Kontak Metasomatisme
Kontak Metasomatisme
Kontak Metasomatisme
Skarn
I. Definisi
Skarn dapat terbentuk selama metamorfisme kontak atau regional. Selain
itu juga dari berbagai macam proses metasomatisme yang melibatkan
fluida magmatik, metamorfik, meteorik, dan yang berasal dari laut. Skarn
dapat ditemukan di permukaan sampai pluton, di sepanjang sesar dan
shear zone, di sistem geotermal dangkal, pada dasar lantai samudra
maupun pada kerak bagian bawah yang tertutup oleh dataran hasil
metamorfisme burial dalam. Skarn dibagi menjadi endoskarn dan
eksoskarn dengan didasarkan pada jenis kandungan protolit.
II. Mineralogi
Secara umum, Kuarsa dan kalsit selalu hadir dalam semua jenis skarn.
Sedangkan mineral lain hanya hadir pada jenis skarn tertentu seperti talk,
serpentine, dan brusit yang hadir hanya pada skarn tipe magnesian.
III. Evolusi skarn
Formasi dari skarn deposit merupakan hasil dari proses yang dinamis.
Pada sebagian besar skarn deposit, terdapat beberapa transisi dari
metamorfisme distal yang menghasilkan hornfels dan skarnoid ke
metamorfisme proximal yang menghasilkan skarn yang mengandung bijih
berukuran relatif kasar. Selama gradien suhu yang tinggi dan sirkulasi
fluida skala besar akibat intrusi magma, metamorfisme kontak dapat
menjadi lebih kompleks dibandingkan model rekristalisasi isokimia yang
menyusun metamorfisme regional. Semakin kompleks fluida
Skarn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hand sample of skarn containingserpentinite from the edge of the Alta Stock,Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
Skarn is an old Swedish mining term originally used to describe a type of silicate gangue, or waste rock,
associated with iron-ore bearing sulfide deposits apparently replacing Palaeoproterozoic age limestones in
Sweden's Persberg mining district.[1] In modern usage the term "skarn" has been expanded to refer to calciumbearing silicates of any age. In America the term "tactite" is often used synonymously with skarn.
Skarns and tactites are most often formed at the contact zone between intrusions of granitic magma bodies into
contact with carbonatesedimentary rocks such as limestone and dolostone. Hot waters derived from the
granitic magma are rich in silica, iron, aluminium, and magnesium. These fluids mix in the contact zone,
dissolve calcium-rich carbonate rocks, and convert the host carbonate rock to skarn deposits in
a metamorphic process known as "metasomatism". The resulting metamorphic rock may consist of a very wide
variety of mineral assemblages dependent largely on the original composition of the magmatic fluids and the
purity of the carbonate sedimentary rocks.
Skarns are sometimes associated with mineable accumulations of metallic ores of iron, copper, zinc, lead, gold,
and several others. In such cases these deposits are called "skarn deposits".
Contents
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[edit]Petrology
and types
Skarns are in their broadest sense formed by mass and chemical transport and reactions between adjacent
lithologies. They need not beigneous in origin; two adjacent sedimentary layers such as a banded iron
formation and a limestone may react to exchange metals and fluids during metamorphism, creating a skarn.
However, the widest use of the word is in describing the metasomatised zones of wall rock adjacent to granites.
Skarns which are created by reaction between metamorphic-sedimentary layers are also known as chemical
skarns or skarnoids. Skarns must also be distinguished from calc-silicate hornfels, usually by field relationships.
Skarns of igneous origin are classified as exoskarns or endoskarns. Exoskarns occur at and outside the granite
which produced them, and are alterations of wall rocks. Endoskarns, including greisens, form within the granite
mass itself, usually late in the intrusive emplacement and consist of cross-cutting stockworks, cooling joints and
around the margins and uppermost sections of the granite itself.
Typical skarn minerals include pyroxene, garnet, idocrase, wollastonite, actinolite, magnetite or hematite,
and epidote. Because skarns are formed from incompatible-element rich, siliceous aqueous fluids a variety of
uncommon mineral types are found in the skarn environment, such
as: tourmaline, topaz, beryl, corundum, fluorite, apatite, barite, strontianite,tantalite, anglesite, and others.
Often, feldspathoids and rare calc-silicates such as scapolite are found in more marginal areas.
[edit]Formation
Skarns are a class of calc-silicate rocks and are intimately associated with granite intrusions, usually of
sedimentary-metamorphic origin (S-type). Skarns are rarely seen with other types of granites, because of the
fluid chemistry and crystallization behaviour of M-type (mantle origin) and I-type (igneous-metamorphic origin)
granites. S-type granites are more prone to generating late-stage fluid rich in silica, incompatible elements
and halides because they are generally more potassic, oxidised and hydrous.
Exoskarns are formed when fluids left over from the crystallisation of the granite are ejected from the mass at
the waning stages of emplacement. When these fluids come into contact with reactive rocks, usually
carbonates such as limestone or dolostone, the fluids react with them, producing alteration (metasomatism).
Because these fluids carry dissolved silica, iron, metals, halides and sulfur, the resulting rock is usually a highly
complex combination of calcium, magnesium and carbonate rich minerals.
Uncommon types of skarns are formed in contact with sulfidic or carbonaceous rocks such as black
shales, graphite shales, banded iron formations and, occasionally, salt orevaporites. Here, fluids react less via
chemical exchange of ions, but because of the redox-oxidation potential of the wall rocks.
Endoskarns are rarer, generally because the fluids created by a granite are usually formed in equilibrium with
the minerals of the granite. Endoskarns seem to form in granites which lose earlier, more dilute hydrous fluids,
thereby creating a less dilute last spurt of exsolved fluids. Boiling of the exsolved fluid is also considered
important, as this creates a highly saline, incompatible-element-rich fluid phase and a highly volatile gas phase.