Cohong

^[1]Cohong, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụpe kehang ma ọ bụ gonghang, otu ndị na-ere aha China ma ọ bụ hongs, na-arụ ọrụ mbubata-mbupu na Canton ( Guangzhou ugbu a) n'oge usoro ndị eze Qing ( – ) . N'ime mgbochi awụ tupu Agha Opium Mbụ nke 1839-1842,Ịzụ ahịa dị n'etiti China na Europe mere naanị site na Cohong usoro nke eze ukwu nke Qianlong Emperor akwụkwọ na 1738. A na-akpọ ndị China ndị mebere Cohong dị ka hangshang (行商) na ndị otu ha si mba ọzọ dị ka yanghang (n'ụzọ dị ka "ndị ikom si mba ọzọ")

Ntọala na nhazi

Na 1738, e guzobere usoro Baoshang . Usoro a nyere ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa China ikike ka ha na ndị na-ere ahịa n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha nyere aka na-anakọta ọrụ n'aka ndị Westerners, na-eme ka mmasị azụmaahịa na nchịkọta ego gọọmentị na-enweta nke ọma. Nke a bụ onye bu ụzọ maka sistemụ Cohong mechara. ^[2]

Number of Chinese Merchants Operating in Canton^[3]^[4]
Year	Number	Year	Number	Year	Number	Year	Number
1757	26	1791	5~6	1811	10~12	1831	10
1759	>20	1792	12	1813	10~13	1832	10
1760	9	1794	10	1815	10	1833	10
1765	10	1795	10	1822	11	1834	10
1776	8	1796	10	1823	11	1835	10
1777	8	1798	8	1824	10	1836	11
1778	8	1799	8	1825	10	1837	13
1779	8	1800	8	1826	10	1838	11
1781	4	1801	8	1827	9	1839	10
1782	9	1807	12	1828	7
1786	20	1808	9	1829	7
1790	5	1810	10	1830	10

Ka oge na-aga, ndị otu Cohong gbanwere n'etiti ndị ahịa ise na 26 ^[5] nke gọọmentị etiti China nyere ikike ijikwa azụmaahịa, ọkachasị ikike ịzụ ahịa tii na silk, na West. ^[1] Ha bụ nanị otu e nyere ikike ime nke a n'oge ahụ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị isi na-achịkwa azụmahịa niile nke mba ọzọ na mba ahụ.

Azụmahịa na West

^[6]N'ime obodo Canton ( Guangzhou, 广州) ma ndị Cohong ikike ikike nke echiche Qing na iche mba ofesi. 1] Cohong ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-anya njikọ bụ isi. n'etiti iche nke usoro ndị eze Qing na ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. [1] Dị ka Guangzhou nọchitere anya ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ịzụ ahịa dị n'etiti netwọ aha Qing na ike Europe, Cohong nwere ngwaọrụ na-egosi ya na-egosi, wee nweta uru nke egwuregwu agbaghara nke ndị Westerners maka poselin, silk. , na silk. nke nchegbu, tii . N'okpuru akwụkwọ nke onye ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na-enweta ego ndị Britain mara dị ka "Hoppo" (a mispronunciation nke okwu hubu, 户部), ndị Cohong, si n' ikike ha a maara dị ka hangs, nwere ikike nkata na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke Western. na dị oke mkpa ha nọchiri anya akụ na ọnọdụ Qing ^[7]

Ka o sina dị, n'ihi azụmahịa na-enye nnukwu ego nke ha na-achịkwa, ndị òtù Cohong ghọrọ ndị bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu, na akụ nke onwe ha dị n'etiti ndị kasị elu na usoro ndị eze Qing, na ọbụna n'ụwa. Iji nọgide na-enwe mmetụta ha, ha hụrụ na ndị bi na mpaghara na ndị isi ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke ọchịchị obodo mere ka gọọmentị Qing kwado ọkwa Canton ka ọ bụrụ naanị ebe azụmahịa gọọmentị na mba ọdịda anyanwụ. ^[8] Site n'oge ruo n'oge, ikike azụmahịa nke ime obodo na-achịkwa ọchịchị Britain, bụ́ ndị na-achọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji nweta ngwongwo ndị Alaeze Ukwu ha na-achọsi ike.

