ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Jan 16, 2019
Although the conversion of carbon dioxide (and its derivatives) into methanol has attracted remar... more Although the conversion of carbon dioxide (and its derivatives) into methanol has attracted remarkable attention in the last two decades, performing this process over a heterogeneous catalyst under mild conditions is still a challenging task. We report bipyridine-functionalized iridium-based heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of formic acid to produce methanol at low temperature. The solid catalysts were obtained by post-synthetic metalation of bipyridine-functionalized organosilica nanotubes with a [Cp*Ir(H2O)3]SO4 (Cp* = η 5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex. Detailed studies including N2 adsorption, TEM, XPS, and 13 C CP MAS NMR confirmed the stable structures of nanotube supports and the molecular nature of the active species. The catalysts showed competitive methanol selectivities compared to their homogeneous counterpart under similar reaction conditions. Addition of strong acids (such as triflic acid) showed improved methanol selectivity, whereas the presence of free bipyridine groups was found to promote the dehydrogenation of formic acid, resulting in low methanol selectivity. The catalyst showed excellent reusability over four consecutive cycles without any significant loss in activity and maintained its heterogeneous nature in extremely high acidic environment.
Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability, 2022
Designing robust catalysts for high-temperature applications has always been a critical task for ... more Designing robust catalysts for high-temperature applications has always been a critical task for chemical industries. As an example, the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes is an important chemical process that requires thermally stable metal catalysts with high resistance to metal sintering. The main obstacle being to maintain the high dispersion of the active metal centres under reaction and regeneration conditions. In an attempt to overcome this issue, here we use all-silica zeolite as a support to make nanometric and single-site metal catalysts with enhanced stability for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Preliminary screening of different metal catalysts suggests that Co has the highest intrinsic activity while Cr and V are highly stable against sintering and display a moderate activity. The high stability of Cr and V could be attributed to their high Gibbs energy of reduction under reaction conditions. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cr based catalysts remain as single-site monomeric species during the reaction, making it possible to increase the loading and therefore productivity. In case of Co, we established the optimum parameters to achieve the highest activity by evaluating the effects of support, metal loading, promoter, and synthesis process.
A template-free, simple, effective and reproducible integrated mechanochemical/microwave promoted... more A template-free, simple, effective and reproducible integrated mechanochemical/microwave promoted methodology has been designed to derive porous silica materials from rice husk waste. Microwave-assisted acid dissolution effectively removed metal ions from rice husk in order to obtain a highly pure (>95%) amorphous mesoporous silica with a surface area of 352 m 2 g −1. Assynthesized silica materials were used as supports to prepare iron oxide-containing nanocatalyst via mechanochemistry employing a dry milling step in which the pore structure of silica was retained in the final materials after iron incorporation. Synthesized materials were characterized using different techniques including N 2 physisorption, powder XRD, TEM, SEM and DRIFT. Materials featured excellent and versatile catalytic activities in microwave-assisted oxidation and acid catalyzed reactions. Toluene alkylation was successfully promoted in quantitative product yields with complete selectivity to monoalkylated products. The iron-containing catalyst exhibited a good conversion (up to 44%) at complete benzaldehyde selectivity in the liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
Bimetallic catalysts have attracted extensive attention for a wide range of applications in energ... more Bimetallic catalysts have attracted extensive attention for a wide range of applications in energy production and environmental remediation due to their tunable chemical/physical properties. These properties are mainly governed by a number of parameters such as compositions of the bimetallic systems, their preparation method, and their morphostructure. In this regard, numerous efforts have been made to develop ''designer'' bimetallic catalysts with specific nanostructures and surface properties as a result of recent advances in the area of materials chemistry. The present review highlights a detailed overview of the development of nickel-based bimetallic catalysts for energy and environmental applications. Starting from a materials science perspective in order to