Wseas Transactions On Environment And Development, May 22, 2020
Spatiotemporal variation analysis of water quality in the river is very vital for water resources... more Spatiotemporal variation analysis of water quality in the river is very vital for water resources protection and sustainable consumption. In this study, Multivariate statistical methods, i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Multi Recreation Analysis (MRA) were used to interpret of data matrix in water quality over a period of five years (2015-2019) in the Lower Zab River. The results from PCA matrix showed high positive correlation between total hardness and sulphate (SO 4) at 95% confidence level (0.934) indicating that non-carbonate hardness is a measure in the river. By using Varimax rotation and by extracting the eigenvalues greater than 1 from the correlation matrix, number of significant principal components (PCs) were extracted. Five and four latent factors respectively in Lower Zab station 3 (LZ3) and Lower Zab station 2 (LZ2) were identified as responsible for the data structure, explaining 86.8% of total variance in winter season in LZ3 station and it is strong positive related to the SO 4 , nitrate (NO 3), chloride (CL) and pH. All these variables are related to the weathering of minerals component of the river. 87.5% of total variance for winter season in LZ2 station, which is strongly positive, related to the NO 3 , pH, sodium (NA) and magnesium (MG) related to the weathering of minerals component. The strong correlations between PC3 and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5) as a result of CCA in LZ3 station during summer season, indicates that the high concentration of calcium (CA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in water cause the low concentration of BOD 5. Among 72 multiple regression model run, only eight dependent variables had statistically significant relationships with independent variables. These results provide may useful information for water quality in the Lower Zab River, which can mainly affected by weathering of minerals component of the river, soil structure and runoff .
Accurate determination of grate inlet discharge coefficients is crucial in reducing modeling unce... more Accurate determination of grate inlet discharge coefficients is crucial in reducing modeling uncertainties and mitigating urban flooding hazards. This review critically examines the methods, equations, and recommendations for determining the weir/orifice discharge coefficients, based on the inlet parameters and flow conditions. Reviewing previous studies for inlets showed that the discharge coefficient of rectangular inlets under subcritical flow ranges from 0.53 to 0.6 for weirs and from 0.4 to 0.46 for orifices, while in grated circular inlets, it falls between 0.115 and 0.372 for weirs and between 0.349 and 2.038 for orifices. For circular non-grated inlets under subcritical flow, the weir and orifice coefficients are in the range of 0.493-0.587 and 0.159-0.174, respectively. However, the orifice discharge coefficients of grated and nongrated inlets with unknown Froude number range between 0.14-0.39 and 0.677-0.82, respectively. For supercritical flow, the weir and orifice discharge coefficients of grated and nongrated rectangular inlets are 0.03-0.47 and 1.67-2.68, respectively. Previous studies showed that it is recommended to correlate the discharge coefficients with the approaching flow and Froude number under subcritical and supercritical flows, respectively. Yet, additional studies are recommended for a better understanding of the limits and parameters governing the flow transitional stage between weir and orifice and between subcritical and supercritical conditions. Moreover, further research is required to determine the weir and orifice discharge coefficients of circular inlets under supercritical flow as well as the orifice discharge coefficient range of rectangular non-grated inlets under subcritical flow. Finally, it is recommended to increase the road surface roughness to reduce Froude number, and thereby, increase discharge coefficients of street inlets. The aim of this review is to help inlet designers and authorities promote sustainable cities with resilient urban drainage systems and reduce the environmental, economic, health, and social impacts of urban drainage failure.
Wseas Transactions On Environment And Development, May 22, 2020
Spatiotemporal variation analysis of water quality in the river is very vital for water resources... more Spatiotemporal variation analysis of water quality in the river is very vital for water resources protection and sustainable consumption. In this study, Multivariate statistical methods, i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Multi Recreation Analysis (MRA) were used to interpret of data matrix in water quality over a period of five years (2015-2019) in the Lower Zab River. The results from PCA matrix showed high positive correlation between total hardness and sulphate (SO 4) at 95% confidence level (0.934) indicating that non-carbonate hardness is a measure in the river. By using Varimax rotation and by extracting the eigenvalues greater than 1 from the correlation matrix, number of significant principal components (PCs) were extracted. Five and four latent factors respectively in Lower Zab station 3 (LZ3) and Lower Zab station 2 (LZ2) were identified as responsible for the data structure, explaining 86.8% of total variance in winter season in LZ3 station and it is strong positive related to the SO 4 , nitrate (NO 3), chloride (CL) and pH. All these variables are related to the weathering of minerals component of the river. 87.5% of total variance for winter season in LZ2 station, which is strongly positive, related to the NO 3 , pH, sodium (NA) and magnesium (MG) related to the weathering of minerals component. The strong correlations between PC3 and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5) as a result of CCA in LZ3 station during summer season, indicates that the high concentration of calcium (CA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in water cause the low concentration of BOD 5. Among 72 multiple regression model run, only eight dependent variables had statistically significant relationships with independent variables. These results provide may useful information for water quality in the Lower Zab River, which can mainly affected by weathering of minerals component of the river, soil structure and runoff .
Accurate determination of grate inlet discharge coefficients is crucial in reducing modeling unce... more Accurate determination of grate inlet discharge coefficients is crucial in reducing modeling uncertainties and mitigating urban flooding hazards. This review critically examines the methods, equations, and recommendations for determining the weir/orifice discharge coefficients, based on the inlet parameters and flow conditions. Reviewing previous studies for inlets showed that the discharge coefficient of rectangular inlets under subcritical flow ranges from 0.53 to 0.6 for weirs and from 0.4 to 0.46 for orifices, while in grated circular inlets, it falls between 0.115 and 0.372 for weirs and between 0.349 and 2.038 for orifices. For circular non-grated inlets under subcritical flow, the weir and orifice coefficients are in the range of 0.493-0.587 and 0.159-0.174, respectively. However, the orifice discharge coefficients of grated and nongrated inlets with unknown Froude number range between 0.14-0.39 and 0.677-0.82, respectively. For supercritical flow, the weir and orifice discharge coefficients of grated and nongrated rectangular inlets are 0.03-0.47 and 1.67-2.68, respectively. Previous studies showed that it is recommended to correlate the discharge coefficients with the approaching flow and Froude number under subcritical and supercritical flows, respectively. Yet, additional studies are recommended for a better understanding of the limits and parameters governing the flow transitional stage between weir and orifice and between subcritical and supercritical conditions. Moreover, further research is required to determine the weir and orifice discharge coefficients of circular inlets under supercritical flow as well as the orifice discharge coefficient range of rectangular non-grated inlets under subcritical flow. Finally, it is recommended to increase the road surface roughness to reduce Froude number, and thereby, increase discharge coefficients of street inlets. The aim of this review is to help inlet designers and authorities promote sustainable cities with resilient urban drainage systems and reduce the environmental, economic, health, and social impacts of urban drainage failure.
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