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Germination

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Mkpụrụ osisi Sunflower, ụbọchị atọ mgbe ọ gbasịrị
Oge okooko osisi na-agbada n'ala. Akụkụ dị n'elu, na-egosi otú mgbọrọgwụ na akụkụ elu nke osisi ahụ si eto

Germination bụ usoro nke akụkụ ahụ na-esi na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ spore tolite. A na-etinye okwu ahụ maka ipu nke seedling site na mkpụrụ nke angiosperm ma ọ bụ gymnosperm, uto nke sporeling site na spore, dị ka spores nke fungi, ferns, nje bacteria, na uto nke pollen tube site na ọka pollen. nke osisi mkpụrụ.

Mkpụrụ osisi

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Igbe mkpụrụ osisi a na-eji n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgha mkpụrụ na ịkpụ osisi na plọg na-eto eto
Igwe na-agbasa (glass sprouter jar) na plastik sieve-lid
Brassica campestris na-epulite mkpụrụ
Vidio oge nke mkpụrụ mung bean na-epulite

Germination na-abụkarị uto nke ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ime mkpụrụ nke na-ebute nguzobe nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ịmaliteghachi ígwè ọrụ metabolic nke mkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute mpụta nke radicle na plumule. Mkpụrụ nke osisi vaskụla bụ obere ngwugwu a na-emepụta na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ cone mgbe njikọ nke nwoke na nwanyị na-amụ nwa. Mkpụrụ niile topụtara nke ọma nwere ẹmbrayo na, n'ọtụtụ ụdị osisi, ụfọdụ ebe nchekwa nri, kechie ya na uwe mkpuru. Mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra bụ mkpụrụ nwere ike ime nke na-adịghị eto n'ihi na ha chọrọ mkpali ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi kpọmkwem iji maliteghachi uto. N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, mkpụrụ ahụ na-amalite itolite na ẹmbrayo na-amalitekwa itolite, na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi.   [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span>]

Nzọụkwụ 1: Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri, na-akpata mgbawa nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Nzọụkwụ 2: Mmiri nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ (1) na plumule (2) pụta; a na-emeghe cotyledons (3).
Nzọụkwụ 3: Nke a na-egosi nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ na ntolite nke mkpụrụ ahụ, ebe cotyledons na-agbasa, nke bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ. Rịba ama: A ghaghị idebe okpomọkụ n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma.

Mmekpahu nke ala nwere ike ime ka osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa site n'ikpughe mkpụrụ nke dị n'ime ala maka mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ebe ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e gbochiri germination na mbụ site na omimi nke mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ala nke dị oke ọnụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'ebe a na-eli ozu ma e liri ya.[1]

Mkpọpụta mkpụrụ na-adabere na ọnọdụ ime na mpụga. Ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mpụga gụnyere oke okpomọkụ, mmiri, oxygen ma ọ bụ ikuku na mgbe ụfọdụ ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị.[1] Osisi dị iche iche chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche iche maka ịmị mkpụrụ nke ọma. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adabere n'ụdị mkpụrụ dị iche iche ma na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ebe obibi nke osisi. Maka ụfọdụ mkpụrụ, mmeghachi omume germination ha n'ọdịnihu na-emetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a na-emepụta mkpụrụ; Ọtụtụ mgbe nzaghachi ndị a bụ ụdị ezumike mkpụrụ.

