International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2018
Concrete is the most widely used building material in civil engineering industry throughout the g... more Concrete is the most widely used building material in civil engineering industry throughout the globe because of its high structural strength and constancy, where the fine aggregate is generally natural sand. The usage of sand in construction activity results in the excessive mining, causing depletion of natural resources resulting increase in scour depth and sometimes flood possibility. Copper Slag waste is most usually made from the copper industry, whereas Silica Fume is a by-product from many manufactures. Chuck out of both copper slag waste and Silica Fume is one of the major environmental problems worldwide today. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized to sustainable growth. This research paper presents a study of the Strength properties of concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag and cement with silica fume. In the present Experimental Investigation, for M40 grade of concrete, fine aggregate (River Sand) was partially replaced with Copper Slag (40%) and cement was partially replaced with Silica Fume from 5% to 15% at an interval of 5%. This research gives a detailed observational study on Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength at age of 28 days. Test results indicate that the strength properties of concrete were improved having copper slag as a partial replacement of Sand (up to 40%) and Silica fume as a partial replacement of cement (up to 10%).
Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few yea... more Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few years. Much of this wasteland has been land filled, without seeing it's possible for reuse or recycling. In the ceramic industry, nearly 15%-30% production goes as waste. The replacement of cement with Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) or Marble Dust Powder (MDP) produces a substantial modification in compressive strength, making them suitable for the fabrication of concrete. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by both CWP and MDP accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were tested and compared in terms of compressive strength of the conventional concrete at 28 days. The aim of this research study is to study the behavior of concrete durability in comparison by partial replacement of cement with both CWP and MDP.
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for... more The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils for earthquake design is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. Semi empirical field-based procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes uses experimental findings together with the theoretical considerations for establishing the framework of the analysis procedure. The major factors affecting the liquefactions potential of soils are the earthquake magnitude, the vertical effective overburden stress, SPT N-value, the peak acceleration at the ground surfac...
Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few yea... more Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few years. Much of this wasteland has been land filled, without seeing it’s possible for reuse or recycling. In the ceramic industry, nearly 15%-30% production goes as waste. The replacement of cement with Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) or Marble Dust Powder (MDP) produces a substantial modification in compressive strength, making them suitable for the fabrication of concrete. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by both CWP and MDP accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were tested and compared in terms of compressive strength of the conventional concrete at 28 days. The aim of this research study is to study the behavior of concrete durability in comparison by partial replacement of cement with both CWP and MDP.
Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the ... more Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. Semi-empirical field-based procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes have two essential components: (1) the development of an analytical framework to organize past case history experiences, and (2) the development of a suitable in-situ index to represent soil liquefaction characteristics. The strength of semi-empirical procedure is the use of both experimental findings together with the theoretical considerations for establishing the framework of the analysis procedure.
Marble Dust Powder is one of the most dynamic research areas that cover a number of subjects incl... more Marble Dust Powder is one of the most dynamic research areas that cover a number of subjects including civil engineering and building fabrics. Marble Dust Powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away, which results in environmental contamination, in addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public wellness. Therefore, utilization of the Marble Dust Powder in various industrial sectors, especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to protect the environment. In this research work, Marble Dust Powder has replaced the (OPC & PPC) cement accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, & 25% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were developed, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete. The purpose of the investigation is to analyze the behavior of concrete while replacing the Marble Dust Powder with Different proportions in concrete.
The application of concrete in construction is as old as the days of Greek and Roman civilization... more The application of concrete in construction is as old as the days of Greek and Roman civilization. But for numerous reasons, the concrete construction industry is not sustainable. Firstly, it uses up huge quantities of virgin materials. Secondly, the principal binder in concrete is Portland cement (major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions). Thirdly, many concrete structures suffer from lack of durability. In this report, a brief review is presented with mixtures containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% Fly Ash by the bulk of the cementitious material (OPC) for M 30 and M 40 grade of concrete. The test result indicates that the compressive strength of mix with 10%, 20% and 30% replaced with fly ash were more as compared with conventional concrete thus enhancing the durability of structures. Yet, in reality approximately 50% of the Fly Ash produced throughout the world is stockpiled/land filled as a wasteland. The adoption of high-volume fly ash concrete system will enable the constructi...
