GP-OAB Webinar Dec 2020 Materials
GP-OAB Webinar Dec 2020 Materials
GP-OAB Webinar Dec 2020 Materials
DOREY G. PENGOBATAN KONSERVATIF INKONTINENSIA URIN PRIA DAN DISFUNGSI EREKSI: BUKU TEKS UNTUK FISIOTERAPIS,
PERAWAT DAN DOKTER. LONDON, INGGRIS: WHURR, 2001
masalah klinis utama yang memiliki efek mendalam pada
kualitas hidup dan aktivitas kehidupan sehari-hari.
WYMAN J. CURR OPIN OBSTET GINEKOL 1994 ;HOLLYWOOD B, O'DOWD T BR J GEN PRACT 1998; 48: 1727–1728.;GRIMBY A, ET AL 1993; BOGNER HR,
GALLO JJ, SAMMEL MD ET AL JAM GERIATR SOC 2002
menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang mahal
Di Amerika Serikat diperkirakan bahwa biaya kesehatan
langsung
EE CH. BUKU PANDUAN KLINIS PADA MANAJEMEN INKONTINENSIA, 2ND ED. SINGAPURA: SOCIETY FOR CONTINENCE, 2001: GREY ML. . AM J NURS
003; KOCH T, INT J PRAKTIK KEPERAWATAN 2000; TAMAKI M, INT J UROL 2000: DOREY G. BUKU TEKS UNTUK FISIOTERAPIS, PERAWAT DAN DOKTER.
LONDON, INGGRIS: WHURR, 2001.
H A M P IR SE M UA P E N E L IT IA N ,M E N G O N FIR M A SIK A N
B A H W A P R E V A L E N SI M E N IN G K A T DE N G A N
B E R T A M B A H N Y A USIA
P rev alensi Di A ntara O rang T ua Y ang T inggal Di Institusi J uga L ebih T inggi
Daripada Di A ntara R ekan-rekan M ereka Y ang T inggal Di K omunitas.
HOLROYD-LEDUC JM, J AM GERIATR SOC 2004; THAKAR R. BR MED J 2000; DUBEAU CE.OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2000:FULTZ NH,
2001; ROE B, 2000; COOPER JW, 1997:SPECHT JP 2001
Studi tentang prev alensi menunjukkan bahw a UI tersebar luas di kalangan w anita
dari segala usia
Ini karena munculnya peningkatan prev alensi kelainan multipel dan disfungsi
organ pada lansia. P erubahan ini memiliki implikasi yang signifikan untuk
manajemen klinis.
THOMAS T. 1980;OUTLANDER J. 1990; MILOS I, 1993; HERZOG A, 1990;WHISHAW M.1998;27: WALL L, 1993.
Dalam salah satu studi perintis pertama yang dilakukan di A sia oleh T oba K ,
O uchi Y , dkk (1 9 9 6 )
P rev alensi dan faktor risiko UI dalam populasi yang lebih tua yang tinggal di
komunitas di J epang dinilai dengan data yang dikumpulkan dari kunjungan
rumah dengan tingkat respons 9 5 ,4 %
Faktor risiko adalah usia > 7 5 tahun, kesehatan umum buruk yang diukur dengan
aktiv itas hidup sehari-hari, stroke, demensia, tidak adanya partisipasi dalam
kegiatan sosial, dan kualitas hidup yang buruk
Studi epidemiologi multihospital (L ee J J . 2 0 0 5 ) yang bertujuan untuk
menjelaskan prev alensi dan karakteristik UI pada pasien raw at inap lansia di
seluruh J epang, semua pasien diev aluasi oleh dokter medis untuk parameter
berikut: usia, jenis kelamin, lamanya raw at inap, kegiatan hidup sehari-hari,
diagnosis medis, ada atau tidaknya UI, jenis UI, dan terapi untuk UI.
berikut:
• P e k e rja a n
• S o s ia l
• K e lu a rg a
• e k o n o m i,dan k e s e ja h te ra a n
fis ik .
