Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunun kent merkezlerinde yaşıyor olması ken... more Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunun kent merkezlerinde yaşıyor olması kentsel alanlar üzerinde yoğun bir insan baskısına sebep olmaktadır. İnsanların yaşamsal ihtiyaçlarının (barınma, iş, eğitim, sağlık, sosyal yaşam vb.) gereği olarak ortaya çıkan bu baskılar kentsel alanlarda yapı yoğunluğunun artmasına, arazi formunun değişmesine ve iklimin değişmesine neden olmaktadır. İklimin değişmesi hem açık mekanların hem de kapalı mekanların tasarımında yeni stratejilerin geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu stratejilerle oluşturulacak planlama ve tasarım kararları ve çözümleri bugün olduğu kadar gelecekte de bu değişimlerin etkilerinin öngörüldüğü senaryolarla ilişkilendirilmelidir. Bu bakış açısıyla “Geleceğin iklim senaryolarına hazırlıklı, sürdürülebilir, dirençli, kentsel peyzajlar oluşturmak için hangi parametreler önemlidir?”, “Başarılı uygulama örnekleri hangi yönleri ile öne çıkmaktadır?” soruları araştırmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma,...
With the increasing density of built spaces in urban areas, the need for open spaces increases ev... more With the increasing density of built spaces in urban areas, the need for open spaces increases every day. Squares are one of the most important of these open spaces. Urban squares allow various activities and exhibit functional differences based on location and culture. The diversity of activities conducted in squares is extremely important for the quality and viability of liveable urban spaces. Urban residents prefer spaces that are suitable for individual requirements and desires and allow for a variety of activities. These spaces also contribute to social life. This article aimed to determine the user profile, occupancy, facilities and activity diversity at the Atatürk Plaza (Trabzon urban square) in Trabzon, the capital city of Trabzon Province, Turkey. The occupants of the square and their numbers were analysed via the behaviour observation method. As a result of the observations conducted in the square over one year, 17 activities were identified. The majority of these activit...
Learning continues permanently from the start to the end of life. During this period, there are m... more Learning continues permanently from the start to the end of life. During this period, there are many factors that help learning. Considering the learning process in the childhood, play is the best communication and the most natural learning environment for children. Play recognizes and develops child's talents and creative potential; increases languistic, mental, social, emotional, and motor skills; provides learning opportunities through trial knowledge and experience that will be required throughout their lifetime. In this way, learning can be realized permanently. Outdoor spaces are the best play environments for children. These areas offer opportunities that are not found in indoor spaces and physical environment contributes to children's learning with owned affordances. Thus, outdoor spaces designed for children are very important. These outdoor spaces will be more meaningful and useful when they contribute to children's learning. This paper primarily focuses on the concept of childenvironment relationships, learning environments, and discusses the contributions of the physical environment to children's learning. It describes with examples what a learning environment is, how to provide children with physical environments for learning, and which environmental characteristics contribute to learning. In addition, the paper explains the importance of designing learning environments and the design of these environments. In this way, the paper will give clues to the designers who design outdoor spaces for children that are of higher quality and that will contribute to the learning process of children. Consequently, it will show the importance of outdoor environments for children in education and point out the issues of learning with play and learning environments.
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2006
There are 37 national parks in Turkey, encompassing the most important mountain ecosystems, with ... more There are 37 national parks in Turkey, encompassing the most important mountain ecosystems, with high biological, natural, cultural and historical diversity. These parks also have aesthetic and recreational potential, and are valuable components within the country's ...
The residential vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators rega... more The residential vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators regarding urban biodiversity potential and cultural changing. They also include ornamental resources in the context to landscape appreciation for human environment. Therefore, this paper provides quantitative information on the distribution of plant species in urban residential landscape areas of Trabzon city (Turkey). In a total of 218 sampled areas, 274 plants species belonging to 70 families were surveyed with respect to residential use types of the city. The study results showed that among the species recorded in five residential type (traditional housing, detached housing, villa, apartment blocks and sites, mass housing for employees), non-native taxa frequency of a total species are much and dominantly represent residential landscape structure. Additionally, the species richness and diversity is positively related to new urban development areas. But, it was clearly determined that the vegetation structure has tended to ornamental purposes different from traditional residential gardens including fruit and other benefiting species. Consequently, it can be evidence that the residential vegetation is ornamental plant resources to urban biodiversity and that the distribution of the species in urban landscapes follows necessities of city and human quality.
