Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 14, 2019
This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration p... more This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration phenomena of building materials at the heritage houses in Farasan Islands, for this purpose bedrock and building materials from three ancient houses at two different islands in the red sea were studied comparatively; using XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy and XRF in order to identify their composition, and were investigated petrographically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the surrounding conditions. Bedrock is mainly coral reef limestone and sandy limestone with high deposits of iron compounds and clay minerals, while building stone varies between coral reef limestone, dolomitic limestone and pure calcareous limestone, mortars and plasters also varies between lime and gypsum mortars. Foraminiferal shells are common in the studied stone samples. These building materials are widely affected by the surrounding marine climatic conditions including wind erosion and salt weathering.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Experimental and analytical studies were carried out on five different types of alternative suppo... more Experimental and analytical studies were carried out on five different types of alternative supports from processed wood; plywood, pine block board, oak block board, medium density fibre (MDF) and chipboard. Color changes and emitted gases were measured by Kitagawa gas test tubes, Oddy test and Raman spectroscopy. Results proved that slight amounts of formaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid were emitted from block board samples. Oak block board emitted higher amounts of formaldehyde compared to pine block board, but the emission of ammonia and acetic acid was relatively similar in both types of block board. A higher quantity of acetic acid and ammonia, and a small amount of formaldehyde were emitted from plywood. There was an increase in formaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid gas emission in MDF and chipboard. FTIR analysis of wood components and color change measurements were conducted for further evaluation. In plywood a high decrease of lignin was noted, causing the wood to lighten in color. The rise of formaldehyde in oak block board, MDF and chipboard led to decrease in carbohydrates, causing darkening of wood color. Chemical composition and color change measurements were stable in the pine block board, proving it to be the most suitable alternative support.
This study provides a new reason for the colour alteration of the first man-made pigments (Egypti... more This study provides a new reason for the colour alteration of the first man-made pigments (Egyptian blue, EB, "cuprorivaite" and Egyptian green, EG, "wollastonite"). The study focuses on the identification of the most efficient bacterial and fungal species that can grow upon copper-based pigment materials (Egyptian blue and Egyptian green); and their role in the discolouring phenomenon of these pigments. For this purpose, pigment materials from a limestone stela at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (TR 4.1.21.1, SR 5/10603) were studied using light optical microscope (LOM), scanning electron microscopy-with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify their composition. Pigment materials were also investigated biologically to determine the role played by microorganisms in their decay, and a spectrophotometer at 542 nm wavelength was used for detecting the chromatic alteration. The study proved that the black pigment is magnetite, ...
This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration p... more This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration phenomena of building materials at the heritage houses in Farasan Islands, for this purpose bedrock and building mate-rials from three ancient houses at two different islands in the red sea were studied comparatively; using XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy and XRF in order to identify their composition, and were investigated petrographically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the surrounding conditions. Bedrock is mainly coral reef limestone and sandy limestone with high deposits of iron compounds and clay minerals, while building stone varies between coral reef limestone, dolomitic lime-stone and pure calcareous limestone, mortars and plasters also varies between lime and gypsum mortars. Foraminiferal shells are common in the studied stone samples. These building materials are widely affected by the surrounding marine climatic conditions...