BADAN KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN DAN PENELITIAN (AHCPR) INKONTINENSIA URIN DALAM PANEL PEMBARUAN PANDUAN ORANG DEWASA. MENGELOLA
INKONTINENSIA URIN AKUT DAN KRONIS: PEDOMAN PRAKTIK KLINIS, PANDUAN REFERENSI CEPAT UNTUK DOKTER. AM FAM TABIB 1996
DEFINISI OPERASIONAL DAMPAK UI TERHADAP HIDUP SOSIAL
Untuk mengukur tingkat penderitaan (masalah fungsional), definisi operasional
dampak sosial dikembangkan dengan menggunakan kriteria dikotomis (ya/tidak)
berikut:
BADAN KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN DAN PENELITIAN (AHCPR) INKONTINENSIA URIN DALAM PANEL PEMBARUAN PANDUAN ORANG DEWASA. MENGELOLA
INKONTINENSIA URIN AKUT DAN KRONIS: PEDOMAN PRAKTIK KLINIS, PANDUAN REFERENSI CEPAT UNTUK DOKTER. AM FAM TABIB 1996
Secara umum diasumsikan bahw a orang lanjut
usia yang mengeluh UI cukup berat mengalami
lebih banyak dampak pada kehidupan sosial.
T A M P A K N Y A T IN G K A T K E P A R A H A N UI
B UK A N M E R UP A K A N FA K T O R P E N T IN G DA L A M
M E N E N T UK A N DA M P A K P A DA K E H IDUP A N SO SIA L
L A N SIA .
P enyesuaian, pembiasaan, perbandingan sosial, dan L ansia dengan
inkontinensia sedang hingga berat
CHOO MS, Ku JH, Oh SJ. PrEVA LENSI INKONTINENSIA URIN PADA WANITA KOREA: SEBUAH SURVEI EPIDEMIOLOGI. INT UROGYNECOL J 2007
Urge dan campuran memiliki dampak yang lebih besar daripada
stres pada tugas sehari-hari, kehidupan sosial, depresi atau
kecemasan , khaw atir tentang , kehidupan seks, memakai
perlindungan, dan kualitas hidup
•1 9 ,1 % (stres)
•2 0 ,0 % (urge),
•2 5 ,8 % (campuran)
CHOO MS, Ku JH, Oh SJ. PrEVA LENSI INKONTINENSIA URIN PADA WANITA KOREA: SEBUAH SURVEI EPIDEMIOLOGI. INT UROGYNECOL J 2007
• T ingkat prev alensi UI adalah
SH AK H AT R E H FMN. EPIDE M I O L O GI I NK O NT INE NSI A U R I N PADA WANI T A YO R DANI A. SAU DI M E D J 2 005 ; 2 6: 830 –835 .
Studi A P C A B dilakukan di Filipina, Singapura, M alaysia,
T hailand, dan Indonesia, yang kemudian diperluas ke 1 1
negara untuk menentukan besarnya UI di w ilayah tersebut.
LIU B, WANG L, HUANG SS, WU Q, WU DL. Prevalensi dan factO R RISIKO INKONTINENSIA URIN DI KALANGAN WANITA CINA DI SHANGHAI. INT J CLIN EXP
MED 2014
Faktor risiko UI adalah:
• penuaan
• kurangnya P endidikan
• lingkungan hidup pedesaan yang buruk
• tenaga kerja manual yang intens
• tidak adanya latihan fisik
• hiperlipemia, diabetes
• N okturia
• konsumsi makanan berminyak
• P erceraian
• nyeri panggul kronis
• prolaps organ panggul
• ISK sering
• partus per v aginam
LIU B, WANG L, HUANG SS, WU Q, WU DL. Prevalensi dan factO R RISIKO INKONTINENSIA URIN DI KALANGAN WANITA CINA DI SHANGHAI. INT J CLIN EXP
MED 2014
DISKUSI
P rev alensi:
Faktor tersebut mungkin terkait dengan paritas, dengan mereka yang termasuk
dalam golongan berpenghasilan rendah memiliki paritas yang lebih tinggi.
angka tinggi ini mungkin disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa survei ini
berbasis institusi dan populasi yang disurvei mungkin adalah mereka yang termotivasi
untuk mencari konsultasi medis untuk penyakit apa pun.
