Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, 2015
The age determination of living individuals of unknown chronological age, has assumed a very stro... more The age determination of living individuals of unknown chronological age, has assumed a very strong role in juvenile crimes in India. Many cases are being referred by courts for age determination of such ‘juveniles in conflict with law’, in which the most important cut off age is 18 years. Age estimation of unknown chronological age is a big challenge for law enforcement agents which have become more important due to ever increasing incidences of heinous crimes committed by juveniles. We present a review of correlation of skeletal age measured by X-rays of various joints and dental age measured by OPG (Orthopantograms) of a population of 150 cases of age estimation cases sent to our hospital by various courts of law at Delhi, capital city of India. The result was subjected to statistical analysis by using Pairwise Pearson's correlation (0.885) which suggests highly significant correlation. The result shows statistically highly significant correlation between the said parameters.
Abstract Diabetes is considered as a coronary artery disease (CAD) riskequivalent and diabetics a... more Abstract Diabetes is considered as a coronary artery disease (CAD) riskequivalent and diabetics are prone to a more severe and diffuse atherosclerotic CAD. In this study, we evaluated a north Indian cohort of type II diabetics for their angiographic and morphological features and compared them with a similar nondiabetic subgroup. The study included 100 consecutive non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients undergoing clinically indicated elective coronary angiography and 100 nondiabetic patients who were individually matched for sex, age, and clinical diagnosis. On analysis, we found that the frequency of single and multivessel CAD were statistically different between the two groups with single vessel disease (SVD) being more frequent in nondiabetic CAD patients (10 vs 26, p
Arsenicosis, due to contaminated drinking water, is a serious health hazard in terms of morbidity... more Arsenicosis, due to contaminated drinking water, is a serious health hazard in terms of morbidity and mortality. Arsenic induced free radicals generated are known to cause cellular apoptosis through mitochondrial driven pathway. In the present study, we investigated the effect of arsenic interactions with various complexes of the electron transport chain and attempted to evaluate if there was any complex preference of arsenic that could trigger apoptosis. We also evaluated if chelation with monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) could reverse these detrimental effects. Our results indicate that arsenic exposure induced free radical generation in rat neuronal cells, which diminished mitochondrial potential and enzyme activities of all the complexes of the electron transport chain. Moreover, these complexes showed differential responses towards arsenic. These early events along with diminished ATP levels could be co-related with the later events of cytosolic migration of cytochrome c, altered bax/bcl(2) ratio, and increased caspase 3 activity. Although MiADMSA could reverse most of these arsenic-induced altered variables to various extents, DNA damage remained unaffected. Our study for the first time demonstrates the differential effect of arsenic on the complexes leading to deficits in bioenergetics leading to apoptosis in rat brain. However, more in depth studies are warranted for better understanding of arsenic interactions with the mitochondria.
Introduction The purpose of the present study was to identify the true prevalence of hemorrhage i... more Introduction The purpose of the present study was to identify the true prevalence of hemorrhage in the abscess using T2*-weighted angiography (SWAN) imaging and to study its influence on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics. Methods Fifteen patients of brain abscess underwent conventional, SWAN, and DT imaging on a 3-T MRI followed by its confirmation with histology. DTI metrics were quantified by region-of-interest analysis on hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic regions of the abscess wall. Prussian blue staining was performed on excised abscess walls to confirm hemorrhage on histology. Results Eleven of 15 patients showed evidence of hemorrhage on both Prussian blue staining as well as SWAN imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and linear anisotropy (CL) values were significantly higher, while spherical anisotropy was significantly lower in hemorrhagic compared to non-hemorrhagic regions of the abscess wall. Conclusion Hemorrhage in the abscess wall is a common feature and may not always indicate neoplasm. The presence of intracellular iron in addition to concentrically laid collagen fibers may have synergistic effect on FA and CL values in the abscess wall. Inclusion of SWAN to MRI protocol will define the true prevalence of hemorrhage in brain abscess.
Aims: Exposure to toxic metals remains a widespread occupational and environmental problem in wor... more Aims: Exposure to toxic metals remains a widespread occupational and environmental problem in world. Chelation therapy is a mainstream treatment used to treat heavy metal poisoning. This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and therapeutic evaluation of monoisoamyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA)-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles as a detoxifying agent for arsenic poisoning. Materials & Methods: Polymeric nanoparticles entrapping the DMSA monoester, which can evade the reticulo-endothelial system and have a long circulation time in the blood, were prepared. Particle characterization was carried out by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. An in vivo study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of MiADMSA-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (nano-MiADMSA; 50 mg/kg orally for 5 days) and comparison drawn with bulk MiADMSA. Swiss albino mice exposed to sodium arsenite for 4 weeks were treated for 5 days to evaluate alteration...
The ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes (RPC), Δ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]Cl2 (Δ-[3]Cl2) and ΔΔ-[(phen)... more The ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes (RPC), Δ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]Cl2 (Δ-[3]Cl2) and ΔΔ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]Cl4 (ΔΔ-[4]Cl4, are a new generation of metal-based antitumor agents. These RPCs bind DNA via intercalation of the tatpp ligand, which itself is redox-active and is easily reduced at biologically relevant potentials. We have previously shown that RPC 44+ cleaves DNA when reduced by glutathione to a radical species and that this DNA cleavage is potentiated under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Here, we show that 32+ also exhibits free radical–mediated DNA cleavage in vitro and that 32+ and 44+ both exhibit selective cytotoxicity toward cultured malignant cell lines and marked inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. The murine acute toxicity of RPCs 32+ and 44+ (maximum tolerable doses ∼ 65 μmol/kg) is comparable with that for cisplatin (LD50 ∼ 57 μmol/kg), but unlike cisplatin, RPCs are generally cleared from the body unchanged via renal excretion without appreciable metaboli...
It has been previously hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) values in leptomenin... more It has been previously hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) values in leptomeningeal cortical subcortical white matter (LCSWM) regions of neonatal brain with bacterial meningitis is due to the presence of adhesion molecules in the subarachnoid space, which are responsible for adherence of inflammatory cells over the subarachnoid membrane. The aim of this study was to look for any relationship between FA values in LCSWM regions and various neuroinflammatory molecules (NMs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measured in neonates with bacterial meningitis. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on 18 term neonates (median age, 10.5 days) having bacterial meningitis and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. CSF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to quantify NMs [soluble intracellular adhesion molecules (sICAM), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)]. Significantly increased FA values were observed in LCSWM regions of the patients compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between FA values in LCSWM regions and NMs [sICAM (r = 0.67, P = .006), TNF-α (r = 0.69, P = .005) and IL-1β (r = 0.82, P = .000)] in CSF of these patients. No difference in FA values (P = .99) in LCSWM regions was observed between patients with sterile (0.12±0.02) and culture-positive CSF study (0.12±0.02). FA may be used as noninvasive surrogate marker of NMs in neonatal meningitis in assessing therapeutic response in future.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, 2012
Objectives: This prospective, sequential study was done to understand changes in cerebral edema (... more Objectives: This prospective, sequential study was done to understand changes in cerebral edema (CE) on magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liver functions, and neurocognitive testing (NCT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF). Methods: A total of 11 ALF and 8 healthy controls were evaluated with advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, blood proinflammatory cytokines (PCs), thiamine levels, liver functions, and NCT. Reevaluation was done at 43.5 AE 26.9 days (first follow-up, n ¼ 8) and 157.3 AE 52.3 days (second follow-up, n ¼ 6) after discharge. Results: At diagnosis, patients with ALF had vasogenic and cytotoxic CE, raised brain glutamine (23.2 AE 3.4 vs 15.3 AE 2.7), and serum PCs (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-a 40.1 AE 8.9 vs 7.2 AE 2.7 pg/mL, interleukin [IL]-6 29.2 AE 14.4 vs 4.7 AE 1.2 pg/mL). The mammillary bodies (MBs) were smaller, and brain choline (1.9 AE 0.36 vs 2.6 AE 0.6) and blood thiamine (55.2 AE 6.7 vs 81.8 AE 10.2 nmol/L) were lower than controls. At first followup, the brain glutamine and CE recovered. Brain choline and MBs volume showed improvement and thiamine levels normalized. Significant reduction in TNF-a and IL-6 was seen. The patients performed poorly on NCT, which normalized at second follow-up. Liver biochemistry and thiamine levels were normal and TNF-a and IL-6 showed further reduction at second follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with ALF have CE contributed by raised brain glutamine and PCs. MBs are small because of thiamine deficiency and show recovery in follow-up. CE and brain glutamine recover earlier than normalization of NCT and liver functions. Persistence of raised cytokines up to 6 months after insult suggests possible contribution from liver regeneration.