Dogadaki ekosistem butunlugu ve islevlerdeki sureklilik, kentsel mekanlarda yerini noktasal cozum... more Dogadaki ekosistem butunlugu ve islevlerdeki sureklilik, kentsel mekanlarda yerini noktasal cozumlerle tanimlanan yapisal cozumlere birakmistir. Kuresel iklim degisiminin plansiz kentlesme uzerinde daha etkin sorunlar olusturacagi ve bu yonde “direncli kent” ozleminin gelecek yillarda dunya insani ve ozellikle ulkemizde daha arzulanabilir olacagi kacinilmazdir. Son yillardaki bilimsel literatur, kentlerdeki acik ve yesil alan sisteminde sadece alan buyuklugunun dusunulmesinin kentsel ekolojideki sorunlarin cozumunde yetersiz kalacagini vurgulamaktadir. Kentlerdeki yesil altyapi uygulamalari, “yesil mimari ve sehircilik” ilkeleri ile birlikte butunlesik kentsel parcalarin iki boyutludan (parklar ve bahceler) uc boyutluya (yesil catilar ve yesil duvarlar) yonelen somut ornekleri gorulmektedir. Bu sayede kentlerdeki cok cesitli alan kullanimlarini ve formlarini kucaklamak icin dogrusal peyzajin (yesil alan) yaninda ayni arazi ve alanlardaki fonksiyonlari cogaltmak ve cesitlendirmek eko...
Landscape Design for Children and Their Environments in Urban Context 293 3. Children When design... more Landscape Design for Children and Their Environments in Urban Context 293 3. Children When designing places for people, the first necessary thing is to know the users of these places. In this way, it would be possible to determine the user's needs and expectations. Places to meet these needs are preferred and used by users. Therefore, design for children requires to know the child, to understand the importance and necessity of play for child, and to know activities children do and want to do especially in public areas. Play and importance of play for children When you think of a child, the first thing that comes to mind is play. The play is a concept of universal that extremely important for the development of child's personality. There are many definitions of play in the literature. According to the Winnicott 'to play is to use imagination, the most important thing a person can do…Play is always an experience of creating, also of uniting time and space-so is fundamental to how we live'(Day and Midbjer, 2007). Moore (1990) states that "play lies at the heart of childhood, limited in its boundaries only by the opportunities afforded by physical settings and by the attitudes and commitment of those whose business it is to manage them" (Jones, 1997). According to Piaget, play is not a condition of mental, but is a behavior or action and it causes the child makes effort about what to do. According to him, the play is necessary for the development of intelligence (Piaget and Inhelder, 1971).
Tokat is a characteristic city an unusual topographic structure including different land use and ... more Tokat is a characteristic city an unusual topographic structure including different land use and green areas in Turkey. The natural landscape values of green areas considered as nature splits withstanding against the urban pressures in the city and surroundings have been offered for implications for urban nature conservation and management. Therefore, this paper presents results of an attempt to assess landscape values of urban rocky habitats comprehensively, and evaluates a proposed systematic landscape value assessment approach for determining environmental perception and preferences of urban rocky habitats which are threatening within excessive urbanization and human use of natural areas in the context of the city of Tokat, Turkey. By using a questionnaire and landscape assessment approach, a total of 20 habitats selected from urban and surroundings were surveyed and with surveying performed on 170 participants, public preferences and landscape attributes for these habitats were ...
Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In t... more Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In these areas, they are in perceptual and physical contact with each other and get the opportunity to socialize. Social life culture contributes to urban culture and urban identity while keeping communities together. Cities creates areas for people to express themselves outside of their basic needs. The art used in the expression of an emotion, design and beauty has been included in our socio-cultural life in public spaces over time. Public art, which provides social, physical, environmental and economic contributions to the society and the city, is a manifestation of a multi-layered and multi-dimensional expression that includes different representations. Public art representations are important urban images and are the sensory components of collective memory. Today, in the process where the cities start to look alike, public art representations identified with the place make sense of the ...