B U R G I O K L , J Urol 1991; BA Y A R C K . U R O L O G I 1 9 9 8 ; S H E R S H A N S , A N S A R I RL. J Pak Med Assoc 1989; Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith ARB, WarR E L L DW. BR J OBSTET
GYNAECOL 1990; SNOOKS SJ LANSET 1984; ELDABAWI A, YALLA SV, RESNICK NM. JUROL 1993
KESIMPULAN
Voiding phase
• Bladder contractility
• Low resistance bladder outlet
• Appropriate and socially circumstances
Urgency
Increased frequency
Nocturia Incontinence
Reduced intervoid interval
Frequency
Nocturia
UROLOGY 61: 37– 49, 2003
Int Urogynecol J (2010) 21:5–26
ICS Terminology
Urgency
• Complain of sudden compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to
defer
Frequency/Pollakisuria
• micturition occurs more often during waking hours (> 8 times/day)
Nocturia
• Complaint of interrupted sleep one or more times because the need to
void, preceded and followed by sleep
Incontinence
• Involuntary urine leakage
ICS factsheets, 2015
UROLOGY 61: 37– 49, 2003
Int Urogynecol J (2010) 21:5–26
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Storage/Filling Voiding Post Micturition
• Slow stream
• Intermittency
• Frequency
• Hesitancy • Post micturition dribbling
• Nocturia
• Straining • Feeling of incomplete
• Urgency
• Splitting/spraying emptying
• Urinary incontinence
• Terminal dribbling
• History taking
Initial diagnostic
• Urinalysis
• Urine culture
• Post void residual
Additional diagnostic
• Bladder diary
• Questionnaire
• Urodynamics
Refractory cases • Ultrasound
• Cystoscopy
Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment 2019
Algorithm
Unclear Urine culture, post void
History, PE, Urinalysis Not OAB or complicated
residual, bladder diary and/or
OAB; treat or refer
questionnaire
Patient education
Sign and symptoms of
Treatment options
OAB
Treatment goal
Current medication
• Diuretics
• Alpha blockers
Previous surgery
• Transurethral surgeries
• Colposuspention
• Midurethral slings
History Taking
Physical Examination
• General (abdominal mass or full bladder)
• Gynecological (pelvic organ prolapse, sign of incontinence (cough))
• Neurological (gait, sensory or motoric evaluation, mental status)
• Urological (DRE, external genitalia)
Laboratory tests
• HbA1C
• Creatinine level
• Urinalysis
• Urine culture
Differential Diagnosis
1. UTI 8. Urethral stricture
2. Bladder stone 9. Pelvic organ prolapse
3. Bladder tumor 10. Interstitial cystitis
4. Polyuria 11. Constipation
5. Neurogenic bladder 12. DM
6. Benign prostate enlargement
7. Prostate cancer
Questionnaire
4 questions
Self assessment tool
Differentiate from other LUTS
Originate from Japan
Validated in Indonesian
Bladder Diary
Time and volume each void and fluid intake, pad usage,
incontinence episode, degree of urgency
Additional Imaging
Uroflowmetry
Ultrasound (Kidney/Bladder)
Stone
Tumor
Anatomical abnormalities
Additional Imaging
Cystoscopy
Stone/Tumor/BPE
BNS/Urethral stricture
Filling phase
Voiding phase
Management
Treatment goal
• Inhibiting bladder contractility
• Reduced sensory input
• Increasing bladder capacity
Urgency
Urgency
incontinence
Frequent
Nocturia
voiding
Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M,, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation of the ICS. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49
Epidemiologi OAB
Eapen RS, Radomski SB. Review of the epidemiology of overactive bladder. Research and reports in urology. 2016;8:71.
Epidemiologi OAB di Indonesia
Penelitian epidemiologi terakhir di Indonesia dipublikasikan pada tahun 2014 oleh Sumardi et al.
■ Melibatkan enam rumah sakit pendidikan yaitu: Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya,
Makassar, dan Medan.
■ Dari total 2.765 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, didapatkan prevalensi total IU
sebesar 13%, terdiri dari :
– OAB basah 4,1 %
– IU tekanan 4,0 %
– OAB kering 1,8 %
– IU campuran 1,6 %
– IU luapan 0,4 %
– Enuresis 0,4 %
– IU urin tipe lain 0,7 %
Rahardjo HE. Panduan tatalaksana inkontinensia urin pada dewasa Edisi Kedua. Perkumpulan Kontinensia Indonesia. 2018.
Sumardi R, Mochtar CA, Junizaf J, Santoso BI, Setiati S, Nuhonni SA, Trihono PP, Rahardjo HE, Syahputra FA. Prevalence of urinary incontinence, risk factors and its impact: multivariate analysis from
Indonesian nationwide survey. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2016 May 16;46(3).
Prevalensi IU secara signifikan (p<0,001)
didapatkan lebih tinggi pada populasi usia
lanjut (22,2%), dibandingkan dengan orang
dewasa (12,0%), dan anak (6,8%).