  • A chọrọ Mmiri maka ntolite. Mkpụrụ ndị tozuru etozu na-akpakarị oke akọrọ ma chọọ ịba mmiri dị ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịdị arọ nke mkpụrụ ahụ, tupu metabolism na uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ amaliteghachi. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ chọrọ mmiri zuru ezu iji mee ka mkpụrụ ahụ dị mmiri mana ezughị iji mee ka ha dị mmiri. A na-akpọ mmịpụta mmiri site na mkpụrụ, nke na-eduga na ọzịza na ịgbaji mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Mgbe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ, ọtụtụ osisi na-echekwa nri na mkpụrụ ahụ, dị ka starch, protein, ma ọ bụ mmanụ. Ihe oriri a na-enye nwa e bu n'afọ nri. Mgbe mkpụrụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, a na-arụ ọrụ hydrolytic enzymes nke na-emebi ihe oriri ndị a echekwara n'ime kemịkalụ bara uru.[2] Mgbe mkpụrụ osisi ahụ si na mkpuchi mkpụrụ osisi pụta ma malite itolite mgbọrọgwụ na akwụkwọ, nri mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-agwụkarị; n'oge a, photosynthesis na-enye ike dị mkpa maka uto na-aga n'ihu na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ chọrọ mmiri, ihe oriri, na ìhè na-agagide.
  • Mkpụrụ na-etolite na-achọ oxygen maka metabolism.[3] A na-eji oxygen eme ihe na iku ume aerobic, isi iyi nke ike mkpụrụ osisi ruo mgbe ọ na-eto akwụkwọ.[2] Oxygen bụ gas ikuku nke a na-ahụ n'ime oghere ala; ọ bụrụ na e liri mkpụrụ n'ime ala ma ọ bụ ala jupụtara na mmiri, mkpụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ n'agụụ. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ nwere mkpuchi mkpụrụ nke na-egbochi ikuku oxygen ịbanye na mkpụrụ ahụ, na-akpata ụdị ụra nke na-agbaji mgbe mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ kpọnwụrụ iji kwe ka mgbanwe gas na mmiri si na gburugburu ebe obibi.
    • N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke osisi, dị ka osikapa, ntolite anaerobic nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ mmiri. Mkpụrụ ahụ na-emepụta oghere coleoptile nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'snorkel', na-enye mkpụrụ ahụ ohere oxygen.[4]
  • Okpomọkụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic na uto. Mkpụrụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche na ọbụna mkpụrụ sitere na otu osisi ahụ na-epulite n'ọtụtụ okpomọkụ. Mkpụrụ na-enwekarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ha ga-epulite, ha agaghị eme ya n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nke a. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ na-epulite na okpomọkụ dịtụ elu karịa 60-75 F (16-24 C) [okpomọkụ ime ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ], ebe ndị ọzọ na-ewulite n'elu oyi na ndị ọzọ na'epulite naanị na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti okpomọkụ na oyi. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-epulite mgbe ala dị jụụ 28-40 F (-2 - 4 C), na ụfọdụ mgbe ala dị ọkụ 76-90 F (24-32 C). Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ikpughe na okpomọkụ oyi (vernalization) iji kwụsị ụra. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-ehi ụra agaghị epulite ọbụlagodi na ọnọdụ dị mma. Mkpụrụ ndị na-adabere na okpomọkụ iji kwụsị ụra nwere ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndị chọrọ oyi nke oge oyi ka ha ghara itolite ruo mgbe ha na-abanye na mmiri n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma nwee okpomọkụ dị jụụ. oyi stratification bụ usoro nke na-eme ka ụra kwụsị tupu ìhè na-apụta nke na-akwalite ntolite.[5] Degree Celsius anọ dị jụụ iji kwụsị ụra maka ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra, mana ụfọdụ ìgwè, ọkachasị n'ime ezinụlọ Ranunculaceae na ndị ọzọ, chọrọ ọnọdụ dị jụụ karịa -5 C. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ ga-epulite mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'oge ọkụ n'Ọkụ ọhịa nke na-agbaji uwe mkpụrụ ha; nke a bụ ụdị ụra anụ ahụ.

Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-ahụkarị kwa afọ nwere okpomọkụ kacha mma n'etiti 75-90 F (24-32 C), ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị (dịka radishes ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri) nwere ike ịmalite na okpomọkụ dị ala, dị ka 40 F (4 C), si otú a na-enye ha ohere ịmalite. a ga-esi na mkpụrụ osisi dị na oyi oyi. Okpomọkụ na-adịchaghị mma na-eduga n'ọnụọgụ ihe ịga nke ọma dị ala yana ogologo oge germination.

  • Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi maka ntolite ma bụrụ ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị anaghị emetụta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ, mana ọtụtụ mkpụrụ photoblastic, gụnyere ụdị ndị a na-ahụ n'ọhịa, agaghị epulite ruo mgbe oghere dị n'elu ụlọ ahụ na-enye ohere ìhè zuru ezu maka uto nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ.[2]
  • Scarification na-eṅomi usoro okike nke na-eme ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike tupu ya efọọ. N'okike, mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji pulite, dị ka okpomọkụ nke ọkụ (dịka, ọtụtụ osisi ndị Australia), ma ọ bụ ịba n'ime mmiri ruo ogologo oge. Ndị ọzọ ga-agafe n'ụzọ mgbari nri nke anụmanụ iji mee ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike iji kwe ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ pụta.[2]
Mkpụrụ ọka bali a na-agbanye n'ime ya

Ihi ụra

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Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na-ehi ụra ma chọọ oge ka ukwuu, na / ma ọ bụ mkpa ka a nọrọ n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ tupu ha emee ka ha bilie. Mmiri na-Ihi ụra nke mkpụrụ nwere ike ịmalite n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime embryo; n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-emetụta. Ịkwụsị ụra na-agụnyekarị mgbanwe na membranes, nke a na-amalite site na mgbaàmà na-akwụsị ụra. Nke a na-emekarị naanị n'ime mkpụrụ mmiri.[6] Ihe ndị na-emetụta ụra mkpụrụ na-agụnye ọnụnọ nke homonụ ụfọdụ nke osisi, ọkachasị abscisic acid, nke na-egbochi ntolite, na gibberellin, nke na'akwụsị ụra mkpụrụ. N'ime ime mmanya, a na-eji gibberellin edozi mkpụrụ ọka bali iji hụ na mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite maka mmepụta nke malt ọka bali.[2]

Ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ

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Na nkọwa ụfọdụ, mpụta nke radicle na-egosi njedebe nke germination na mmalite nke "ntọala", oge na-eji ihe nchekwa nri echekwara na mkpụrụ. Germination na nguzobe dị ka akụkụ ahụ nwere onwe ya bụ akụkụ dị oke egwu na ndụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe ha kacha nwee mmerụ ahụ, ọrịa na nrụgide mmiri.[1]. Enwere ike iji ndepụta germination mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi phytotoxicity na ala. Ọnwụ anwụ n'etiti ịgbasa mkpụrụ na mmecha nke nguzobe nwere ike ịdị elu nke na ọtụtụ ụdị emezigharịla imepụta mkpụrụ buru ibu.   [citation needed]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite na ikike ntolite

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mkpụrụ osisi eucalyptus na-epulite mgbe ụbọchị atọ nke ịgha mkpụrụ gasịrị

N'ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ubi, Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite na-akọwa mkpụrụ ole nke otu ụdị osisi, ụdị ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike itolite n'otu oge. Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke oge ntolite ma na-egosipụtakarị dị ka pasent, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ ntolite 85% na-egosi na ihe dị ka 85 n'ime 100 mkpụrụ ga-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge ntolite enyere. A na-ekpebi ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi na-etolite site na ihe ndị mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ, ọdịdị ọdịdị na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.   [citation needed] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite bara uru maka ịgbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ dị mkpa maka mpaghara a nyere ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi achọrọ. Maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mkpụrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ "ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite" bụ oge a na-ewe maka usoro ntolite iji mezue malite n'oge ịgha mkpụrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-akpọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ nwere ike mezue ntolite n'ime ndị mmadụ (ya bụ, mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka ikike ntolite.

