24 Jours Mines

M.
VENTURI
La collection « 24 jours pour préparer l’oral » vous assurera des
révisions solides entre les écrits et les oraux grâce au planning de
travail fourni par les auteurs expérimentés, enseignants de classes
préparatoires. Ce planning est fondé sur 24 séances de travail
réparties sur 4 semaines de 6 jours. Durant chaque séance, vous
pourrez vous exercer sur un sujet de type concours puis vous consacrer
à une analyse minutieuse de tout l’ensemble du corrigé (analyse de
MINES pour préparer l’oral du concours
PONTS
l’énoncé, corrigé détaillé, techniques à mémoriser, formulaire et
MINES-PONTS
nombreux extraits des rapports de jurys). PHYSIQUE
Ces ouvrages vous permettront aussi, dès le début de la deuxième MP

année de Prépas, de consolider les pratiques vues en classe.
2e ÉD.
PHYSIQUE
pour préparer l’oral du concours

Pour une préparation efficace
2e ÉDITION
aux concours d’entrée dans les Grandes Écoles ACTUALISÉE
Marc VENTURI
Filière
•
MP
Un planning optimisé pour réviser l’ensemble du programme
• Une sélection d’exercices les plus représentatifs du concours
• Les sujets décryptés afin d’évaluer les points critiques
• Des corrigés détaillés avec des extraits des rapports du jury
• Les méthodes et formules à retenir
-:HSMDOA=UW^Z\[:
9782340-029576_Couv.indd 1,3 24/01/2019 15:45

MINES-PONTS
PHYSIQUE
Filière MP
2e ÉDITION ACTUALISÉE
24 JOURS
collection dirigée par Karine Beaurpère
MINES-PONTS
PHYSIQUE
Filière MP
2e ÉDITION ACTUALISÉE
Marc VENTURI
Professeur de chaire supérieure en CPGE
au lycée Kléber de Strasbourg
Dans la collection 24 jours pour préparer l’oral
dirigée par Karine Beaurpère
Retrouvez tous les titres de la collection et des extraits

sur www.editions-ellipses.fr
ISBN 9782340-053052
© Ellipses Édition Marketing S.A., 2019
32, rue Bargue 75740 Paris cedex 15
Sommaire
Présentation du manuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conseils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tableaux récapitulatifs des exercices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Jour n o 1 .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . 19
Énoncé de l'exercice 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Jour n o 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Jour n o 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Jour n o 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Jour n o 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Jour n o 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Énoncé de l'exercice 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Jour n o 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Énoncé de l'exercice 7.1 114
Jour n o 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Jour n o 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Jour n o 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Énoncé de l'exercice 10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Sommaire 3
Jour n o 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Jour n o 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Jour n o 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Jour n o 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Jour n o 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Jour n o 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
o
Journ17 ........................................ . 265
Jour n o 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Jour n o 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Jour n o 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Jour n o 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Jour n o 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
4 Sommaire
Jour n o 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Jour n o 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Formulaire à compléter et derniers extraits de rapports . . . . . . . . . . 395
Sommaire 5
o
o
♣
♣♣
♣♣♣
→
♥
o
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
o
oo
13,5
13,5cm
cm
11 11 1 1
−− == . .
OA
OA OA f f
OA
(P, V )
PP
••NN TT==T0T0
PP00 •• ••
MM00 MM
VV
Lvap
vap cpcp
ss00 MM
0 0
ssNN NN
ssMM MM
m
m== 500
500gg
(T,
(T,S)S)
oo
T
A D
T1
A −→ B
B −→ C T0 = 260 K
C −→ D
T0 D −→ A T1 = 310 K
B C
S0 S1 S
Lvap = 130 kJ · kg−1

cp = 1,40 kJ · kg−1 · K−1
y B D A
C
Qi→j
Qt
Wt
o
♣
13,5 cm
1 1 1
− = .
OA OA f
O P O P
• • ⇔ • •
F F
O F P O F P
• •• ⇔ • ••
O P O P
• • • ⇔ • • •
F F
�→
o
�→
O F P PR O F P
• •• • • ••
PR
F
fc Oc
O Oc O = 2 cm
A Fc
A = Fc Oc O F P
• • • ••
fc = Oc A = −24 cm
o
fc� = −24 cm
1
V = 1 δ = 1 m−1
f�
V = −4,2 δ
Oc O
fc� = −26 cm
V = −3,8 δ
A = Fc� Oc O F� P
• •• ••
Pp
Ppj Ppa
Ppj O P Ppa Ppj O P

• • • • • • •
(C) Ppj Ppa

Ppj
Ppa Ppj Oc O P
• • • • •
o
Ppj Ppa
C
Ppj Ppa
1 1 1
− = .
Oc Ppa Oc Ppj f
1 1
Oc Ppa < Oc Ppj < 0 − >0 f > 0
Oc Ppa Oc Ppj
Oc Ppa = −35 cm Oc Ppj = −15 cm
V = 3,8 δ
f = 26 cm
♥
♥
•
1 1 1
− = .
OA OA f
o
♣ ♣♣ ♣
(P, V )
PP
••NN TT==T0T0
PP00 •• ••
MM00 MM
VV
Lvap
vap cpcp
ss00 MM
0 0
ssNN NN
ssMM MM
m
m== 500
500gg
(T,
(T,S)S)
T
A
A DD
T11
AA−→−→BB
BB −→
−→CC T0T=
0 =
260
260
KK
CC −→
−→DD
T00 DD −→
−→AA T1T=
1 =
310
310
KK
B
B CC
SS00 SS11 SS
LLvap
vap=
=130130kJ kg−1−1
kJ· ·kg
−1−1 −1−1
cpcp==1,401,40kJkJ· kg
· kg ·K
·K
yy BB DD AA
CC
QQi→j
i→j
QQt t
WWt t
oo
M0 N
�→
M T0 M0
M0 → M
�→ (P, V )
N M
A, B, C D
(P, T ) (T, S)
C D
�→ (P, T )
�→
�→
M0 N
TN
PN N
PN = Psat (TN ) T N > T0 N
M0
M0 N
o
P
C
•
PN
T0 , P0 , V0 TN , PN , VN � V0
H S
dH = T dS + V dP � T dS.
m S(T ) = m s(T )
cp