obtain controlled morphologies and surface properties, with a focus on the fundamental understanding of these bimetallic systems to make a correlation with their catalytic behaviors, a detailed account is provided on the utilization of these systems in the catalytic reactions related to energy production and environmental remediation. We include the entire library of nickelbased bimetallic catalysts for both chemical and electrochemical processes such as catalytic reforming, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, electrocatalysis and many other reactions. Broader context To address the increasing energy demand while mitigating environmental concerns, numerous research efforts have been devoted to finding the most sustainable routes of energy production. Catalysis can offer attractive solutions to such processes, with the possibility of designing highly effective advanced catalytic systems as the basis of future industrial implementation. Bimetallic catalysts emerged as materials of a new category, which often show electronic and chemical properties different from their monometallic counterparts, thus offering an opportunity to design new catalysts with enhanced selectivity, activity, and stability. Since the infancy of bimetallic catalysts in the 1960's, an enormous number of catalysts have been explored, most of which were based on having noble metals as the main components. However, the industrial application of these noble metal catalysts is limited by their exceptionally high prices and low availability, which has turned the attention towards more abundant transition metal-based catalysts. Nickel is the most widely used element among the transition metal-based catalysts and has the highest ability to form bimetallic systems with other metals. As a result, the library of bimetallic Ni catalysts has been enriched very rapidly in the last decade. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in the design of bimetallic nickel-based catalysts for use in energy production and environmental remediation. Design aspects of the catalysts and the fundamental understanding of their catalytic properties are also critically discussed.
HIGHLIGHTS Proper utilization of waste oils to generate transportation fuels using green techno... more HIGHLIGHTS Proper utilization of waste oils to generate transportation fuels using green technologies. Catalytic hydrotreating as the most effective technology for waste oil upgrading.
Lignocellulosic biomass provides an attractive source of renewable carbon that can be sustainably... more Lignocellulosic biomass provides an attractive source of renewable carbon that can be sustainably converted into chemicals and fuels. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) processes have recently received considerable attention to upgrade biomass-derived feedstocks into liquid transportation fuels. The selection and design of HDO catalysts plays an important role to determine the success of the process. This review has been aimed to emphasize recent developments on HDO catalysts in effective transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules into hydrocarbon fuels with reduced oxygen content and improved H/C ratios. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be obtained by combining oxygen removal processes (e.g. dehydration, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, decarbonylation etc.) as well as by increasing the molecular weight via C-C coupling reactions (e.g. aldol condensation, ketonization, oligomerization, hydroxyalkylation etc.). Fundamentals and mechanistic aspects of the use of HDO catalysts in deoxygenation reactions will also be discussed.
Decreasing fossil fuel resources has forced the mankind to explore alternative sources to make up... more Decreasing fossil fuel resources has forced the mankind to explore alternative sources to make up the gap between energy demand and its production. Lignocellulosic biomass is currently considered as one of the best solutions for this consequence, since it is highly abundant and has no competition with food crops. This chapter discloses some efficient catalytic approaches for the conversion of lignocellulose feedstocks into liquid hydrocarbon fuels via deoxygenation processes. Different catalytic factors of nanomaterials including composition, functionalities, and effect of catalyst support in the deoxygenation process are critically discussed.
Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic catalysis can offer several advantages ... more Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic catalysis can offer several advantages as compared to chemical catalysis in terms of product selectivity, production cost and sustainability issues. This contribution aims to provide an account of current developments in the understanding of plant biomass microstructures and the impact of various enzymatic processes on cellulose decrystallization. Critical problems, including biomass recalcitrance, and operational factors, including potential solutions to improve their effectiveness as alternatives in future biorefineries, will be also discussed.