Consoo ego

^[9]The Cohong gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-achịkwa Consoo Fund (公所, gōngsuǒ ) (n'ezie aha nke ụlọ ọrụ nke Cohong na Thirteen Factory Street), usoro e mere na 1781 nke na-eji otu ɔdɔ mmiri nke a na-etinye (公所费, gōngsuǒfèi) . ) na enyo nke ndị na-ahụ maka n'otu n'otu iji tinye nke hong ọ alụlụ na- paying na njedebe afọ na-enye echiche dị iche iche nke ejima na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Hoppo Poly. Na ọrịa, nsogbu a na-ana maka ego ahụ bụ 3% nke uru. ọtụtụ a na mbụ ụmụaka na tii mana ka ọ na-erule ndị na-eso awụ nke iri na agbasawanyela iji chọpụta 69 dị iche iche. ^[10]

ahia ahia opium

N'ihi nnukwu mkpa dị n'ahịa n'etiti ndị colonial Europe na Qing na Canton na nsogbu ndị na-enye elele ya n'ihi nnupụisi n'ime ndị America Colonies, ndị Britain mmetụta ka ọ ahụhụ anya metal dị ọnụ ọgụgụ. Na nkenke, ndị aha Britain were opium dị ka ezigbo ahaha bara uru iji nweta ngwa ọrụ ha apa. Dika ahia nke ukwu Qing na odida anyanwu si na ola ocha gaa na opium, ndi Cohong Guilds bughariri onwe ha n'ahia ihe narcotic riri ahụ. Opium sitere na British India kwagara ngwa ngwa n'ahịa ndị China, na-agafe ola ọcha dị ka ihe ngosi aha n'etiti ndị Britain na usoro ndị eze Qing. N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ iwu mmachi opium nke Emperor Daoguang na apụ apụ nke iri na ụgbọ, ikike Western nke ndị ọrụ Cohong wuru ihe ha ji ebi ndụ ugbu a gbadoro ụkwụ na ọgwụ ahụ, onye ndị na-ekere òkè nke ukwuu n' Aha ọgwụ. [1] N'ime obodo Canton, nke ịzụ ahịa nàchiri anya etiti usoro akụ na-arụ, iwu Qing Emperor misalin dị nta n'ọkwa azụmahịa.

Site na Lintin Island, obere dị iche nso na Guangzhou nke steeti Europe ji ụgbọ mmiri kụọ ụgbọ mmiri ha, ndị ọrụ Cohong mere ka ojiji nke obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe ụgbọ mmiri a mara ka "crabs ngwa ngwa" ma ọ bụ " dragọn na- agbanwe agbanwe" iji bufee ihe ihe ahụ site na Lintin gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n'ime Canton. [1] nna mmiri ndị a dị mkpa iji zere nsogbu Qing na ejide opium ma hụ na ọ bịarutere Canton, mgbe nke ahụ aabo, Cohong weghaara usoro ahụ, na-ere akara ha maka opium ma opium ma ihe mere ya na Qing Territory. Ọ bụ ebe na Cohong ,dịghị na ahia opium dị na China (nke a mezuru site n'aka ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, yana nkesa nke ndị omempụ na ndị agha ngwaọrụ na-elekọta, dị ka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ), ha bụ mbụ nke usoro ihe ahụ si bata China^[11]

. Mgbe mmeri Briten Mbụ na Agha Opium, Nkwe enyi nke Nanjing, bịanyere aka na 1842, sauran ọtụtụ ihe Britain mgbasa n'aka egwu Qing, njedebe nke usoro Canton na mgbasa nke ndị na-ere akara Cohong . N'ime azụmahịa nke a, ahia si na usoro ndị aha Confucian na-azụ ndị enyi nke ndị Ukwu Qing gaa na usoro nke ndị isi ụzọ na ndị nke otu Ukwu Britain