1 ∂H
cp =
m ∂T P
m cp
dH = m cp dT = T dS dS = dT
T
o
T0 TN
TN TN
m cp
dS = dT
T0 T0 T
TN
dT
S(TN ) − S(T0 ) = m cp
T0 T
= m cp (ln TN − ln T0 )
TN
= m cp ln .
T0
m
TN
sN = s0 + cp ln
T0
M
P0 = Psat (T0 ) M0
M0 −→ M
mg , T0 , P0 , Vg
T0 , P0 , V0 ml , T0 , P0 , Vl
mliquide
x x =
mtotale
y =1−x
P0 • •
M0 M
V0 V V1 V
vl vg
(P0 , T0 )
V l = m l vl V g = m g vg
V = Vl + Vg = ml vl + mg vg = ml vl + (m − ml ) vg .
V 0 = m vl m (P0 , T0 )
V1 = m vg
V0 V1
V = ml + (m − ml ) = x V0 + (1 − x) V1
m m
o
V1 − V
x= .
V1 − V0
x = 0,3
M
Δm
Lvap
ΔH = Δm Lvap ΔS = Δm
T0
(1 − x) m
Lvap
ΔS = (1 − x) m
T0
Lvap
SM − S0 = (1 − x) m .
T0
m
Lvap
sM = s0 + (1 − x)
T0
T0 T1 (P, V )
D
• T = T1
• T = T0
C
C
C D
M T N
T1 Lvap
sN = s0 + cp ln + yN .
T0 T1
o
D C D
s C = sD
Lvap T1 Lvap
s0 + y C = s0 + cp ln + yD
T0 T0 T1
=1
Lvap T1 Lvap
= cp ln + yD ,
T0 T0 T1

T1 cp T 0 T 1
yD = 1− ln
T0 Lvap T0
yD = 0,61
A
B T0
A D
• • T = T1
• T = T0
B
s A = sB
T1 Lvap
s0 + cp ln = s0 + y B
T0 T0
c p T 0 T1
yB = ln
Lvap T0
o
yB = 0,49
C −→ D A −→ B
QC→D = QA→B = 0
B −→ C D −→ A
Qp = ΔH.
ΔH = ΔmLvap
Δm
B −→ C Δmvap = (1−yB )m
B (1 − yB )m D
QB→C = (1 − yB )m Lvap
QB→C = 2,6 × 104 J

D −→ A Δm = yD m
D yD m A
QD→A = −yD m Lvap
−
Lliq = −Lvap
QD→A = −3,2 × 104 J
Qt = QB→C + QD→A = −6,3 × 103 J
o
|Qt | (T, S)
Qt = T dS
cycle
ΔU = Wt + Qt .
ΔU = 0
Wt = −Qt = 6, 3 · 103 J
T0
T1
♥
♥ Qp
Qp = ΔH.
♥
ΔU = 0
♥ Q
m ϕ1 ϕ2
Q = mLϕ1 →ϕ2
Lϕ1 −ϕ2
•
dH = T dS + V dP.

∂H
• cp =
∂T P
o
o
a×b λ
x=0 R I
b
R
a
I
x
O
T0
T σT 4
σT04 σ
Ox
τ (x) = T (x)−T0 T0
heq
T (x)
a + b 2heq
k=
ab λ
T (x)
x>0
x<0 � 0 = B0 �ez
B
�j �
B
�
� �j = − B .
rot
μ0 λ 2
o
�
B
x=0
o
♣
a×b λ
x=0 R I
b
R
a
I
x
O
T0
T σT 4
σT04 σ
Ox
τ (x) = T (x)−T0 T0
heq
T (x)
a + b 2heq
k=
ab λ
T (x)
�→
�jQ
o
�→ dx
�→
dS

dP = σ dS T 4 − σ dS T04 = dS σ T 4 − T04 .
T = T0 + τ |τ | � T0
T 4 − T04 = (T0 + τ )4 − T04

4
τ
= T04 1 + − T04
T0
� 4 T03 τ.
dP = 4 T03 σ dS τ
= 4 T03 σ dS (T − T0 ).
dP = heq dS (T − T0 )
heq = 4 T03 σ.
� T.
�jQ = −λ grad
x
�jQ = −λ dT �ex .
dx
o
Ox
Ox
x
x + dx dV = ab dx x
x + dx dV = ab dx Ox
Ox
Ox
Ox
Φ(x) Φ(x + dx)

Φ(x) Φ(x + dx)
x
O x x + dx
x
O x x + dx
x
Φ(x) x x + dx Φ(x + dx)
Φ(x) x + dx Φ(x + dx)

Φ(x) = �jQ (x) · dS� = ab jQ (x), Φ(x + dx) = ab jQ (x + dx).

Φ(x) = section �
jQ (x) · dS� = ab jQ (x), Φ(x + dx) = ab jQ (x + dx).
section
Φ = +Φ(x) − Φ(x + dx).