Selective and efficient production of vanillin from lignin-derived feedstocks has attracted atten... more Selective and efficient production of vanillin from lignin-derived feedstocks has attracted attention to replace its current manufacturing process. Transition metal-based catalysts supported on mesoporous aluminosilicate were synthesized using a mechanochemical approach and subsequently investigated in vanillin production via the selective oxidation of isougenol. The mechanochemically synthesized catalysts exhibited a high isoeugenol conversion under mild conditions using H 2 O 2 as oxidizing agent. Nb-based catalysts were found to provide the optimum conversion/selectivity under the investigated conditions (69% conversion, 66% vanillin selectivity, 2 h reaction). The synergistic effect between Fe/Nb and Al accounts as important key factor for optimum activity of catalytic systems.
Biomaterials and sustainable resources are two complementary terms supporting the development of ... more Biomaterials and sustainable resources are two complementary terms supporting the development of new sustainable emerging processes. In this context, many interdisciplinary approaches including biomass waste valorization and proper usage of green technologies, etc., were brought forward to tackle future challenges pertaining to declining fossil resources, energy conservation, and related environmental issues. The implementation of these approaches impels its potential effect on the economy of particular countries and also reduces unnecessary overburden on the environment. This contribution aims to provide an overview of some of the most recent trends, challenges, and applications in the field of biomaterials derived from sustainable resources.
ABSTRACT Benzimidazole derivatives have attracted a significant attention in recent years because... more ABSTRACT Benzimidazole derivatives have attracted a significant attention in recent years because of their medicinal applications as antiviral, antiulcer, antifungal, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antihistamine compounds. The one-pot synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via oxidative condensation of aromatic aldehydes with o-phenylenediamines under mild conditions was successfully accomplished using a cobalt(II) supported on mesoporous silica-type material. The supported cobalt catalyst could be easily recovered after reaction completion and reused seven times with an excellent durability and without any noticeable loss in activity. Graphical Abstract
Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which... more Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal's standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains.
The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded suppor... more The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded supported Fe-based catalysts on porous silicates. A very simple, productive, and highly reproducible continuous flow method has been used for the homogeneous deposition of metal oxide nanoparticles on the silicate supports. Formic acid was used as a hydrogen donating agent for the hydrogenation of LA to effectively replace high pressure H2 mostly reported for LA conversion. Moderate LA conversion was achieved in the case of non-noble metal-based iron oxide catalysts, with a significant potential for further improvements to compete with noble metal-based catalysts.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Dicalcium Ferrite with the Perovskite Structure.-Mechanochemical act... more Mechanochemical Synthesis of Dicalcium Ferrite with the Perovskite Structure.-Mechanochemical activation of mixtures of anhydrous CaO and Fe 2 O 3 in a 2:1 molar ratio provides a rapid and highly efficient synthesis of crystalline perovskite type calcium ferrite, Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5. The formation of the ferrite from the corresponding hydrated oxides is more difficult due to inhibiting processes of the mechanodehydration.-(KOSOVA, N. V.
The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion proce... more The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion process. A detailed and fundamental discussion is made from the aspects of unique activity, reaction mechanism, and industrial implications of SACs.
The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion proce... more The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion process. A detailed and fundamental discussion is made from the aspects of unique activity, reaction mechanism, and industrial implications of SACs.