Mmiri nnu nke ala bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka nrụgide ghara ịdị na ya. Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpali ụfọdụ ọrụ metụtara nchekasị [CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, L-ascorbate oxidase (AO), DNA polymerase Delta 1 (POLD) -1, Chaperon (CHAPE) na okpomọkụ shock protein (HSP) -21], nkwụsi ike nke template mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmelite nke ihe nketa photosynthetic pigment. [7]. Ntinye nke exogenic glutamine na-egbochi usoro a. Nnyocha e mere na mkpụrụ yabasị na-egosi mbelata n'oge ntolite, mmụba na coefficient nke ọsọ ntolite, ọnụọgụ ntolite na pasentị ntolite mgbe enyere osisi glutamine exogenous.[7]

Nrụzi nke mmebi DNA

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Àgwà mkpụrụ na-akawanye njọ ka mmadụ na-aka nká, nke a na-ejikọkwa na mkpokọta mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[8] N'oge ntolite, a na-arụ ọrụ usoro nrụzi iji dozie Mmebi DNA.[9] Karịsịa, enwere ike idozi otu na abụọ na DNA.[10] DNA mmebi kinase ATM nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgwakọta ọganihu site na ntolite na nzaghachi nrụzi na mmebi DNA nke mkpụrụ ochie ahụ gbakọtara. [11]

Mkpụrụ osisi Dicot

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Nzọụkwụ nke ntolite nke osisi pea: A. mkpụrụ osisi, B. radicle, C. mgbọrọgwụ mbụ, D. mgbọrọ ndụ nke abụọ, E. cotyledon, F. plumule, G. leaf, H. tap mgbọrọgwụ        

Akụkụ nke osisi nke mbụ na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ bụ mgbọrọgwụ embryonic, nke a na-akpọ mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ mgbọrọ ndụ bụ isi. Ọ na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-arapara n'ala ma malite ịmị mmiri. Mgbe mgbọrọgwụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, mkpụrụ osisi na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi a nwere akụkụ atọ: cotyledons (akwụkwọ mkpụrụ), ngalaba nke osisi n'okpuru cotyledones (hypocotyl), na ngalaba nke osisi karịa cotyledon (epicotyl). Ụzọ osisi ahụ si apụta dị iche n'etiti ìgwè osisi.[2]

Epigeal

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EEpigeal germination (ma ọ bụ epigeous germination) bụ okwu botanical na-egosi na germination na-ewere ọnọdụ n'elu ala. Na germination epigeal, hypocotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko, na-adọkpụrụ kama ịkwanye cotyledons na apical meristem n'ime ala. Ozugbo ọ rutere n'elu, ọ na-agbatị ma na-adọta cotyledons na agbapụ n'ọnụ nke seedlings na-eto eto n'ikuku. Agwa, tamarind, na pọọpọ bụ ihe atụ nke osisi na-eto n'ụzọ dị otú a.[2]

Hypogeal

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A pụkwara ime ntolite site na hypogeal germination (ma ọ bụ hypogeous germination), ebe epicotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko. N'ụdị ntolite a, cotyledons na-anọ n'okpuru ala ebe ha na-emesị mebie. Peas, Chickpeas na mango, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-epulite n'ụzọ a.[12]

Uto nke monocot

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N'ime mkpụrụ monocot, a na-ekpuchi mgbọrọgwụ embryo na cotyledon site na coleorhiza na coleoptile, n'otu n'otu. Coleorhiza bụ akụkụ mbụ na-etolite site na mkpụrụ ahụ, mgbọrọgwụ na-esote. A na-akwagharị coleoptile n'ala ruo mgbe ọ ruru n'elu. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-akwụsị ịgbatị ma akwụkwọ mbụ na-apụta.[2]

Uto n'oge

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Mgbe mkpụrụ na-epulite n'enweghị usoro anọ niile nke mmepe mkpụrụ, ya bụ, globular, ọdịdị obi, ọdịdị torpedo, na ọkwa cotyledonary, a maara ya dị ka ntolite ngwa ngwa.   [citation needed]

Mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite

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Ihe ọzọ na-eme ka mkpụrụ na-etolite n'oge ndụ nke gymnosperms na Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi bụ ntolite nke mkpụrụ ntụ ọka mgbe mmịpụta. Dị ka mkpụrụ, a na-eme ka mmiri gwụ mkpụrụ pollen n'ụzọ siri ike tupu a tọhapụ ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgbasa ha site n'otu osisi gaa na nke ọzọ. Ha nwere uwe nchebe nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (ruo 8 na gymnosperms, 2-3 na osisi na-agbasa okooko). Otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ tube. Ozugbo mkpụrụ ntụ ọka ahụ dara na stigma nke okooko osisi na-anabata (ma ọ bụ cone nwanyị na gymnosperms), ọ na-ewe mmiri ma na-epulite. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe site na mmiri na stigma, yana nhazi na physiology nke stigma na ụdị.[2] A pụkwara ime ka ntụ ọka na-epulite in vitro (n'ime efere petri ma ọ bụ tube nnwale). [13][14]

N'oge ntolite, mkpụrụ ndụ tube na-agbatị n'ime tube pollen. N'ime okooko osisi ahụ, tube pollen na-etolite n'akụkụ àkwá ebe ọ na-ewepụ sperm mepụtara na mkpụrụ pollen maka imeju. Mkpụrụ ntụ ọka na-etolite na mkpụrụ ndụ sperm abụọ ya bụ microgametophyte nwoke tozuru etozu nke osisi ndị a.[2]

Enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya

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Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ osisi na-ebu ma akụkụ ọmụmụ nwoke ma nke nwanyị na okooko osisi ha, enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmịpụta mkpụrụ n'onwe ya ma si otú a na-ịmụ nwa. Ụfọdụ osisi na-eji njikwa nke ntolite ntụ ọka dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi a. Uto na uto nke pollen tube na-agụnye mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti stigma na pollen. Na enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya na osisi, stigma nke osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmata pollen site n'otu osisi ahụ ma gbochie ya itolite.[15]

Mkpụrụ osisi spore na-epulite

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Mkpụrụ osisi pụkwara izo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ site na spores na-ezu ike na uto nke sporeling hyphae ma ọ bụ thalli site na spors na fungi, algae na ụfọdụ osisi.

Conidia bụ ụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ (mmụba na-enweghị njikọta nke gametes) spores nke fungi nke na-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dịgasị iche iche site na conidia na-etolite. Ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ germ tubes nke na-eto ma na-etolite na hyphae. Ọdịdị mbụ na mgbatị nke nje tube na fungus Aspergillus niger ejirila 3D jiri Holotomography microscopy. Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ bụ conidial anastomosis tube (CAT); ndị a dị iche na germ tubes n'ihi na ha dị gịrịgịrị, dị mkpụmkpụ, enweghị alaka, na-egosipụta uto siri ike na ụlọ n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nwere ọdịdị tubular, mana tube anastomosis conidial na-emepụta àkwà mmiri nke na-enye ohere njikọta n'etiti conidia.[16][17]

3D-visualization nke Aspergillus niger spore germination. E jidere onyinyo a site na iji microscopy Holotomography.

Mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-ezu ike

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Na spores na-ezu ike, ntolite na-agụnye ịgbaji nnukwu mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke spore na-ehi ụra. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na zygomycetes, zygosporangium nwere mgbidi dị arọ na-emeghe ma zygospore dị n'ime na-ebute sporangiophore na-apụta. N'ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ntolite na-ezo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ amoeboid site na spore siri ike. Mgbe ọ gbawara akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe ọzọ na-agụnye nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ, mana ọ bụghị mmepe nke ihe dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ na amoebas na-ebi ndụ n'efu nke slime molds). [2]

