Diabetes Melitus
Diabetes Melitus
Diabetes Melitus
HYPERGLICEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR
STATE(HHS)
HYPOGLICEMIA
• DM Type 1
• DM Type 2
• DM Gestasional
• DM tipe Lain
Gejala Klinis
• Poliuria
• Polidipsia
• Polifagia
• Penurunan Berat badan tanpa sebab jelas
Diagnosis DM
TERAPI
Asidosis
*
Ketosis
Hiperglikemia
Adapted from Kitabchi AE, Fisher JN. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Glew RA, Peters SP, ed. Clinical
Studies in Medical Biochemistry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1987:105.
10
EPIDEMOLOGI
Hyperglycemia
Hyper-
osmolality
Glycosuria
Δ MS
Dehydration
Electrolyte
Renal Failure Losses
Shock CV
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Insulin Deficiency
Lipolysis
FFAs
Ketones
Acidosis
CV
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Insulin Deficiency
Hyperglycemia Lipolysis
Hyper-
osmolality
Glycosuria FFAs
Δ MS Ketones
Dehydration
Acidosis
Electrolyte
Renal Failure Losses
Shock CV
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Patofisiologi
15
Clinical Presentation of
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Laboratorium KAD
17
Anion Gap
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TERAPI
• Fase I
• Fase II
Protokol KAD
1. Rehidrasi
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% 2L /2jam
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% 80tpm /4jam
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% 30tpm /18jam
(4-6 Liter /24 jam pertama)
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% 20tpm /24jam
1. Rumatan
NaCl 0,9 % 20 tpm
(Maltosa 10% + 6-12 Unit Insulin)
(bergantian , dimulai perlahan, berjalan
perlahan, dan diakhiri perlahan)
2. Kalium
3. Insulin Rumatan 3 X 8-12 Unit SC
4. Diet Makanan Lunak, Karbohidrat komplek
peroral
HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC
STATE
• DM TIPE 2
• Fluid Intake
• Major Ilness
• Stress Response
• Abused/ Neglected in older Patient
Insulin Deficiency
Hyperglycemia
Hyper-
osmolality
Glycosuria
Δ MS
Dehydration
Electrolyte
Renal Failure Losses
Shock CV
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State:
Patofisiologi
29
Clinical Presentation
31
Osmolaritas darah
• Fase I
• Fase II
Protokol HHS
1. Rehidrasi
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% / 0,45% 2L /2jam
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% / 0,45% 80tpm /4jam
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% / 0,45% 30tpm /18jam
(4-6 Liter /24 jam pertama
• IVFD NaCl 0,9% / 0,45% 20tpm /24jam
Kadar Na <150 meq , NaCl 0,9%
Kadar Na > 150 meq, Nacl 0,45%
2. Insulin Dosis Rendah IV
Insulin 4 Unit /jam
3. Infus K+ per 24 jam
a. Infus K+ 25 mEq Jika Kadar K+ darah 3,0-3,5
mEq/l
b. Infus K+ 50 mEq Jika Kadar K+ darah 2,5-3,0
mEq/l
c. Infus K+ 75 mEq Jika Kadar K+ darah 2,0-2,5
mEq/l
d. Infus K+ 100 mEq Jika Kadar K+ darah2,0 mEq/l
1. Rumatan
NaCl 0,9 % 20 tpm
(Maltosa 10% + 6-12 Unit Insulin) 20 tpm
(bergantian , dimulai perlahan, berjalan
perlahan, dan diakhiri perlahan)
2. Kalium
3. Insulin Rumatan 3 X 8-12 Unit SC
4. Diet Makanan Lunak, Karbohidrat komplek
peroral
PERBEDAAN KAD DAN HHS
Characteristics of DKA and HHS
41
Diabetic Hyperglycemic Crises
No hyperosmolality Hyperosmolality
Acidosis No acidosis
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DKA and HHS Are Life-Threatening
Emergencies
43
HIPOGLIKEMIA
• Lapar, Gemetar
• Keringat Dingin, berdebar
• Pusing , gelisah
• Koma
Diagnosis
• Gejala 2 hipoglikemia
• Glukosa darah <60 mg/dl
Tujuan
Tjokroprawiro,1996
I flakon Glukosa 25ml 40% dapat
menaikkan glukosa darah + 25-50mg/dl
Refference