The use of optical fiber in the telecommunication industry is well known. Initially optical fiber... more The use of optical fiber in the telecommunication industry is well known. Initially optical fiber sensors are used as real time detection tool in advance aircraft and space vehicles. In the recent years growing interest is emerged in area of fiber optics base sensors for Civil Engineering structures. These sensors offers many advantages over conventional sensors when applied to civil structures as the overall size of most civil structures poses many problems which may possibly be overcome by using fiber optic sensors. The most important feature of fiber optic sensors is that it serves both as sensing element and signal transmission medium. This paper gives an overview in the development of fiber optic sensors for smart structures. In this research, fiber optic sensors are embedded in concrete cubes to measure linear strain and it has been observed that embedded fiber optic sensors responded very well under the applied loads.
Openings in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are not commonly prescribed in design codes. Even when... more Openings in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are not commonly prescribed in design codes. Even when they are, they raise concerns regards to the size of the openings and the location of the applied loads. Lack of sufficient information about the load-carrying capacity of the slabs with openings and performance is another concern. Hence, this research addresses the structural behavior of slabs with openings coated with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet. In the experimental part, ten slabs were cast with a dimension of 1000 mm × 530 mm × 25 mm, among which nine slabs had openings and one slab was without opening (control slab). The configuration of the CFRP sheet includes coating in the form of single, double, and triple layers. Experimental results show that the slab with a triple coating of the CFRP layer offers the maximum resistance towards the loading rate. Moreover, with the increase in CFRP layers, the value of deflection is minimized.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
The analysis of subsurface structures has always remained a challenge for construction engineer, ... more The analysis of subsurface structures has always remained a challenge for construction engineer, especially the below-grade sulfur storage pit. A sulfur pit temporarily accommodates elemental sulfur extracted from oil refineries through a Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) and conveyed further to different transportation systems such as railcars, trucks or barges via a pumping system. The storage pit ensures that the elemental sulfur remains in its molten state, and further, the surrounding soil environment is protected. The operating temperature of below-grade sulfur storage pits range from 250°F (121°C) to 300°F (149°C) at which molten sulfur is kept in fluid form using submerged heating coils located at the pit base. The hazardous, corrosive and highly acidic environment causes severe concrete deterioration in the sulfur pit. The extensive concrete deterioration reduces the life span of the sulfur pit to even less than 10 years. The sulfuric acid formation is mainly responsible for the corrosive environment in the pit. The progression occurs from crack formation to delamination to spalling of concrete cover to corrosion, which finally degrades the structural durability and integrity. The heavily affected areas within the pit include the soffit of the roof slab and the walls in the headspace regions. This research paper presents the review of the various mechanisms in sulfur pit deterioration supported by industrial case studies and the absence of longterm durability performance in current industrial sulfur pit repair approaches.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019
Concrete is currently the world's biggest consumer product that uses natural resources such a... more Concrete is currently the world's biggest consumer product that uses natural resources such as sand, crushed stone, and water. Research is under way today to decrease consumption of these materials, due to the depletion of these natural resources for concretion. The fast building growth in India led to a lack of standard building materials. The amount of concrete used and the accessibility of raw material in a developed country such as India are much lower. Ceramics produce wastes inevitably in the ceramic industry, regardless of improved processes; around 15%-30% of production is waste output. The ceramic industry dumps waste in all surrounding storage or empty regions close to the facility, although reported locations are labelled for discarding. The pollution of the dust and the occupation of a broad area of soil is caused by serious environmental contamination especially after the powder is dry. Ceramic dust is the most important waste from the ceramic industry. This paper i...
