Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries... more Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries. However, phenotypic drug susceptibility testing can take several weeks due to the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains. In this study, we assessed the performance of a Sanger sequencing approach to predict resistance against five anti-tuberculosis drugs and the pattern of resistance mediating mutations. Methods We enrolled 226 MTBC culture-positive MDR-TB suspects and collected sputum specimens and socio-demographic and TB related data from each suspect between June 2015 and December 2016 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin using BACTEC MGIT 960 was compared with the results of a Sanger sequencing analysis of seven resistance determining regions in the genes rpoB, katG, fabG-inhA, pncA, embB, rpsL, and rrs. Result DNA isolation for Sanger sequencing was ...
The development of phase change materials (PCMs)-based energy storage devices for both thermal an... more The development of phase change materials (PCMs)-based energy storage devices for both thermal and light energy has the potential to greatly enhance solar energy use efficiency, which is important in addressing the worldwide energy problem. Due to the environmentally friendly, good thermal and chemical stability, easy degradation, and good mechanical strength of ethyl cellulose (EC), it was used to fabricate the shape-stabilized composite phase change material (ss-CPCM) with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The ss-CPCMs have a high latent enthalpy (174.33 J/g), high form stability, excellent thermal regulation abilities for both thermal energy storage and thermal insulation, and great cycle thermal performance. After adding long afterglow luminescence (LAL) particles, the self-luminous ss-CPCMs were obtained. They can absorb and store visible and ultraviolet light, as well as emit green light in the dark for an extended period of time. Therefore, the self-luminous ss-CPCMs can be used in ...
This cross-sectional study was conducted at the slaughterhouses/slabs of Oudalan and Ouagadougou ... more This cross-sectional study was conducted at the slaughterhouses/slabs of Oudalan and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, between August and September 2013. It aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) suggestive lesions in slaughtered cattle carcasses and to identify and characterize the mycobacteria isolated from these lesions. A thorough postmortem examination was conducted on carcasses of a total of 2165 randomly selected cattle. The overall prevalence of bTB suggestive lesions was 2.7% (58/2165; 95% CI 2.1–3.5%). Due to the low number of positive samples, data were descriptively presented. The lesions were either observed localized in one or a few organs or generalized (i.e., miliary bTB) in 96.6% (n = 57) and 3.4% (n = 2), respectively. The identified mycobacteria were M. bovis (44.4%, n = 20), M. fortuitum (8.9%, n = 4), M. elephantis (6.7%, n = 3), M. brumae (4.4%, n = 2), M. avium (2.2%, n = 1), M. asiaticum (2.2%, n = 1), M. terrae (2.2%, n = 1), and unknown...
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever. It can infect animals, humans, and birds, as... more Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever. It can infect animals, humans, and birds, as well as ticks, and it has a worldwide geographical distribution. To better understand the epidemiology of C. burnetii in Somalia, ticks infesting camels were collected from five different regions, including Bari, Nugaal, Mudug, Sool, and Sanaag, between January and March 2018. Collected ticks were tested for C. burnetii and Coxiella-like endosymbiont DNA by using IS1111, icd, and Com1-target PCR assays. Moreover, sequencing of the 16S-rRNA was conducted. Molecular characterization and typing were done by adaA-gene analysis and plasmid-type identification. Further typing was carried out by 14-marker Multi-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (MLVA/VNTR) analysis. The investigated ticks (n = 237) were identified as Hyalomma spp. (n = 227, 95.8%), Amblyomma spp. (n = 8, 3.4%), and Ripicephalus spp. (n = 2, 0.8%), and 59.1% (140/237) of them were positive for Coxiella spp. While Sanger sequ...
Today, over one hundred Demodex species (class Arachnida, subclass Acarina) are known and all are... more Today, over one hundred Demodex species (class Arachnida, subclass Acarina) are known and all are highly specialized, host-specific and are named after their hosts (Baima and Sticherling, 2002; Radostits, et al., 2007; Jarmuda et al., 2012; OIE, 2016). Demodex mites can infest different areas of the skin of humans and animals causing cutaneous pathology ranging from asymptomatic to severe and potentially fatal diseases with numerous skin and ocular symptoms (Gortel, 2006; Lacey et al., 2009; Lacey et al., 2011). The mites that are able to cause severe skin problems are of high medical and veterinary concern (Nutting, 1976; Jarmuda et al., 2012).
Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2018
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease of humans and animals. It is characterized by th... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease of humans and animals. It is characterized by the progressive development of specific granulomatous lesions in affected organs. Human TB is endemic in Eastern Sudan. However, knowledge on the epidemiology of TB in ruminants is scarce. In a six-month study from June to November 2014, a total of 2304 carcasses of cattle, sheep, goats and camels slaughtered at the East and West Gaash slaughterhouses of Kassala were inspected to investigate TB prevalence. Only 0.1% (n = 2) of the carcasses had suspicious TB lesions. These lesions were solely found in carcasses of sheep, in the liver, lungs, and peritoneal cavity. The samples collected from the lesions were investigated for the presence of mycobacteria, which were found in one of the two carcasses. The grown bacteria were subjected to a line probe assay (GenoType Mycobacterium CM), and to 16S rDNA and ITS gene sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). However, none of these methods id...
Received: Revised: Accepted: October 30, 2013 November 16, 2013 November 30, 2013 A 9-year-old, m... more Received: Revised: Accepted: October 30, 2013 November 16, 2013 November 30, 2013 A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan University of Science and Technology for treatment of widespread skin lesions. The horse was anemic and in poor bodily condition. Encapsulated abscesses, nodules and ulcerated lesions were seen on different parts of the horse’s body, but were mostly seen on the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and all four limbs. The horse had sluggish movement and showed swelling and lameness of the right hind limb. The nodules and abscesses discharged viscid purulent exudate. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture from aspirates of intact encapsulated abscesses and identified in accordance to its cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Fecal examination was negative for internal parasites and complete blood count showed deviation from normal parameters. Histological examination of s...
DOI: 10.21276/sjavs.2017.4.11.4 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence o... more DOI: 10.21276/sjavs.2017.4.11.4 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence of anti-brucella antibodies in camels in three different localities in El-Gedarif state, Eastern Sudan. Two hundred serum samples were collected from adult male and female camels were examined using the rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT). Overall seroprevalences of 32% (n= 64, 95% CI ±6.46) and 23% (n= 46, 95% CI ±5.83) were reported by RBPT and SAT respectively. There were no significant statistical differences in the reported seroprevalences among localities. Furthermore, no brucella species was isolated from any of the cultured lymph node samples. This study showed that the seroprevalence of anti-brucella antibodies using RBPT and SAT is relatively high. Further studies investigating brucellosis across the whole state should be carried out to explore the epidemiology of this disease in camels.
The Sudan is a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country (i.e. 77 per 100,000 population). Specifical... more The Sudan is a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country (i.e. 77 per 100,000 population). Specifically, the eastern part of the country is endemic with high incidence rates of TB reaching up to 275 per 100,000 population during the past decade. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains in ruminants and in humans, as well as potential zoonotic spillovers, are only sparsely investigated. Furthermore, Eastern Sudan is a blind spot with regard to drug resistance rates and virtually no data is available on molecular drug resistance markers of circulating multidrug resistant (MDR) MTBC strains that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Particularly, strains of MTBC lineage 3 (L3), i.e. Delhi/CAS genotype, are highly prevalent in the Sudan and adjacent countries and are the main causative agent of TB in those regions, however, their regional and global genetic diversity and transmission capacity are likely not fully captured yet. Thus, this thesis aims to provide a better understanding of historic and recent transmission dynamics, the genetic background of MTBC L3 strains and to draw a robust phylogenetic framework which will serve future molecular drug resistance assays and whole genome sequencing (WGS) mutation catalogues. First, a total of 2,304 carcasses of ruminants slaughtered at the two slaughterhouses of Kassala were inspected for presence of TB-suggestive lesions (June to November 2014). Second, 383 sputum samples were collected from TB patients at Kassala, Port Sudan, and El-Gadarif teaching hospitals (June to November 2014 and January to July 2016). All collected samples were sent to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Mycobacteria, Borstel in Germany, where all samples were decontaminated and cultured into MGIT liquid medium (BACTEC MGIT 960 system) and onto Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Stonebrink slants. Culture positive samples were subjected to line probe assays and ITS gene sequencing for species identification. Cultures of MTBC strains were subjected to phenotypic [...]