Φ = +Φ(x) − Φ(x + dx).
+ Φ(x) Φ(x) −
Φ(x + dx)+ Φ(x
Φ(x) + dx) Φ(x) −
Φ(x + dx) Φ(x + dx)
Φ = ab [jQ (x) − jQ (x + dx)]

jQ (x) − jQ (x + dx)
Φ = ab [jQ (x) − jQ (x + dx)]dx
= ab
jQ (x) − dxjQ (x + dx)
= ab djQ dx
= −ab dxdx
dxQ
dj
= −ab djQdx
= −dV dx .
dxQ
dj
= −dV .
Φr dx T (x)
dS = Φ2(a + b) dx T (x)
r
o
dS = 2(a + b) dx
o
• b
x
a
Φr = heq dSτ (x) = 2heq (a + b) dx τ (x).
u(T )dV u(T )
d
(u(T )dV ) = Φ − Φr .
dt
T (x)
djQ
0=Φ − Φr = −dV − 2heq (a + b) dx τ (x)
dx
d2 T
0 = dV λ − 2heq (a + b) dx τ (x).
dx2
T (x) τ (x)
d2 T d2 (τ + T0 ) d2 τ
= = 2,
dx2 dx2 dx
dV = ab dx
d2 τ a + b 2heq
− τ = 0.
dx2 ab λ

a + b 2heq
k=
ab λ
k
o
τ (x) = A exp(−kx) + B exp(kx)
A B
x → +∞
x
B
B=0
τ (x) = A exp(−kx).
1/k
x=0
x = 0
Φ(0) = RI 2 .
Φ(0) = ab jQ (0)
RI 2
jQ (0) = .
ab
dT dτ
jQ = −λ = −λ
dx dx
dτ RI 2
(0) = − .
dx λab
τ (x) = A exp(−kx)
dτ
(0) = −kA,
dx
RI 2
−kA = −
λab
RI 2
A= .
kλab
o
τ = T − T0
RI 2
T (x) = exp(−kx) + T0
kλab
Pconv = hS(Tp − Tf ),
S Tp Tf
Pconv
(1 + �)n = 1 + n� + o(�).
(1 + �)4 = 1 + 4� + o(�)
• y − k 2 y = 0
y(x) = A exp(−kx) + B exp(+kx),

A B
o
♣♣
x>0
x<0 � 0 = B0 �ez
B
�j �
B
�
� �j = − B .
rot
μ0 λ 2
λ
�
B
x=0
μ0 ε0
� μ0
B �j
�→
�→
o
S
S
�→
1/2
� �j = [B] ⇒ [λ] =
rot
[B]
.
[μ0 ][λ]2 � �j]
[μ0 ][rot
� �j] = [j]
[rot
L
1/2
[B] · L
[λ] = .
[μ0 ][j]
� B
rot � = μ0�j.
B j μ0
[B]
= [μ0 ][j],
L
o
[B]
= L.
[μ0 ][j]
1/2
[λ] = L2 = L.
� B
rot � = μ0�j
� (rot
rot � = μ0 rot
� B) � �j
�
� (rot
rot � = −B.
� B)
λ2
� (rot
rot � B) � (div B)
� = grad � − ΔB
�
�
� (div B)
grad � = −B.
� − ΔB
λ2
� = 0.
div B
�
B
� =−
−Δ B ,
λ2
�
� − B = �0
ΔB
λ2
o
Bx
Δ Bx − =0
λ2
By
Δ By − 2 = 0
λ
Bz
Δ Bz − 2 = 0
λ
Δ
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
Δ= 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
�
B
Oy Oz y z
d2
Δ= .
dx2
Bx (x) By (x) Bz (x)
d2 Bx Bx
− 2 =0
dx2 λ
d2 By By
− 2 =0
dx2 λ
2
d Bz Bz
− 2 = 0.
dx2 λ
Bx (x) = A1x exp(x/λ) + A2x exp(−x/λ),
By (x) = A1y exp(x/λ) + A2y exp(−x/λ),
Bz (x) = A1z exp(x/λ) + A2z exp(−x/λ).
A1x,y,z A2x,y,z
x=0 x → +∞
o
◦
�
B x → +∞
A1x = A1y = A1z = 0.
Bx (x) = A2x exp(−x/λ),

By (x) = A2y exp(−x/λ),
Bz (x) = A2z exp(−x/λ).
◦ x=0
A2x = 0, A2y = 0, A2z = B0 .
�ez
�
B(x) = B0 �ez exp(−x/λ)
3λ
z
�0
B
y x
2λ
�j �
B
� B
rot � = μ0�j.
�
B
�j
o
�j = 1 rot
� B �
μ0
B0 �
= rot [exp(−x/λ) �ez ]
μ0
B0 d (exp(−x/λ))
=− �ey .
μ0 dx
�j = B0 exp(−x/λ) �ey
λμ0
f�vL = �j ∧ B.
�
f�vL N · m−3
B2 B2
f�vL = 0 exp(−2x/λ) �ey ∧ �ez = 0 exp(−2x/λ) �ex .
λμ0 λμ0
S
λ
x
z
�0
B f�L
S
y x
F�L

F�L = f�vL dV = f�vL (x) dxdydz.
y z y
z S
+∞
F�L = S f�vL (x) dx.
0
o
+∞
� B02
FL = S �ex exp (−2x/λ) dx
λμ0 0
+∞
B02 λ 2x
=S �ex − exp −
λμ0 2 λ 0
2
B0
=S �ex .
2μ0
2
B
F�L = S 0 �ex
2μ0
Pm
F� = P S�n,
�n
F�L = Pm S �ex .
B02
Pm =
2μ0
o
♥
d2 f 1
♥ (x) − 2 f (x) = 0
dx2 λ
f (x) = A1 exp(x/λ) + A2 exp(−x/λ).
f�vL = �j ∧ B.
�
•
�
� B
rot � = μ0�j + μ0 ε0 ∂ E .
∂t
• �
A
� (rot
rot � A) � (div A)
� = grad � − Δ A.
�
� = (ΔAx )�ex + (ΔAy )�ey + (ΔAz )�ez .