Deltas, as macro and micro biological systems at high productive levels, are the natural reserve ... more Deltas, as macro and micro biological systems at high productive levels, are the natural reserve areas of the world. Those in Turkey present the international importance landscapes as to the various ecosystem characteristics and land use patterns. Nevertheless, these areas are currently facing many problems such as biodiversity loss and environmental degradation owing to coastal settlements and pollution factors. This paper describes the factors responsible for the main features and degradation types of the Deltaic landscapes and their impact for future land use. It also deals with : an overview of the Kizilirmak Delta, one of the most important Deltas along the central part of Black Sea Region (Turkey); presents major ecosystem of it; identifies land use pattern and discusses the threats by environmental and human induced disturbances. The most considering feature of this Delta is to show the largest and most significant wetland area of Turkey which has been able to protect its nat...
Museums are institutions that carry on the cultural and artistic treasures of societies to future... more Museums are institutions that carry on the cultural and artistic treasures of societies to future generations. Economic social, cultural and philosophical thoughts in the world have changed the understanding of museology. At the beginning of the 20th century, modern architects brought new expansions to classical museum typology. In the 1970s, museums began to draw attention as the city's landmark and meeting points. Along with the museums, courtyards, squares and gardens, which are open spaces of museums, have also changed. By joining the city life, they became new social attraction centers. Museums and museum open space from Turkey and the world in the study areas, classified under the headings of traditional and contemporary, will be analyzed under the headings of form, style, material, elements of boundry, planting design, activities area, urban furniture, and function. In order to demonstrate the changing today’s museum’s open space; an analysis will be made using spatial ex...
The purpose of landscape design is to design comfortable spaces that meet people’s needs and dema... more The purpose of landscape design is to design comfortable spaces that meet people’s needs and demands in open spaces. Depending on the users and activities, the forms and capacities of these spaces and equipment vary. These spaces where such activities will take place are designed according to such criteria as design concept, activity type, the location of the area to be designed etc. In this study, the spaces are designed based on the activity type. For this purpose, a module was chosen based on activity type, and spaces were created by bringing several of this module together in different sizes and directions. This method was tested in a playground design study in the Child, Play and Design course at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, because playground design is one of the exciting fields of the study of landscape architecture. Additionally, unlike adults, children perceive the functional features of the environment; in otherwords, they perce...
Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunun kent merkezlerinde yaşıyor olması ken... more Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunun kent merkezlerinde yaşıyor olması kentsel alanlar üzerinde yoğun bir insan baskısına sebep olmaktadır. İnsanların yaşamsal ihtiyaçlarının (barınma, iş, eğitim, sağlık, sosyal yaşam vb.) gereği olarak ortaya çıkan bu baskılar kentsel alanlarda yapı yoğunluğunun artmasına, arazi formunun değişmesine ve iklimin değişmesine neden olmaktadır. İklimin değişmesi hem açık mekanların hem de kapalı mekanların tasarımında yeni stratejilerin geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu stratejilerle oluşturulacak planlama ve tasarım kararları ve çözümleri bugün olduğu kadar gelecekte de bu değişimlerin etkilerinin öngörüldüğü senaryolarla ilişkilendirilmelidir. Bu bakış açısıyla “Geleceğin iklim senaryolarına hazırlıklı, sürdürülebilir, dirençli, kentsel peyzajlar oluşturmak için hangi parametreler önemlidir?”, “Başarılı uygulama örnekleri hangi yönleri ile öne çıkmaktadır?” soruları araştırmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma,...
With the increasing density of built spaces in urban areas, the need for open spaces increases ev... more With the increasing density of built spaces in urban areas, the need for open spaces increases every day. Squares are one of the most important of these open spaces. Urban squares allow various activities and exhibit functional differences based on location and culture. The diversity of activities conducted in squares is extremely important for the quality and viability of liveable urban spaces. Urban residents prefer spaces that are suitable for individual requirements and desires and allow for a variety of activities. These spaces also contribute to social life. This article aimed to determine the user profile, occupancy, facilities and activity diversity at the Atatürk Plaza (Trabzon urban square) in Trabzon, the capital city of Trabzon Province, Turkey. The occupants of the square and their numbers were analysed via the behaviour observation method. As a result of the observations conducted in the square over one year, 17 activities were identified. The majority of these activit...
