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Muhammad Munir

International Islamic University Islamabad, Law, Faculty Member

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I am a law professor, researcher, academician, father, husband and a family man. My core areas of research include jurisprudence and legal theory, Muslim personal law, Pakistani legal system, criminal law, Precedent in Pakistani Law, Islamic law, especially the Islamic law of war and peace, non-state Islamic actors as well as international humanitarian law.

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Papers by Muhammad Munir

The Share of Orphaned Grandchildren under Islamic Law and Pakistani Legal System: A Re-evaluation of Representational Succession in Section 4 and its (mis)interpretation by Courts

The Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Vol. 2 (2018), pp. 95-116; ISBN: 978-90-04-34688-8, 2018

The issue of the share of a grandchild under section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 h... more The issue of the share of a grandchild under section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 has been hotly debated since its inception. The article ignites the old debate mainly to re-evaluate the arguments of its (non)-Islamicity according to orthodox Islamic law as well as the Federal Shariat Court and to critically analyse the (mis)interpretations of this section by the different High Courts and the Supreme Court of Pakistan over the past several decades. The major findings are that the vast majority of Muslim (as well as some non-Muslim) scholars consider representational succession as a re-writing of the Islamic law of inheritance; that interpretation of section 4 by the superior courts in Pakistan amounts to the situation as if the Ordinance had not been enacted; that experts in this field prefer ‘obligatory bequest’ over representational succession but the option of bequest has too many hidden problems. By arguing that obligatory bequest is not a good alternative to representational succession, the article recommends that the state should fulfill its responsibility of taking care of orphaned grandchildren in the society and such a sensitive responsibility should not be shifted to individuals through legislative or judicial maneuvering.

Multiplying Zeroes: (In)Validity of Promises in Marriage Contracts under Pakistani Case Law

LUMS Law Journal, Vol. 6(2019), pp. 1-14, 2019

This article explains how the superior courts in Pakistan have interpreted stipulations in marria... more This article explains how the superior courts in Pakistan have interpreted stipulations in marriage contracts (Nikahnama) in selected cases mostly from 2009 to 2017. The main findings in this article are that in most of the cases, courts have refused to award the stipulated amount in marriage contracts, as compensation or damages or penalty, to be paid to the wife, if she is divorced by her husband or she has asked for khul‘. In some cases, however, courts have declared such stipulations as valid and binding resulting into conflicting decisions on similar issues. In most cases, courts have ruled that the issue of stipulated amount to be paid in case of breach of the contract does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Family Courts. Judges have not delved into the Qur’an, the Sunnah and the opinions of Muslim jurists on this issue that fortify the rights of women. In this way, the courts have often denied the payment of damages to divorced women as stipulated in marriage contracts.

Environmentalism: Ecological Consciousness of Islam and the West

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research (PJIR), 21:2(2020), pp. 193-209, 2020

This work discusses that environmentalism is a contested but a powerful and hot discourse of this... more This work discusses that environmentalism is a contested but a powerful and hot discourse of this time. It revolves around ecological consciousness of Islam and the West, and methodically examines various dimensions thereof, inter alia, its Islamic perspectives vis-à-vis the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in respect of man's mandate on earth, conservation of nature, legislative principles and legal instruments for protection of the environment, while keeping the Western perspective in juxtaposition, with special focus on scholarly, state, institutional and commercial environmentalism. In addition to recording the viewpoints of the proponents and opponents of environmentalism, success and failures of evolution of the discourse has also been discussed. The main results and findings of this work, after dissecting a path for the crossing, inter alia, are that it is a sad and hard reality that the gravity of climate change has not as such adequately been appreciated, much less addressed so far; instead one may observe instances and attitude of defiance far more than compliance, out of a cluster of political, social and economic reasons; which culture needs to be altered for the greater good of all. In the end, a way forward has also been propounded, involving, dignified observance of divine commandments at all levels, unified climate agenda, universal climate campaign, sustainable development, just transition, inculcation of a culture of humane approach, innovation, conservancy, eco-efficiency, eco-labeling, and climate justice, to ensure making this planet ecologically sustainable and climate-resilient to abode, for the current and future generations of mankind and all creatures of God.

