Wasp nest

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1mo
Robin's pincushion (caused by the gall wasp Dipoloepsis rosae), Mullaghmore, August 2015.
Oak marble gall, caused by the wasp Andricus kollari, Garryland, July 2017.
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Oak gall is the name for large round growths found on oak trees. Oak apples range in size from 2–5 cm in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp. Oak galls have been used to produce ink since the Roman Empire. From the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, iron gall ink was the main medium used for writing in the western world.
Silk button spangle galls, caused by the cynipid wasp Neuroterus numismalis, Mooghaun, on oak, September 2019.
Old galls of the Round Gall Wasp (Besbicus conspicuus, Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) on Scrub Oak (Quercus berberidifolia, Fagaceae) - with exit holes
A gallery of galls, the strange holes and growths on plants caused by parasites