ABSTRACT Recent approaches to furfural synthesis from hemicellulosic biomass and pentose sugars w... more ABSTRACT Recent approaches to furfural synthesis from hemicellulosic biomass and pentose sugars with both homogeneous and solid acidic catalysts have been summarized by addressing the associated sustainability issues. The features of deconstruction of hemicellulosic biomass by acid hydrolysis to produce pentose sugar feedstock for furfural have been discussed in brief. Several strategies including solvent extraction in a biphasic process, application of surface functionalized materials such as acidic resins, mesoporous solids and mechanistic insight in limited cases are discussed. The present status of the promising furfural platform in producing second generation biofuels (furanics and hydrocarbon) is reviewed. The performances of each catalytic system are assessed in terms of intrinsic reactivity and selectivity toward furfural production. Overall, this minireview attempts to highlight the scope of further developments for a sustainable furfural process and upgrading to fuels.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Jan 16, 2019
Although the conversion of carbon dioxide (and its derivatives) into methanol has attracted remar... more Although the conversion of carbon dioxide (and its derivatives) into methanol has attracted remarkable attention in the last two decades, performing this process over a heterogeneous catalyst under mild conditions is still a challenging task. We report bipyridine-functionalized iridium-based heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of formic acid to produce methanol at low temperature. The solid catalysts were obtained by post-synthetic metalation of bipyridine-functionalized organosilica nanotubes with a [Cp*Ir(H2O)3]SO4 (Cp* = η 5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex. Detailed studies including N2 adsorption, TEM, XPS, and 13 C CP MAS NMR confirmed the stable structures of nanotube supports and the molecular nature of the active species. The catalysts showed competitive methanol selectivities compared to their homogeneous counterpart under similar reaction conditions. Addition of strong acids (such as triflic acid) showed improved methanol selectivity, whereas the presence of free bipyridine groups was found to promote the dehydrogenation of formic acid, resulting in low methanol selectivity. The catalyst showed excellent reusability over four consecutive cycles without any significant loss in activity and maintained its heterogeneous nature in extremely high acidic environment.
Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability, 2022
Designing robust catalysts for high-temperature applications has always been a critical task for ... more Designing robust catalysts for high-temperature applications has always been a critical task for chemical industries. As an example, the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes is an important chemical process that requires thermally stable metal catalysts with high resistance to metal sintering. The main obstacle being to maintain the high dispersion of the active metal centres under reaction and regeneration conditions. In an attempt to overcome this issue, here we use all-silica zeolite as a support to make nanometric and single-site metal catalysts with enhanced stability for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Preliminary screening of different metal catalysts suggests that Co has the highest intrinsic activity while Cr and V are highly stable against sintering and display a moderate activity. The high stability of Cr and V could be attributed to their high Gibbs energy of reduction under reaction conditions. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cr based catalysts remain as single-site monomeric species during the reaction, making it possible to increase the loading and therefore productivity. In case of Co, we established the optimum parameters to achieve the highest activity by evaluating the effects of support, metal loading, promoter, and synthesis process.
A template-free, simple, effective and reproducible integrated mechanochemical/microwave promoted... more A template-free, simple, effective and reproducible integrated mechanochemical/microwave promoted methodology has been designed to derive porous silica materials from rice husk waste. Microwave-assisted acid dissolution effectively removed metal ions from rice husk in order to obtain a highly pure (>95%) amorphous mesoporous silica with a surface area of 352 m 2 g −1. Assynthesized silica materials were used as supports to prepare iron oxide-containing nanocatalyst via mechanochemistry employing a dry milling step in which the pore structure of silica was retained in the final materials after iron incorporation. Synthesized materials were characterized using different techniques including N 2 physisorption, powder XRD, TEM, SEM and DRIFT. Materials featured excellent and versatile catalytic activities in microwave-assisted oxidation and acid catalyzed reactions. Toluene alkylation was successfully promoted in quantitative product yields with complete selectivity to monoalkylated products. The iron-containing catalyst exhibited a good conversion (up to 44%) at complete benzaldehyde selectivity in the liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