SOSIAL
PENURUNAN
KUALITAS HIDUP
AKTIVITAS FISIK,
SEKSUAL
KURANG TIDUR
Partin AW, Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, Dmochowski RR. Campbell Walsh Wein Urology, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020 Jan 21.
Diagnosis
• Onset
Anamnesis • Urinary pattern (storage & voiding symptoms)
• Medical History
• Amount of urine
Voiding Diary • Amount of fluid intake
• Urgency or pain before voiding
Supporting • Laboratory
• Bladder/renal US, cystoscopy, other imaging
Examination • Urodynamics
Corcos J, Ginsberg D, Karsenty G. Textbook of Neurogenic Bladder. 3 ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2016.
Goetz LL, Klausner AP, Cardenas DD. Bladder dysfunction. In: Cifu DX, Kaelin DL, Kowalske KJ, Lew HL, Miller MA Ragnarsson KT, editors. Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. 5th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016. p. 427-447.
Terapi Non-Farmakologi pada OAB
Canadian Urological Association Guideline
2017
• Semua terapi pada pasien OAB dimulai dari edukasi pasien,
terapi perilaku, dan modifikasi gaya hidup.
Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal.
2017 May;11(5):E142.
Diagnosis & Treatment Algorithm: American Urological Association
(AUA)/Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine, & Urogenital
Reconstruction (SUFU) Guideline 2019 on Non-Neurogenic Overactive
Bladder in Adults
Consider urine culture,
History and Physical; Urinalysis postvoid residual, voiding
diary, symptoms
questionnaires
Patient Education Follow-up for efficacy
and adverse events
Pharmacologic Management
Edukasi Pasien
Bladder Training
Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017 May;11(5):E142.
Modifikasi Gaya Hidup
Modifikasi diet
•Bryant et al, 2002 à Mengurangi konsumsi kafein,
minuman beralkohol dan aspartame dalam diet
mampu mengurangi gejala urgensi sebanyak 60% (tapi
tidak dengan gejala inkontinensia). (Level of evidence
1b, Grade B).
F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017 May;11(5):E142.
Modifikasi Gaya Hidup
Berhenti merokok
•Iritasi pada muskulus detrusor yang disebabkan oleh
paparan nikotin meningkatkan aktivitas bladder dan
gejala OAB.
F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017 May;11(5):E142.
Penurunan Berat Badan dan OAB
Yazdany, Tajnoos, et al. "American Urogynecologic Society Systematic Review: The Impact of Weight Loss Intervention on Lower Urinary Tract
Symptoms and Urinary Incontinence in Overweight and Obese Women." Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 26.1 (2020): 16-29.
Penurunan Berat Badan dan OAB
Miller, Janis M., et al. "Does instruction to eliminate coffee, tea, alcohol, carbonated, and artificially sweetened beverages
improve lower urinary tract symptoms: a prospective trial." Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing: official
publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society/WOCN 43.1 (2016): 69.
Modifikasi Diet terhadap Peningkatan Gejala Saluran Kemih Bawah
Bladder Training
Biofeedback
Rahardjo HE. Panduan Tatalaksana Inkontinensia Urin pada Dewasa Edisi Kedua. Perkumpulan Kontinensia Indonesia. 2018.
Prompted Voiding & Bladder Training (BT)
■ Prompted Voiding: keputusan untuk berkemih ditentukan oleh orang lain dalam hal ini
care giver. Dapat diterapkan pada kondisi orang yang membutuhkan pengasuhan.
■ Bladder training: Sebuah program edukasi kepada pasien megenai berkemih terjadwal
dan penyesuaian jarak berkemih secara bertahap.
■ Lee et al., 2013 à Program bladder training yang sistematis mampu secara efektif
memperbaiki gejala OAB dan kualitas hidup pasien dengan OAB idiopatik.
■ EAU Guideline 2020 à 3 systematic reviews (NICE, 2013; Imamura et al., 2010;
Shamliyan et al., 2012) mengenai efek bladder training à terapi UUI dengan BT
lebih efektif dibandingkan grup tanpa terapi dalam meringankan gejala UUI.
F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
Lee HE, Cho SY, Lee S, Kim M, Oh SJ. Short-term effects of a systematized bladder training program for idiopathic overactive bladder: a prospective study. International neurourology journal. 2013
Mar;17(1):11.
Bladder Diary
Latihan Otot Dasar Panggul
• Latihan otot dasar panggul (Pelvic Floor Muscle Training = PFMT), digunakan untuk
meningkatkan fungsi dasar panggul dan stabilitas urethra.
