Management and Accounting

The objective of the current research is to examine and assess the relationship between the effective advertisement parameters (Presenting the advertisement' supplying the consumers' needs and research in advertisement market) with consumers' satisfaction of advertising Firms. This research is operational regarding the objective and is of descriptive-survey regarding data collection. The statistical population includes the customers of producing companies, utility services, organizations and private and public institutions using the services of advertising Firms in Gorgan. And its sample volume is 385 people with regard to sampling formula from unlimited communities. Cronbach's test durability is confirmed to be 88 percent. To test the hypotheses of the research, KS normality test, Pearson's correlation test, multi-variable regression and one-sample T test have been used. The research Findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between effective advertisement parameters and consumers' satisfaction and that the advertising Firms have performed successfully in supplying the consumers' needs and presenting advertisement and have been able to be appealing to them. Based on this the First two hypotheses were confirmed and the third hypo thesis, based on the relationship between research in advertisement market and consumers' satisfaction, was turned down.

Nowadays, managers are faced with new words and vague in the management literature.. Explanation of these words can be useful in understanding and utilization of these issues may be beneficial to survive and remain in the competition arena. Well as strategic management literature is composed of many factors, including: Strategic thinking, strategic planning and strategy and etc. There are different components of strategic management that cannot be considered a synonym or alternative each other. this article the first a detailed description and explanation of strategic thinking, The basic elements and how effective they have assessed and then to vital determine the role of strategic thinking and strategic planning will require clarifying these two matters. Secondly, introduce a framework of strategic management which encompasses strategic thinking and strategic planning. Thirdly: Introduce the main components of strategic thinking. And Fourthly: Introduce the challenges and barriers to achieving managers to the strategic thinking of put on the agenda.

پژوهش حاضر به بررسی رابطه تعهد سازمانی و رفتار شهروندی سازمانی در اداره کل ورزش و جوانان استان گلستان می پردازد. روش تحقيق از نظر هدف كاربردي و از نظر روش، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی مي باشد. جامعه آماری آن 250 نفر می باشد که بر اساس جدول مورگان حجم نمونه 152 نفری استخراج گردید. ابزار گردآوري داده ها دو پرسشنامه استاندارد ( تعهد سازمانی الن و مایر، و رفتار شهروندی سازمانی، اورگان) بوده ؛ که روایی آنها با روش محتوایی و جلب نظر نخبگان دانشگاهی رشته مدیریت و نخبگان سازمانی و  پايايي آنها با آلفای کرونباخ 0.816 و 0.903 مورد تائید قرار گرفت. نتايج حاکی از آن است كه بين مولفه های متغیر  تعهد سازمانی (عاطفی، مستمر و هنجاری)  با  متغیر رفتار شهروندی سازمانی رابطه مستقیم و معنا داری وجود دارد.

With increasing competition and emerging phenomena such as global markets, domestic industries of each country should increase their competitive advantage to stay in the arena. Consumer marketing is one of very effective strategic tools in the field. In this type of marketing, brands are often starting point of differentiation between competitive offers, such that have a crucial impact in success of organizations. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of marketing mix elements on special brand value in airline and travel agencies of Tehran. The present study is applicable objectively and in terms of method of data collection and analysis, it is a descriptive and correlation. Due to infinity of the population (customers of 143 travel agencies), there was used simple stratified sampling method and Kerjsi-Morgan Table and there were selected a sample size with 384 persons. It was collected using questionnaire data tools from the sample size. The research results suggest that marketing mix factors have affected variable of brand value and its components other than price on special brand value, price promotions on brand awareness and brand value.