International Journal of Advanced engineering, Management and Science, 2017
In the recent past, there has been considerable attempts for improving the properties of concrete... more In the recent past, there has been considerable attempts for improving the properties of concrete with respect to strength and durability, especially in aggressive environments. High performance concrete appears to be better choice for a strong and durable structure. A large amount of by-product or wastes such as fly-ash, copper slag, silica fume etc. are generated by industries, which causes environmental as well as health problems due to dumping and disposal. Proper introduction of silica fume in concrete improves both the mechanical and durability characteristics of the concrete. This paper present literature review on replacement of Cement by Silica Fume which includes current and future trends of research.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014
Monitoring of important structures throughout its working life is normally needed to ensure its p... more Monitoring of important structures throughout its working life is normally needed to ensure its performance under expected applied loads. This usually involves investigation of cracking and damage due to applied loads, corrosion of steel, failure of bonds, excessive strain in concrete and reinforcing bars, critical deflection etc. The conventional techniques such as strain gauges, vibrating wires strain translucers, etc. have their own limitations. These sensors may not be functional and effective sensor throughout the life of structures. This being the position, the need of development of effective senor was being felt quite long. In recent years fiber optic based sensors have attracted considerable interest as non destructive structural health monitoring technique. In this research embedded fiber optic sensors are developed to monitor reinforced concrete beams. Embedded fiber optic sensor responded very well under the applied loads and any change in the intensity of light can be considered as a warning even before the cracks are visible on the outer surface. This characteristic of embedded fiber optic sensors can be used as a crack detection tools.
Deep beams are more susceptible to shear failure, and therefore reparation is a crucial for struc... more Deep beams are more susceptible to shear failure, and therefore reparation is a crucial for structural reinforcements. Shear failure is structural concrete failure in nature. It generally occurs without warning; however, it is acceptable for the beam to fail in bending but not in shear. The experimental study presented the structural behavior of the deep beams of reinforced concrete (RC) that reinforces the web openings with externally connected carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite in the shear zone. The structural behavior includes a failure mode, and cracking pattern, load deflection responses, stress concentration and the reinforcement factor were investigated. A total of nine reinforced concrete deep beams with openings strengthened with CFRP and one control beam without an opening have been cast and tested under static four-point bending load till failure. The experimental results showed that the increase the size of the opening causes an increase in the shear stren...
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2018
Concrete is the most widely used building material in civil engineering industry throughout the g... more Concrete is the most widely used building material in civil engineering industry throughout the globe because of its high structural strength and constancy, where the fine aggregate is generally natural sand. The usage of sand in construction activity results in the excessive mining, causing depletion of natural resources resulting increase in scour depth and sometimes flood possibility. Copper Slag waste is most usually made from the copper industry, whereas Silica Fume is a by-product from many manufactures. Chuck out of both copper slag waste and Silica Fume is one of the major environmental problems worldwide today. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized to sustainable growth. This research paper presents a study of the Strength properties of concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag and cement with silica fume. In the present Experimental Investigation, for M40 grade of concrete, fine aggregate (River Sand) was partially replaced with Copper Slag (40%) and cement was partially replaced with Silica Fume from 5% to 15% at an interval of 5%. This research gives a detailed observational study on Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength at age of 28 days. Test results indicate that the strength properties of concrete were improved having copper slag as a partial replacement of Sand (up to 40%) and Silica fume as a partial replacement of cement (up to 10%).
Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few yea... more Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few years. Much of this wasteland has been land filled, without seeing it's possible for reuse or recycling. In the ceramic industry, nearly 15%-30% production goes as waste. The replacement of cement with Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) or Marble Dust Powder (MDP) produces a substantial modification in compressive strength, making them suitable for the fabrication of concrete. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by both CWP and MDP accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were tested and compared in terms of compressive strength of the conventional concrete at 28 days. The aim of this research study is to study the behavior of concrete durability in comparison by partial replacement of cement with both CWP and MDP.
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for... more The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils for earthquake design is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. Semi empirical field-based procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes uses experimental findings together with the theoretical considerations for establishing the framework of the analysis procedure. The major factors affecting the liquefactions potential of soils are the earthquake magnitude, the vertical effective overburden stress, SPT N-value, the peak acceleration at the ground surfac...
Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few yea... more Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few years. Much of this wasteland has been land filled, without seeing it’s possible for reuse or recycling. In the ceramic industry, nearly 15%-30% production goes as waste. The replacement of cement with Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) or Marble Dust Powder (MDP) produces a substantial modification in compressive strength, making them suitable for the fabrication of concrete. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by both CWP and MDP accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were tested and compared in terms of compressive strength of the conventional concrete at 28 days. The aim of this research study is to study the behavior of concrete durability in comparison by partial replacement of cement with both CWP and MDP.
Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the ... more Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. Semi-empirical field-based procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes have two essential components: (1) the development of an analytical framework to organize past case history experiences, and (2) the development of a suitable in-situ index to represent soil liquefaction characteristics. The strength of semi-empirical procedure is the use of both experimental findings together with the theoretical considerations for establishing the framework of the analysis procedure.
Marble Dust Powder is one of the most dynamic research areas that cover a number of subjects incl... more Marble Dust Powder is one of the most dynamic research areas that cover a number of subjects including civil engineering and building fabrics. Marble Dust Powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away, which results in environmental contamination, in addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public wellness. Therefore, utilization of the Marble Dust Powder in various industrial sectors, especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to protect the environment. In this research work, Marble Dust Powder has replaced the (OPC & PPC) cement accordingly in the reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, & 25% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were developed, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete. The purpose of the investigation is to analyze the behavior of concrete while replacing the Marble Dust Powder with Different proportions in concrete.
The application of concrete in construction is as old as the days of Greek and Roman civilization... more The application of concrete in construction is as old as the days of Greek and Roman civilization. But for numerous reasons, the concrete construction industry is not sustainable. Firstly, it uses up huge quantities of virgin materials. Secondly, the principal binder in concrete is Portland cement (major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions). Thirdly, many concrete structures suffer from lack of durability. In this report, a brief review is presented with mixtures containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% Fly Ash by the bulk of the cementitious material (OPC) for M 30 and M 40 grade of concrete. The test result indicates that the compressive strength of mix with 10%, 20% and 30% replaced with fly ash were more as compared with conventional concrete thus enhancing the durability of structures. Yet, in reality approximately 50% of the Fly Ash produced throughout the world is stockpiled/land filled as a wasteland. The adoption of high-volume fly ash concrete system will enable the constructi...
The use of optical fiber in the telecommunication industry is well known. Initially optical fiber... more The use of optical fiber in the telecommunication industry is well known. Initially optical fiber sensors are used as real time detection tool in advance aircraft and space vehicles. In the recent years growing interest is emerged in area of fiber optics base sensors for Civil Engineering structures. These sensors offers many advantages over conventional sensors when applied to civil structures as the overall size of most civil structures poses many problems which may possibly be overcome by using fiber optic sensors. The most important feature of fiber optic sensors is that it serves both as sensing element and signal transmission medium. This paper gives an overview in the development of fiber optic sensors for smart structures. In this research, fiber optic sensors are embedded in concrete cubes to measure linear strain and it has been observed that embedded fiber optic sensors responded very well under the applied loads.
