Papers by Dr. Melkamu Bezabih Yitbarek
This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess disease management and biosecurity measures ... more This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess disease management and biosecurity measures of small scale commercial poultry farms by structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data was analysed by χ2 and t-test, one way analysis of variance and general linear model by SPSS software. The result shown that, only 38.8% of the producers' suspects Coccidiosis was the frequently occurred disease in the farm. Some of the producers (30.6%) suspect the cause of the disease might be environmental problem, 24.5% management problem, and 12.2% both environment and management. The most leading symptoms of diseases that occurred in the study area were ruffled feather (15.5%), loss of appetite (15.1%), depression (12.6%), diarrhoea (9.7%), and others. About 79.6% of the farms had close relation with the veterinarian and consult about disease management. Only 12.2% of the farms vaccinate NCD, 49% NCD and Gumboro, 28.6% NCD, Gumboro and fowlbox and the rest 10.1% vaccinate their chicks for NCD, Gumboro, fowlbox, Fowl cholera/typhoid and Marix disease. Biosecurity measures were very crucial in the poultry farms. About 63.3% of the producers dressed on protective cloth (tuta), only 8.2% of the producers wear hand gloves. About 77.6% of the producers used the foot path in front of their farm entrance. Prevention and treatments were the major mechanisms for controlling measure of disease and the mortality percentage of chicks was only 4.7%. From this study, it could be concluded that better disease management and biosecurity measures are required to attain better poultry production
This study was carried out to assess constraints of small scale commercial poultry farms in and a... more This study was carried out to assess constraints of small scale commercial poultry farms in and around Debre Markos, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Cross sectional study was involved on the assessment of socio demographic characteristics, flock size and constraints faced by employing structured questionnaire for personal interviews. The socio demographic and flock size data were analyzed by χ2 and one way analysis of variance, respectively. The constraints faced were ranked by the respondents and the factors were analyzed by Garrett's ranking technique. The result showed that sex, age, marital status, religion, occupation, family size, experience years, educational level had statistically significant effect (p<0.05) on the operation of small scale poultry farms. The mean flock size was 844.3 chicks. Flock size was influenced (P<0.05) by sex of birds rather than breed. The flock size of female chicks were significantly (P<0.05) higher than male chicks. Among the constraints; high cost of feed, unavailability of feed and feed ingredients, unavailability of land , lack of market linkage and promotion, high cost of birds for starting business, lack of finance, lack of extension service and lack of training were listed as 1-10 ranks sequentially. Therefore, for successful poultry production and further expansion in the study area; there is a need to improve market linkage and promotion, provide training on poultry husbandry practice, provision of land and fulfilling the financial needs through facilitating credit services are among the imperatives for improving the current status of small scale commercial poultry production
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small s... more This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small s... more This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was
analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly
67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end
of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once
per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per
week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the
production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily
and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the
respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however
around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when
spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly
85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be
concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment
and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the
hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation and waste management of small s... more This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small s... more This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small s... more This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sanitation
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dried blood-rumen content mixture (DBRCM) ... more The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dried blood-rumen content mixture (DBRCM) on carcass characteristics of broiler chicks to replace soybean meal (SBM). A total of 225 unsexed day old broiler chicks (SASSO C44) were randomly distributed to five dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of dried blood-rumen content mixture... more The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of dried blood-rumen content mixtures (DBRCM) on the performance of SASSO C44 broiler chicks. A total of 225 unsexed day old broiler chicks (SASSO C44) were randomly distributed to five dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design and replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 100%Soyabean meal(SBM)+0%DBRCM (T1), 80%SBM+20% DBRCM (T2),60%SBM+ 40% DBRCM (T3), 40%SBM+60% DBRCM(T4) and 20%SBM+80% DBRCM (T5) in 56 days of age. Both starter and finisher diets were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Data were collected on average feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality rate. The result revealed that the daily dry matter intake was ranged from 75.8 to 80.4g/day/bird in the entire experimental period of growth. Birds fed on T5 (75.8) was lower (P<0.05) DMI compared with T1 (79.0g), T2 (78.9g), T3 (80.4g). The mean daily body weight gain of birds ranged from 26.4g to 31.6g and no marked significant difference (P>0.05) among each treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio(FCR) ranged from 2.5-2.9 and there was no statistical marked difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups. Also there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) in mortality rate. Based on the present result, it could be concluded that dried blood rumen content mixture can be included up to 60% inclusion level for starter phases and up to 80% for finisher phases of growth to replace soybean meal without any adverse effect on bodyweight gain, FCR, and mortality rate of birds.