• Peningkatan fungsi dasar panggul diharapkan mampu menghalangi keluarnya urin karena
kontraksi kandung kemih pada OAB.
• Canadian Urological Association, 2017 à PFMT meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dan
menurunkan gejala OAB.
F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017 May;11(5):E142.
Asesmen Otot Dasar Panggul
OXFORD SCALE
■ Asesmen otot dasar panggul
– Vaginal/ Rectal Palpation
– Surface/ Pressure biofeedback/
Manometri
– Ultrasound
• 10 kali repetisi dengan kontraksi
fase cepat dan lambat.
Fitz F, Sartori M, Girão MJ, Castro R. Pelvic floor muscle training for
overactive bladder symptoms–A prospective study. Revista da
Associação Médica Brasileira. 2017 Dec;63(12):1032-8.
Latihan Otot Dasar Panggul dan OAB
Fitz F, Sartori M, Girão MJ, Castro R. Pelvic floor muscle training for
overactive bladder symptoms–A prospective study. Revista da
Associação Médica Brasileira. 2017 Dec;63(12):1032-8.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback berguna untuk mendukung
modifikasi pola berkemih :
■ Salah satu tujuan biofeedback
adalah untuk mengubah respons
fisiologis detrusor dan otot dasar
panggul
■ Pasien belajar mengontrol kandung
kemih, sfingter, otot dasar panggul,
dan tekanan intraabdominal dengan
merespons sinyal visual atau
pendengaran yang dihasilkan
melalui aktivitas proses fisiologis
internal.
■ 10 kali repetisi dengan kontraksi
Fase Lambat Fase Cepat fase cepat dan lambat.
■ Minimal Latihan sebanyak 3 set, 3
kali/hari selama 12 minggu.
Pannek J, Blok J, Castro-Diaz D, Del Popolo G, Kramer G, Radziszewski P, Reitz A, Stöhrer M, Wyndaele JJ. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2013.
Newman DK. Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation using biofeedback. Urologic Nursing. 2014:34(4),193-202.
Penambahan Biofeedback pada
Latihan Otot Dasar Panggul pada OAB
• Kesimpulan : Penambahan
biofeedback pada Latihan dasar otot
panggul dapat memberikan manfaat
pada pasien dengan OAB.
Efek Terapeutik Stimulasi Elektrik pada OAB
Meningkatkan kapasitas maksimum kandung
kemih
Janssen DA, Martens FM, de Wall LL, van Breda HM, Heesakkers JP. Clinical utility of neurostimulation devices in the treatment of overactive bladder: current perspectives. Medical Devices (Auckland, NZ).
2017;10:109.
F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
Kombinasi Terapi pada OAB
• Membandingkan efektivitas
kombinasi terapi pada wanita
dengan OAB idiopatik terhadap
kualitas hidup terkait gejala
inkontinensia. 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University,
Denizli, Turkey
2Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
• BT + BFAPFMT + ES (triple
combination) adalah pilihan
pengobatan paling efektif dalam
meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien.
Firinci S, Yildiz N, Alkan H, Aybek Z. Which combination is most effective in women with idiopathic overactive
bladder, including bladder training, biofeedback, and electrical stimulation? A prospective randomized controlled
trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2020 Nov;39(8):2498-508.
Kesimpulan
■ OAB adalah sindrom gejala multifaktorial yang kompleks dan berdampak besar
pada kehidupan pasien.
■ Pendekatan pengobatan individual diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan efikasi,
dimulai dengan modifikasi gaya hidup dan terapi perilaku.
■ Kombinasi terapi lini pertama harus dipertembangkan sebelum beralih ke pilihan
terapi lini kedua.
■ Terapi perilaku dan perubahan gaya hidup dapat digabungkan dengan perawatan
OAB lainnya dan harus menjadi bagian dalam keseluruhan rencana pengobatan.
References
1. Singh KK, Tu J, John AT. Therapeutic approaches on neurogenic bladder : A comprehensive literature review. Interational J Phys Educ Sport
Heal. 2016;3(5):530–3.
2. Corcos J, Ginsberg D, Karsenty G. Textbook of Neurogenic Bladder. 3 ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2016.
3. Heesakkers J. Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract (LUT) Dysfunction. Workshop Chair: Helmut Madersbacher. W21: Basic Neurourology.
Barcelona: International Continence Society, 2013
4. Linsenmeyer TA. Neurogenic Bladder Following Spinal Cord Injury. In : Campagnolo DI, Kirshblum S, editors. Spinal Cord Medicine, 2nd ed.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011.
5. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M,, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation of the
ICS. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49
6. Corcos J, Ginsberg D, Karsenty G. Textbook of Neurogenic Bladder. 3 ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2016.
7. Eapen RS, Radomski SB. Review of the epidemiology of overactive bladder. Research and reports in urology. 2016;8:71.
8. Rahardjo HE. Panduan tatalaksana inkontinensia urin pada dewasa Edisi Kedua. Perkumpulan Kontinensia Indonesia. 2018.
9. Sumardi R, Mochtar CA, Junizaf J, Santoso BI, Setiati S, Nuhonni SA, Trihono PP, Rahardjo HE, Syahputra FA. Prevalence of urinary
incontinence, risk factors and its impact: multivariate analysis from Indonesian nationwide survey. Acta medica Indonesiana. 2016 May
16;46(3).
10. Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Irwin DE, Kopp ZS, Kelleher CJ, Milsom I. The impact of overactive bladder, incontinence and other lower urinary tract
symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, sexuality and emotional well-being in men and women: results from the EPIC study. BJU
international. 2008 Jun;101(11):1388-95.
11. Janssen DA, Martens FM, de Wall LL, van Breda HM, Heesakkers JP. Clinical utility of neurostimulation devices in the treatment of overactive
bladder: current perspectives. Medical Devices (Auckland, NZ). 2017;10:109.
References
12. Meng E, LIN WY, LEE WC, CHUANG YC. Pathophysiology of overactive bladder. LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. 2012 Mar;4:48-55.
13. Peyronnet B, Mironska E, Chapple C, Cardozo L, Oelke M, Dmochowski R, Amarenco G, Gamé X, Kirby R, Van Der Aa F, Cornu JN. A
comprehensive review of overactive bladder pathophysiology: on the way to tailored treatment. European urology. 2019 Jun 1;75(6):988-
1000.
14. Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L, Vasavada SP. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU
guideline amendment 2019. The Journal of urology. 2019 Sep;202(3):558-63.
15. Corcos J, Przydacz M, Campeau L, Witten J, Hickling D, Honeine C, Radomski SB, Stothers L, Wagg A. CUA guideline on adult overactive
bladder. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2017 May;11(5):E142.
16. F.C. Burkhard, J.L.H.R. Bosch, F. Cruz, G.E. Lemack, A.K. Nambiar, N. Thiruchelvam, A. Tubaro. EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in
Adults. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2020.
17. Lee HE, Cho SY, Lee S, Kim M, Oh SJ. Short-term effects of a systematized bladder training program for idiopathic overactive bladder: a
prospective study. International neurourology journal. 2013 Mar;17(1):11.
18. Fitz F, Sartori M, Girão MJ, Castro R. Pelvic floor muscle training for overactive bladder symptoms–A prospective study. Revista da
Associação Médica Brasileira. 2017 Dec;63(12):1032-8.
19. Pannek J, Blok J, Castro-Diaz D, Del Popolo G, Kramer G, Radziszewski P, Reitz A, Stöhrer M, Wyndaele JJ. Neurogenic lower urinary tract
dysfunction. European Association of urology. EAU Guidelines. 2013.
20. Newman DK. Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation using biofeedback. Urologic Nursing. 2014:34(4),193-202.
21. Feng XJ, Zhou Y, Wu JX. Therapeutic effects of electrical stimulation on overactive bladder: a meta-analysis. Springerplus. 2016 Dec
1;5(1):2032.
22. Firinci S, Yildiz N, Alkan H, Aybek Z. Which combination is most effective in women with idiopathic overactive bladder, including bladder
training, biofeedback, and electrical stimulation? A prospective randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2020
Nov;39(8):2498-508.
Terimakasih
Level of Evidence
Pharmacological treatment
and Surgery for OAB
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Patient
satisfaction
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Diskusikan pilihan tata laksana
Intervensi gaya hidup dan latihan fisik tmsk latihan otot dasar panggul
• Sarankan unt pemeriksaan fungsi saluran cerna, obat2an, penyakit penyerta, dan asupan cairan
• Sarankan untuk menurunkan berat badan
• Anjurkan penggunaan popok atau penampung lain bila diperlukan
• Anjurkan membuat jadwal berkemih untuk pasien lansia/pasien berkebutuhan khusus
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26/09/20 Gagal terapi2020
DM Soebadi konservatif dan obat 3
2020 Panduan Tatalaksana Inkontinensia Urine pada Dewasa 2018.
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS FOR OAB1,2
! !