In this study, we describe the development of a facile and effective route for the synthesis of F... more In this study, we describe the development of a facile and effective route for the synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)-based T(1) contrast agent, which can be useful for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Citrate-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (6 nm) with a narrow size distribution were synthesized by "one-pot green chemistry route" in diethylene glycol (DEG) solvent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques including XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and FTIR. At room temperature, nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic nature with high saturation magnetization. The longitudinal (r(1)) and transverse (r(2)) relaxivities were found to be 35.45 and 51.81 mM(-1)s(-1), respectively. Contrast agent developed by this method showed a relatively higher longitudinal relaxivity (r(1)) and the lowest relaxivity ratio (r(2)/r(1)=1.46) at 3T MR field. The anionic nature of citric acid facilitated non-specific internalization without impairment of cell viability and functionality. The in vitro studies showed both phagocitic and non-phagocytic uptake of these NPs. In vivo MR imaging of swine showed both T(1) and T(2) contrast effect.
This study aimed to demonstrate age-related and gender-related changes in diffusion tensor imagin... more This study aimed to demonstrate age-related and gender-related changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of deep grey matter (GM) nuclei of the normal human brain. DTI was performed on 142 subjects (age: 10-52 years). Regions of interest were placed on the caudate nucleus (CN), putamen, globus pallidus, frontal white matter (WM), occipital WM, anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule, genu of the corpus callosum and splenium in all participants. The quadratic regression model was used to describe age-related and gender-related changes in DTI indices for GM and WM. We observed increased fractional anisotropy (FA) values with age up to adulthood in GM, and a rise up to the third decade of life followed by a decrease in FA for WM. We observed higher FA values in males compared to females in CN and all WM regions. Decreased mean diffusivity with age was observed in GM and WM irrespective of gender. This normative data may be valuable in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Background and aims: Presently, there is no published study that shows association between cognit... more Background and aims: Presently, there is no published study that shows association between cognition and white matter injury in spastic cerebral palsy. We aimed to correlate cognitive functions with diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics in spastic diplegic children. Methods: Twenty-two term children with spastic diplegia and 22 healthy controls were recruited. All patients were graded on the basis of gross motor function. The Indian children intelligence Test was used to quantify cognition and diffusion tensor imaging was used to quantify microstructural changes in various white matter regions. Diffusion tensor imaging metrics were quantified by placing regions of interests in different white matter regions like corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons, medulla, genu, splenium, temporal white matter, parietal white matter, frontal white matter and occipital white matter. Results: Spastic diplegic children showed significantly lower neuropsychological test scores as compared to controls. A significantly decreased fractional anisotropy values were observed in corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons, medulla, genu, splenium and occipital white matter; however significantly increased mean diffusivity values were observed in corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons and genu in spastic diplegic as compared to controls. A significant positive correlation in fractional anisotropy and negative correlation in mean diffusivity was observed with neuropsychological test scores. Conclusion: These results suggest that these imaging metrics may be used as a biomarker of cognitive functions in term children with spastic diplegia.
Background & aims: Mammillary body atrophy in alcoholic liver disease usually indicates thiamine ... more Background & aims: Mammillary body atrophy in alcoholic liver disease usually indicates thiamine deficiency. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among blood thiamine, mammillary bodies, major fiber bundle fractional anisotropy, and volume changes with diffusion tensor tractography in patients with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure of non-alcoholic etiology. Methods: Blood thiamine, mammillary bodies, fiber bundle fractional anisotropy and volume of major fiber tracts were quantified from acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure patients and compared with healthy controls. In 7 acute liver failure patients, follow-up study was done after clinical recovery at 5 weeks. Results: Blood thiamine, mammillary bodies and fornix volume, and fornix fiber bundle fractional anisotropy were significantly decreased as compared to controls. Blood thiamine showed significant positive correlation with mammillary bodies' volume only. On follow-up study, acute liver failure patients showed significant reversibility only in blood thiamine level and mammillary bodies' volume. Conclusions: Mammillary bodies' volume changes are primarily a consequence of thiamine deficiency, which may secondarily result in microstructural changes in the fornix. These observable changes are known to be specific and may be reversible with restoration of blood thiamine level. These imaging changes may be used as imaging biomarker of thiamine deficiency in these patients in future.
Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, 2015
The age determination of living individuals of unknown chronological age, has assumed a very stro... more The age determination of living individuals of unknown chronological age, has assumed a very strong role in juvenile crimes in India. Many cases are being referred by courts for age determination of such ‘juveniles in conflict with law’, in which the most important cut off age is 18 years. Age estimation of unknown chronological age is a big challenge for law enforcement agents which have become more important due to ever increasing incidences of heinous crimes committed by juveniles. We present a review of correlation of skeletal age measured by X-rays of various joints and dental age measured by OPG (Orthopantograms) of a population of 150 cases of age estimation cases sent to our hospital by various courts of law at Delhi, capital city of India. The result was subjected to statistical analysis by using Pairwise Pearson's correlation (0.885) which suggests highly significant correlation. The result shows statistically highly significant correlation between the said parameters.
Abstract Diabetes is considered as a coronary artery disease (CAD) riskequivalent and diabetics a... more Abstract Diabetes is considered as a coronary artery disease (CAD) riskequivalent and diabetics are prone to a more severe and diffuse atherosclerotic CAD. In this study, we evaluated a north Indian cohort of type II diabetics for their angiographic and morphological features and compared them with a similar nondiabetic subgroup. The study included 100 consecutive non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients undergoing clinically indicated elective coronary angiography and 100 nondiabetic patients who were individually matched for sex, age, and clinical diagnosis. On analysis, we found that the frequency of single and multivessel CAD were statistically different between the two groups with single vessel disease (SVD) being more frequent in nondiabetic CAD patients (10 vs 26, p
Arsenicosis, due to contaminated drinking water, is a serious health hazard in terms of morbidity... more Arsenicosis, due to contaminated drinking water, is a serious health hazard in terms of morbidity and mortality. Arsenic induced free radicals generated are known to cause cellular apoptosis through mitochondrial driven pathway. In the present study, we investigated the effect of arsenic interactions with various complexes of the electron transport chain and attempted to evaluate if there was any complex preference of arsenic that could trigger apoptosis. We also evaluated if chelation with monoisoamyl dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) could reverse these detrimental effects. Our results indicate that arsenic exposure induced free radical generation in rat neuronal cells, which diminished mitochondrial potential and enzyme activities of all the complexes of the electron transport chain. Moreover, these complexes showed differential responses towards arsenic. These early events along with diminished ATP levels could be co-related with the later events of cytosolic migration of cytochrome c, altered bax/bcl(2) ratio, and increased caspase 3 activity. Although MiADMSA could reverse most of these arsenic-induced altered variables to various extents, DNA damage remained unaffected. Our study for the first time demonstrates the differential effect of arsenic on the complexes leading to deficits in bioenergetics leading to apoptosis in rat brain. However, more in depth studies are warranted for better understanding of arsenic interactions with the mitochondria.
Introduction The purpose of the present study was to identify the true prevalence of hemorrhage i... more Introduction The purpose of the present study was to identify the true prevalence of hemorrhage in the abscess using T2*-weighted angiography (SWAN) imaging and to study its influence on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics. Methods Fifteen patients of brain abscess underwent conventional, SWAN, and DT imaging on a 3-T MRI followed by its confirmation with histology. DTI metrics were quantified by region-of-interest analysis on hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic regions of the abscess wall. Prussian blue staining was performed on excised abscess walls to confirm hemorrhage on histology. Results Eleven of 15 patients showed evidence of hemorrhage on both Prussian blue staining as well as SWAN imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and linear anisotropy (CL) values were significantly higher, while spherical anisotropy was significantly lower in hemorrhagic compared to non-hemorrhagic regions of the abscess wall. Conclusion Hemorrhage in the abscess wall is a common feature and may not always indicate neoplasm. The presence of intracellular iron in addition to concentrically laid collagen fibers may have synergistic effect on FA and CL values in the abscess wall. Inclusion of SWAN to MRI protocol will define the true prevalence of hemorrhage in brain abscess.
Aims: Exposure to toxic metals remains a widespread occupational and environmental problem in wor... more Aims: Exposure to toxic metals remains a widespread occupational and environmental problem in world. Chelation therapy is a mainstream treatment used to treat heavy metal poisoning. This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and therapeutic evaluation of monoisoamyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA)-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles as a detoxifying agent for arsenic poisoning. Materials & Methods: Polymeric nanoparticles entrapping the DMSA monoester, which can evade the reticulo-endothelial system and have a long circulation time in the blood, were prepared. Particle characterization was carried out by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. An in vivo study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of MiADMSA-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (nano-MiADMSA; 50 mg/kg orally for 5 days) and comparison drawn with bulk MiADMSA. Swiss albino mice exposed to sodium arsenite for 4 weeks were treated for 5 days to evaluate alteration...
The ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes (RPC), Δ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]Cl2 (Δ-[3]Cl2) and ΔΔ-[(phen)... more The ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes (RPC), Δ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]Cl2 (Δ-[3]Cl2) and ΔΔ-[(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]Cl4 (ΔΔ-[4]Cl4, are a new generation of metal-based antitumor agents. These RPCs bind DNA via intercalation of the tatpp ligand, which itself is redox-active and is easily reduced at biologically relevant potentials. We have previously shown that RPC 44+ cleaves DNA when reduced by glutathione to a radical species and that this DNA cleavage is potentiated under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Here, we show that 32+ also exhibits free radical–mediated DNA cleavage in vitro and that 32+ and 44+ both exhibit selective cytotoxicity toward cultured malignant cell lines and marked inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. The murine acute toxicity of RPCs 32+ and 44+ (maximum tolerable doses ∼ 65 μmol/kg) is comparable with that for cisplatin (LD50 ∼ 57 μmol/kg), but unlike cisplatin, RPCs are generally cleared from the body unchanged via renal excretion without appreciable metaboli...
It has been previously hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) values in leptomenin... more It has been previously hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) values in leptomeningeal cortical subcortical white matter (LCSWM) regions of neonatal brain with bacterial meningitis is due to the presence of adhesion molecules in the subarachnoid space, which are responsible for adherence of inflammatory cells over the subarachnoid membrane. The aim of this study was to look for any relationship between FA values in LCSWM regions and various neuroinflammatory molecules (NMs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measured in neonates with bacterial meningitis. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on 18 term neonates (median age, 10.5 days) having bacterial meningitis and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. CSF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to quantify NMs [soluble intracellular adhesion molecules (sICAM), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)]. Significantly increased FA values were observed in LCSWM regions of the patients compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between FA values in LCSWM regions and NMs [sICAM (r = 0.67, P = .006), TNF-α (r = 0.69, P = .005) and IL-1β (r = 0.82, P = .000)] in CSF of these patients. No difference in FA values (P = .99) in LCSWM regions was observed between patients with sterile (0.12±0.02) and culture-positive CSF study (0.12±0.02). FA may be used as noninvasive surrogate marker of NMs in neonatal meningitis in assessing therapeutic response in future.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, 2012
Objectives: This prospective, sequential study was done to understand changes in cerebral edema (... more Objectives: This prospective, sequential study was done to understand changes in cerebral edema (CE) on magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liver functions, and neurocognitive testing (NCT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF). Methods: A total of 11 ALF and 8 healthy controls were evaluated with advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, blood proinflammatory cytokines (PCs), thiamine levels, liver functions, and NCT. Reevaluation was done at 43.5 AE 26.9 days (first follow-up, n ¼ 8) and 157.3 AE 52.3 days (second follow-up, n ¼ 6) after discharge. Results: At diagnosis, patients with ALF had vasogenic and cytotoxic CE, raised brain glutamine (23.2 AE 3.4 vs 15.3 AE 2.7), and serum PCs (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-a 40.1 AE 8.9 vs 7.2 AE 2.7 pg/mL, interleukin [IL]-6 29.2 AE 14.4 vs 4.7 AE 1.2 pg/mL). The mammillary bodies (MBs) were smaller, and brain choline (1.9 AE 0.36 vs 2.6 AE 0.6) and blood thiamine (55.2 AE 6.7 vs 81.8 AE 10.2 nmol/L) were lower than controls. At first followup, the brain glutamine and CE recovered. Brain choline and MBs volume showed improvement and thiamine levels normalized. Significant reduction in TNF-a and IL-6 was seen. The patients performed poorly on NCT, which normalized at second follow-up. Liver biochemistry and thiamine levels were normal and TNF-a and IL-6 showed further reduction at second follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with ALF have CE contributed by raised brain glutamine and PCs. MBs are small because of thiamine deficiency and show recovery in follow-up. CE and brain glutamine recover earlier than normalization of NCT and liver functions. Persistence of raised cytokines up to 6 months after insult suggests possible contribution from liver regeneration.