Osisi ndị a na-akpọ Ferns na mosses

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N'ime osisi ndị dị ka Briophytes, ferns, na ndị ọzọ ole na ole, spores na-epulite n'ime gametophytes onwe ha. Na bryophytes (dịka, mosses na liverworts), spores na-epulite n'ime protonemata, yiri fungal hyphae, nke gametophyte na-etolite. Na ferns, gametophytes bụ obere prothalli dị ka obi nke a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru osisi toro eto na-ewepụ spore.[2]

Nje bacteria

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Nje bacteria spores nwere ike ịbụ exospores ma ọ bụ endospores nke bụ ihe na-adịghị eme ụra nke ọtụtụ nje bacteria dị iche iche mepụtara. Ha enweghị ma ọ bụ ọrụ metabolic dị ala ma na-emepụta ha na nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma.[18] Ha na-enye ohere ịdị ndụ ma ọ bụghị ụdị ọmụmụ.[19] N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, spore na-epulite iji mepụta nje bacteria dị ndụ. A na-emepụta endospores n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nne, ebe a na-emepụta exospores na njedebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ nne dị ka bud.[20]

Mkpụrụ osisi na-akpali ìhè

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Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ìhè nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-akpali usoro ntolite. Mkpụrụ ahụ kwesịrị inwe ike ikpebi mgbe oge zuru oke iji bulie ma ha na-eme nke ahụ site n'ịghọta ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ozugbo ntolite malitere, ihe oriri ndị echekwara n'oge ntozu okè na-amalite ịgbari nke na-akwado mgbasawanye mkpụrụ ndụ na uto zuru oke.[21] N'ime ntolite na-akpali ìhè, phytochrome B (PHYB) bụ photoreceptor nke na-ahụ maka mmalite mmalite nke ntolite. Mgbe ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara dị, a na-agbanwe PHYB ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ya na-arụ ọrụ ma si na cytoplasm gaa na nucleus ebe ọ na-eme ka mbelata nke PIF1. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, na-achịkwa ntolite n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma site n'ịbawanye ngosipụta nke protein ndị na-egbochi njikọ nke gibberellin (GA), nnukwu hormone na usoro ntolite.[22] Ihe ọzọ na-akwalite ntolite bụ HFR1 nke na-agbakọta n'ìhè n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma na-emepụta heterodimers na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na PIF1.[23]

Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị kpọmkwem usoro ahụ, nitric oxide (NO) na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụzọ a. A na-eche na NO na-egbochi ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa PIF1 ma mee ka HFR1 kwụsie ike n'ụzọ ụfọdụ iji kwado mmalite nke ntolite.[21] Bethke et al. (2006) kpughere mkpụrụ Arabidopsis na-ehi ụra na NO gas ma n'ime ụbọchị 4 sochirinụ, 90% nke mkpụrụ ahụ kwụsịrị ụra ma mebie. Ndị dere ya lere anya n'otú NO na GA si emetụta usoro vacuolation nke mkpụrụ ndụ aleurone nke na-enye ohere ka a gbarie mmegharị nke ihe oriri. A NO mutant mere ka igbochi vacuolation mana mgbe e mesịrị gbakwunye GA usoro ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ na-eduga na nkwenye na NO bụ tupu GA na ụzọ. NO nwekwara ike ibute mbelata nke mmetụta nke abscisic acid (ABA), hormone osisi nke na-akpata n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ụra mkpụrụ.[24] Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti GA na ABA dị mkpa. Mgbe ọkwa ABA dị elu karịa GA mgbe ahụ nke ahụ na-eduga na mkpụrụ na-ehi ụra na mgbe ọkwa GA dị elu, mkpụrụ na-etolite.[25] Mgbanwe dị n'etiti ụra mkpụrụ na ntolite kwesịrị ime n'oge mkpụrụ nwere ohere kachasị mma nke ịdị ndụ na ihe dị mkpa nke na-amalite usoro ntolite mkpụrụ na uto osisi n'ozuzu ya dị mfe.   [citation needed]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ (2012) Forensic Botany. Wiley-Blackwell. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Raven (2005). Biology of Plants, 7th, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, 504–508. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Raven" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ (1962) "Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension on Germination and Seedling Growth". Physiologia Plantarum 15 (3): 437–444. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x. 
  4. ↑ Magneschi (25 July 2008). "Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen". Annals of Botany 103 (2): 181–196. DOI:10.1093/aob/mcn121. PMID 18660495. Retrieved on 27 March 2022. 
  5. ↑ Baskin (2014). Variation in Seed Dormancy and Germination within and between Individuals and Populations of a Species. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.. Burlington: Elsevier Science, 5–35. ISBN 9780124166837. 
  6. ↑ Bewley (2006). The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses Cabi Series, 203. ISBN 978-0-85199-723-0. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ulukapi (February 2024). "The role of exogenous glutamine on germination, plant development and transcriptional expression of some stress-related genes in onion under salt stres". Folia Horticulturae 36 (1): 1–17. DOI:10.2478/fhort-2024-0002. 
  8. ↑ (June 2015) "The importance of safeguarding genome integrity in germination and seed longevity". Journal of Experimental Botany 66 (12): 3549–58. DOI:10.1093/jxb/erv080. PMID 25750428. 
  9. ↑ (2001) "The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay: a way to study DNA repair in radicle cells of germinating Vicia faba". Folia Biologica 47 (2): 50–4. PMID 11321247. 
  10. ↑ (September 2010) "A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity". The Plant Journal 63 (5): 848–60. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04285.x. PMID 20584150. 
  11. ↑ (August 2016) "DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM regulates germination and maintains genome stability in seeds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (34): 9647–52. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1608829113. PMID 27503884. 
  12. ↑ (1989) Plant propagation. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-0065-6. 
  13. ↑ (June 1972) "In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition". Plant Physiology 49 (6): 924–5. DOI:10.1104/pp.49.6.924. PMID 16658085. 
  14. ↑ (January 1981) "In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants". Environmental Health Perspectives 37: 125–32. DOI:10.2307/3429260. PMID 7460877. 
  15. ↑ (2005) "Self-incompatibility in plants". Annual Review of Plant Biology 56 (1): 467–89. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144249. PMID 15862104. 
  16. ↑ (November 2004) "Conidial anastomosis fusion between Colletotrichum species". Mycological Research 108 (Pt 11): 1320–6. DOI:10.1017/S0953756204000838. PMID 15587065. 
  17. ↑ (May 2005) "Cell biology of conidial anastomosis tubes in Neurospora crassa". Eukaryotic Cell 4 (5): 911–9. DOI:10.1128/EC.4.5.911-919.2005. PMID 15879525. 
  18. ↑ J.-M. Ghuysen (9 February 1994). Bacterial Cell Wall. Elsevier, 167–. ISBN 978-0-08-086087-9. 
  19. ↑ Eldra Solomon (15 September 2010). Biology. Cengage Learning, 554–. ISBN 978-0-538-74125-5. 
  20. ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica (2002). Encyclopedia britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-787-2. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (September 2017) "Seed dormancy and germination". Current Biology 27 (17): R874–R878. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050. PMID 28898656.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Penfield-2017" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ (April 2016) "Light-Mediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development". Annual Review of Plant Biology 67: 513–37. DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252. PMID 26905653. 
  23. ↑ (February 2018) "Nitric oxide promotes light-initiated seed germination by repressing PIF1 expression and stabilizing HFR1". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 123: 204–212. DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.012. PMID 29248678. 
  24. ↑ (March 2007) "The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy". Plant Physiology 143 (3): 1173–88. DOI:10.1104/pp.106.093435. PMID 17220360. 
  25. ↑ (November 2015) "Dormancy and germination: How does the crop seed decide?". Plant Biology 17 (6): 1104–12. DOI:10.1111/plb.12356. PMID 26095078. 
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