Openings in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are not commonly prescribed in design codes. Even when... more Openings in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are not commonly prescribed in design codes. Even when they are, they raise concerns regards to the size of the openings and the location of the applied loads. Lack of sufficient information about the load-carrying capacity of the slabs with openings and performance is another concern. Hence, this research addresses the structural behavior of slabs with openings coated with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet. In the experimental part, ten slabs were cast with a dimension of 1000 mm × 530 mm × 25 mm, among which nine slabs had openings and one slab was without opening (control slab). The configuration of the CFRP sheet includes coating in the form of single, double, and triple layers. Experimental results show that the slab with a triple coating of the CFRP layer offers the maximum resistance towards the loading rate. Moreover, with the increase in CFRP layers, the value of deflection is minimized.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
The analysis of subsurface structures has always remained a challenge for construction engineer, ... more The analysis of subsurface structures has always remained a challenge for construction engineer, especially the below-grade sulfur storage pit. A sulfur pit temporarily accommodates elemental sulfur extracted from oil refineries through a Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) and conveyed further to different transportation systems such as railcars, trucks or barges via a pumping system. The storage pit ensures that the elemental sulfur remains in its molten state, and further, the surrounding soil environment is protected. The operating temperature of below-grade sulfur storage pits range from 250°F (121°C) to 300°F (149°C) at which molten sulfur is kept in fluid form using submerged heating coils located at the pit base. The hazardous, corrosive and highly acidic environment causes severe concrete deterioration in the sulfur pit. The extensive concrete deterioration reduces the life span of the sulfur pit to even less than 10 years. The sulfuric acid formation is mainly responsible for the corrosive environment in the pit. The progression occurs from crack formation to delamination to spalling of concrete cover to corrosion, which finally degrades the structural durability and integrity. The heavily affected areas within the pit include the soffit of the roof slab and the walls in the headspace regions. This research paper presents the review of the various mechanisms in sulfur pit deterioration supported by industrial case studies and the absence of longterm durability performance in current industrial sulfur pit repair approaches.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019
Concrete is currently the world's biggest consumer product that uses natural resources such a... more Concrete is currently the world's biggest consumer product that uses natural resources such as sand, crushed stone, and water. Research is under way today to decrease consumption of these materials, due to the depletion of these natural resources for concretion. The fast building growth in India led to a lack of standard building materials. The amount of concrete used and the accessibility of raw material in a developed country such as India are much lower. Ceramics produce wastes inevitably in the ceramic industry, regardless of improved processes; around 15%-30% of production is waste output. The ceramic industry dumps waste in all surrounding storage or empty regions close to the facility, although reported locations are labelled for discarding. The pollution of the dust and the occupation of a broad area of soil is caused by serious environmental contamination especially after the powder is dry. Ceramic dust is the most important waste from the ceramic industry. This paper i...
International Journal of Advanced engineering, Management and Science, 2017
In the recent past, there has been considerable attempts for improving the properties of concrete... more In the recent past, there has been considerable attempts for improving the properties of concrete with respect to strength and durability, especially in aggressive environments. High performance concrete appears to be better choice for a strong and durable structure. A large amount of by-product or wastes such as fly-ash, copper slag, silica fume etc. are generated by industries, which causes environmental as well as health problems due to dumping and disposal. Proper introduction of silica fume in concrete improves both the mechanical and durability characteristics of the concrete. This paper present literature review on replacement of Cement by Silica Fume which includes current and future trends of research.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014
Monitoring of important structures throughout its working life is normally needed to ensure its p... more Monitoring of important structures throughout its working life is normally needed to ensure its performance under expected applied loads. This usually involves investigation of cracking and damage due to applied loads, corrosion of steel, failure of bonds, excessive strain in concrete and reinforcing bars, critical deflection etc. The conventional techniques such as strain gauges, vibrating wires strain translucers, etc. have their own limitations. These sensors may not be functional and effective sensor throughout the life of structures. This being the position, the need of development of effective senor was being felt quite long. In recent years fiber optic based sensors have attracted considerable interest as non destructive structural health monitoring technique. In this research embedded fiber optic sensors are developed to monitor reinforced concrete beams. Embedded fiber optic sensor responded very well under the applied loads and any change in the intensity of light can be considered as a warning even before the cracks are visible on the outer surface. This characteristic of embedded fiber optic sensors can be used as a crack detection tools.
Deep beams are more susceptible to shear failure, and therefore reparation is a crucial for struc... more Deep beams are more susceptible to shear failure, and therefore reparation is a crucial for structural reinforcements. Shear failure is structural concrete failure in nature. It generally occurs without warning; however, it is acceptable for the beam to fail in bending but not in shear. The experimental study presented the structural behavior of the deep beams of reinforced concrete (RC) that reinforces the web openings with externally connected carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite in the shear zone. The structural behavior includes a failure mode, and cracking pattern, load deflection responses, stress concentration and the reinforcement factor were investigated. A total of nine reinforced concrete deep beams with openings strengthened with CFRP and one control beam without an opening have been cast and tested under static four-point bending load till failure. The experimental results showed that the increase the size of the opening causes an increase in the shear stren...
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