This research aims to determine the optimum material in the consolidation and protection of the s... more This research aims to determine the optimum material in the consolidation and protection of the sandstone petroglyphs at Sarabit El Khadem, Sinai, which are considered one of the most important features of ancient Egyptian civilization. For this purpose; four commercial products were used in the treatment of sandstone samples that were collected from the archeological site of Sarabit El Khadem. The properties of the treated sandstone samples were evaluated using different methods such as colourimetric measurements, static wa-ter contact angle, total immersion water absorption, compressive strength, and scanning electron micro-scope. The results demonstrated that the product of PF4 has a significant efficiency in the consolidation and protection of the sandstone samples.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, 2011
The Makaad Radwan monument is situated in the neighborhood of Bab Ziweila in historical Cairo. It... more The Makaad Radwan monument is situated in the neighborhood of Bab Ziweila in historical Cairo. It was built in the early XVII century (1650 AD). The building is affected by severe deterioration phenomena and patterns of damage which occurred during the time. These deterioration and damages are mainly due to foundation problems, subsoil water and also to the earthquake that affected the whole of Greater Cairo in October 1992. Chemical composition, physical and petrographic properties of the building materials at Makaad Radwan including masonry, stone, mortars, decorated elements and other constituents of the monument were studied to identify their characteristics. Evaluation of the site characteristics and foundation soil condition including description of the soil texture and composition as will as the possible sources .The impacts of the foundation condition are discussed (e.g. karstrficaion and salinization).
This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioratio... more This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioration process of Coptic architecture units at the church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun region. For this purpose building materials (mainly mortars and plasters) from the studied church were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); in order to identify their composition and were investigated petro-graphically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the endogenous factors. Wall gypsum mortars in the church contain halloysite as a dominant clay mineral while plaster is clay free; concerning microorganisms, the fungal flora Aspergillus glaucus represent the most dominant fungi constituting (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus occhraceus, and Aspergillus caudidus were also isolated.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jul 1, 2012
In this study, mortars from the citadel of Nabeul where studied using XRD in order to identify th... more In this study, mortars from the citadel of Nabeul where studied using XRD in order to identify their composition, and where investigated biologically to determine the role played by microorganisms in there decay. Calcium carbonate (calcitelime) is the main component of the studied mortars; calcium silicate was also detected in addition to quartz and iron oxides. The biological investigation detected some fungal flora amongst: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus tamareii, Ascosphaera apis, Eurotium repens, Eurotium chevalieri, Doratomyces sp and Cladosporium cladosprioides.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jun 1, 2013
Ancient Egyptians have the intellectual property rights of the manufacturing processes of the blu... more Ancient Egyptians have the intellectual property rights of the manufacturing processes of the blue pigment known as Egyptian blue; this blue pigment was identified later on in many ancient artifacts allover the world. This paper aims to determine either the Egyptian blue was manufactured in Egypt and then exported, or the technology and the raw materials were exported only. For this purpose five bulk blue pigment samples (four from Jerba-Tunisia and one from Saqqara-Egypt) were studied by means of XRD and FTIR in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. The study proved that Egyptian blue is the dominant component in all the samples with different ratios in a variety of mixed materials.
At the end of this research, it is a pleasure for me to recall and express my gratitude to the pe... more At the end of this research, it is a pleasure for me to recall and express my gratitude to the people and institutions that have contributed to the execution of this Ph.D. This research started with the financial support of the IKY scholarship foundation, Greece, programme of the year 2003-2004, I feel very grateful for the foundation and it's staff for there helpful cooperation. I would like also to address my sincere thanks for Professor Basilios Christaras the head supervisor of this thesis for his trust, his interest in the subject and his judicious advices. I am extremely thankful to Professor Ioannis Stratis for his interest and support in my work. My research was enriched by his experience in the field of the archaeometry and conservation of monuments. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Mona Fouad Ali from Cairo University for all the opportunities that she offered to me. I am honored by the presence of Professor S.
SHEDET, ANNUAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ISSUED BY THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY, FAYOUM UNIVERSITY, 2018
This article focuses on the identification of the used building materials and their most common d... more This article focuses on the identification of the used building materials and their most common degradation factors at the royal palace of king Farouk at Edfena, Rosetta, Egypt; and then assessing the most appropriate nano-consolidants for the decayed lime-based mortars at the palace, to achieve the target of this study; building materials were studied by means of XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and light optical microscope; in order to find out if there are any chemical decomposition or any physical failure. Halite salt was detected in the building limestone; mortars' composition varies between lime and white Portland cement, while the plaster in the palace walls is a mixture of white Portland cement and lime. Plaster in the marina is a mixture of lime, white Portland cement and anhydrite. Pigment material in the green terrazzo is a mix of malachite and greenalite; portlandite abreast with brucite were found in the plaster and mortar mixtures in addition to clay minerals. Nanolime, nanotitanium, nanokaolin, nanosilica and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used as consolidants, experimental study made it clear that nanotitanium and MWCNTs are the most appropriate consolidants in the current case study.