International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science, 2018
This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, ... more This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, to investigate the knowledge of restaurants workers about food safety-related issues. A total of questionnaireguided interviews with 21restaurant workers and food handlers were carried out. Major food safety knowledge concepts including personal hygiene, prevention of cross contamination, general sanitation, safe storage of food, knowledge of health problems that would affect food safety, knowledge of symptoms of foodborne illnesses, and knowledge of important foodborne pathogens were investigated. The responses of interviewed workers varied considerably. In general, the workers had good knowledge about some food safety-related issues and not enough knowledge about other issues. Although the results of the questionnaire showed that the majorityof the food workers and handlers know the importance of washing hands before work and proper cleaning and handing of instruments and kitchen utensils and their role in reducing the risk of food contamination, in addition to their knowledge that eating and drinking at the work place increases the risk of food contamination, its observed that these workers do not practice that as a part of their routine work. Therefore, training programs are warranted together with continuous monitoring of the workers' behavior and practices.
A one year old female Saanen goat(Capra aegagrus hircus) was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching ... more A one year old female Saanen goat(Capra aegagrus hircus) was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of The University of Khartoum representing a sample of a small herd that was housed by a smallholder in Omdurman Locality in Khartoum State. The main clinical manifestations were different sizes of rounded raised scaling skin lesions with scabs on their tops and painul on palpation. Lesions were spread all over the body, especially on the ears, eyelids and under the base of the tail. The case was tentatively diagnosed as dermatophytosis. Skin scrapings were collected for mycological studies. Direct mounts of the scrapings were performed in 20% KOH. Cultures onto brain heart infusion agar and sub-cultures onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were performed . Confirmation mounts from colonies have been done. In lactophenol cotton blue Trichophyton verrucosum has been isolated.
A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan Uni... more A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan University of Science and Technology for treatment of widespread skin lesions. The horse was anemic and in poor bodily condition. Encapsulated abscesses, nodules and ulcerated lesions were seen on different parts of the horse’s body, but were mostly seen on the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and all four limbs. The horse had sluggish movement and showed swelling and lameness of the right hind limb. The nodules and abscesses discharged viscid purulent exudate. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture from aspirates of intact encapsulated abscesses and identified in accordance to its cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Fecal examination was negative for internal parasites and complete blood count showed deviation from normal parameters. Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens revealed severe pathological changes. The horse was euthanize...
Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries... more Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries. However, phenotypic drug susceptibility testing can take several weeks due to the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains. In this study, we assessed the performance of a Sanger sequencing approach to predict resistance against five anti-tuberculosis drugs and the pattern of resistance mediating mutations. Methods We enrolled 226 MTBC culture-positive MDR-TB suspects and collected sputum specimens and socio-demographic and TB related data from each suspect between June 2015 and December 2016 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin using BACTEC MGIT 960 was compared with the results of a Sanger sequencing analysis of seven resistance determining regions in the genes rpoB, katG, fabG-inhA, pncA, embB, rpsL, and rrs. Result DNA isolation for Sanger sequencing was ...
The development of phase change materials (PCMs)-based energy storage devices for both thermal an... more The development of phase change materials (PCMs)-based energy storage devices for both thermal and light energy has the potential to greatly enhance solar energy use efficiency, which is important in addressing the worldwide energy problem. Due to the environmentally friendly, good thermal and chemical stability, easy degradation, and good mechanical strength of ethyl cellulose (EC), it was used to fabricate the shape-stabilized composite phase change material (ss-CPCM) with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The ss-CPCMs have a high latent enthalpy (174.33 J/g), high form stability, excellent thermal regulation abilities for both thermal energy storage and thermal insulation, and great cycle thermal performance. After adding long afterglow luminescence (LAL) particles, the self-luminous ss-CPCMs were obtained. They can absorb and store visible and ultraviolet light, as well as emit green light in the dark for an extended period of time. Therefore, the self-luminous ss-CPCMs can be used in ...
This cross-sectional study was conducted at the slaughterhouses/slabs of Oudalan and Ouagadougou ... more This cross-sectional study was conducted at the slaughterhouses/slabs of Oudalan and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, between August and September 2013. It aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) suggestive lesions in slaughtered cattle carcasses and to identify and characterize the mycobacteria isolated from these lesions. A thorough postmortem examination was conducted on carcasses of a total of 2165 randomly selected cattle. The overall prevalence of bTB suggestive lesions was 2.7% (58/2165; 95% CI 2.1–3.5%). Due to the low number of positive samples, data were descriptively presented. The lesions were either observed localized in one or a few organs or generalized (i.e., miliary bTB) in 96.6% (n = 57) and 3.4% (n = 2), respectively. The identified mycobacteria were M. bovis (44.4%, n = 20), M. fortuitum (8.9%, n = 4), M. elephantis (6.7%, n = 3), M. brumae (4.4%, n = 2), M. avium (2.2%, n = 1), M. asiaticum (2.2%, n = 1), M. terrae (2.2%, n = 1), and unknown...