ΔA
o
o
a×b γAg
I = 5,0 mA
�j a = 2, 0 mm
b = 1, 0 cm
�j
ρl
�
E
vl
pJ
MAg = 108 g · mol−1

μAg = 9, 3 · 103 kg · m−3
γAg = 6, 3 · 107 S · m−1
e = 1, 6 · 10−19 C
me = 9, 1 · 10−31 kg
NA = 6, 02 · 1023 mol−1
kB = 1, 38 · 10−23 J · K−1
o
Oz a ha
σ >0
J ω
h
N
a N n=
h
i R
t = 0 i(0) = I0 ω(0) = 0
+++++
o
♣
a×b γAg
I = 5,0 mA
�j a = 2, 0 mm
b = 1, 0 cm
�j
ρl
�
E
vl
pJ
MAg = 108 g · mol−1

μAg = 9, 3 · 103 kg · m−3
γAg = 6, 3 · 107 S · m−1
e = 1, 6 · 10−19 C
me = 9, 1 · 10−31 kg
NA = 6, 02 · 1023 mol−1
kB = 1, 38 · 10−23 J · K−1
I �j
�j
−e
n
�j
o
vl
�→
◦
a×b
�j I

I= �
�j · dS.
a×b
dS� �j �j · dS� = j dS
b
�j
dS
a

I= �j · dS� = j · a · b
a×b
I
j=
ab
j = 2,5 × 102 A · m−2
◦
V n×V
n×V n×V
V m = μAg V = MAg
NA NA
μAg
n = NA
MAg
o
ρl = −en
μAg
ρl = −eNA
MAg
ρl = −8,3 × 109 C · m−3
◦
�
�j = γAg E
� = 1 �j
E
γAg
E = 4,0 × 10−6 V · m−1
100 V · m−1
◦
�j = ρl v�l
vl
j
vl =
|ρl |
vl = 3,0 × 10−8 m · s−1

3kB T
vl vth =
me
o
T = 300 K
vl
vth = 1, 2 · 105 m · s−1 ; � 10−13 !
vth
vl
vl
pE = ρl E� · v�l
�
= �j · E.
�
�j = γAg E,
� 2.
pJ = γAg E
j2
pJ = γAg E 2 =
γAg
pJ = 1,0 × 10−3 W · m−3
o
♥
♥
♥
•

I= �
�j · dS.
S
•
�
�j = γ E.
•
�j = ρl v�l .
•

3kB T
vth = .
m
o
♣♣♣
Oz a h�a
σ >0
J ω
h
N
a N n=
h
i R
t = 0 i(0) = I0 ω(0) = 0
τ
z
+++++
�→
o
�→
�→
Oz
i(t)
ω(t) i(t)
◦
i
�js
�js = σ �v = σ a ω �eθ .
�js = (ni + σ a ω)�eθ .
� t (t) = μ0 [ni(t) + σ a ω(t)] �ez .

B
o
a � cτ
a = 3 cm τ � 10−10 s
�
E
�
� E
rot � = − ∂ Bt .
∂t
f�L = q(E
� +�v ∧ B)
�
�t
B
�
E R
C
C r Oz
ΦC C

� · d�l = − dΦC .
E
C dt
d�l = r dθ �eθ ΦC = πr2 Bt z = πr2 μ0 (ni(t) + σ a ω(t))

θ

2 di dω
2πrEθ = −πr μ0 n + σ a ,
dt dt

r di dω
Eθ = − μ0 n + σ a
2 dt dt
o
◦
dS σdS df� = σ E
� dS
Oz
Oz
dω
J = Mz ,
dt
Mz Oz
O
� O.
Mz = �ez · M
�O
Mz = �ez · M
= �ez · � dS.
�r ∧ σ E
�r = r �er + z �ez

Mz = σ � dS
�ez · (r �er + z �ez ) ∧ E

= σ � dS + σ
�ez · r �er ∧ E � dS.
�ez · z �ez ∧ E

Mz = σ � · (�ez ∧ �er ) dS
rE

= σ � · �eθ dS
rE

= σ r Eθ dS.
h�a
Eθ r=a
o

1 di dω 2
Mz = −σ μ0 n + σ a a dS
2 dt dt

1 di dω 2
= −σ μ0 n + σ a a 2πah
2 dt dt

di dω
= −σπ a3 hμ0 n + σ a .
dt dt
dω di
(J + μ0 σ 2 a4 π h) = −σπ a3 hμ0 n
dt dt
J = J + μ 0 σ 2 a4 π h k = σπ a3 hμ0 n
d
(J ω + k i) = 0
dt
J ω + k i = cte.
J ω + k i = k I0
i
τ
k
if = 0 ωf = I0
J
◦
B2
Um Um = dτ
2μ0
cylindre
o
B2 2 1 1 σ a 2
Um = π a h = μ0 π a2 h(ni + σ a ω)2 = μ0 π a2 h n2 i + ω .
2μ0 2 2 n
1 σ a 2
Um = μ0 π a2 h n2 i + ω
2 n
Um
1 1
Um = μ0 π a2 h n2 i2 + μ0 π a4 h σ 2 ω 2 + μ0 π a3 h n σ ω i.
2 2
L
1 2
Li
2
1
Ec = J ω 2 .
2
z
Et
i
+++++
u R
1 1 σ a 2
Et = Ec + Um = J ω 2 + μ0 π a2 h n2 i + ω .
2 2 n
o
ω2
1 1
Et = μ0 π a2 h n2 i2 + J + μ0 π a4 h σ 2 ω 2 + μ0 π a3 h n σ ω i,
2 2
J
1 1
Et = L i2 + J ω 2 + μ0 π a3 h n σ ω i
2 2
P
dEt
= P.
dt
P = −u i u i
u = Ri
dEt
= −R i2 ,
dt
dEt
= −R i2
dt
i
i
t=0 t=∞
Et (∞) − Et (0) = −WJoule .
1
Et (0) = L I02 .
2
1 1 k2 2
Et (∞) = J ωf2 = I .
2 2 J 0