Is the Right to Compounding of Ta'zīr Inheritable? Analysing the Provisions of Statutory Law, Case Law and Islamic Law in Pakistan

Vol. 16, Issue 1 (2020), 95-111, Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law & Practice (MJTILP) ISSN 2633-6626, 2020

This article critically evaluates the ruling of the Honourable Supreme Court of Pakistan in Muham... more This article critically evaluates the ruling of the Honourable Supreme Court of Pakistan in Muhammad Yousaf v The State where the apex Court observed that: 1) the concept of ta'zīr is secular in origin; 2) it is derived from Anglo-Saxon traditions; 3) ta'zīr is committed against the State and the society; and 4) the right to compounding of an offence punishable with ta'zīr does not devolve to the heirs of the heirs of a deceased victim. The article presents a fair assessment and evaluation of these observations by the apex Court from the perspective of Islamic law. It concludes that the concept of ta'zīr, by its nature or origin, is neither a secular law nor it has been derived from the Anglo-Saxon traditions. Instead, ta'zīr has always been a part and parcel of the Islamic criminal justice system. Furthermore, the right to compounding of ta'zīr offence depends on the nature of offence itself, that is, whether the offence is against the State or society at large, or against (an) individual(s). Most importantly, the article finds that in cases where the offence is against an individual, the right to compounding of a ta'zīr offence is inheritable by the heirs of heirs of a deceased victim just as any other inheritable property.

Judging the Judges: Judicial Immunity in Pakistan

Review of Human Rights Law, 6:1(2020), 119-138, 2020

This work attempts to analyze what precisely is meant by judicial immunity and why is it necessar... more This work attempts to analyze what precisely is meant by judicial immunity and why is it necessary to protect judges for judging? Secondly, how did the jurisprudence of judicial immunity evolve in Pakistan? Presenting a thorough analysis of the decisions in recent cases, this article argues that although the juridical position on the question of judicial immunity has gone back and forth, the Supreme Court has finally laid down a judicial doctrine that extends judicial immunity to administrative, executive, consultative, and legislative decisions of judges of the High Court. It has also made clear that High Court is not allowed to issue a writ against administrative, executive or consultative acts of its own or another High Court for the purpose of ensuring harmony in the working of judiciary.

Immunity, Independence and Accountability of Judges: An Islamic Law Perspective

Majjallah-yi Talim o Tahqiq, 3:2(2021), pp. 221-231, 2021

Judiciary is one of the fundamental pillars of the state. Immunity is indispensable for Judges to... more Judiciary is one of the fundamental pillars of the state. Immunity is indispensable for Judges to be able to judge independently. This work examines the various reasons for judicial immunity under Islamic law; what is the position of Islamic law on judicial immunity, judicial independence and accountability of judges? Whether judges would be liable for their wrong decisions if given intentionally or without intention? Who should be liable in civil and criminal cases for the wrong decisions of judges? Under what circumstances could a judge be terminated by the state? Whether immunity should also be extended to administrative, financial, executive and legislative functions of judges? Are laws enacted by the state or immunity granted under judicial decisions in conformity with Islamic law? It is concluded that immunity for judicial as well as administrative, financial, executive and legislative functions of Judges is necessary for the smooth functioning of judicial work of judges.

Does a Compromise Blot out Both Guilt and Punishment? Analyzing Qiṣāṣ and Diyat Provisions of Criminal Law in Pakistan under the Injunctions of Islam

Islamic Studies 59:1 (2020), 9-28, 2020

The proposition of whether pardoning a convicted person with or without bloodmoney would oblitera... more The proposition of whether pardoning a convicted person with or without bloodmoney would obliterate both his sentence and conviction or obliterate his sentence only without affecting the conviction has divided opinions of the Honourable judges of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. This work attempts to evaluate the interpretation and reasoning of the Honourable judges as per the cases decided so far by the Supreme Court on this issue. It explores the arguments that are missing in judicial interpretations rendered by the Honourable Supreme Court in addition to the views of Muslim jurists on this tricky issue and other issues akin thereto that might arise before the august court in the future. Its main finding is that under Islamic law pardoning a convict with or without compensation would only obliterate his sentence and not his conviction, as he will be permanently debarred from his share in inheritance from the deceased if he is one of his legal heirs.