In the present study a comparison between five familiar retouching materials (Water colour, Acryl... more In the present study a comparison between five familiar retouching materials (Water colour, Acrylic colour, Gouache colour, Poster colour and Oil colour) were applied on the mural painting of El Sakakeny palace. The artificial aging was used to define suitability of them, while the comparison revealed that the water colour is the most successful material as it isn't turned to yellow, it is reversible and stable, thus it is considered as the most suitable material for retouching the mural painting of El Sakakeny palace which suffers from losing of paint layer.
In the present study, an investigation has been undertaken in to El Sakakeny palace back to the 1... more In the present study, an investigation has been undertaken in to El Sakakeny palace back to the 19th century and built by Antonio Laschiac. It is initially located in El Sakakeny square in Egypt. The investigation used to focus to the deterioration factors with it's discoloration and mural paintings. The investigation revealed that the most vital deterioration factor facing the mural paintings in El Sakakeny palace is the daily sun light and the groundwater which appeared in the amount of salts. The effect of all deterioration factors can be prevented by using simple ways from the preventive conservation.
A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken on the used mortar in construction of El Sakake... more A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken on the used mortar in construction of El Sakakeny palace dating to the 19th century designed by Antonio La Schiac. The analytical instruments used for this investigation were X- ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with EDX. The analysis shows that the mortar used in the fire place chamber was cement on other hand the mortar in the love chamber was calcium hydroxide mixed with silica as popular mortars were used before starting to use cement mortars in Egypt.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 14, 2019
This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration p... more This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration phenomena of building materials at the heritage houses in Farasan Islands, for this purpose bedrock and building materials from three ancient houses at two different islands in the red sea were studied comparatively; using XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy and XRF in order to identify their composition, and were investigated petrographically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the surrounding conditions. Bedrock is mainly coral reef limestone and sandy limestone with high deposits of iron compounds and clay minerals, while building stone varies between coral reef limestone, dolomitic limestone and pure calcareous limestone, mortars and plasters also varies between lime and gypsum mortars. Foraminiferal shells are common in the studied stone samples. These building materials are widely affected by the surrounding marine climatic conditions including wind erosion and salt weathering.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Experimental and analytical studies were carried out on five different types of alternative suppo... more Experimental and analytical studies were carried out on five different types of alternative supports from processed wood; plywood, pine block board, oak block board, medium density fibre (MDF) and chipboard. Color changes and emitted gases were measured by Kitagawa gas test tubes, Oddy test and Raman spectroscopy. Results proved that slight amounts of formaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid were emitted from block board samples. Oak block board emitted higher amounts of formaldehyde compared to pine block board, but the emission of ammonia and acetic acid was relatively similar in both types of block board. A higher quantity of acetic acid and ammonia, and a small amount of formaldehyde were emitted from plywood. There was an increase in formaldehyde, ammonia and acetic acid gas emission in MDF and chipboard. FTIR analysis of wood components and color change measurements were conducted for further evaluation. In plywood a high decrease of lignin was noted, causing the wood to lighten in color. The rise of formaldehyde in oak block board, MDF and chipboard led to decrease in carbohydrates, causing darkening of wood color. Chemical composition and color change measurements were stable in the pine block board, proving it to be the most suitable alternative support.
