TUGAS

ZOOLOGI VERTEBRATA
“Klasifikasi Hewan Vertebrata”

Oleh :
Nama : Fony Sinlae
Nim : 0501040152
Jur/Prodi : P. Mipa/P. Biologi
Semester : V

Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan

UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA
KUPANG
2008
KLASIFIKASI HEWAN

Dalam mengelompokkan hewan untuk takson filum para ahli biologi menggunakan beberapa
karakteristik hewan, antara lain:

1. Uniseluler atau multiseluler

2. Diploblastik atau tripoblastik.

3. Metameri atau non metameri.

4. Asimetri, simetri radial atau simetri bilateral.

5. Anggota tubuh berbuku-buku atau tidak.

6. Mempunyai kerangka luar atau kerangka dalam.

7. Mempunyai notokord atau tidak.

8. Bentuk dan letak sistem organ.

Untuk klasifikasi hewan, yang dibahas hanya filum Chordata.

FILUM CHORDATA

ciri utama adalah (1) memiliki chorda dorsalis/notokord (2) tubuhnya simetris bilateral. Dibagi
menjadi 4 subfilum :

1. subfilum Hemichordata

2. subfilum Tunicata/Urochordata

3. subfilum Cephalochordata

4. subfilum Vertebrata

Subfilum Vertebrata dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas:

1. Kelas Agnatha : Ikan tidak berahang

2. Chondrichtyes : Ikan bertulang rawan

3. Osteichtyes : Ikan bertulang sejati

4. Amphibi : katak dan salamander

5. Kelas Reptil : hewan melata

6. Kelas Aves : unggas

7. Kelas Mamalia : hewan menyusui

Contoh : Klasifikasi kucing

Regnum = Animalia, Filum = Chordata, Subfilum = Vertebrata, Kelas = Mamalia, Ordo = Carnivora, Famili
= Felidae, Genus = Felis, Species = Felis domestica (Kucing)
 REPTIL

Reptil adalah sebuah kelompok dari hewan vertebrata. Reptil adalah tetrapod, dan juga amniotes
(hewan yang embrionya dikelilingi oleh membran amniotik). Sekarang ini mereka mewakili empat order:

 Order Crocodylia (crocodile dan alligator): 23 spesies

 Order Rhynchocephalia (tuataras dari Selandia Baru): 2 spesies

 Order Squamata (kadal, ular and amphisbaenians {"worm-lizards"}): sekitar 7.600 spesies

 Order Testudines (kura-kura): sekitar 300 spesies

Vertebrates originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the
Cambrian period (first known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia).[citation needed] According to recent
molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of
Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.[citation needed].

Taxonomy and classification

Classification after Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004).[1]

Subphylum Vertebrata

(Unranked group) Hyperoartia (lampreys)

Class †Conodonta

Subclass †Pteraspidomorphi

Class †Thelodonti

Class †Anaspida

Class †Galeaspida

Class †Pituriaspida

Class †Osteostraci

Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)

Class †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)

Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

Class †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")

Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)

Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)

Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths)

Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)

Subclass Tetrapodomorpha (ancestral to tetrapods)

Superclass Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)

Class Amphibia (amphibians)

Series Amniota (amniotic embryo)

Class Sauropsida (reptiles and birds)

Class Aves (birds)

Class Synapsida (mammal-like reptiles)

Class Mammalia (mammals)

Taxonomy Class Chondrichthyes

Class Chondrichthyes

 Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates)

Superorder Batoidea (rays and skates),

containing the orders : Rajiformes (common rays and skates)

Pristiformes (Sawfishes)

Torpediniformes (electric rays)

Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks),

containing the orders:

- Hexanchiformes Two families are found within this order. Species of this
order are distinguished from other sharks by having additional gill slits (either six
or seven). Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even
a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.

- Squaliformes Three families and more than 80 species are found within
this order. These sharks have two dorsal fins, often with spines, and no anal fin.
They have teeth designed for cutting in both the upper and lower jaws. Examples
from this group include the bramble sharks, dogfish and roughsharks.

- Pristiophoriformes One family is found within this order. These are the
sawsharks, with an elongate, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fishes
that they then eat.

- Squatiniformes One family is found within this order. These are flattened
sharks that can be distinguished from the similar appearing skates and rays by the
fact that they have the gill slits along the side of the head like all other sharks.
They have a caudal fin (tail) with the lower lobe being much longer in length than
the upper, and are commonly referred to as angel sharks.

- Heterodontiformes One family is found within this order. They are

commonly referred to as the bullhead, or horn sharks. They have a variety of
teeth allowing them to grasp and then crush shellfishes.

- Orectolobiformes Seven families are found within this order. They are
commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks,
wobbegongs and the largest of all fishes, the whale sharks. They are distinguished
by having barbels at the edge of the nostrils. Most, but not all are nocturnal.
 - Carcharhiniformes Eight families are found within this order. It is the
largest order, containing almost 200 species. They are commonly referred to as
the groundsharks, and some of the species include the blue, tiger, bull, reef and
oceanic whitetip sharks (collectively called the requiem sharks) along with the
houndsharks, catsharks and hammerhead sharks. They are distinguished by an
elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an
attack.

- Lamniformes Seven families are found within this order. They are
commonly referred to as the mackerel sharks. They include the goblin shark,
basking shark, megamouth, the thresher, mako shark and great white shark. They
are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction. The
Lamniformes contains the extinct Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which
like most extinct sharks is only known by the teeth (the only bone found in these
cartilaginous fishes, and therefore are often the only fossils produced) and a few
vertebrae. The largest of the teeth of this shark can measure (up to more than 7
inch in length) and through modern research, it has been determined that this
shark could exceed 50 feet in length.

 Subclass Holocephali (chimaera)

Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those
chordates with backbones or spinal columns

Subtaxa (for ITIS): Amphibia, Aves, Chondrichthyes, Mammalia, Reptilia, Agnatha, Osteichthyes

1. classe Amphibia Linnaeus, 1758

Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Classis: Amphibia Linnaeus, 1758
subclassis Lissamphibia
ordo Caudata Scopoli, 1777 (Syn. Urodela Latreille, 1825)
ordo Gymnophiona Müller, 1831
superordo Salientia
ordre Anura Merrem, 1820

2. classe Aves
Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
• Superclassis: Tetrapoda
• Classis: Aves Linnaeus, 1758

3. classe Chondrichthyes
Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
 • Classis: Chondrichthyes
Wikispecies has information related to:
Chondrichthyes
Subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), Holocephali (chimaeras).

4. classe Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758

Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Classis: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758
Subtaxa (for ITIS):
subclassis Prototheria
Ordos (for ITIS): Monotremata
subclassis Theria
infraclassis Eutheria Gill, 1872
infraclassis Metatheria Huxley, 1880 (Syn. Marsupialia Illiger, 1811)

5. classe Reptilia Laurenti, 1768

Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
• Superclassis: Tetrapoda
• Classis: Reptilia Laurenti, 1768

6. super-classe Agnatha
Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Superclassis: Agnatha
Classes (for ITIS): Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys), Myxini (hagfishes),
Pteraspidomorphi.

7. super-classe Osteichthyes
Domain: Eukaryota
• Regnum: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Superclassis: Osteichthyes
Classes: Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes; Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes.