LPS-activated dendritic cells. rSmCypA also ...
B cells have been described as having the capacity to regulate cellular immune responses and supp... more B cells have been described as having the capacity to regulate cellular immune responses and suppress inflammatory processes. One such regulatory B-cell population is defined as IL-10-producing, CD19(+) CD1d(hi) cells. Previous work has identified an expansion of these cells in mice infected with the helminth, Schistosoma mansoni. Here, microarray analysis of CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells from mice infected with S. mansoni demonstrated significantly increased Tlr7 expression, while CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells from uninfected mice also demonstrated elevated Tlr7 expression. Using IL-10 reporter, Il10(-/-) and Tlr7(-/-) mice, we formally demonstrate that TLR7 ligation of CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells increases their capacity to produce IL-10. In a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation, the adoptive transfer of TLR7-elicited CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells reduced airway inflammation and associated airway hyperresponsiveness. Using DEREG mice to deplete FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells in allergen-sensitiz...
Hepatitis B is a chronic infection and is the main health concern especially in Asia, Africa, Sou... more Hepatitis B is a chronic infection and is the main health concern especially in Asia, Africa, Southern Europe and Latin America and around two billion individuals are infected with HBV on the globe, among them 400 million are suffering from chronic HBV infection. Current data was collected from the period for December 2017 to October 2019 from the pathology lab of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan. The blood samples of 31,367 blood donors were screened with ELISA kit (ARCHITECT i1000SR automated immunoassay analyzer chemiluminescent micro particle immunoassay). The occurrence rate of HBV infection amongst the blood donors was studied using CMIA method at Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan. 6253 blood donors were detected as HBV positive in total 31,367 blood donors. Total number of male blood donors was 28531, in which 5769 were HBV positive and their ratio was 20.22%, while the total number of female blood donors was 2836 in which 484 were detected as HBV positive and their percentage was...
The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in West Africa. S... more The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in West Africa. Some isolated cases were also observed in other regions of the world. In this paper, we introduce a deterministic SEIR type model with additional hospitalization, quarantine and vaccination components in order to understand the disease dynamics. Optimal control strategies, both in the case of hospitalization (with and without quarantine) and vaccination are used to predict the possible future outcome in terms of resource utilization for disease control and the effectiveness of vaccination on sick populations. Further, with the help of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis we also have identified the most sensitive parameters which effectively contribute to change the disease dynamics. We have performed mathematical analysis with numerical simulations and optimal control strategies on Ebola virus models. We used dynamical system tools with numerical simulations and optimal control strategie...
Global incidence of dengue, a vector-borne tropical disease, has seen a dramatic increase with se... more Global incidence of dengue, a vector-borne tropical disease, has seen a dramatic increase with several major outbreaks in the past few decades. We formulate and analyze a stochastic epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of a single strain of dengue virus. The stochastic model is constructed using a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) and is based on an existing deterministic model that suggests the existence of a backward bifurcation for some values of the model parameters. The dynamics of the stochastic model are explored through numerical simulations in this region of bistability. The mean of each random variable is numerically estimated and these are compared to the dynamics of the deterministic model. It is observed that the stochastic model also predicts the coexistence of a locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium along with a locally stable endemic equilibrium. This coexistence of equilibria is important from a public health perspective because it implies that dengue can persist in populations even if the value of the basic reproduction number is less than unity.
• IL-33-induced neutrophil recruitment in vivo is mast celldependent. This is partly mediated thr... more • IL-33-induced neutrophil recruitment in vivo is mast celldependent. This is partly mediated through the mast cell release of TNF-␣. • IL-33-treated human mast cells induce neutrophil migration in vitro. IL-33 is a recently discovered cytokine involved in induction of Th2 responses and functions as an alarmin. Despite numerous recent studies targeting IL-33, its role in vivo is incompletely understood. Here we investigated inflammatory responses to intraperitoneal IL-33 injections in wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice. We found that wild-type mice, but not mast cell-deficient W sh /W sh mice, respond to IL-33 treatment with neutrophil infiltration to the peritoneum, whereas other investigated cell types remained unchanged. In W sh /W sh mice, the IL-33-induced innate neutrophil response could be rescued by local reconstitution with wild-type but not with T1/ST2 ؊/؊ mast cells, demonstrating a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we found this mechanism to be partially dependent on mast cell-derived TNF, as we observed reduced neutrophil infiltration in W sh /W sh mice reconstituted with TNF ؊/؊ bone marrow-derived mast cells compared with those reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow-derived mast cells. In agreement with our in vivo findings, we demonstrate that humanneutrophils migrate toward the supernatant of IL-33-treated human mast cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that IL-33 activates mast cells in vivo to recruit neutrophils, a mechanism dependent on IL-33R expression on peritoneal mast cells. Mast cells activated in vivo by IL-33 probably play an important role in inflammatory reactions. (Blood. 2013;121(3):530-536)
We present a rigorous mathematical analysis of a deterministic model, for the transmission dynami... more We present a rigorous mathematical analysis of a deterministic model, for the transmission dynamics of hepatitis C, using a standard incidence function. The infected population is divided into three distinct compartments featuring two distinct infection stages (acute and chronic) along with an isolation compartment. It is shown that for basic reproduction number R0≤1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. The model also has an endemic equilibrium for R0>1. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify and study the impact of critical parameters on R0. In addition, we have presented the numerical simulations to investigate the influence of different important parameters on R0. Since we have a locally stable endemic equilibrium, optimal control is applied to the deterministic model to reduce the total infected population. Two different optimal control strategies (vaccination and isolation) are designed to control the disease ...
Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in ... more Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) are going to hit as a major risk factor in overpopulated regions of the world comprising thalassaemia as a main concern. The variety of infectious diseases that transfer from blood donors to thalassaemia patients leading complications which result in delay hemolytic transfusion reactions and different types of infections whose causative agents may be HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis etc. Epidemiology: The thalassaemia affects almost 4.4 of every 10000 births worldwide although its rate in Pakistan is 5000 to 10000 births per year with 5-7 % estimated carrier rate. The blood transfusion and transmissible infections ratio in low income countries is as, HIV presence is from 0.33% to 1.66%, HBV presence is from 2.00% to 4.50%, HCV presence is from 0.50% to2.23% and Syphilis presence is from 0.60% to 1.81%. Diagnostics: The Immuno-chromatographic tests are affordable and can be valid to be used for blood screening throughout world. Blood samples should be processed for a counter check via ELISA/ CLIA and NAT technique to eliminate risk of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis deadly infections. Treatment: Patients must be provided regular blood transfusion to keep average hemoglobin level at 10-12 g/dl. Other treatments include Iron Chelation therapy which is mandatory for better life expectancy as well as splenectomy, stem cell transplant and gene therapy. Conclusion: The blood transfusion infections based on ICT (Immuno-chromatographic technique) prove unreliable while CLIA (ChemiluminescenceImmunoassay) is reliable comparatively due to capturing weak positive and low titer infectious agents. In order to avoid the delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions it is enforced to detect the subgroups of blood like A (A1 and A2) and AB (A1B and A2B).
The corona virus disease being aware commonly as Covid-19 in passing days among common masses is ... more The corona virus disease being aware commonly as Covid-19 in passing days among common masses is a novel viral illness of the systema respiratorium, causing a sustained pandemic which is in particular characterized by atypical pneumonia with specific symptoms of mild fever, runny nose with secreted fluid similar to flu, hypoxia, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, shortness of breath, normal or decreased leukocyte count, ground glass opacities, sore throat and cough without phlegm. It is caused by an epidemic referred as SARS CoV-2 with abbreviation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 nowadays. The procedures to be adopted for the diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based not only on clinical but epidemiological agents also and anyways stand on the link to an assessment and likelihood of the infection. The SARS CoV-2 is diagnosed with different test techniques like serological, molecular and others but most common for it is RT-PCR which is widely used and most reliable one to auth...
The helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulates the infected host's immune system to facilitate it... more The helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulates the infected host's immune system to facilitate its own survival, by producing excretory/secretory molecules that interact with a variety of the host's cell types including those of the immune system. Herein, we characterise the S. mansoni adult male worm secretome and identify 111 proteins, including 7 vaccine candidates and several molecules with potential immunomodulatory activity. Amongst the molecules present in the secretome, a 17-19kDa protein analogous to human cyclophilin A was identified. Given the ability of cyclophilin A to modulate the immune system by regulating antigen presenting cell activity, we sought to determine whether recombinant S. mansoni Cyclophilin A (rSmCypA) is capable of modulating bone-marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDC) and T cell responses under in vitro conditions. rSmCypA was enzymatically active and able to alter the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile of LPS-activated dendritic cells. rSmCypA also ...
B cells have been described as having the capacity to regulate cellular immune responses and supp... more B cells have been described as having the capacity to regulate cellular immune responses and suppress inflammatory processes. One such regulatory B-cell population is defined as IL-10-producing, CD19(+) CD1d(hi) cells. Previous work has identified an expansion of these cells in mice infected with the helminth, Schistosoma mansoni. Here, microarray analysis of CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells from mice infected with S. mansoni demonstrated significantly increased Tlr7 expression, while CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells from uninfected mice also demonstrated elevated Tlr7 expression. Using IL-10 reporter, Il10(-/-) and Tlr7(-/-) mice, we formally demonstrate that TLR7 ligation of CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells increases their capacity to produce IL-10. In a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation, the adoptive transfer of TLR7-elicited CD19(+) CD1d(hi) B cells reduced airway inflammation and associated airway hyperresponsiveness. Using DEREG mice to deplete FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells in allergen-sensitiz...
Hepatitis B is a chronic infection and is the main health concern especially in Asia, Africa, Sou... more Hepatitis B is a chronic infection and is the main health concern especially in Asia, Africa, Southern Europe and Latin America and around two billion individuals are infected with HBV on the globe, among them 400 million are suffering from chronic HBV infection. Current data was collected from the period for December 2017 to October 2019 from the pathology lab of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan. The blood samples of 31,367 blood donors were screened with ELISA kit (ARCHITECT i1000SR automated immunoassay analyzer chemiluminescent micro particle immunoassay). The occurrence rate of HBV infection amongst the blood donors was studied using CMIA method at Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan. 6253 blood donors were detected as HBV positive in total 31,367 blood donors. Total number of male blood donors was 28531, in which 5769 were HBV positive and their ratio was 20.22%, while the total number of female blood donors was 2836 in which 484 were detected as HBV positive and their percentage was...
The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in West Africa. S... more The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in West Africa. Some isolated cases were also observed in other regions of the world. In this paper, we introduce a deterministic SEIR type model with additional hospitalization, quarantine and vaccination components in order to understand the disease dynamics. Optimal control strategies, both in the case of hospitalization (with and without quarantine) and vaccination are used to predict the possible future outcome in terms of resource utilization for disease control and the effectiveness of vaccination on sick populations. Further, with the help of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis we also have identified the most sensitive parameters which effectively contribute to change the disease dynamics. We have performed mathematical analysis with numerical simulations and optimal control strategies on Ebola virus models. We used dynamical system tools with numerical simulations and optimal control strategie...
Global incidence of dengue, a vector-borne tropical disease, has seen a dramatic increase with se... more Global incidence of dengue, a vector-borne tropical disease, has seen a dramatic increase with several major outbreaks in the past few decades. We formulate and analyze a stochastic epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of a single strain of dengue virus. The stochastic model is constructed using a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) and is based on an existing deterministic model that suggests the existence of a backward bifurcation for some values of the model parameters. The dynamics of the stochastic model are explored through numerical simulations in this region of bistability. The mean of each random variable is numerically estimated and these are compared to the dynamics of the deterministic model. It is observed that the stochastic model also predicts the coexistence of a locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium along with a locally stable endemic equilibrium. This coexistence of equilibria is important from a public health perspective because it implies that dengue can persist in populations even if the value of the basic reproduction number is less than unity.
• IL-33-induced neutrophil recruitment in vivo is mast celldependent. This is partly mediated thr... more • IL-33-induced neutrophil recruitment in vivo is mast celldependent. This is partly mediated through the mast cell release of TNF-␣. • IL-33-treated human mast cells induce neutrophil migration in vitro. IL-33 is a recently discovered cytokine involved in induction of Th2 responses and functions as an alarmin. Despite numerous recent studies targeting IL-33, its role in vivo is incompletely understood. Here we investigated inflammatory responses to intraperitoneal IL-33 injections in wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice. We found that wild-type mice, but not mast cell-deficient W sh /W sh mice, respond to IL-33 treatment with neutrophil infiltration to the peritoneum, whereas other investigated cell types remained unchanged. In W sh /W sh mice, the IL-33-induced innate neutrophil response could be rescued by local reconstitution with wild-type but not with T1/ST2 ؊/؊ mast cells, demonstrating a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we found this mechanism to be partially dependent on mast cell-derived TNF, as we observed reduced neutrophil infiltration in W sh /W sh mice reconstituted with TNF ؊/؊ bone marrow-derived mast cells compared with those reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow-derived mast cells. In agreement with our in vivo findings, we demonstrate that humanneutrophils migrate toward the supernatant of IL-33-treated human mast cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that IL-33 activates mast cells in vivo to recruit neutrophils, a mechanism dependent on IL-33R expression on peritoneal mast cells. Mast cells activated in vivo by IL-33 probably play an important role in inflammatory reactions. (Blood. 2013;121(3):530-536)
We present a rigorous mathematical analysis of a deterministic model, for the transmission dynami... more We present a rigorous mathematical analysis of a deterministic model, for the transmission dynamics of hepatitis C, using a standard incidence function. The infected population is divided into three distinct compartments featuring two distinct infection stages (acute and chronic) along with an isolation compartment. It is shown that for basic reproduction number R0≤1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. The model also has an endemic equilibrium for R0>1. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify and study the impact of critical parameters on R0. In addition, we have presented the numerical simulations to investigate the influence of different important parameters on R0. Since we have a locally stable endemic equilibrium, optimal control is applied to the deterministic model to reduce the total infected population. Two different optimal control strategies (vaccination and isolation) are designed to control the disease ...
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Papers by Adnan Khan