This study provides a new reason for the colour alteration of the first man-made pigments (Egypti... more This study provides a new reason for the colour alteration of the first man-made pigments (Egyptian blue, EB, "cuprorivaite" and Egyptian green, EG, "wollastonite"). The study focuses on the identification of the most efficient bacterial and fungal species that can grow upon copper-based pigment materials (Egyptian blue and Egyptian green); and their role in the discolouring phenomenon of these pigments. For this purpose, pigment materials from a limestone stela at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (TR 4.1.21.1, SR 5/10603) were studied using light optical microscope (LOM), scanning electron microscopy-with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify their composition. Pigment materials were also investigated biologically to determine the role played by microorganisms in their decay, and a spectrophotometer at 542 nm wavelength was used for detecting the chromatic alteration. The study proved that the black pigment is magnetite, ...
This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration p... more This paper focuses on the role played by the marine environment conditions in the deterioration phenomena of building materials at the heritage houses in Farasan Islands, for this purpose bedrock and building mate-rials from three ancient houses at two different islands in the red sea were studied comparatively; using XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy and XRF in order to identify their composition, and were investigated petrographically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the surrounding conditions. Bedrock is mainly coral reef limestone and sandy limestone with high deposits of iron compounds and clay minerals, while building stone varies between coral reef limestone, dolomitic lime-stone and pure calcareous limestone, mortars and plasters also varies between lime and gypsum mortars. Foraminiferal shells are common in the studied stone samples. These building materials are widely affected by the surrounding marine climatic conditions...
This research aims to determine the optimum material in the consolidation and protection of the s... more This research aims to determine the optimum material in the consolidation and protection of the sandstone petroglyphs at Sarabit El Khadem, Sinai, which are considered one of the most important features of ancient Egyptian civilization. For this purpose; four commercial products were used in the treatment of sandstone samples that were collected from the archeological site of Sarabit El Khadem. The properties of the treated sandstone samples were evaluated using different methods such as colourimetric measurements, static wa-ter contact angle, total immersion water absorption, compressive strength, and scanning electron micro-scope. The results demonstrated that the product of PF4 has a significant efficiency in the consolidation and protection of the sandstone samples.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, 2011
The Makaad Radwan monument is situated in the neighborhood of Bab Ziweila in historical Cairo. It... more The Makaad Radwan monument is situated in the neighborhood of Bab Ziweila in historical Cairo. It was built in the early XVII century (1650 AD). The building is affected by severe deterioration phenomena and patterns of damage which occurred during the time. These deterioration and damages are mainly due to foundation problems, subsoil water and also to the earthquake that affected the whole of Greater Cairo in October 1992. Chemical composition, physical and petrographic properties of the building materials at Makaad Radwan including masonry, stone, mortars, decorated elements and other constituents of the monument were studied to identify their characteristics. Evaluation of the site characteristics and foundation soil condition including description of the soil texture and composition as will as the possible sources .The impacts of the foundation condition are discussed (e.g. karstrficaion and salinization).
This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioratio... more This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioration process of Coptic architecture units at the church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun region. For this purpose building materials (mainly mortars and plasters) from the studied church were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); in order to identify their composition and were investigated petro-graphically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the endogenous factors. Wall gypsum mortars in the church contain halloysite as a dominant clay mineral while plaster is clay free; concerning microorganisms, the fungal flora Aspergillus glaucus represent the most dominant fungi constituting (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus occhraceus, and Aspergillus caudidus were also isolated.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jul 1, 2012
In this study, mortars from the citadel of Nabeul where studied using XRD in order to identify th... more In this study, mortars from the citadel of Nabeul where studied using XRD in order to identify their composition, and where investigated biologically to determine the role played by microorganisms in there decay. Calcium carbonate (calcitelime) is the main component of the studied mortars; calcium silicate was also detected in addition to quartz and iron oxides. The biological investigation detected some fungal flora amongst: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus tamareii, Ascosphaera apis, Eurotium repens, Eurotium chevalieri, Doratomyces sp and Cladosporium cladosprioides.