Bimetallic catalysts have attracted extensive attention for a wide range of applications in energ... more Bimetallic catalysts have attracted extensive attention for a wide range of applications in energy production and environmental remediation due to their tunable chemical/physical properties. These properties are mainly governed by a number of parameters such as compositions of the bimetallic systems, their preparation method, and their morphostructure. In this regard, numerous efforts have been made to develop ''designer'' bimetallic catalysts with specific nanostructures and surface properties as a result of recent advances in the area of materials chemistry. The present review highlights a detailed overview of the development of nickel-based bimetallic catalysts for energy and environmental applications. Starting from a materials science perspective in order to obtain controlled morphologies and surface properties, with a focus on the fundamental understanding of these bimetallic systems to make a correlation with their catalytic behaviors, a detailed account is provided on the utilization of these systems in the catalytic reactions related to energy production and environmental remediation. We include the entire library of nickelbased bimetallic catalysts for both chemical and electrochemical processes such as catalytic reforming, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, electrocatalysis and many other reactions. Broader context To address the increasing energy demand while mitigating environmental concerns, numerous research efforts have been devoted to finding the most sustainable routes of energy production. Catalysis can offer attractive solutions to such processes, with the possibility of designing highly effective advanced catalytic systems as the basis of future industrial implementation. Bimetallic catalysts emerged as materials of a new category, which often show electronic and chemical properties different from their monometallic counterparts, thus offering an opportunity to design new catalysts with enhanced selectivity, activity, and stability. Since the infancy of bimetallic catalysts in the 1960's, an enormous number of catalysts have been explored, most of which were based on having noble metals as the main components. However, the industrial application of these noble metal catalysts is limited by their exceptionally high prices and low availability, which has turned the attention towards more abundant transition metal-based catalysts. Nickel is the most widely used element among the transition metal-based catalysts and has the highest ability to form bimetallic systems with other metals. As a result, the library of bimetallic Ni catalysts has been enriched very rapidly in the last decade. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in the design of bimetallic nickel-based catalysts for use in energy production and environmental remediation. Design aspects of the catalysts and the fundamental understanding of their catalytic properties are also critically discussed.
HIGHLIGHTS Proper utilization of waste oils to generate transportation fuels using green techno... more HIGHLIGHTS Proper utilization of waste oils to generate transportation fuels using green technologies. Catalytic hydrotreating as the most effective technology for waste oil upgrading.
Lignocellulosic biomass provides an attractive source of renewable carbon that can be sustainably... more Lignocellulosic biomass provides an attractive source of renewable carbon that can be sustainably converted into chemicals and fuels. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) processes have recently received considerable attention to upgrade biomass-derived feedstocks into liquid transportation fuels. The selection and design of HDO catalysts plays an important role to determine the success of the process. This review has been aimed to emphasize recent developments on HDO catalysts in effective transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules into hydrocarbon fuels with reduced oxygen content and improved H/C ratios. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be obtained by combining oxygen removal processes (e.g. dehydration, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, decarbonylation etc.) as well as by increasing the molecular weight via C-C coupling reactions (e.g. aldol condensation, ketonization, oligomerization, hydroxyalkylation etc.). Fundamentals and mechanistic aspects of the use of HDO catalysts in deoxygenation reactions will also be discussed.
Decreasing fossil fuel resources has forced the mankind to explore alternative sources to make up... more Decreasing fossil fuel resources has forced the mankind to explore alternative sources to make up the gap between energy demand and its production. Lignocellulosic biomass is currently considered as one of the best solutions for this consequence, since it is highly abundant and has no competition with food crops. This chapter discloses some efficient catalytic approaches for the conversion of lignocellulose feedstocks into liquid hydrocarbon fuels via deoxygenation processes. Different catalytic factors of nanomaterials including composition, functionalities, and effect of catalyst support in the deoxygenation process are critically discussed.
Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic catalysis can offer several advantages ... more Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic catalysis can offer several advantages as compared to chemical catalysis in terms of product selectivity, production cost and sustainability issues. This contribution aims to provide an account of current developments in the understanding of plant biomass microstructures and the impact of various enzymatic processes on cellulose decrystallization. Critical problems, including biomass recalcitrance, and operational factors, including potential solutions to improve their effectiveness as alternatives in future biorefineries, will be also discussed.
