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What was the ethnic composition of the Castilian army and Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) army in Middle Ages? [closed]

I have been searching for the ethnic composition of the armies of the Iberian Christian kingdoms (mainly Castile) during the middle ages but I couldn’t find any source mentioning anything about it. I ...
Amr Elmowaled's user avatar
0 votes
1 answer
449 views

How did 15th century royals identify themselves in England/Spain?

I'm studying the customs of medieval Europe to gather information for a novel I'm writing and a question has arisen about how the nobles, especially the royal family, identified themselves. Did they ...
marieanneseren's user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
667 views

How did philosophical and scientific knowledge in Christian Europe in 1085 compare to the body of knowledge contained in the library of Toledo?

In 1085, Moorish Toledo was conquered by Alfonso VI. According to prof. Robert Sapolsky (he is a primatologist and neurobiologist, but usually all information he gives is very reliable), at the time ...
Yulia V's user avatar
  • 1,541
-1 votes
2 answers
595 views

What is this consistent symbol in the Spanish coat of arms? [closed]

I have been reading Spanish history today, and have noticed a very distinct commonality in the flags and coat of arms for various periods, but I haven't been able to find precise explanations of the ...
Adam Ledger's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
388 views

Were Jews cut off from the Babylonian Geonim?

This is the view that I'm familiar with about the decline of the Geonim: The Mesopotamian Gaon reached the height of its prestige in the 10th century- with Saadia Gaon (d. 945), but the ...
John Dee's user avatar
  • 3,338
11 votes
2 answers
517 views

Why did Al-Andalus become cosmopolitan?

I have been watching some BBC documentaries on the history of Spain recently. 'Blood and Gold: The Making of Spain with Simon Sebag Montefiore', and 'The Art of Spain' (Episode 1: The Moorish South). ...
user avatar
0 votes
2 answers
229 views

Do medieval historic references to "Semites" refer to Jews or to speakers of Semitic in general?

In medieval times, we often read of Semitic pogroms and expulsions etc., for example in Spain, or after the Black Death. Do the original sources refer specifically to "Semites" or to "Jews"? And if ...
Chrystomath's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
185 views

Mudéjar revolt of 1264–66: how were the Mudéjars armed?

In the Mudéjar revolt of 1264–66, the recently conquered Muslim subjects (also called Mudéjars) in Castile rebelled against the crown, and were helped by the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. In the ...
user69715's user avatar
  • 7,100
3 votes
1 answer
82 views

Aside from Saint Francis of Assisi, were there other famous figures-(distant or near) who walked along the Camino Del Santiago in Northern Spain?

The Camino Del Santiago/"Road of Saint James" has been a popular destination for peripatetic and religious pilgrims since the 800's AD/CE-(though it declined in popularity during much the Early Modern ...
user avatar
-1 votes
2 answers
2k views

Why didn't the Christian kingdoms in Hispania participate in the crusades? [closed]

I have read in the history of crusaders that Catholic kingdoms in Europe including England and France and Holy Roman Empire participated in the crusades but not Spain, any clear reason for that? ...
Mr.lock's user avatar
  • 1,061
2 votes
0 answers
402 views

What was the number of native casualties in the Muslim invasion of Hispania?

Where can I find information about the number of casualties amongst native peoples produced by the Muslim invasion of Visigothic Hispania? Strangely, it's very easy to get an estimate of the number ...
skan's user avatar
  • 129
4 votes
1 answer
881 views

Why did Charlemagne retreat after the Battle of Pamplona?

After Charlemagne defeated the Christian Basques in Pamplona, why did he retreat through Roncevaux Pass (thereby setting himself up for ambush) instead of going on to conquer more of Iberia? "After ...
George A. Solodun's user avatar
3 votes
2 answers
813 views

Why didn't the knights of Western Europe drive the Moors out of Granada in 1212 when they invaded Iberia?

In 1212, the knights of the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Spain pushed the Moors far down the Iberian Peninsula... but why didn't they go on and drive the Muslims completely off that peninsula? Did ...
George A. Solodun's user avatar
12 votes
2 answers
2k views

Why did England and Portugal cheap out on the Battle of Aljubarrota?

One of the most important and famous battles in the Iberian Peninsula took place in Aljubarrota. There were two main parties: Castile (with Aragonese, French and Italian support) Portugal (with ...
Oak's user avatar
  • 233
7 votes
1 answer
1k views

A zoo during the rule of Omayyad or Abbasid dynasty?

I recall that when I was in high school that I read a text -which sounds more like a legend- about an Arabic Sultan/Caliph who on a trip trough his empire passed by an injured (wild) animal (don't ...
Medi1Saif's user avatar
  • 1,499
-4 votes
2 answers
2k views

The crusades against the Moors [closed]

It seems to me that recent history portrays the Christian crusaders as evil and brutal for taking back Spain from the Islamic Moors who conquered them and toppled the Spanish government and ruled over ...
Jerry's user avatar
  • 11
15 votes
2 answers
4k views

Muslim population in Islamic Iberia

Is there a record or estimate of the Muslim population count in Iberia (Spain/Portugal) during the peak of Islamic rule? Probably 10th or 11th century? And how big was this in percent of all Iberian ...
Fitri's user avatar
  • 3,352