Learning continues permanently from the start to the end of life. During this period, there are m... more Learning continues permanently from the start to the end of life. During this period, there are many factors that help learning. Considering the learning process in the childhood, play is the best communication and the most natural learning environment for children. Play recognizes and develops child's talents and creative potential; increases languistic, mental, social, emotional, and motor skills; provides learning opportunities through trial knowledge and experience that will be required throughout their lifetime. In this way, learning can be realized permanently. Outdoor spaces are the best play environments for children. These areas offer opportunities that are not found in indoor spaces and physical environment contributes to children's learning with owned affordances. Thus, outdoor spaces designed for children are very important. These outdoor spaces will be more meaningful and useful when they contribute to children's learning. This paper primarily focuses on the concept of childenvironment relationships, learning environments, and discusses the contributions of the physical environment to children's learning. It describes with examples what a learning environment is, how to provide children with physical environments for learning, and which environmental characteristics contribute to learning. In addition, the paper explains the importance of designing learning environments and the design of these environments. In this way, the paper will give clues to the designers who design outdoor spaces for children that are of higher quality and that will contribute to the learning process of children. Consequently, it will show the importance of outdoor environments for children in education and point out the issues of learning with play and learning environments.
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2006
There are 37 national parks in Turkey, encompassing the most important mountain ecosystems, with ... more There are 37 national parks in Turkey, encompassing the most important mountain ecosystems, with high biological, natural, cultural and historical diversity. These parks also have aesthetic and recreational potential, and are valuable components within the country's ...
The residential vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators rega... more The residential vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators regarding urban biodiversity potential and cultural changing. They also include ornamental resources in the context to landscape appreciation for human environment. Therefore, this paper provides quantitative information on the distribution of plant species in urban residential landscape areas of Trabzon city (Turkey). In a total of 218 sampled areas, 274 plants species belonging to 70 families were surveyed with respect to residential use types of the city. The study results showed that among the species recorded in five residential type (traditional housing, detached housing, villa, apartment blocks and sites, mass housing for employees), non-native taxa frequency of a total species are much and dominantly represent residential landscape structure. Additionally, the species richness and diversity is positively related to new urban development areas. But, it was clearly determined that the vegetation structure has tended to ornamental purposes different from traditional residential gardens including fruit and other benefiting species. Consequently, it can be evidence that the residential vegetation is ornamental plant resources to urban biodiversity and that the distribution of the species in urban landscapes follows necessities of city and human quality.
Dogadaki ekosistem butunlugu ve islevlerdeki sureklilik, kentsel mekanlarda yerini noktasal cozum... more Dogadaki ekosistem butunlugu ve islevlerdeki sureklilik, kentsel mekanlarda yerini noktasal cozumlerle tanimlanan yapisal cozumlere birakmistir. Kuresel iklim degisiminin plansiz kentlesme uzerinde daha etkin sorunlar olusturacagi ve bu yonde “direncli kent” ozleminin gelecek yillarda dunya insani ve ozellikle ulkemizde daha arzulanabilir olacagi kacinilmazdir. Son yillardaki bilimsel literatur, kentlerdeki acik ve yesil alan sisteminde sadece alan buyuklugunun dusunulmesinin kentsel ekolojideki sorunlarin cozumunde yetersiz kalacagini vurgulamaktadir. Kentlerdeki yesil altyapi uygulamalari, “yesil mimari ve sehircilik” ilkeleri ile birlikte butunlesik kentsel parcalarin iki boyutludan (parklar ve bahceler) uc boyutluya (yesil catilar ve yesil duvarlar) yonelen somut ornekleri gorulmektedir. Bu sayede kentlerdeki cok cesitli alan kullanimlarini ve formlarini kucaklamak icin dogrusal peyzajin (yesil alan) yaninda ayni arazi ve alanlardaki fonksiyonlari cogaltmak ve cesitlendirmek eko...
Landscape Design for Children and Their Environments in Urban Context 293 3. Children When design... more Landscape Design for Children and Their Environments in Urban Context 293 3. Children When designing places for people, the first necessary thing is to know the users of these places. In this way, it would be possible to determine the user's needs and expectations. Places to meet these needs are preferred and used by users. Therefore, design for children requires to know the child, to understand the importance and necessity of play for child, and to know activities children do and want to do especially in public areas. Play and importance of play for children When you think of a child, the first thing that comes to mind is play. The play is a concept of universal that extremely important for the development of child's personality. There are many definitions of play in the literature. According to the Winnicott 'to play is to use imagination, the most important thing a person can do…Play is always an experience of creating, also of uniting time and space-so is fundamental to how we live'(Day and Midbjer, 2007). Moore (1990) states that "play lies at the heart of childhood, limited in its boundaries only by the opportunities afforded by physical settings and by the attitudes and commitment of those whose business it is to manage them" (Jones, 1997). According to Piaget, play is not a condition of mental, but is a behavior or action and it causes the child makes effort about what to do. According to him, the play is necessary for the development of intelligence (Piaget and Inhelder, 1971).