1 k2 2
WJoule = L − I0
2 J
L J k
1 1
Et (0) = J ωf2 + μ0 σ 2 a4 π h ωf2 + WJoule
2 2
o
WJoule
R
(R, L)
L
τ= ,
R
τ →0 R → +∞ L
1 2
LI
2 0
J ω + k i = cte R
i
R=∞ i=0
1 1
Et (0) = J ωf2 + μ0 σ 2 a4 π h ωf2 + WJoule + W
2 2
WJoule
♥ a
B = μ0 n i
♥ l
2 2
l = μ0 π a n .
♥ i(t) (R, L)
di R
+ i=0
dt L
o
L
τ=
R
♥ js
n i = js
♥
L1 L2 M i1 i2
1 1
Um = L1 i21 + L2 i22 + M i1 i2 .
2 2
di i
• + =0 i(t) = i(0) exp(−t/τ ).
dt τ
• �a · (�b ∧ �c) = �b · (�c ∧ �a) = �c · (�a ∧ �b) = det(�a, �b, �c)
• r
dS = r dθ dz
•
−
� · d�l = →� �
E rotE · dS,
C=∂Σ Σ
C = ∂Σ Σ
•
1
J Ec = J ω 2
2
• R
t2
WJoule = R i2 dt
t1
o
o
1
m V (x) = m ω 2 x2 ω
2
ψ(x, t)
∂ψ 2 ∂ 2 ψ
i =− + V (x)ψ.
∂t 2m ∂x2
ω
φ(x) = A exp(ax2 ) A a E ω
m
�V (x)�
m r0 = 1,5 × 108 km
Ms = 2,0 × 1030 kg T0
v0
G = 6,67 × 10−11 USI Ms r0
v0
v0
2
t=0
r(t)
1 τ
u π
du =
0 1−u 2
o
♣♣
1
m V (x) = m ω 2 x2 ω
2
ψ(x, t)
∂ψ �2 ∂ 2 ψ
i� =− + V (x)ψ.
∂t 2m ∂x2
φ(x) = A exp(ax2 ) A a E ω �
m
�V (x)�
1 2
mv
2
E
a
A
�→ a E
A
A
ψ(x, t)
V (x) x
x
�→
R
o
E V (x)
�→
V [V ] = E = M · L2 · T−2 m x
[m ω 2 x2 ] = M · L2 · T−2
[ω 2 ] = T−2
[ω] = T−1 .

Et
ψ(x, t) = φ(x) exp −i .

φ(x)
2 d 2 φ 1
Eφ = − + m ω 2 x2 φ.
2m dx2 2
d2 φ 1
+ 2 2mE − m2 ω 2 x2 φ = 0.
dx 2
φ(x) = A exp(ax2 )
d2 d
2
A exp(ax2 ) = 2Aax exp(ax2 )
dx dx
= A 4a2 x2 + 2a exp(ax2 ).
1
A 4a2 x2 + 2a exp(ax2 ) + 2 2mE − m2 ω 2 x2 A exp(ax2 ) = 0.

x

m2 ω 2 2mE
4a2 − 2 x2 + 2 + 2a = 0.

o
x
m2 ω 2 2mE
4a2 = ; = −2a.
�2 �2
a
mω
a=± .
2�
exp(ax2 )
R a>0
mω
a=−
2�
a�2 1
E=− = � ω.
m 2
1
E = �ω
2
1
�ω
2
A
|ψ(x, t)|2 dx = 1
R mω
|ψ(x, t)|2 = A2 exp(2ax2 ) = A2 exp − x2
�
mω
A2 exp − x2 dx = 1.
R �

mω
x=u
�
mω
2 � 2 π�
exp − x dx = exp −u du = .
R � mω R mω
mω 1/4
A=
π�
A A
o
mω 1/4
exp(iϕ0 ) ϕ0
π�
A ψ L−1/2
V (x) ψ(x, t)
P (x) = |ψ(x, t)|2

�V (x)� = V (x)P (x) dx.
R
mω
P (x) = |ψ(x, t)|2 = |φ(x)|2 = A2 exp − x .
�
mω
1
�V (x)� = A2 mω 2 x2 exp − x2 dx
R 2 �
mω
1 2 2
= A mω x2 exp − x2 dx.
2 R �

�
x=u
mω
mω 3/2 3/2
� 1 � √
x2 exp − x2 dx = u2 exp(−u2 ) du = π.
R � mω R 2 mω
3/2
1√ � mω 1
�V (x)� = π mω 2
= � ω.
4 mω π� 4
1 E
�V (x)� = � ω =
4 2
E
�V (x)�
�Ec (x)�
E = �Ec (x)� + �V (x)�.
1 E
�Ec (x)� = �ω =
4 2
o