International Journal of Natural Sciences, 2013
Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 2013
The purpose of this review is to provide detailed information about the use of phytogenic feed ad... more The purpose of this review is to provide detailed information about the use of phytogenic feed additives in poultry production. Phytogenics are a group of natural and non-antibiotic growth promoters used as feed additives, derived from herbs, spices, essential oils and oleoresins. It is natural, less toxic, residue free and ideal feed additives for poultry when compared to synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals. Most common and frequently used herbs and spices for phytogenic feed addiitives in poultry production are oregano, thyme, garlic, horseradish, chili, cayenne, pepper, peppermint, cinnamon, anise, rosemary and sage. Many beneficial properties of phytogenic compounds derive from their bioactive molecules are carvacrol, thymol, cineole, linalool, anethole, allicin, capsaicin, allyl isothiocyanate and piperine. Phytogenic feed additives have antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitoxigenic, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties. The potential benefits of using phytogenics in poultry nutrition are: increased feed intake, stimulation of digestion, increased growth performance, reduced incidence of disease, improved reproductive parameters, improved feed efficiency, increased profitability and reducing poultry house emissions. Phytogenic feed additives from aromatic plant parts could be included ranged from 0.01-30 g/kg (oregano 10 to 30 g/kg , garlic at 1.5-2 g/ kg feed, rosemary at 5-10 g/kg feed and rosemary powder at 0.5 g/kg feed) whereas essential oils could be included in the feed (rosemary and sage extracts at 500 mg/kg of feed, oregano essential oil at 50-300 mg/kg feed, thymol at 100 mg/kg ). Therefore; to maximize the overall performance of poultry, phytogenic feed additives should be used as an alternative feed additives in poultry production because of the absence of side effects, residual effects, non-hazardous and eco-friendly.
This review was aimed at to assess the livestock production systems analysis in the tropics throu... more This review was aimed at to assess the livestock production systems analysis in the tropics through critical review of scientific papers. Tropical continents have ample natural resources: livestock, land, human resources. Livestock plays multiple roles in the livelihoods of people in this region, especially the poor. There are five classes of livestock production systems based on agro ecological zone, animal type, function and their management. Climatic conditions determine the energy and nutrient metabolism of farm animals and have a major influence on livestock heath, behaviour, welfare and performance. Contrary livestock production contributors to environmental problems: leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution and losses of biodiversity. Through the result of environmental impact assessment, climate riskmanagement action /mitigation/ should be taken to reduce the impacts of global warming and or climate change. Designing climate resilience green economy policy should be the first agenda of all the government of the nations to create the healthy environment for the life. Integration of livestock production systems increases
This study was conducted to assess the apparent defects and grading of hides and skins in Eastern... more This study was conducted to assess the apparent defects and grading of hides and skins in Eastern Gojjam zone at three woredas (Dejen, Sinan and Awable). Three warehouses from each woreda were purposively selected and used to generate the data from cow hide, sheep and goat skins. 