The importance of entrepreneurship and citizenship behavior is obvious. To achieve development, organizations should pave the way for development of these two items in their human resources. These two factors in development of economic and social issues are the cheapest tools with the highest efficiency. In order to discuss the importance of organizational culture for the growth of these two concepts, culture plays the role of mother womb for fetus growth (entrepreneurship and citizenship behavior). The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between organizational culture with entrepreneurship and organizational citizenship behavior in Telecommunication Company of Golestan province. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. The study population is 400; its 200 people sample is extracted by simple random sampling method. In statistical analysis, Cronbach's alpha, Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Spearman correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon test are used. The results show that there is a direct and significant association between organizational culture and entrepreneurship and organizational citizenship behavior. Keyword: organizational culture, entrepreneurship, citizenship behavior Introduction Today, entrepreneurs are considered as one of the development tools. Also, based on rapid increase of new competitors and distrust to traditional management methods in companies, entrepreneurship in organizations is felt. The economic condition of country and population composition of today can make us requiring pioneer grounds in economic field and the model, models and suitable solutions are required for education and optimal use of active force and entrepreneurs. Thus, dynamic and pioneer organizations are required to detect and develop creative people and entrepreneurs as managements need these tools to achieve them. One of the suitable tools for entrepreneurship development is supportive entrepreneur culture. The relationship between entrepreneurship and culture is discussed from two aspects: On one hand, entrepreneurship results affect the community and on the other hand, the entrepreneurship process and underlying culture are based on community culture basics and can create basic changes in it. Based on the role of entrepreneurship in full development in industrial and advanced countries, developing countries should create entrepreneur organizations and companies and it is not possible except we consider the role and importance of culture, growth factors or entrepreneurship culture barriers. Innovation speed is increased as we cannot have a fixed view to changes and innovations and what is considered as competitive advantage against other competitors by organizations is imitated by others rapidly (Akinlolu & Rafiu, 2011).

اهمیت مقوله رفتار شهروندی امروزه امری روشن است. سازمانها برای طی کردن مسیر توسعه باید بسترهای لازم را برای گسترش این پدیده در منابع انسانی اهتمام بیشتر داشته باشند؛ چراکه در توسعه مسائل اقتصادی و اجتماعی سازمان از ارزانترین ابزارها با بهترین نتیجه و بیشترین کارایی  هستند و فرهنگ سازمانی برای رشد این بعد از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه بین فرهنگ سازمانی با رفتار شهروندی سازمانی در شرکت مخابرات استان گلستان می باشد. تحقیق از نظر نوع هدف کاربردی و نوع روش کار، توصیفی- همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش 400 نفر بوده که نمونه 200 نفری از آن با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استخراج شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها دو پرسشنامه استاندارد( فرهنگ سازمانی کامرون و کویین و رفتار شهروندی، اورگان) بوده؛ که روایی آنها با روش محتوایی و  پايايي آنها با آلفای کرونباخ 0.876 و 0.903  و 0،84 مورد تائید قرار گرفت. در تجزیه و تحلیل آماری نیز از آزمونهای کلموگروف- اسمیرنوف، ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن و آزمون ویلکاکسون استفاده شد. نتايج بيانگر اين است كه بين مولفه های فرهنگ سازمانی با رفتار شهروندی سازمانی رابطه مستقیم و معنا داری وجود دارد.

This research is aimed at designing and prioritizing human resource strategies in Iranian Gas Transmission Company. Library method, questionnaires, focus group meetings, SWOT analysis, and quantitative planning matrix are used for data collection and data analysis. Based on the findings of the study, the planning of recruitment based on meritocracy, reinforcing career path plans, developing human resource, focusing on training apprenticeships, designing dynamic systems for assessing occupational performance, applying a policy of compensating for services according to the country's economic environment, and promoting ergonomics and occupational safety, are found out as prior strategies for the official employees of the company. Improvement and promotion of meritocratic  attraction system, planning of occupations and providing job descriptions, designing the system of compensation of services in accordance with performance evaluation, designing and improving feedback systems for employees performance, development and promotion of virtual space in company’s working processes are prior strategies for nonofficial employees. The results indicate that conservative strategies are the preferred option for interference in both the official and nonofficial employment fields.