In this study, we describe the development of a facile and effective route for the synthesis of F... more In this study, we describe the development of a facile and effective route for the synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)-based T(1) contrast agent, which can be useful for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Citrate-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (6 nm) with a narrow size distribution were synthesized by "one-pot green chemistry route" in diethylene glycol (DEG) solvent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques including XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and FTIR. At room temperature, nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic nature with high saturation magnetization. The longitudinal (r(1)) and transverse (r(2)) relaxivities were found to be 35.45 and 51.81 mM(-1)s(-1), respectively. Contrast agent developed by this method showed a relatively higher longitudinal relaxivity (r(1)) and the lowest relaxivity ratio (r(2)/r(1)=1.46) at 3T MR field. The anionic nature of citric acid facilitated non-specific internalization without impairment of cell viability and functionality. The in vitro studies showed both phagocitic and non-phagocytic uptake of these NPs. In vivo MR imaging of swine showed both T(1) and T(2) contrast effect.
This study aimed to demonstrate age-related and gender-related changes in diffusion tensor imagin... more This study aimed to demonstrate age-related and gender-related changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of deep grey matter (GM) nuclei of the normal human brain. DTI was performed on 142 subjects (age: 10-52 years). Regions of interest were placed on the caudate nucleus (CN), putamen, globus pallidus, frontal white matter (WM), occipital WM, anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule, genu of the corpus callosum and splenium in all participants. The quadratic regression model was used to describe age-related and gender-related changes in DTI indices for GM and WM. We observed increased fractional anisotropy (FA) values with age up to adulthood in GM, and a rise up to the third decade of life followed by a decrease in FA for WM. We observed higher FA values in males compared to females in CN and all WM regions. Decreased mean diffusivity with age was observed in GM and WM irrespective of gender. This normative data may be valuable in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Background and aims: Presently, there is no published study that shows association between cognit... more Background and aims: Presently, there is no published study that shows association between cognition and white matter injury in spastic cerebral palsy. We aimed to correlate cognitive functions with diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics in spastic diplegic children. Methods: Twenty-two term children with spastic diplegia and 22 healthy controls were recruited. All patients were graded on the basis of gross motor function. The Indian children intelligence Test was used to quantify cognition and diffusion tensor imaging was used to quantify microstructural changes in various white matter regions. Diffusion tensor imaging metrics were quantified by placing regions of interests in different white matter regions like corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons, medulla, genu, splenium, temporal white matter, parietal white matter, frontal white matter and occipital white matter. Results: Spastic diplegic children showed significantly lower neuropsychological test scores as compared to controls. A significantly decreased fractional anisotropy values were observed in corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons, medulla, genu, splenium and occipital white matter; however significantly increased mean diffusivity values were observed in corona radiata, anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule, mid brain, pons and genu in spastic diplegic as compared to controls. A significant positive correlation in fractional anisotropy and negative correlation in mean diffusivity was observed with neuropsychological test scores. Conclusion: These results suggest that these imaging metrics may be used as a biomarker of cognitive functions in term children with spastic diplegia.
Background & aims: Mammillary body atrophy in alcoholic liver disease usually indicates thiamine ... more Background & aims: Mammillary body atrophy in alcoholic liver disease usually indicates thiamine deficiency. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among blood thiamine, mammillary bodies, major fiber bundle fractional anisotropy, and volume changes with diffusion tensor tractography in patients with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure of non-alcoholic etiology. Methods: Blood thiamine, mammillary bodies, fiber bundle fractional anisotropy and volume of major fiber tracts were quantified from acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure patients and compared with healthy controls. In 7 acute liver failure patients, follow-up study was done after clinical recovery at 5 weeks. Results: Blood thiamine, mammillary bodies and fornix volume, and fornix fiber bundle fractional anisotropy were significantly decreased as compared to controls. Blood thiamine showed significant positive correlation with mammillary bodies' volume only. On follow-up study, acute liver failure patients showed significant reversibility only in blood thiamine level and mammillary bodies' volume. Conclusions: Mammillary bodies' volume changes are primarily a consequence of thiamine deficiency, which may secondarily result in microstructural changes in the fornix. These observable changes are known to be specific and may be reversible with restoration of blood thiamine level. These imaging changes may be used as imaging biomarker of thiamine deficiency in these patients in future.
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