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever. It can infect animals, humans, and birds, as... more Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever. It can infect animals, humans, and birds, as well as ticks, and it has a worldwide geographical distribution. To better understand the epidemiology of C. burnetii in Somalia, ticks infesting camels were collected from five different regions, including Bari, Nugaal, Mudug, Sool, and Sanaag, between January and March 2018. Collected ticks were tested for C. burnetii and Coxiella-like endosymbiont DNA by using IS1111, icd, and Com1-target PCR assays. Moreover, sequencing of the 16S-rRNA was conducted. Molecular characterization and typing were done by adaA-gene analysis and plasmid-type identification. Further typing was carried out by 14-marker Multi-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (MLVA/VNTR) analysis. The investigated ticks (n = 237) were identified as Hyalomma spp. (n = 227, 95.8%), Amblyomma spp. (n = 8, 3.4%), and Ripicephalus spp. (n = 2, 0.8%), and 59.1% (140/237) of them were positive for Coxiella spp. While Sanger sequ...
Today, over one hundred Demodex species (class Arachnida, subclass Acarina) are known and all are... more Today, over one hundred Demodex species (class Arachnida, subclass Acarina) are known and all are highly specialized, host-specific and are named after their hosts (Baima and Sticherling, 2002; Radostits, et al., 2007; Jarmuda et al., 2012; OIE, 2016). Demodex mites can infest different areas of the skin of humans and animals causing cutaneous pathology ranging from asymptomatic to severe and potentially fatal diseases with numerous skin and ocular symptoms (Gortel, 2006; Lacey et al., 2009; Lacey et al., 2011). The mites that are able to cause severe skin problems are of high medical and veterinary concern (Nutting, 1976; Jarmuda et al., 2012).
Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2018
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease of humans and animals. It is characterized by th... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease of humans and animals. It is characterized by the progressive development of specific granulomatous lesions in affected organs. Human TB is endemic in Eastern Sudan. However, knowledge on the epidemiology of TB in ruminants is scarce. In a six-month study from June to November 2014, a total of 2304 carcasses of cattle, sheep, goats and camels slaughtered at the East and West Gaash slaughterhouses of Kassala were inspected to investigate TB prevalence. Only 0.1% (n = 2) of the carcasses had suspicious TB lesions. These lesions were solely found in carcasses of sheep, in the liver, lungs, and peritoneal cavity. The samples collected from the lesions were investigated for the presence of mycobacteria, which were found in one of the two carcasses. The grown bacteria were subjected to a line probe assay (GenoType Mycobacterium CM), and to 16S rDNA and ITS gene sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). However, none of these methods id...
Received: Revised: Accepted: October 30, 2013 November 16, 2013 November 30, 2013 A 9-year-old, m... more Received: Revised: Accepted: October 30, 2013 November 16, 2013 November 30, 2013 A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan University of Science and Technology for treatment of widespread skin lesions. The horse was anemic and in poor bodily condition. Encapsulated abscesses, nodules and ulcerated lesions were seen on different parts of the horse’s body, but were mostly seen on the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and all four limbs. The horse had sluggish movement and showed swelling and lameness of the right hind limb. The nodules and abscesses discharged viscid purulent exudate. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture from aspirates of intact encapsulated abscesses and identified in accordance to its cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Fecal examination was negative for internal parasites and complete blood count showed deviation from normal parameters. Histological examination of s...
DOI: 10.21276/sjavs.2017.4.11.4 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence o... more DOI: 10.21276/sjavs.2017.4.11.4 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence of anti-brucella antibodies in camels in three different localities in El-Gedarif state, Eastern Sudan. Two hundred serum samples were collected from adult male and female camels were examined using the rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT). Overall seroprevalences of 32% (n= 64, 95% CI ±6.46) and 23% (n= 46, 95% CI ±5.83) were reported by RBPT and SAT respectively. There were no significant statistical differences in the reported seroprevalences among localities. Furthermore, no brucella species was isolated from any of the cultured lymph node samples. This study showed that the seroprevalence of anti-brucella antibodies using RBPT and SAT is relatively high. Further studies investigating brucellosis across the whole state should be carried out to explore the epidemiology of this disease in camels.