Lifestyle management
strategies
UE
• Weight loss and exercise
• Dietary and fluid intake
TI N
changes
• Bowel regulation
O N
• Smoking cessation
• Bladder training
C
Image by Tumisu from Pixabay
Referensi :
DM SOEBADI 1. Leron E, et al. Overactive bladder syndrome: Evaluation and management. Curr Urol 2018;11(3):117-125
26/09/20 DM Soebadi 2020 4
2. Syan R, et al. Guideline of guidelines: Urinary incontinence. BJU Int 2016;117(1):20-33.
2020
AUA guidelines:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Neurogenic OAB in Adults
History and Physical; Signs and Symptoms Not OAB or complicated
Urinalysis of OAB OAB; treat or refer
Disclaimer
In Indonesia, combination therapy (β3-adrenergic receptor agonist plus antimuscarinic) for OAB, are off-label.
DM SOEBADI 1. 6
Lightner DJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019. J Urol 2019:101097ju0000000000000309
2020 2. Nambiar AK, et al. EAU guidelines on assessment and non-surgical management of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 2018;73(4):596-609.
EAU GUIDELINES :
MANAGEMENT OF FEMALE AND MALE URINARY INCONTINENCE
URGENCY URINARY
INCONTINENCE
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2020 EAU Guidelines on Assessment and Nonsurgical Management of Urinary Incontinence. EUR UROL 73 ( 2018 ) 59 6– 60 9
RECENT GUIDELINES ON OAB
ORGANISATION FOCUS OF GUIDELINES YEAR UPDATED
American Urological Association and the Society
Diagnosis and treatment of OAB (non-
of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and 2019
neurogenic) in adults
Urogenital Reconstruction1
Assessment and non-surgical
European Association of Urology2 2016
management of urinary incontinence
International Consultation on Incontinence3 Incontinence 2017
Canadian Urological Association4 Adult OAB 2017
Management of urinary incontinence and
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence5 2019
pelvic organ prolapse in women
1. Lightner DJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019. J Urol 2019:101097ju0000000000000309
2. Nambiar AK, et al. EAU guidelines on assessment and non-surgical management of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 2018;73(4):596-609
3. Abrams P, et al. 6th International Consultation on Incontinence. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal
incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2018;37(7):2271-2272
4. Corcos J, et al. CUA guideline on adult overactive bladder. Can Urol Assoc J 2017;11(5):E142-e173
5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE Guidance – Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: Management. BJU Int 2019;123(5):777-803.
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2020
Reasons for discontinuing OAB medications: a US experience
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2020 Adapted from 6TH International Consultation on Incontinence. p. 814-815. 2016
Terapi medikamentosa
1. Antimuskarinik
2. b3 Agonis
3. Estrogen
4. Desmopressin
5. Duloxetine
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PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR OAB
• β3 agonists1,2
o Latest class of pharmacotherapy for OAB.
o Mirabegron is the first-in-class β3 agonist
1. Leron E, et al. Overactive bladder syndrome: Evaluation and management. Curr Urol 2018;11(3):117-125
2. Park JJ, et al. The management of overactive bladder symptom complex. Prescriber 2019;30(1):19-25.
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ANTIMUSCARINICS & β3-AR TARGET TWO DISTINCT NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS
– +
Antimuscarinics Mirabegron
1. Igawa Y, et al. Beta3-adrenoceptor agonists: Possible role in the treatment of overactive bladder. Korean J Urol 2010; 51(12):811-818.
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1. Antimuskarinik
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Antimuskarinik
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Antimuskarinik
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Antimuskarinik
• Solifenacin (sediaan 5 mg dan 10 mg)
• Dosis yang direkomendasikan adalah 1 x 5 mg, dapat dinaikan menjadi 1 x 10 mg.
• Propiverine (sediaan 15 mg)
• Dosis yang direkomendasikan adalah 2x 15 mg, dapat dinaikkan menjadi 3x15 mg.
• Tolterodine (sediaan 2 mg dan 4 mg)
• Dosis yang direkomendasikan adalah 2 x 2 mg, atau dapat diberikan 1 x 4 mg.
• Fesoterodine (sediaan 4 mg dan 8 mg)
• Dosis yang direkomendasikan adalah 1 x 4 mg, dapat dinaikan menjadi 1 x 8 mg.
• Imidafenacin (sediaan 0,1 mg)
• Dosis yang direkomendasikan adalah 2 x 0,1 mg.