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, Jun 1, 2013
Ancient Egyptians have the intellectual property rights of the manufacturing processes of the blu... more Ancient Egyptians have the intellectual property rights of the manufacturing processes of the blue pigment known as Egyptian blue; this blue pigment was identified later on in many ancient artifacts allover the world. This paper aims to determine either the Egyptian blue was manufactured in Egypt and then exported, or the technology and the raw materials were exported only. For this purpose five bulk blue pigment samples (four from Jerba-Tunisia and one from Saqqara-Egypt) were studied by means of XRD and FTIR in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. The study proved that Egyptian blue is the dominant component in all the samples with different ratios in a variety of mixed materials.
At the end of this research, it is a pleasure for me to recall and express my gratitude to the pe... more At the end of this research, it is a pleasure for me to recall and express my gratitude to the people and institutions that have contributed to the execution of this Ph.D. This research started with the financial support of the IKY scholarship foundation, Greece, programme of the year 2003-2004, I feel very grateful for the foundation and it's staff for there helpful cooperation. I would like also to address my sincere thanks for Professor Basilios Christaras the head supervisor of this thesis for his trust, his interest in the subject and his judicious advices. I am extremely thankful to Professor Ioannis Stratis for his interest and support in my work. My research was enriched by his experience in the field of the archaeometry and conservation of monuments. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Mona Fouad Ali from Cairo University for all the opportunities that she offered to me. I am honored by the presence of Professor S.
SHEDET, ANNUAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ISSUED BY THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY, FAYOUM UNIVERSITY, 2018
This article focuses on the identification of the used building materials and their most common d... more This article focuses on the identification of the used building materials and their most common degradation factors at the royal palace of king Farouk at Edfena, Rosetta, Egypt; and then assessing the most appropriate nano-consolidants for the decayed lime-based mortars at the palace, to achieve the target of this study; building materials were studied by means of XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and light optical microscope; in order to find out if there are any chemical decomposition or any physical failure. Halite salt was detected in the building limestone; mortars' composition varies between lime and white Portland cement, while the plaster in the palace walls is a mixture of white Portland cement and lime. Plaster in the marina is a mixture of lime, white Portland cement and anhydrite. Pigment material in the green terrazzo is a mix of malachite and greenalite; portlandite abreast with brucite were found in the plaster and mortar mixtures in addition to clay minerals. Nanolime, nanotitanium, nanokaolin, nanosilica and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used as consolidants, experimental study made it clear that nanotitanium and MWCNTs are the most appropriate consolidants in the current case study.
In the present study a comparison between five familiar retouching materials (Water colour, Acryl... more In the present study a comparison between five familiar retouching materials (Water colour, Acrylic colour, Gouache colour, Poster colour and Oil colour) were applied on the mural painting of El Sakakeny palace. The artificial aging was used to define suitability of them, while the comparison revealed that the water colour is the most successful material as it isn't turned to yellow, it is reversible and stable, thus it is considered as the most suitable material for retouching the mural painting of El Sakakeny palace which suffers from losing of paint layer.
In the present study, an investigation has been undertaken in to El Sakakeny palace back to the 1... more In the present study, an investigation has been undertaken in to El Sakakeny palace back to the 19th century and built by Antonio Laschiac. It is initially located in El Sakakeny square in Egypt. The investigation used to focus to the deterioration factors with it's discoloration and mural paintings. The investigation revealed that the most vital deterioration factor facing the mural paintings in El Sakakeny palace is the daily sun light and the groundwater which appeared in the amount of salts. The effect of all deterioration factors can be prevented by using simple ways from the preventive conservation.
A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken on the used mortar in construction of El Sakake... more A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken on the used mortar in construction of El Sakakeny palace dating to the 19th century designed by Antonio La Schiac. The analytical instruments used for this investigation were X- ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with EDX. The analysis shows that the mortar used in the fire place chamber was cement on other hand the mortar in the love chamber was calcium hydroxide mixed with silica as popular mortars were used before starting to use cement mortars in Egypt.
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