The Sudan is a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country (i.e. 77 per 100,000 population). Specifical... more The Sudan is a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country (i.e. 77 per 100,000 population). Specifically, the eastern part of the country is endemic with high incidence rates of TB reaching up to 275 per 100,000 population during the past decade. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains in ruminants and in humans, as well as potential zoonotic spillovers, are only sparsely investigated. Furthermore, Eastern Sudan is a blind spot with regard to drug resistance rates and virtually no data is available on molecular drug resistance markers of circulating multidrug resistant (MDR) MTBC strains that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Particularly, strains of MTBC lineage 3 (L3), i.e. Delhi/CAS genotype, are highly prevalent in the Sudan and adjacent countries and are the main causative agent of TB in those regions, however, their regional and global genetic diversity and transmission capacity are likely not fully captured yet. Thus, this thesis aims to provide a better understanding of historic and recent transmission dynamics, the genetic background of MTBC L3 strains and to draw a robust phylogenetic framework which will serve future molecular drug resistance assays and whole genome sequencing (WGS) mutation catalogues. First, a total of 2,304 carcasses of ruminants slaughtered at the two slaughterhouses of Kassala were inspected for presence of TB-suggestive lesions (June to November 2014). Second, 383 sputum samples were collected from TB patients at Kassala, Port Sudan, and El-Gadarif teaching hospitals (June to November 2014 and January to July 2016). All collected samples were sent to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Mycobacteria, Borstel in Germany, where all samples were decontaminated and cultured into MGIT liquid medium (BACTEC MGIT 960 system) and onto Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Stonebrink slants. Culture positive samples were subjected to line probe assays and ITS gene sequencing for species identification. Cultures of MTBC strains were subjected to phenotypic [...]
International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science, 2018
This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, ... more This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, to investigate the knowledge of restaurants workers about food safety-related issues. A total of questionnaireguided interviews with 21restaurant workers and food handlers were carried out. Major food safety knowledge concepts including personal hygiene, prevention of cross contamination, general sanitation, safe storage of food, knowledge of health problems that would affect food safety, knowledge of symptoms of foodborne illnesses, and knowledge of important foodborne pathogens were investigated. The responses of interviewed workers varied considerably. In general, the workers had good knowledge about some food safety-related issues and not enough knowledge about other issues. Although the results of the questionnaire showed that the majorityof the food workers and handlers know the importance of washing hands before work and proper cleaning and handing of instruments and kitchen utensils and their role in reducing the risk of food contamination, in addition to their knowledge that eating and drinking at the work place increases the risk of food contamination, its observed that these workers do not practice that as a part of their routine work. Therefore, training programs are warranted together with continuous monitoring of the workers' behavior and practices.
A one year old female Saanen goat(Capra aegagrus hircus) was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching ... more A one year old female Saanen goat(Capra aegagrus hircus) was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of The University of Khartoum representing a sample of a small herd that was housed by a smallholder in Omdurman Locality in Khartoum State. The main clinical manifestations were different sizes of rounded raised scaling skin lesions with scabs on their tops and painul on palpation. Lesions were spread all over the body, especially on the ears, eyelids and under the base of the tail. The case was tentatively diagnosed as dermatophytosis. Skin scrapings were collected for mycological studies. Direct mounts of the scrapings were performed in 20% KOH. Cultures onto brain heart infusion agar and sub-cultures onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were performed . Confirmation mounts from colonies have been done. In lactophenol cotton blue Trichophyton verrucosum has been isolated.
A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan Uni... more A 9-year-old, male draught horse was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Sudan University of Science and Technology for treatment of widespread skin lesions. The horse was anemic and in poor bodily condition. Encapsulated abscesses, nodules and ulcerated lesions were seen on different parts of the horse’s body, but were mostly seen on the pectoral region, ventral abdomen, and all four limbs. The horse had sluggish movement and showed swelling and lameness of the right hind limb. The nodules and abscesses discharged viscid purulent exudate. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure culture from aspirates of intact encapsulated abscesses and identified in accordance to its cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Fecal examination was negative for internal parasites and complete blood count showed deviation from normal parameters. Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens revealed severe pathological changes. The horse was euthanize...
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