Tokat is a characteristic city an unusual topographic structure including different land use and ... more Tokat is a characteristic city an unusual topographic structure including different land use and green areas in Turkey. The natural landscape values of green areas considered as nature splits withstanding against the urban pressures in the city and surroundings have been offered for implications for urban nature conservation and management. Therefore, this paper presents results of an attempt to assess landscape values of urban rocky habitats comprehensively, and evaluates a proposed systematic landscape value assessment approach for determining environmental perception and preferences of urban rocky habitats which are threatening within excessive urbanization and human use of natural areas in the context of the city of Tokat, Turkey. By using a questionnaire and landscape assessment approach, a total of 20 habitats selected from urban and surroundings were surveyed and with surveying performed on 170 participants, public preferences and landscape attributes for these habitats were ...
Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In t... more Being a social presence, people participate in social life in the public spaces of the city. In these areas, they are in perceptual and physical contact with each other and get the opportunity to socialize. Social life culture contributes to urban culture and urban identity while keeping communities together. Cities creates areas for people to express themselves outside of their basic needs. The art used in the expression of an emotion, design and beauty has been included in our socio-cultural life in public spaces over time. Public art, which provides social, physical, environmental and economic contributions to the society and the city, is a manifestation of a multi-layered and multi-dimensional expression that includes different representations. Public art representations are important urban images and are the sensory components of collective memory. Today, in the process where the cities start to look alike, public art representations identified with the place make sense of the ...
Deltas, as macro and micro biological systems at high productive levels, are the natural reserve ... more Deltas, as macro and micro biological systems at high productive levels, are the natural reserve areas of the world. Those in Turkey present the international importance landscapes as to the various ecosystem characteristics and land use patterns. Nevertheless, these areas are currently facing many problems such as biodiversity loss and environmental degradation owing to coastal settlements and pollution factors. This paper describes the factors responsible for the main features and degradation types of the Deltaic landscapes and their impact for future land use. It also deals with : an overview of the Kizilirmak Delta, one of the most important Deltas along the central part of Black Sea Region (Turkey); presents major ecosystem of it; identifies land use pattern and discusses the threats by environmental and human induced disturbances. The most considering feature of this Delta is to show the largest and most significant wetland area of Turkey which has been able to protect its nat...
Museums are institutions that carry on the cultural and artistic treasures of societies to future... more Museums are institutions that carry on the cultural and artistic treasures of societies to future generations. Economic social, cultural and philosophical thoughts in the world have changed the understanding of museology. At the beginning of the 20th century, modern architects brought new expansions to classical museum typology. In the 1970s, museums began to draw attention as the city's landmark and meeting points. Along with the museums, courtyards, squares and gardens, which are open spaces of museums, have also changed. By joining the city life, they became new social attraction centers. Museums and museum open space from Turkey and the world in the study areas, classified under the headings of traditional and contemporary, will be analyzed under the headings of form, style, material, elements of boundry, planting design, activities area, urban furniture, and function. In order to demonstrate the changing today’s museum’s open space; an analysis will be made using spatial ex...
The purpose of landscape design is to design comfortable spaces that meet people’s needs and dema... more The purpose of landscape design is to design comfortable spaces that meet people’s needs and demands in open spaces. Depending on the users and activities, the forms and capacities of these spaces and equipment vary. These spaces where such activities will take place are designed according to such criteria as design concept, activity type, the location of the area to be designed etc. In this study, the spaces are designed based on the activity type. For this purpose, a module was chosen based on activity type, and spaces were created by bringing several of this module together in different sizes and directions. This method was tested in a playground design study in the Child, Play and Design course at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, because playground design is one of the exciting fields of the study of landscape architecture. Additionally, unlike adults, children perceive the functional features of the environment; in otherwords, they perce...
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