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2. b3 Agonis
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2. b3 Agonis
No Rekomendasi Tingkat
rekomendasi
1 Mirabegron lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan placebo dan sama Kuat
efektifnya dengan anti muskarinik untuk memperbaiki gejala IU
desakan (37,38, 39)
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4. Desmopressin
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4. Desmopressin
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5. Duloxetine
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5. Duloxetine
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5. Duloxetine
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BLADDER SELECTIVE PROFILE OF ANTI-MUSCARINICS
• Solifenacin has been confirmed to be a useful drug that shows statistically significant efficacy against all symptoms of
OAB, including urgency, with good tolerability, based on the high bladder selectivity and suppression of afferent pathways
with solifenacin1.
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26/09/20 1. Ohtake.A, et al, J Pharmacol Sci, 112, 135 –27
141 (2010)
2020
EFFICACY of ANTIMUSCARINICS
Variation in efficacy and safety of currently available antimuscarinic agents
Tolerability Adverse
(withdrawal) (dry mouth) Efficacy
Oxybutinin IR + - +
Oxybutinin ER - + ++
Tolterodine IR ++ ++ +
Tolterodine ER +++ ++ ++
Solifenacin +++ ++ +++
Darifenacin +++ ++ ++
Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline
Mirabegron
β3-AR
Muscarinic receptors
References:
1. Nitti VW, Auerbach S, Martin N, et al. Results of a randomized phase III trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol 2013;189:1388-95.
DM SOEBADI 2. Khullar V, Amarenco G, Angulo JC, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron, a β(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder: results from a randomised European-Australian
26/09/20
2020 phase 3 trial. Eur Urol 2013;63:283-295.
SAFETY, EFFICACY AND PERSISTENCE OF MIRABEGRON
FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER IN THREE-YEAR
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MCIC : minimal clinically important change
Kato et al. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. 2019;11:0152–0161
2020
MIRABEGRON IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT
Conclusions: Treatment with mirabegron for 12 weeks did not contribute to drug-related cognitive
side effects in patients aged ≥65 years, as measured by the MoCA. Furthermore, the pattern of
change in cognition over time in an older OAB trial population does not appear to differ from that of
subjects receiving placebo.
MoCA : Montreal Cognitive Assessment
DM SOEBADI Griebling TL,et al.BMC Geriatrics332020;20:109
2020
Beta-3 agonist – caution with blood pressure?
Dry mouth
ü Mirabegron 50 mg had similar risk
to placebo.
ü Mirabegron 50 mg had
significantly lower risk versus
antimuscarinics except
oxybutynin IR 5 mg. Adapted from: Kelleher C, et al. Eur Urol 2018;74(3):324-333.
1. Yeowell G, et al. Real-world persistence and adherence to oral antimuscarinics and mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder (OAB): A systematic literature review. BMJ Open 2018;8(11):e021889
2. Nazir J, et al. A retrospective study of treatment persistence and adherence to mirabegron versus antimuscarinics, for the treatment of overactive bladder in Spain. BMC Urol 2018;18(1):76
3. Wagg AS, et al. Persistence and adherence with mirabegron vs antimuscarinics in overactive bladder: Retrospective analysis of a UK General Practice prescription database. Int J Clin Pract 2017;71(10)
4. Kato D, et al. Persistence and adherence to overactive bladder medications in Japan: A large nationwide real-world analysis. Int J Urol 2017;24(10):757-764
5. Chapple CR, et al. Persistence and adherence with mirabegron versus antimuscarinic agents in patients with overactive bladder: A retrospective observational study in UK clinical practice. Eur Urol 2017;72(3):389-399.
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Effectiveness of antimuscarinics and a beta-3 adrenoceptor
agonist in patients with overactive bladder in a real-world setting
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Drugs effects & OAB
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Interventional / Specialistic treatment
1. Bulking agent injection
2. Botulinum toxin injection
3. Sacral Neuro Modulation
4. Surgery:
1. Repair POP (Pelvic Organ Prolapse)
2. Sacrocolpopexy
3. Colporraphy
4. Colposuspension
5. Bladder augmentation
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Take home messages
• Pharmacological treatment of OAB is the mainstay of treatment –
combine with behavioral treatment
• Second-line treatment options: antimuscarinics & beta-3 agonists
• Careful with side effects – limiting long term use
• Future directions – tailored treatments and new agents
• Surgery rarely performed for OAB
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