MJTILP Vol 17 Iss 1 - Article

Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Policy (MJTILP), 2021

This work focuses on the proactive judicial law making by the Peshawar High Court while deciding ... more This work focuses on the proactive judicial law making by the Peshawar High Court while deciding Fakhar-ud-Din v Kauser Takreem and how the Hon’ble Supreme Court reversed, through Yasmeen Bibi v Muhammad Ghazanfar Khan , some of what was achieved in the former case. The main findings of this work are that in Fakhar-ud-Din case the Peshawar High Court has ruled that a Family Court should not order a wife to return the entire amount of dower if it is convinced that her husband has forced her to ask for khul‘ or she is destitute or has no means and resources or is unable to pay back the whole dower. However, in the Yasmeen Bibi decision the Supreme Court has attributed many statements to Fakhar-ud-Din case that were never mentioned in it. Such assertions include, that the wife shall not return mahr to the husband because a marriage contract cannot be valid and binding if its consideration or mahr is not paid, that in case of khul‘ the wife is required by the Qur’an not to pay back the dower and that she has to return other benefits such as gifts given to her. The Court has also described marriage as a ‘civil contract’ and mahr as its consideration. These remarks of the apex Court have no basis in Islamic law; are perplexed and apparently against the Qur’an and the Sunnah. In addition, by ruling on the issue of repugnancy to Islam of Section 10(4) both the Supreme Court and the Peshawar High Court have intruded on the jurisdiction of the Federal Shariat Court which has already ruled that the said provision was not against the Injunctions of Islam.

Islamizing Custom or Customizing Islam: The Case of Female Genital Mutilation or Female Circumcision

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Immunity, Independence and Accountability of Judges: An Islamic Law Perspective

is defined as the seeking of benefit and the repelling of harm ((jalb'l-manf'ah wa daf' al-maḍarr... more

The Qur'anic Sciences

The Layha for the Mujahideen: an analysis of the code of conduct for the Taliban fighters under Islamic law

International Review of the Red Cross, 2011

The following article focuses on the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Rules for the Mujahideen** to... more The following article focuses on the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Rules for the Mujahideen** to determine their conformity with the Islamic jus in bello. This code of conduct, or Layha, for Taliban fighters highlights limiting suicide attacks, avoiding civilian casualties, and winning the battle for the hearts and minds of the local civilian population. However, it has altered rules or created new ones for punishing captives that have not previously been used in Islamic military and legal history. Other rules disregard the principle of distinction between combatants and civilians and even allow perfidy, which is strictly prohibited in both Islamic law and international humanitarian law. The author argues that many of the Taliban rules have only a limited basis in, or are wrongly attributed to, Islamic law.

The Concept of Treaty in Relation to War and Peace in Islam

ABSTRACT

The Prophet (Peace be Upon Him)'s Merciful Reforms in the Conduct of War: The Prohibited Acts

ABSTRACT

Refugee Law in Islam

ABSTRACT

Reforms in triple talaq in the personal laws of Muslim states and the Pakistani legal system: Continuity versus change

International Review of Law, 2013

This work analyses the reforms carried out in some of the Muslim states regarding the issue of tr... more This work analyses the reforms carried out in some of the Muslim states regarding the issue of triple divorce in one session. According to a majority of Sunni jurists, pronouncing the word "talaq" three times in succession, equates with three "talaqs." On the contrary, according to Ibn Taimiyah, Ibn al-Qayyim, and the Shi'a Imamiyah, three pronouncements of the word talaq in one session equals only one talaq. Most Arab, as well as many Muslim states such as Egypt,

Three or One Talaq? An Analysis of Some Fresh Fatwas on the Legal Effect of Three Talaq in One Session in Pakistan and India

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Triple Talaq in one Session: An Analysis of the Opinions of Classical and Medieval Muslim Jurists Under Islamic Law

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

The Islamicity of Punjab Pre-emption Act, 1991 in Pakistan

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Is There Always a Right Answer to Every Legal Question?: A Reflection on Dworkin's Right Answer Thesis and His Law as Integrity Theory

Journal of Social Sciences, 2006

... 52 Muhammad b. Easa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, ed., Ahmad M. Shakir &amp; M. Fu‟ad A... more ... 52 Muhammad b. Easa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, ed., Ahmad M. Shakir &amp; M. Fu‟ad Abdul Baqi, Cairo, Matba Mustafa al-babi, 1975, vol. 3, p. 616, hadtih no. 1339. This hadith is also reported by Ahmad b. Ali al-Nasa‟i, ed., Abdul Fatah Abu Ghuda, Sunan al-Nasa&#x27;i ...