�2 d 2 ψ
�Ec (x)� = − P (x) dx
R 2m dx2
♥

Et
ψ(x, t) = φ(x) exp −i .
�
♥
P (x) = |ψ(x, t)|2 x t
dP (x) = |ψ(x, t)|2 dx

x dx
E
�Ep (x)� = �Ec (x)� = ,
2
E

√
• exp −u2 du = π
R
1√
• u2 exp −u2 du = π
R 2
o
♣♣
m r0 = 1,5 × 108 km
Ms = 2,0 × 1030 kg T0
v0
G = 6,67 × 10−11 USI Ms r0
v0
v0
2
t=0
r(t)
1 τ
u π
du =
0 1−u 2
�→
�→
�→
o
r
�→
ṙ
G Ms r0
�→
r0
r0
2
�→
�a
�v0
�a
• • �uST
r0
v02
�a = − �uST ,
r0
�uST S T
MS m
f�S→T = −G 2 �uST ,
r0
o
m�a = f�S→T .
�uST
v02 Ms
=G 2 .
r0 r0

GMs
v0 =
r0
v0 = 30 km · s−1
1
Ec = mv02 v0
2
GMs m
Ec =
2r0
GMs m
Ep = − .
r0
Em < 0
GMs m
Em = E c + Ep = −
2r0
r0 Ec� Ep�
GMs m
Ep� = Ep = − .
r0
o
1 v2 1 GMs m
Ec = m 0 = Ec = .
2 4 4 8r0
7 GMs m
Em = Ec + Ep = − < Em .
8 r0
�v0 /2
•• •
r0
GMs m
Em = − ,
2a
a a = r0
8
2a = r0 ,
7
4
a = r0
7
A
SA = r0
P SP
r0
SP = 2a − r0 = .
7
o
S �uST f�S→T
• •T
r0
r ST
GMs m
mr̈ �uST = − �uST .
r2
�uST m
GMs
r̈ + = 0.
r2
ṙ
ṙ
ṙr̈ + GMs =0
r2
1 2 1
ṙ − GMs = cte.
2 r
ṙ(0) = 0 r(0) = r0
ṙ2 GMs ṙ(0)2 GMs

− = −
2 r 2 r(0)
GMs
=− .
r0
ṙ

1 1
ṙ2 = 2GMs −
r r0

1 1
ṙ = − 2GMs − .
r r0
ṙ
o

dr 1 1
= − 2GMs −
dt r r 0
dr dr 1 1
dt = − 2GMs −
dt √ 1r r10
2GMsdr −
dt = − r r0
√ dr 1 r0 r 1
dt = − √2GMs r − r .
2GMs 0 − r0
dr r0 r
dt = − √ .
r = r0 0 t s= τ 0 − r
t = 0 r = 2GM r
r = r0 t=0 r=0 t=τ

τ 0
dr r0 r
dt = −√
0 τ r00 2GM s 0 − r
r
r0
dr
1 rr00rr
dt
τ== √ − √2GM r − rdr.
0 r02GMs 0 s r00− r
r0
1 r0 r
τ=√ dr.
2GMs 0 r0 − r
−
r = r0 u
u − 0 1
r = r0 u
u 0 1
1
r03 u
τ= du.
2GMs 0 1 − u
1
r03 u
τ= du.
2GMs 0 1−u
3
π r0
τ= .
2 2GMs
π r03
τ= .
2 2GMs
τ=
τ= r0
T
2
r0 T
τ
T 2
2
T
τ
2o
o
r 3
0
2 GMs
=
(2τ )2 4π 2
3
r0 8GMs
2
= .
τ π2

π r03
τ= .
2 2GMs
GMs m
Em = − .
2a
♥
♥ a
GMs 2π a3 GMs
aω 2 = ω= ⇒ 2 = .
a2 T T 4π 2
GMs m
f�S→T = − 2 �uST .
r
•
GMs m
Ep = − .
r
o
o
o
O
δ p O z = y−x x
y
E(z)
A0
A0 (1 + �) |�| � 1
E(z, �)
Emax − Emin
C= .
Emax + Emin
�=0

Δν Δν
ν0 − , ν0 +
2 2
Δz
E(z) C
Δν = 109 Hz λ0 = 634 nm
Δν = 106 Hz
A m k
l0
O
o
y
A x
•
O
l0
x y � l0
Ep (x, y) = α + βx + γy + δx2 + μy 2 + �xy.
α, β, γ, δ, μ �
A x y � l0
x = a, y = 0, ẋ = 0, ẏ = v0 v0
v0
r = a exp(−t/τ )
o
♣
O
δ p O z = y−x x
y
E(z)
A0
A0 (1 + �) |�| � 1
E(z, �)
Emax − Emin
C= .
Emax + Emin
�=0

Δν Δν
ν0 − , ν0 +
2 2
Δz
E(z) C
Δν = 109 Hz λ0 = 634 nm
Δν = 106 Hz
�→
o
�→
1
�→ Δp > z
2
E(ν) = E0
dE0 = E0 dν
�→
�→
x
O
y
•S
δ = 2(y − x) = 2z
δ
p=
λ
2z
p=
λ
o

2πδ 4π z
E(z) = E0 1 + cos = E0 1 + cos
λ λ
E(z)
z
0
λ
2
λ
2
A0

2πδ
A0 (1 + �) exp i
λ
O

2πδ 4π z
At = A0 + A0 (1 + �) exp i = A0 1 + (1 + �) exp i .
λ λ
k
E(z) = At A∗t
2

