Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia ... more Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropped with or without compost in an experimental field-scale rotation with no recent history of legumes, (2) to enumerate soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. viciae (Rlv), and to genetically characterize the nodulating Rlv strains, (3) compare BNF with other sites in Britain. Methods BNF was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 using 15 N natural abundance. Treatments were either PK fertilizer or compost. Soil rhizobial populations were determined using qPCR, the symbiotic rhizobia genotyped (16 S rRNA, nodA and nodD genes), and their BNF capacity assessed ex situ. The reliance of legumes on BNF at other British sites was estimated in a single season, and their nodulating symbionts examined. Results Faba bean obtained most of its N through BNF (>80%) regardless of variety or year. N-accumulation by cvs Babylon and Boxer increased with compost treatment in 2014/2015. Rhiz...
SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, ... more SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, yet the evolutionary history of nodulation remains the focus of considerable debate. Recent evidence suggesting a single origin of nodulation followed by massive parallel evolutionary losses raises questions about why a few lineages in the N2-fixing clade retained nodulation and diversified as stable nodulators while most did not. Within legumes, nodulation is restricted to the two most diverse subfamilies, Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae, which show stable retention of nodulation across their core clades.We characterize two nodule anatomy types across 128 species in 56 of the 150 genera of the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae: 1) fixation thread nodules (FTs), where nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are retained within the apoplast in modified infection threads and 2) symbiosomes, where rhizobia are symplastically internalized in the host cell cytoplasm within membrane-bound symbiosomes.U...
Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia ... more Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropped with or without compost in an experimental field-scale rotation with no recent history of legumes, (2) to enumerate soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. viciae (Rlv), and to genetically characterize the nodulating Rlv strains, (3) compare BNF with other sites in Britain. Methods BNF was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 using 15 N natural abundance. Treatments were either PK fertilizer or compost. Soil rhizobial populations were determined using qPCR, the symbiotic rhizobia genotyped (16 S rRNA, nodA and nodD genes), and their BNF capacity assessed ex situ. The reliance of legumes on BNF at other British sites was estimated in a single season, and their nodulating symbionts examined. Results Faba bean obtained most of its N through BNF (>80%) regardless of variety or year. N-accumulation by cvs Babylon and Boxer increased with compost treatment in 2014/2015. Rhiz...
SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, ... more SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, yet the evolutionary history of nodulation remains the focus of considerable debate. Recent evidence suggesting a single origin of nodulation followed by massive parallel evolutionary losses raises questions about why a few lineages in the N2-fixing clade retained nodulation and diversified as stable nodulators while most did not. Within legumes, nodulation is restricted to the two most diverse subfamilies, Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae, which show stable retention of nodulation across their core clades.We characterize two nodule anatomy types across 128 species in 56 of the 150 genera of the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae: 1) fixation thread nodules (FTs), where nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are retained within the apoplast in modified infection threads and 2) symbiosomes, where rhizobia are symplastically internalized in the host cell cytoplasm within membrane-bound symbiosomes.U...
Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N ... more Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N Natural Abundance Technique.
Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N ... more Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N Natural Abundance Technique.
The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes... more The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes how DNA is extracted from pure rhizobial cultures, and how the 16S rRNA gene is amplified from the DNA and then sequenced to allow for its identification by comparing it with sequences deposited in the Genbank database. The proper identification of rhizobia is essential if they are to be subject to further genetic and functional analyses, such as their performance at Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in symbiosis with compatible legumes. Identification at the generic level using 16S rRNA sequences is, however, only the first step in the full characterisation of rhizobial strains which will be necessary should they be selected as potential inoculants for commercial use. Therefore, this SOP also provides information about how other relevant genes (<em>recA</em>, <em>nodA</em>, <em>nodC</em>, <em>nifH</em>) can be amplified in order to provi...
The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes... more The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes how DNA is extracted from pure rhizobial cultures, and how the 16S rRNA gene is amplified from the DNA and then sequenced to allow for its identification by comparing it with sequences deposited in the Genbank database. The proper identification of rhizobia is essential if they are to be subject to further genetic and functional analyses, such as their performance at Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in symbiosis with compatible legumes. Identification at the generic level using 16S rRNA sequences is, however, only the first step in the full characterisation of rhizobial strains which will be necessary should they be selected as potential inoculants for commercial use. Therefore, this SOP also provides information about how other relevant genes (<em>recA</em>, <em>nodA</em>, <em>nodC</em>, <em>nifH</em>) can be amplified in order to provi...
Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden ... more Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden to the planet. Legumes, or pulses, are members of the large Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which comprise about 5% of all plant species. They are ancient crops whose popularity both for farmers and consumers has gone
Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden ... more Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden to the planet. Legumes, or pulses, are members of the large Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which comprise about 5% of all plant species. They are ancient crops whose popularity both for farmers and consumers has gone
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its to... more Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its tolerance to drought. It is grown by millions of resource-poor farmers in semiarid and tropical subregions of Asia and Africa and is a major contributor to their nutritional food security. Pigeon pea is the sixth most important legume in the world, with India contributing more than 70% of the total production and harbouring a wide variety of cultivars. Nevertheless, the low yield of pigeon pea grown under dry land conditions and its yield instability need to be improved. This may be done by enhancing crop nodulation and, hence, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by supplying effective symbiotic rhizobia through the application of “elite” inoculants. Therefore, the main aim in this study was the isolation and genomic analysis of effective rhizobial strains potentially adapted to drought conditions. Accordingly, pigeon pea endosymbionts were isolated from different soil types in Southern, Ce...
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its to... more Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its tolerance to drought. It is grown by millions of resource-poor farmers in semiarid and tropical subregions of Asia and Africa and is a major contributor to their nutritional food security. Pigeon pea is the sixth most important legume in the world, with India contributing more than 70% of the total production and harbouring a wide variety of cultivars. Nevertheless, the low yield of pigeon pea grown under dry land conditions and its yield instability need to be improved. This may be done by enhancing crop nodulation and, hence, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by supplying effective symbiotic rhizobia through the application of “elite” inoculants. Therefore, the main aim in this study was the isolation and genomic analysis of effective rhizobial strains potentially adapted to drought conditions. Accordingly, pigeon pea endosymbionts were isolated from different soil types in Southern, Ce...
Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia ... more Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropped with or without compost in an experimental field-scale rotation with no recent history of legumes, (2) to enumerate soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. viciae (Rlv), and to genetically characterize the nodulating Rlv strains, (3) compare BNF with other sites in Britain. Methods BNF was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 using 15 N natural abundance. Treatments were either PK fertilizer or compost. Soil rhizobial populations were determined using qPCR, the symbiotic rhizobia genotyped (16 S rRNA, nodA and nodD genes), and their BNF capacity assessed ex situ. The reliance of legumes on BNF at other British sites was estimated in a single season, and their nodulating symbionts examined. Results Faba bean obtained most of its N through BNF (>80%) regardless of variety or year. N-accumulation by cvs Babylon and Boxer increased with compost treatment in 2014/2015. Rhiz...
SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, ... more SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, yet the evolutionary history of nodulation remains the focus of considerable debate. Recent evidence suggesting a single origin of nodulation followed by massive parallel evolutionary losses raises questions about why a few lineages in the N2-fixing clade retained nodulation and diversified as stable nodulators while most did not. Within legumes, nodulation is restricted to the two most diverse subfamilies, Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae, which show stable retention of nodulation across their core clades.We characterize two nodule anatomy types across 128 species in 56 of the 150 genera of the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae: 1) fixation thread nodules (FTs), where nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are retained within the apoplast in modified infection threads and 2) symbiosomes, where rhizobia are symplastically internalized in the host cell cytoplasm within membrane-bound symbiosomes.U...
Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia ... more Purpose (1) To assess the biological N fixation (BNF) potential of varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropped with or without compost in an experimental field-scale rotation with no recent history of legumes, (2) to enumerate soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. viciae (Rlv), and to genetically characterize the nodulating Rlv strains, (3) compare BNF with other sites in Britain. Methods BNF was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 using 15 N natural abundance. Treatments were either PK fertilizer or compost. Soil rhizobial populations were determined using qPCR, the symbiotic rhizobia genotyped (16 S rRNA, nodA and nodD genes), and their BNF capacity assessed ex situ. The reliance of legumes on BNF at other British sites was estimated in a single season, and their nodulating symbionts examined. Results Faba bean obtained most of its N through BNF (>80%) regardless of variety or year. N-accumulation by cvs Babylon and Boxer increased with compost treatment in 2014/2015. Rhiz...
SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, ... more SummaryNitrogen-fixing symbiosis is globally important in ecosystem functioning and agriculture, yet the evolutionary history of nodulation remains the focus of considerable debate. Recent evidence suggesting a single origin of nodulation followed by massive parallel evolutionary losses raises questions about why a few lineages in the N2-fixing clade retained nodulation and diversified as stable nodulators while most did not. Within legumes, nodulation is restricted to the two most diverse subfamilies, Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae, which show stable retention of nodulation across their core clades.We characterize two nodule anatomy types across 128 species in 56 of the 150 genera of the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae: 1) fixation thread nodules (FTs), where nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are retained within the apoplast in modified infection threads and 2) symbiosomes, where rhizobia are symplastically internalized in the host cell cytoplasm within membrane-bound symbiosomes.U...
Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N ... more Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N Natural Abundance Technique.
Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N ... more Measuring %Ndfa and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in legumes using the <sup>15</sup>N Natural Abundance Technique.
The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes... more The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes how DNA is extracted from pure rhizobial cultures, and how the 16S rRNA gene is amplified from the DNA and then sequenced to allow for its identification by comparing it with sequences deposited in the Genbank database. The proper identification of rhizobia is essential if they are to be subject to further genetic and functional analyses, such as their performance at Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in symbiosis with compatible legumes. Identification at the generic level using 16S rRNA sequences is, however, only the first step in the full characterisation of rhizobial strains which will be necessary should they be selected as potential inoculants for commercial use. Therefore, this SOP also provides information about how other relevant genes (<em>recA</em>, <em>nodA</em>, <em>nodC</em>, <em>nifH</em>) can be amplified in order to provi...
The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes... more The 16S rRNA gene is routinely used to identify bacteria to the generic level. This SOP describes how DNA is extracted from pure rhizobial cultures, and how the 16S rRNA gene is amplified from the DNA and then sequenced to allow for its identification by comparing it with sequences deposited in the Genbank database. The proper identification of rhizobia is essential if they are to be subject to further genetic and functional analyses, such as their performance at Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in symbiosis with compatible legumes. Identification at the generic level using 16S rRNA sequences is, however, only the first step in the full characterisation of rhizobial strains which will be necessary should they be selected as potential inoculants for commercial use. Therefore, this SOP also provides information about how other relevant genes (<em>recA</em>, <em>nodA</em>, <em>nodC</em>, <em>nifH</em>) can be amplified in order to provi...
Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden ... more Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden to the planet. Legumes, or pulses, are members of the large Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which comprise about 5% of all plant species. They are ancient crops whose popularity both for farmers and consumers has gone
Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden ... more Intensive agriculture and meat-based westernized diets have brought a heavy environmental burden to the planet. Legumes, or pulses, are members of the large Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which comprise about 5% of all plant species. They are ancient crops whose popularity both for farmers and consumers has gone
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its to... more Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its tolerance to drought. It is grown by millions of resource-poor farmers in semiarid and tropical subregions of Asia and Africa and is a major contributor to their nutritional food security. Pigeon pea is the sixth most important legume in the world, with India contributing more than 70% of the total production and harbouring a wide variety of cultivars. Nevertheless, the low yield of pigeon pea grown under dry land conditions and its yield instability need to be improved. This may be done by enhancing crop nodulation and, hence, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by supplying effective symbiotic rhizobia through the application of “elite” inoculants. Therefore, the main aim in this study was the isolation and genomic analysis of effective rhizobial strains potentially adapted to drought conditions. Accordingly, pigeon pea endosymbionts were isolated from different soil types in Southern, Ce...
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its to... more Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. ) is a legume crop resilient to climate change due to its tolerance to drought. It is grown by millions of resource-poor farmers in semiarid and tropical subregions of Asia and Africa and is a major contributor to their nutritional food security. Pigeon pea is the sixth most important legume in the world, with India contributing more than 70% of the total production and harbouring a wide variety of cultivars. Nevertheless, the low yield of pigeon pea grown under dry land conditions and its yield instability need to be improved. This may be done by enhancing crop nodulation and, hence, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by supplying effective symbiotic rhizobia through the application of “elite” inoculants. Therefore, the main aim in this study was the isolation and genomic analysis of effective rhizobial strains potentially adapted to drought conditions. Accordingly, pigeon pea endosymbionts were isolated from different soil types in Southern, Ce...
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