10% of the total stocks were taken randomly from each warehouse and a total of 180 hides, 2250 sheep skin and 765 goat skins were examined by using close observation. Hides and skins were graded according to the standard set by the Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. From these amounts, 74 (41.1%) hides, 750 (33.3%) sheep skins, 151 (31.4%) wet salted and 88 (30.9%) air dried goat skins were grade I; 90 (50%) hides, 1380 (61.3%) sheep, 261 (54.4%) wet salted and 168 (58.9%) air dried goat skins were grade II; 16 (8.9%) hides, 120 (5.3%) sheep skins, 67 (14%) wet salted and 29 (10.2%) air dried goat skin were grade III; and 1 (0.2%) wet salted goat skin was grade IV. The leading observed defects that downgrade the hides were filthiness with a value of 142 (17.9%), gouge mark with a value of 140 (17.7%) and poor pattern with a value of 107 (13.5%). Poor pattern and salt pitting on the hide showed a significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. However there is no significant difference on other defects. The observed primary defects on the sheep skin were filthiness with a value of 494 (22%), poor pattern with a value of 319 (14.2%) and gouge mark with a value of 221 (9.8%). Fly cut, poor pattern, salt crystallization and hard spot showed a marked statistical difference at p<0.05 significant level. The most important defects observed on the wet salted goat skin were filthiness with a value of 136 (28.3%), poor pattern with a value of 88 (18.3%) and fly cut with a value of 75 (15.6%). In this case, poor pattern, filthiness, scores, salt crystallization and salt pitting have shown a significant difference between woredas at P<0.05 significant level. Filthiness with a value of 88 (28.8%), poor pattern with a value of 40 (14%) and fly cut with a value of 32 (11.2%) were the forefront defects of air dried goat skin. Fly cut, poor pattern, corduroying, filthiness and weak spot have shown a statistical significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. This indicates that most defects on hides and skins occurred during slaughtering operations. Therefore, more attention should be taken during slaughtering of animals to get quality hides and skins for national as well as international market, and maximize the country’s foreign currency exchange.
Gojjam zone at three woredas (Dejen, Sinan and Awable). Three warehouses from each woreda were pu... more Gojjam zone at three woredas (Dejen, Sinan and Awable). Three warehouses from each woreda were purposively selected and used to generate the data from cow hide, sheep and goat skins. 10% of the total stocks were taken randomly from each warehouse and a total of 180 hides, 2250 sheep skin and 765 goat skins were examined by using close observation. Hides and skins were graded according to the standard set by the Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. From these amounts, 74 (41.1%) hides, 750 (33.3%) sheep skins, 151 (31.4%) wet salted and 88 (30.9%) air dried goat skins were grade I; 90 (50%) hides, 1380 (61.3%) sheep, 261 (54.4%) wet salted and 168 (58.9%) air dried goat skins were grade II; 16 (8.9%) hides, 120 (5.3%) sheep skins, 67 (14%) wet salted and 29 (10.2%) air dried goat skin were grade III; and 1 (0.2%) wet salted goat skin was grade IV. The leading observed defects that downgrade the hides were filthiness with a value of 142 (17.9%), gouge mark with a value of 140 (17.7%) and poor pattern with a value of 107 (13.5%). Poor pattern and salt pitting on the hide showed a significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. However there is no significant difference on other defects. The observed primary defects on the sheep skin were filthiness with a value of 494 (22%), poor pattern with a value of 319 (14.2%) and gouge mark with a value of 221 (9.8%). Fly cut, poor pattern, salt crystallization and hard spot showed a marked statistical difference at p<0.05 significant level. The most important defects observed on the wet salted goat skin were filthiness with a value of 136 (28.3%), poor pattern with a value of 88 (18.3%) and fly cut with a value of 75 (15.6%). In this case, poor pattern, filthiness, scores, salt crystallization and salt pitting have shown a significant difference between woredas at P<0.05 significant level. Filthiness with a value of 88 (28.8%), poor pattern with a value of 40 (14%) and fly cut with a value of 32 (11.2%) were the forefront defects of air dried goat skin. Fly cut, poor pattern, corduroying, filthiness and weak spot have shown a statistical significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. This indicates that most defects on hides and skins occurred during slaughtering operations. Therefore, more attention should be taken during slaughtering of animals to get quality hides and skins for national as well as international market, and maximize the country's foreign currency exchange.