Selective and efficient production of vanillin from lignin-derived feedstocks has attracted atten... more Selective and efficient production of vanillin from lignin-derived feedstocks has attracted attention to replace its current manufacturing process. Transition metal-based catalysts supported on mesoporous aluminosilicate were synthesized using a mechanochemical approach and subsequently investigated in vanillin production via the selective oxidation of isougenol. The mechanochemically synthesized catalysts exhibited a high isoeugenol conversion under mild conditions using H 2 O 2 as oxidizing agent. Nb-based catalysts were found to provide the optimum conversion/selectivity under the investigated conditions (69% conversion, 66% vanillin selectivity, 2 h reaction). The synergistic effect between Fe/Nb and Al accounts as important key factor for optimum activity of catalytic systems.
Biomaterials and sustainable resources are two complementary terms supporting the development of ... more Biomaterials and sustainable resources are two complementary terms supporting the development of new sustainable emerging processes. In this context, many interdisciplinary approaches including biomass waste valorization and proper usage of green technologies, etc., were brought forward to tackle future challenges pertaining to declining fossil resources, energy conservation, and related environmental issues. The implementation of these approaches impels its potential effect on the economy of particular countries and also reduces unnecessary overburden on the environment. This contribution aims to provide an overview of some of the most recent trends, challenges, and applications in the field of biomaterials derived from sustainable resources.
ABSTRACT Benzimidazole derivatives have attracted a significant attention in recent years because... more ABSTRACT Benzimidazole derivatives have attracted a significant attention in recent years because of their medicinal applications as antiviral, antiulcer, antifungal, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antihistamine compounds. The one-pot synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via oxidative condensation of aromatic aldehydes with o-phenylenediamines under mild conditions was successfully accomplished using a cobalt(II) supported on mesoporous silica-type material. The supported cobalt catalyst could be easily recovered after reaction completion and reused seven times with an excellent durability and without any noticeable loss in activity. Graphical Abstract
Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which... more Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal's standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains.
The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded suppor... more The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded supported Fe-based catalysts on porous silicates. A very simple, productive, and highly reproducible continuous flow method has been used for the homogeneous deposition of metal oxide nanoparticles on the silicate supports. Formic acid was used as a hydrogen donating agent for the hydrogenation of LA to effectively replace high pressure H2 mostly reported for LA conversion. Moderate LA conversion was achieved in the case of non-noble metal-based iron oxide catalysts, with a significant potential for further improvements to compete with noble metal-based catalysts.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Dicalcium Ferrite with the Perovskite Structure.-Mechanochemical act... more Mechanochemical Synthesis of Dicalcium Ferrite with the Perovskite Structure.-Mechanochemical activation of mixtures of anhydrous CaO and Fe 2 O 3 in a 2:1 molar ratio provides a rapid and highly efficient synthesis of crystalline perovskite type calcium ferrite, Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5. The formation of the ferrite from the corresponding hydrated oxides is more difficult due to inhibiting processes of the mechanodehydration.-(KOSOVA, N. V.
The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion proce... more The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion process. A detailed and fundamental discussion is made from the aspects of unique activity, reaction mechanism, and industrial implications of SACs.
The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion proce... more The current review article summarizes the recent advances of SACs in the biomass conversion process. A detailed and fundamental discussion is made from the aspects of unique activity, reaction mechanism, and industrial implications of SACs.
ABSTRACT Recent approaches to furfural synthesis from hemicellulosic biomass and pentose sugars w... more ABSTRACT Recent approaches to furfural synthesis from hemicellulosic biomass and pentose sugars with both homogeneous and solid acidic catalysts have been summarized by addressing the associated sustainability issues. The features of deconstruction of hemicellulosic biomass by acid hydrolysis to produce pentose sugar feedstock for furfural have been discussed in brief. Several strategies including solvent extraction in a biphasic process, application of surface functionalized materials such as acidic resins, mesoporous solids and mechanistic insight in limited cases are discussed. The present status of the promising furfural platform in producing second generation biofuels (furanics and hydrocarbon) is reviewed. The performances of each catalytic system are assessed in terms of intrinsic reactivity and selectivity toward furfural production. Overall, this minireview attempts to highlight the scope of further developments for a sustainable furfural process and upgrading to fuels.
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