The Share of Orphaned Grandchildren under Islamic Law and Pakistani Legal System: A Re-evaluation of Representational Succession in Section 4 and its (mis)interpretation by Courts

The Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Vol. 2 (2018), pp. 95-116; ISBN: 978-90-04-34688-8, 2018

The issue of the share of a grandchild under section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 h... more The issue of the share of a grandchild under section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 has been hotly debated since its inception. The article ignites the old debate mainly to re-evaluate the arguments of its (non)-Islamicity according to orthodox Islamic law as well as the Federal Shariat Court and to critically analyse the (mis)interpretations of this section by the different High Courts and the Supreme Court of Pakistan over the past several decades. The major findings are that the vast majority of Muslim (as well as some non-Muslim) scholars consider representational succession as a re-writing of the Islamic law of inheritance; that interpretation of section 4 by the superior courts in Pakistan amounts to the situation as if the Ordinance had not been enacted; that experts in this field prefer ‘obligatory bequest’ over representational succession but the option of bequest has too many hidden problems. By arguing that obligatory bequest is not a good alternative to representational succession, the article recommends that the state should fulfill its responsibility of taking care of orphaned grandchildren in the society and such a sensitive responsibility should not be shifted to individuals through legislative or judicial maneuvering.

Multiplying Zeroes: (In)Validity of Promises in Marriage Contracts under Pakistani Case Law

LUMS Law Journal, Vol. 6(2019), pp. 1-14, 2019

This article explains how the superior courts in Pakistan have interpreted stipulations in marria... more This article explains how the superior courts in Pakistan have interpreted stipulations in marriage contracts (Nikahnama) in selected cases mostly from 2009 to 2017. The main findings in this article are that in most of the cases, courts have refused to award the stipulated amount in marriage contracts, as compensation or damages or penalty, to be paid to the wife, if she is divorced by her husband or she has asked for khul‘. In some cases, however, courts have declared such stipulations as valid and binding resulting into conflicting decisions on similar issues. In most cases, courts have ruled that the issue of stipulated amount to be paid in case of breach of the contract does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Family Courts. Judges have not delved into the Qur’an, the Sunnah and the opinions of Muslim jurists on this issue that fortify the rights of women. In this way, the courts have often denied the payment of damages to divorced women as stipulated in marriage contracts.

Environmentalism: Ecological Consciousness of Islam and the West

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research (PJIR), 21:2(2020), pp. 193-209, 2020

This work discusses that environmentalism is a contested but a powerful and hot discourse of this... more This work discusses that environmentalism is a contested but a powerful and hot discourse of this time. It revolves around ecological consciousness of Islam and the West, and methodically examines various dimensions thereof, inter alia, its Islamic perspectives vis-à-vis the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in respect of man's mandate on earth, conservation of nature, legislative principles and legal instruments for protection of the environment, while keeping the Western perspective in juxtaposition, with special focus on scholarly, state, institutional and commercial environmentalism. In addition to recording the viewpoints of the proponents and opponents of environmentalism, success and failures of evolution of the discourse has also been discussed. The main results and findings of this work, after dissecting a path for the crossing, inter alia, are that it is a sad and hard reality that the gravity of climate change has not as such adequately been appreciated, much less addressed so far; instead one may observe instances and attitude of defiance far more than compliance, out of a cluster of political, social and economic reasons; which culture needs to be altered for the greater good of all. In the end, a way forward has also been propounded, involving, dignified observance of divine commandments at all levels, unified climate agenda, universal climate campaign, sustainable development, just transition, inculcation of a culture of humane approach, innovation, conservancy, eco-efficiency, eco-labeling, and climate justice, to ensure making this planet ecologically sustainable and climate-resilient to abode, for the current and future generations of mankind and all creatures of God.