2πδ
E0 1 + V cos ,
λ
k
E(z) = At A∗t
2
k 4π z 4π z
= |A0 |2 1 + (1 + �) exp i 1 + (1 + �) exp −i
2 λ λ

k 4π z 4π z
= |A0 |2 1 + (1 + �)2 + (1 + �) exp i + exp −i .
2 λ λ
o
� � ��
k 2 2 4π z
E(z) = |A0 | 2 + 2� + � + 2(1 + �) cos
2 λ
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ � �⎥
k ⎢ 1+� 4π z ⎥
= |A0 |2 (2 + 2� + �2 ) ⎢
⎢ 1+ 2 cos
⎥.
�2 �� ⎢ � λ ⎥ ⎥
⎣ 1+�+ ⎦
E0
� �� 2
V
1+�
V =
�2
1+�+
2
V |�|
V
1+�
C=
�2
1+�+
2
C=1 �→0
|�| � 1 �
�2 �2 �2
1+� 1+�+ − �2
C = = 2 2 =1− 2 = 1 − + o(�2 ),
�2 �2 �2 2
1+�+ 1+�+ 1+�+
2 2 2
�
�2
C �1−
2
o
E(z)
E0 (1 + C)
E0 (1 − C) z
0
λ
2
2z 2z
p= = ν.
λ c
z
Δν
2
2z Δν z
Δp = = Δν.
c 2 c
1
|Δp| > .
2
z
z
c
|z| < .
2Δν
Δz
c
Δz =
Δν

Δν Δν
ν0 − , ν0 +
2 2
o
E(ν)
E0 (ν)
Δν
E0
E0 dν
ν
0 ν0
[ν, ν + dν]
[ν, ν + dν]
4π z 4πν z
=
λ c
� � ��
4πν z
dE(ν, z) = E0 dν 1 + cos .
c
� ν=ν0 +Δν/2
E(z) = dE(ν, z)
ν=ν0 −Δν/2
� ν0 +Δν/2 � � ��
4πν z
= E0 1 + cos dν
ν0 −Δν/2 c
� � � ��ν0 +Δν/2 �
c 4πν z
= E0 Δν + sin
4π z c ν0 −Δν/2
� � � � � ��
c 4πν0 z 2πΔν z 4πν0 z 2πΔν z
= E0 Δν + sin + − sin −
4π z c c c c
� � � � ��
c 2πΔν z 4πν0 z
= E0 Δν + sin cos
2π z c c
⎧ � � ⎫
⎪ 2πΔν z ⎪
⎪
⎨ sin � � ⎪
c 4πν0 z ⎬
= E0 Δν 1 + cos
⎪
⎪ 2πΔν z c ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
c
� � � � ��
2πΔν z 4πν0 z
= E Δν 1 + sinc cos ,
� 0�� c c
E0
� � � � ��
2πΔν z 4πν0 z
E(z) = E0 1 + sinc cos
c c
o
C�

2πΔν z
�
C = sinc
c
C�
1
c c c c
z
−
3c
−
Δν
−
2Δν
0 2Δν Δν
3c
2Δν 2Δν
c
z=n , n ∈ Z∗
2Δν
c
Δz =
Δν
c
E 2ν0

E0 1 + C (z)

E0 1 − C (z)
c c c c
z
−
3c
−
Δν
−
2Δν
0 2Δν Δν
3c
2Δν 2Δν
E0 [1 + C � (z)] E0 [1 − C � (z)]
E0 [1 − C � (z)] E(z) E0 [1 + C � (z)] .
E

E0 1 + C (z)

E0 1 − C (z)
c c c c
z
−
3c
−
Δν
−
2Δν
0 2Δν Δν
3c
2Δν 2Δν
o

4πν0 z
cos
c
c
i= .
2ν0
c
z1,2 = ±
2Δν
|z2 − z1 |
N N=
i
2ν0
N=
Δν
c
λ0 = 634 nm ν0 = = 4, 73 · 1014 Hz
λ0
2ν0
N=
Δν
N = 9,46 × 105
Δν = 106 Hz
c
z1 =
2Δν
z1 = 150 m
δ
♥ p=
λ
♥ E
A
k
E = AA∗ ,
2
k A∗ A

2πδ
♥ E = E0 1 + V cos
λ
Emax − Emin
C= = |V |.
Emax + Emin
o
•

2πδ
E(δ) = E0 1 + cos .
λ
• V

2πδ
E = E0 1 + V cos .
λ
• sin(a + b) = sin(a) cos(b) + cos(a) sin(b)

sin(a + b) − sin(a − b) = 2 sin(b) cos(a)
•
sin x
x �= 0, sinc x = sinc(0) = 1.
x
0, 13
x
−5π −4π −3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π
−0, 22
o
♣♣
A m k
l0
O
y
A x
•
O
l0
x y � l0
Ep (x, y) = α + βx + γy + δx2 + μy 2 + �xy.
α, β, γ, δ, μ �
A x y � l0
x = a, y = 0, ẋ = 0, ẏ = v0 v0
v0
r = a exp(−t/τ )
�→
o
�→
�→
Ep (x, y) x y
◦
Ep (0, 0) = α
α O
α
α=0
◦
A O
f� = −grad
� Ep ,
∂Ep
fx (x, y) = − (x, y) = −β − 2δx − �y
∂x
∂Ep
fy (x, y) = − (x, y) = −γ − 2μy − �x.
∂y
A
fx (0, 0) = −β fy (0, 0) = −γ.
fx (0, 0) = 0 fy (0, 0) = 0.
β=0 γ=0
o
◦
Ep (x, y) x y
Ox Oy
Ep (−x, y) = Ep (x, y) Ep (x, −y) = Ep (x, y).
y y
A
O x • x
A
• O
∀(x, y), δx2 + μy 2 + �xy = δx2 + μy 2 − �xy,
�=0
x y
∀(x, y) Ep (x, y) = Ep (y, x),
∀(x, y) δx2 + μy 2 = δy 2 + μx2 ,
δ=μ
Ep (x, y) = δ(x2 + y 2 )
δ>0
o
δ
m
◦
y=0
2
2
Ep (x, 0) = kx + k l02 + x2 − l0 .
Ep (x, 0) � kx2 .
δ k
A
∂Ep
fx = − = −2δx
∂x
∂Ep
fy = − = −2δy.
∂y
mẍ = −2δx
mÿ = −2δy.