Hụkwa

Germania (guild) - Ndị otu ndị ahịa na Valencia, Spain
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Guildhall
Guild nke Romanists Club na narị afọ nke 17 Antwerp
Njikọ Hanseatic - Guilds ndị ahịa na Europe, ọkachasị mpaghara Baltic
Howqua
Jāti – guilds (nke sitere na mediaeval) na India
Ebe ahịa
Old China ahia
Onye na-ese ihe na New Spain
Ụlọ ahịa
Shreni - Association nke ndị ahịa, ndị ahịa na ndị ọrụ aka na India
Trade Guilds nke South India
Njikọ ndị ahịa
Za (guilds) - ndị ahịa 'Guilds na Japan
Otu nnukwu ndị ahịa ahịa iri
Jiao (Ndị otu azụmahịa)

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Entry on Cohong in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on January 31, 2014. 1738 1738 1738 1738 1738
↑ Ronald C. Po (2018). The Blue Frontier: Maritime Vision and Power in the Qing Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108424615.
↑ Liang Jiabin (梁嘉彬) (1999). Survey of the Thirteen Factories (廣東十三行考) (in Chinese). Guangdong People's Publishing (广东人民出版社).
↑ Morse (1926). The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635–1834. Harvard University Press.
↑ Liao. The Canton Hong System and Commercial Development in Ching Dynasty: a Study (論清代行商制度與貿易發展的關係) (Chinese). Taiwan, Taipei: Chinese Culture University. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
↑ Farris (Fall 2007). "Thirteen Factories of Canton: An Architecture of Sino-Western Collaboration and Confrontation". Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 14: 66–83. DOI:10.1353/bdl.2007.0000.
↑ Jonathan (2016). imperial China, 1350-1900. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.
↑ T. (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674036123. OCLC 648759723.
↑ Phipps (1836). A Practical Treatise on the China and Eastern Trade. London: Wm. H. Allen.
↑ Van Dyke (2011). Merchants of Canton and Macao: Politics and Strategies in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Trade. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888028917.
↑ Macauley (2009-06-20). "Small Time Crooks: Opium, Migrants, and the War on Drugs in China, 1819–1860" (in en). Late Imperial China 30 (1): 1–47. DOI:10.1353/late.0.0021. ISSN 1086-3257.

[EB-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Entry on Cohong in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on January 31, 2014. 1738 1738 1738 1738 1738

[2] Ronald C. Po (2018). The Blue Frontier: Maritime Vision and Power in the Qing Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108424615.

[3] Liang Jiabin (梁嘉彬) (1999). Survey of the Thirteen Factories (廣東十三行考) (in Chinese). Guangdong People's Publishing (广东人民出版社).

[4] Morse (1926). The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635–1834. Harvard University Press.

[5] Liao. The Canton Hong System and Commercial Development in Ching Dynasty: a Study (論清代行商制度與貿易發展的關係) (Chinese). Taiwan, Taipei: Chinese Culture University. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.

[6] Farris (Fall 2007). "Thirteen Factories of Canton: An Architecture of Sino-Western Collaboration and Confrontation". Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 14: 66–83. DOI:10.1353/bdl.2007.0000.

[:2-7] Jonathan (2016). imperial China, 1350-1900. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520.

[:1-8] T. (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674036123. OCLC 648759723.

[9] Phipps (1836). A Practical Treatise on the China and Eastern Trade. London: Wm. H. Allen.

[10] Van Dyke (2011). Merchants of Canton and Macao: Politics and Strategies in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Trade. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888028917.

[11] Macauley (2009-06-20). "Small Time Crooks: Opium, Migrants, and the War on Drugs in China, 1819–1860" (in en). Late Imperial China 30 (1): 1–47. DOI:10.1353/late.0.0021. ISSN 1086-3257.

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