Is the Right to Compounding of Ta'zīr Inheritable? Analysing the Provisions of Statutory Law, Case Law and Islamic Law in Pakistan

Vol. 16, Issue 1 (2020), 95-111, Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law & Practice (MJTILP) ISSN 2633-6626, 2020

This article critically evaluates the ruling of the Honourable Supreme Court of Pakistan in Muham... more This article critically evaluates the ruling of the Honourable Supreme Court of Pakistan in Muhammad Yousaf v The State where the apex Court observed that: 1) the concept of ta'zīr is secular in origin; 2) it is derived from Anglo-Saxon traditions; 3) ta'zīr is committed against the State and the society; and 4) the right to compounding of an offence punishable with ta'zīr does not devolve to the heirs of the heirs of a deceased victim. The article presents a fair assessment and evaluation of these observations by the apex Court from the perspective of Islamic law. It concludes that the concept of ta'zīr, by its nature or origin, is neither a secular law nor it has been derived from the Anglo-Saxon traditions. Instead, ta'zīr has always been a part and parcel of the Islamic criminal justice system. Furthermore, the right to compounding of ta'zīr offence depends on the nature of offence itself, that is, whether the offence is against the State or society at large, or against (an) individual(s). Most importantly, the article finds that in cases where the offence is against an individual, the right to compounding of a ta'zīr offence is inheritable by the heirs of heirs of a deceased victim just as any other inheritable property.

Judging the Judges: Judicial Immunity in Pakistan

Review of Human Rights Law, 6:1(2020), 119-138, 2020

This work attempts to analyze what precisely is meant by judicial immunity and why is it necessar... more This work attempts to analyze what precisely is meant by judicial immunity and why is it necessary to protect judges for judging? Secondly, how did the jurisprudence of judicial immunity evolve in Pakistan? Presenting a thorough analysis of the decisions in recent cases, this article argues that although the juridical position on the question of judicial immunity has gone back and forth, the Supreme Court has finally laid down a judicial doctrine that extends judicial immunity to administrative, executive, consultative, and legislative decisions of judges of the High Court. It has also made clear that High Court is not allowed to issue a writ against administrative, executive or consultative acts of its own or another High Court for the purpose of ensuring harmony in the working of judiciary.

Immunity, Independence and Accountability of Judges: An Islamic Law Perspective

Majjallah-yi Talim o Tahqiq, 3:2(2021), pp. 221-231, 2021

Judiciary is one of the fundamental pillars of the state. Immunity is indispensable for Judges to... more Judiciary is one of the fundamental pillars of the state. Immunity is indispensable for Judges to be able to judge independently. This work examines the various reasons for judicial immunity under Islamic law; what is the position of Islamic law on judicial immunity, judicial independence and accountability of judges? Whether judges would be liable for their wrong decisions if given intentionally or without intention? Who should be liable in civil and criminal cases for the wrong decisions of judges? Under what circumstances could a judge be terminated by the state? Whether immunity should also be extended to administrative, financial, executive and legislative functions of judges? Are laws enacted by the state or immunity granted under judicial decisions in conformity with Islamic law? It is concluded that immunity for judicial as well as administrative, financial, executive and legislative functions of Judges is necessary for the smooth functioning of judicial work of judges.

Does a Compromise Blot out Both Guilt and Punishment? Analyzing Qiṣāṣ and Diyat Provisions of Criminal Law in Pakistan under the Injunctions of Islam

Islamic Studies 59:1 (2020), 9-28, 2020

The proposition of whether pardoning a convicted person with or without bloodmoney would oblitera... more The proposition of whether pardoning a convicted person with or without bloodmoney would obliterate both his sentence and conviction or obliterate his sentence only without affecting the conviction has divided opinions of the Honourable judges of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. This work attempts to evaluate the interpretation and reasoning of the Honourable judges as per the cases decided so far by the Supreme Court on this issue. It explores the arguments that are missing in judicial interpretations rendered by the Honourable Supreme Court in addition to the views of Muslim jurists on this tricky issue and other issues akin thereto that might arise before the august court in the future. Its main finding is that under Islamic law pardoning a convict with or without compensation would only obliterate his sentence and not his conviction, as he will be permanently debarred from his share in inheritance from the deceased if he is one of his legal heirs.

