מוזיקת דרון

מוזיקת דרון
Drone music
מקורות סגנוניים	מוזיקה מינימליסטית, מוזיקה ניסיונית, מוזיקה אוונגרדית, מוזיקה אלקטרונית, מוזיקה קלאסית הודית
מקורות תרבותיים	שנות ה-1960, ארצות הברית
נגזרות	מוזיקת אמביינט, מוזיקת אווירה גותית, פוסט-רוק
סוגות היתוך
	דרון מטאל

מוזיקת דרון (באנגלית: Drone music‏^[1]^[2] או Drone-based music‏^[3]) הוא תת-ז'אנר של מוזיקה מינימליסטית^[4] שקטה קצבית או איטית מאוד, המדגישה את השימוש בצלילים,^[5] תווים או אשכולות צלילים מתמשכים, הנקראים דרונים (אנ'). כמו כן, יצירות מוזיקה מז'אנר זה מאופיינת בדרך כלל בקומפוזיציות ארוכות הכוללות וריאציות הרמוניות קלות יחסית.

המלחין האמריקאי לה מונטה יאנג (אנ') הגדיר את מוזיקת דרון ב-2000 כ"ענף הטון המתמשך של המינימליזם".^[6]

אף על פי שניתן למצוא מוזיקה המכילה דרונים ברחבי אסיה, אוסטרליה ואירופה, יצירות מוזיקת דרון הן לרוב יצירות מוזיקה שמקורותיהן מהמסורת הקלאסית המערבית. אלמנטים של מוזיקת דרון שולבו בז'אנרים מוזיקליים אחרים, כגון מוזיקת רוק, מוזיקת אמביינט ומוזיקה אלקטרונית.^[7]

לקריאה נוספת

Boon, Marcus, "The Eternal Drone" originally published as "The eternal drone: good vibrations, ancient to future" in The Wire book: Rob Young (ed.), Undercurrents: The Hidden Wiring of Modern Music, ed. Rob Young, London: Continuum Books, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8264-6450-7 — History and analysis of drone music from medieval Europe to 1960s La Monte Young (who helped with the article) to 1990s Coil (band).
Cook, Nicholas & Pople, Anthony, The Cambridge History of Twentieth-century Music, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-66256-7
Cox, Christoph & Warner, Daniel (eds) & al., Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, Continuum International, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8264-1615-5
DRAM (Database of Recorded American Music), "Drone in American Minimalist Music" (Archive.org copy should be available in February 2009), by Nate Wooley, August 1, 2008. — Short history with six online drone pieces (available from accredited institutions or with a library login).
Levaux, Christophe, "Démesures. Une histoire du drone des 1960 à nos jours"(הקישור אינו פעיל, November 2023), Interval(le)s No 7 (2015): Réinventer le rythme / Den Rhythmus neu denken.
Potter, Keith, Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (rev. pbk from 2000 hbk), ISBN 978-0-521-01501-1
Textura, "Drones: Theatres of Eternal Music" (Archive.org copy of 2008), Textura No. 5, February 2005, textura.org. (Also printed as "On and On and On...: The drone & modern music" in Grooves No. 16, 2005) — Definition, history, further reading, records list, links.
Young, La Monte, "Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys" (original PDF file), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org — Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale.
Zuckerman, Gabrielle (ed.), "An Interview with La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela" (Archive.org copy of 2006), American Public Media, July 2002, musicmavericks.publicradio.org — Text transcript with audio version available.
Biron, D. 2015. The Democratic Drone. Overland, 20 October.

הערות שוליים

^ For information on early and other uses of drones in music around the world, see for example (American Musicological Society, JAMS (Journal of the American Musicological Society), 1959, p. 255: "Remarks such as those on drone effects produced by double pipes with an unequal number of holes provoke thoughts about the mystery of drone music in antiquity and about primitive polyphony.") or (Barry S. Brook & al., Perspectives in Musicology, W. W. Norton, 1972, ISBN 0-393-02142-4, p. 85: "My third example of the force of tradition concerns another large problem, the persistence of drone music from the Middle Ages to the present day.")
^ Early use of "drone music" as a non-ethnic, new or experimental genre can be found such as in 1974 (Michael Nyman, Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond, Studio Vista, 1974, ISBN 0-02-871200-5, p. 20: "[...] LaMonte Young's drone music [...]") or again 1974 (cf. "drone-music" in the Hitchcock 1974 quote about Riley)
^ "Drone-based music" is used for instance in 1995 (Paul Griffiths, Modern music and after: Directions Since 1945, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-816511-0, p. 209: "Young founded his own performing group, the Theatre of Eternal Music, to give performances of highly repetitive, drone-based music"), or in Cow & Warner 2004 (cf. cited quote of p. 301).
^ Cox & Warner 2004, p. 301 (in "Thankless Attempts at a Definition of Minimalism" by Kyle Gann): "Certainly many of the most famous minimalist pieces relied on a motoric 8th-note beat, although there were also several composers like Young and Niblock interested in drones with no beat at all. [...] Perhaps “steady-beat-minimalism” is a criterion that could divide the minimalist repertoire into two mutually exclusive bodies of music, pulse-based music versus drone-based music."
^ "Drone". britannica.com.
^ Young 2000, p. 27
^ Echo, Altstadt. "Drone Techno Introduction". www.dubmonitor.com. Dub Monitor. אורכב מ-המקור ב-18 בפברואר 2015. נבדק ב-18 בפברואר 2015. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

[droneold2-1] For information on early and other uses of drones in music around the world, see for example (American Musicological Society, JAMS (Journal of the American Musicological Society), 1959, p. 255: "Remarks such as those on drone effects produced by double pipes with an unequal number of holes provoke thoughts about the mystery of drone music in antiquity and about primitive polyphony.") or (Barry S. Brook & al., Perspectives in Musicology, W. W. Norton, 1972, ISBN 0-393-02142-4, p. 85: "My third example of the force of tradition concerns another large problem, the persistence of drone music from the Middle Ages to the present day.")

[dronenew2-2] Early use of "drone music" as a non-ethnic, new or experimental genre can be found such as in 1974 (Michael Nyman, Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond, Studio Vista, 1974, ISBN 0-02-871200-5, p. 20: "[...] LaMonte Young's drone music [...]") or again 1974 (cf. "drone-music" in the Hitchcock 1974 quote about Riley)

[3] "Drone-based music" is used for instance in 1995 (Paul Griffiths, Modern music and after: Directions Since 1945, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-816511-0, p. 209: "Young founded his own performing group, the Theatre of Eternal Music, to give performances of highly repetitive, drone-based music"), or in Cow & Warner 2004 (cf. cited quote of p. 301).

[coxwarner.3012-4] Cox & Warner 2004, p. 301 (in "Thankless Attempts at a Definition of Minimalism" by Kyle Gann): "Certainly many of the most famous minimalist pieces relied on a motoric 8th-note beat, although there were also several composers like Young and Niblock interested in drones with no beat at all. [...] Perhaps “steady-beat-minimalism” is a criterion that could divide the minimalist repertoire into two mutually exclusive bodies of music, pulse-based music versus drone-based music."

[5] "Drone". britannica.com.

[young20002-6] Young 2000, p. 27

[7] Echo, Altstadt. "Drone Techno Introduction". www.dubmonitor.com. Dub Monitor. אורכב מ-המקור ב-18 בפברואר 2015. נבדק ב-18 בפברואר 2015. {{cite web}}: (עזרה)

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