This review was conducted to evaluate micotoxin and or aflatoxines in milk and milk products thro... more This review was conducted to evaluate micotoxin and or aflatoxines in milk and milk products through critical review. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by the three major fungus genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The contamination of food and feeds by Mycotoxin remains a worldwide problem, according to FAO estimation up to 25% of the world’s food crops are significantly contaminated with mycotoxin. Aflatoxin is one of aclasses of mycotoxin. The major aflatoxins are afflation B1, B2, G1 and G2. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hepatic hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1. AFM1 is found in milk and milk products obtained from livestock that have ingested AFB1contaminated feed. In lactating animals the conversion rate of AFB1 to AFM1 ranges between 0.5 and 6%. Several research workers reported that there is a linear relationship between the amount of AFM1 in milk and AFB1 in feed which is consumed by dairy cattle. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products is considered to pose certain hygienic risks for human health. These metabolites are not destroyed during the pasteurization and heating process. Many countries standards limits of Aflatoxins M1 ranged between 0 to 0.5 ppb, in milk and dairy products.
This review was aimed at to assess the livestock production systems analysis in the tropics throu... more This review was aimed at to assess the livestock production systems analysis in the tropics through critical review of scientific papers. Tropical continents have ample natural resources: livestock, land, human resources. Livestock plays multiple roles in the livelihoods of people in this region, especially the poor. There are five classes of livestock production systems based on agro ecological zone, animal type, function and their management. Climatic conditions determine the energy and nutrient metabolism of farm animals and have a major influence on livestock heath, behaviour, welfare and performance. Contrary livestock production contributors to environmental problems: leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution and losses of biodiversity. Through the result of environmental impact assessment, climate riskmanagement action /mitigation/ should be taken to reduce the impacts of global warming and or climate change. Designing climate resilience green economy policy should be the first agenda of all the government of the nations to create the healthy environment for the life. Integration of livestock production systems increases
Silage making process can be explained very simply, it is actually very complex and dependant on ... more Silage making process can be explained very simply, it is actually very complex and dependant on many factors, such as the natural microbial population, harvesting conditions and the sugar content of the forage. Consequently, silage quality can be very variable and the only way to effectively control the fermentation process is to use an additive. Additives are natural or industrial products added in rather large quantities to the forage or grain mass. Additives control or prevent certain types of fermentation, thus reducing losses and improving silage stability. In order to assist in the fermentation process, various silage additives have been used to improve the nutrient and energy recovery in silage, often with subsequent improvements in animal performance. The purpose for applying additives to the silage is to ensure that the growth of lactic bacteria predominates during the fermentation process, producing lactic acid in quantities high enough to ensure good silage. Therefore this review is made to focus on some practical aspects of the fermentation process and the uses of some common silage additives that include microbial inoculants, enzymes, and propionic acid.
This review was carried out to provide a piece of information about reproductive immunization on ... more This review was carried out to provide a piece of information about reproductive immunization on domestic and wild animals. The immune system of animals plays an important role in reproduction. For inducing or controlling fertility according to human's desire, interventions of immunization are an important aspect of management in domestic and wild animals. Immunization against reproductive hormones such as gonadotrophic hormones, gonadal steroids, oxytocin, prostaglandin F2α, inhibin, luteinising hormone releasing hormone, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone has provided a significant effect on reproduction of animals. Immunisation against gamete antigens such as against sperm antigens and zona pellucida antigens has shown also a profound effect on reproduction of domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, horses) and on wild lives. Therefore carrying out different types of reproductive immunization based on their scientific perspectives and procedures with a great precaution helps to induce or suppress of fertility in animal reproduction. 400 IJSTR©2014 www.ijstr.org hormones are immunogenic when used inter specifically and do not necessarily require conjugation. However, there appear to be some improvements in antibody responses when gonadotrophic hormones are conjugated to carrier proteins [9].