MJTILP Vol 17 Iss 1 - Article

Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Policy (MJTILP), 2021

This work focuses on the proactive judicial law making by the Peshawar High Court while deciding ... more This work focuses on the proactive judicial law making by the Peshawar High Court while deciding Fakhar-ud-Din v Kauser Takreem and how the Hon’ble Supreme Court reversed, through Yasmeen Bibi v Muhammad Ghazanfar Khan , some of what was achieved in the former case. The main findings of this work are that in Fakhar-ud-Din case the Peshawar High Court has ruled that a Family Court should not order a wife to return the entire amount of dower if it is convinced that her husband has forced her to ask for khul‘ or she is destitute or has no means and resources or is unable to pay back the whole dower. However, in the Yasmeen Bibi decision the Supreme Court has attributed many statements to Fakhar-ud-Din case that were never mentioned in it. Such assertions include, that the wife shall not return mahr to the husband because a marriage contract cannot be valid and binding if its consideration or mahr is not paid, that in case of khul‘ the wife is required by the Qur’an not to pay back the dower and that she has to return other benefits such as gifts given to her. The Court has also described marriage as a ‘civil contract’ and mahr as its consideration. These remarks of the apex Court have no basis in Islamic law; are perplexed and apparently against the Qur’an and the Sunnah. In addition, by ruling on the issue of repugnancy to Islam of Section 10(4) both the Supreme Court and the Peshawar High Court have intruded on the jurisdiction of the Federal Shariat Court which has already ruled that the said provision was not against the Injunctions of Islam.

Islamizing Custom or Customizing Islam: The Case of Female Genital Mutilation or Female Circumcision

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Immunity, Independence and Accountability of Judges: An Islamic Law Perspective

is defined as the seeking of benefit and the repelling of harm ((jalb'l-manf'ah wa daf' al-maḍarr... more

The Qur'anic Sciences

The Layha for the Mujahideen: an analysis of the code of conduct for the Taliban fighters under Islamic law

International Review of the Red Cross, 2011

The following article focuses on the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Rules for the Mujahideen** to... more The following article focuses on the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Rules for the Mujahideen** to determine their conformity with the Islamic jus in bello. This code of conduct, or Layha, for Taliban fighters highlights limiting suicide attacks, avoiding civilian casualties, and winning the battle for the hearts and minds of the local civilian population. However, it has altered rules or created new ones for punishing captives that have not previously been used in Islamic military and legal history. Other rules disregard the principle of distinction between combatants and civilians and even allow perfidy, which is strictly prohibited in both Islamic law and international humanitarian law. The author argues that many of the Taliban rules have only a limited basis in, or are wrongly attributed to, Islamic law.

The Concept of Treaty in Relation to War and Peace in Islam

ABSTRACT

The Prophet (Peace be Upon Him)'s Merciful Reforms in the Conduct of War: The Prohibited Acts

ABSTRACT

Refugee Law in Islam

ABSTRACT

Reforms in triple talaq in the personal laws of Muslim states and the Pakistani legal system: Continuity versus change

International Review of Law, 2013

This work analyses the reforms carried out in some of the Muslim states regarding the issue of tr... more This work analyses the reforms carried out in some of the Muslim states regarding the issue of triple divorce in one session. According to a majority of Sunni jurists, pronouncing the word "talaq" three times in succession, equates with three "talaqs." On the contrary, according to Ibn Taimiyah, Ibn al-Qayyim, and the Shi'a Imamiyah, three pronouncements of the word talaq in one session equals only one talaq. Most Arab, as well as many Muslim states such as Egypt,

Three or One Talaq? An Analysis of Some Fresh Fatwas on the Legal Effect of Three Talaq in One Session in Pakistan and India

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Triple Talaq in one Session: An Analysis of the Opinions of Classical and Medieval Muslim Jurists Under Islamic Law

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

The Islamicity of Punjab Pre-emption Act, 1991 in Pakistan

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Is There Always a Right Answer to Every Legal Question?: A Reflection on Dworkin's Right Answer Thesis and His Law as Integrity Theory

Journal of Social Sciences, 2006

... 52 Muhammad b. Easa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, ed., Ahmad M. Shakir &amp; M. Fu‟ad A... more ... 52 Muhammad b. Easa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, ed., Ahmad M. Shakir &amp; M. Fu‟ad Abdul Baqi, Cairo, Matba Mustafa al-babi, 1975, vol. 3, p. 616, hadtih no. 1339. This hadith is also reported by Ahmad b. Ali al-Nasa‟i, ed., Abdul Fatah Abu Ghuda, Sunan al-Nasa&#x27;i ...