Current methods for measurement of antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria are highly reliant on microbial culture, which is time consuming (requires > 16 hours), especially at near minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of the antibiotic. We present the use of single-cell electrophysiology-based microbiological analysis for rapid phenotypic identification of antibiotic susceptibility at near-MIC levels, without the need for microbial culture. () is the single most common cause of antibiotic-induced enteric infection and disease recurrence is common after antibiotic treatments to suppress the pathogen. Herein, we show that de-activation of after MIC-level vancomycin treatment, as validated by microbiological growth assays, can be ascertained rapidly by measuring alterations to the microbial cytoplasmic conductivity that is gauged by the level of positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) and the frequency spectra for co-field electro-rotation (ROT). Furthermore, this singl...

Nowadays, the world's scientific community has been publishing an enormous number of papers in different scientific fields. In such environment, it is essential to know which databases are equally efficient and objective for literature searches. It seems that two most extensive databases are Web of Science and Scopus. Besides searching the literature, these two databases used to rank journals in terms of their productivity and the total citations received to indicate the journals impact, prestige or influence. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive comparison of these databases to answer frequent questions which researchers ask, such as: How Web of Science and Scopus are different? In which aspects these two databases are similar? Or, if the researchers are forced to choose one of them, which one should they prefer? For answering these questions, these two databases will be compared based on their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

Journal impact factor (IF) as a gauge of influence and impact of a particular journal comparing with other journals in the same area of research, reports the mean number of citations to the published articles in particular journal. Although, IF attracts more attention and being used more frequently than other measures, it has been subjected to criticisms, which overcome the advantages of IF. Critically, extensive use of IF may result in destroying editorial and researchers' behaviour, which could compromise the quality of scientific articles. Therefore, it is the time of the timeliness and importance of a new invention of journal ranking techniques beyond the journal impact factor.

h-index retrieved by citation indexes (Scopus, Google scholar, and Web of Science) is used to measure the scientific performance and the research impact studies based on the number of publications and citations of a scientist. It also is easily available and may be used for performance measures of scientists, and for recruitment decisions. The aim of this study is to investigate the difference between the outputs and results from these three citation databases namely Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science based upon the h-index of a group of highly cited researchers (Nobel Prize winner scientist). The purposive sampling method was adopted to collect the required data. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the h-index between three citation indexes of Scopus, Google scholar, and Web of Science; the Google scholar h-index was more than the h-index in two other databases. It was also concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between hindices based on Google scholar and Scopus. The citation indexes of Scopus, Google scholar, and Web of Science may be useful for evaluating h-index of scientists but they have some limitations as well.

This paper applies the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to examine the impact of trade openness, foreign direct investment liberalization, the decreasing role of the state, energy consumption and urbanization on per capita emission in countries at various stages of economic development and as a group. For this purpose, a dynamic panel estimation applying the Arellano-Bond's Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was conducted using the average of five-year observations from 1980-2009. The findings suggest that while trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are not expected to affect environmental quality, increasing role of the state has a negative and significant impact only in developed countries. Further, the results suggest that energy consumption has a significant impact on all countries regardless of their stage of development, while urbanization affects environmental quality only in the least developed countries.

This paper studies the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on economic growth in different countries and regions of the world. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between real GDP growth and ICT development (as measured by the ICT Development Index) for 153 countries over the world. This study also finds that ICT development in the upper-middle income group has a higher effect on economic growth than other countries. This implies that if these countries seek to enhance their economic growth, they need to implement specific policies that facilitate ICT development.

This paper studies the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use on economic growth in different countries and regions of the world. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between growth rate of real GDP per capita and ICT use index (as measured by the number of internet users, fixed broadband internet subscribers and the number of mobile subscription per 100 inhabitants) for 159 countries over the world. This study also finds that ICT use in the high income group has a higher effect on economic growth than other groups. This implies that if these countries seek to enhance their economic growth, they need to implement specific policies that facilitate ICT use.

This paper investigates the impact that human capital, information and communication technology (ICT) and foreign direct investment (FDI) have on GDP. Cross-sectional data from a set of 20 OECD and 24 non-OECD countries in 2007 are analysed employing data envelopment analysis (DEA) and classification and regression tree (CART) techniques. The paper illustrates that the level and quality of access to ICT infrastructures plays an important role in determining a country's level of technical efficiency. The paper also indicates the presence of a catch-up process, led by technological innovation, on the part of emerging countries.