This study was conducted to identify the constraints and opportunities of village chicken product... more This study was conducted to identify the constraints and opportunities of village chicken production in Debsan Tikara Keble at three villages in Gondar Zuria Woreda by using semi structured questionnaire , field visit and interview from 150 randomly selected respondents. The result revealed that the main constraints were feed shortage (28%), predation (30%) and flock mortality (28%). Almost 58% of chickens share the same room with the main house. The farmers use traditional medicine to treat chickens (82%). Average age of first egg lying of chicken was 6 months, number of eggs per clutch was 13, the clutch size was 3 and hatchability percentage was 72%. The main opportunities for village chicken production was market access 36%, credit service 28%, training and extension service 16%, feed and water access 20%. From this study, constraints and opportunities of village chicken production was merely identified based on this result by improving the management practice, poultry breeds and educating the framers are viable options to improve the livelihood of the households.
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Papers by Dr. Melkamu Bezabih Yitbarek
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was
analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly
67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end
of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once
per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per
week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the
production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily
and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the
respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however
around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when
spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly
85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be
concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment
and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the
hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was
analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly
67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end
of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once
per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per
week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the
production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily
and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the
respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however
around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when
spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly
85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the
respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers
removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of
the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by
burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be
concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment
and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the
hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
and waste management of small scale commercial poultry farms by
structured questionnaire through personal interview. The data generated was analysed by χ2 and t-test by SPSS software. The result shown that nearly 67.3% of the producers cleaned the floor of the house at once at the end of production cycle; however, 22.4% of the producers had cleaned once per week. About 34.7% of the producers washed the feeder once per week, however, 22.4% of the producers washed once at the end of the production cycle. Almost 83.7% of the producers washed the water daily and the rest washed once and more than once. Almost 30.6% of the respondents have changed the litter material once per week, however around 46.9% of the respondent added a piece of litre material when spoiled by faeces and remove at the end of the production cycle. Nearly 85.7% of the producers had a waste disposal. About 36.7% of the respondents removed their waste by burning, 38.8% of the producers removed by burying and 24.5% of the producers removed by spreading of the earth. About 91.1% of the producers removed the dead birds by burying and the rest by throwing. Based on this result, it could be concluded that regular cleaning and sanitation of the rooms and equipment and better waste disposal practices like burning and burying improves the hygiene of the farm to improve poultry production husbandry practices.
Keywords: Broilers, constraints, dried blood rumen content mixture, management practices
economic efficiency of broiler chicks fed diets containing dried blood rumen content mixtures (DBRCM) as a replacement for roasted soybean meal (RSBM). A total of 225 unsexed day-old broiler chicks (SASSO C44) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 100% RSBM+0%DBRCM (T1), 80%RSBM+ 20% DBRCM (T2), 60% RSBM + 40% DBRCM (T3), 40% RSBM + 60% DBRCM(T4) and 20% RSBM+ 80% DBRCM (T5) based on a control ration contained 30% roasted soybean meal. The result showed that there was no statistical difference (P≥0.05) in performance index during the experimental period. The mean mortality was not influenced (P≥0.05) across the treatment groups. Birds fed T1 had the highest (P<0.05) and T5 the lowest (P<0.05) feed cost per kilogram feed. Feed cost per unit gain (Kg) was the highest (P<0.05) for T1 and the lowest (P<0.05) for T4 and T5. Total feed cost of the birds fed T1 was higher than those of the birds fed T5 diet. The highest (P<0.05) economic efficiency was observed for birds fed on T4 and T5. Based on this result, it could be concluded that 80% DBRCM can replace roasted soybean meal to achieve the highest economic efficiency, without affecting the performance index of broiler chicken.