2δ
ω0 =
m
ẍ + ω02 x = 0, ÿ + ω02 y = 0
v0
x(t) = a cos ω0 t, y(t) = sin ω0 t
ω0
v0
y
ω0
v0
� l0 ,
ω0

δ
v0 � l0
m
o
O Ox Oy
v0
�v0
ω0
O a x
v0 = aω0
a
f�f rot = −λ �v ,
�r = x�ex + y�ey
d2�r
m = −δ �r − λ �v ,
dt
d2�r λ d�r
+ + ω02 �r = �0.
dt m dr
λ
m
λ 1
= τ
m τ
d2�r 1 d�r
+ + ω02 �r = �0,
dt τ dr
1
ẍ + ẋ + ω02 x = 0
τ
1
ÿ + ẏ + ω02 y = 0.
τ
o
1
Δ = − 4 ω02
τ 2
1
X2 + X + ω02 .
τ
1
− 4 ω02 < 0
τ 2
1
− 4 ω02 = 0
τ 2
1
− 4 ω02 > 0
τ 2
λ/m � ω02 ⇒ τ ω0 � 1.

1
x(t) ω = ω0 1 − � ω0
4τ 2 ω02
x(t) = exp(−t/2τ )(A cos ω0 t + B sin ω0 t),
y(t)
y(t) = exp(−t/2τ )(A cos ω0 t + B sin ω0 t).
A A
A = a, A = 0, − + Bω0 = 0, − + B ω0 = v0 = aω0 ,
2τ 2τ
a
A = a, A = 0, B= � a, B = a,
2τ ω0
x(t) � a exp(−t/2τ ) cos ω0 t, y(t) � a exp(−t/2τ ) sin ω0 t

r(t) = x2 (t) + y 2 (t) = a exp(−t/2τ ).
τ 2τ
o
♥
ω0
ẍ + 2 ẋ + ω02 x = 0,
Q
ω0
X2 + 2 X + ω02 = 0
Q

ω0 1
x(t) = exp − t (A cos ωt + B sin ωt) ω = ω0 1 − 2
Q Q
2 1
δ = ω0 2
−1 <0
Q
ω0
x(t) = exp − t (A t + B) δ = 0
Q
ω0 √ ω0 √
x(t) = A exp − + δ t + B exp − − δ t δ>0
Q Q
f� = −grad
� Ep .
o
o
RC f
2E
R e
E
C
e(t) uc t
−E
f = 2,0 × 103 Hz R = 100 kΩ C = 10 nF
uc
uc (t)
t
uc (t)
e(t)

40 1 1
e(t) � sin(ωt) + sin(3ωt) + sin(5ωt) .
π 3 5
uc (t)
Oz
I(t) = I0 cos(ωt) n
�
B0 = B0 cos(ωt)�uz
B0
�
E(M, t)
o
H R
σ
�b(M, t)
H R �b(M, t)
2
B0 δ=√
μ0 σω
σCu = 6 × 107 S · m−1 σSI = 2,5 × 10−4 S · m−1
o
♣
RC f
2E
R e
E
C
e(t) uc t
−E
f = 2,0 × 103 Hz R = 100 kΩ C = 10 nF
uc
uc (t)
t
uc (t)
e(t)

40 1 1
e(t) � sin(ωt) + sin(3ωt) + sin(5ωt) .
π 3 5
uc (t)
RC
�→
o
�→
◦
1
Zc =
Cω
ω → 0 ⇒ Zc → +∞,
ω → +∞ ⇒ Zc → 0.
|uc |
R R
e uc = e e uc = 0
1
RC
1
RC
1
RC
1
2πRC
o
◦
uc
H=
e
R
i
C
e uc
1
Zc =
jCω
Zc 1
uc = e= e.
R + Zc 1 + jRCω
1
H=
1 + jRCω
ω→0
H � 1.
ω → +∞ RCω � 1
1
H� .
jRCω
H
GdB = 20 log |H|.

GdB = 0
GdB � −20 log(RCω)
GdB
log(RCω)
−
o
−∞
+∞
fc
ωc 1
fc = = = 160 Hz.
2π 2πRC
f = 2,0 × 103 Hz
1
H� ,
jRCω
RCω � 1
K
K
jω
fn = (2n + 1)f n ∈ N
dus
RC = e,
dt
dus
RC + us = e.
dt
o
1 1
jω RC

1
us (t) = e(t) dt.
RC
t ∈ [0; T /2]
e(t) = E
E
us (t) = t + us (0).
RC
E T
us (T /2) = + us (0).
RC 2
T
e = −E
2
uc
Δuc t
T /2
ET
Δus = .
2RC
f = 1/T
E E
Δus = =
2RCf 4
RCf = 2
2E
1
H� .
jRCω
o
A0 sin(Ωt) H(ω)
s(t)
s(t) = |H(Ω)|A0 sin [Ωt + (H(Ω))] .
◦
ω = 2πf = 4π · 103 rad · s−1 RC = 10−3 s
1
H(ω) = .
4πj
1 π
|H(ω)| = ; (H(ω)) = − .
4π 2
40
e1 (t) = sin(ωt),
π
10 π 10
s1 (t) = 2
sin ωt − = − 2 cos(ωt).
π 2 π
◦
3ω
1
H(3ω) = ,
3 · 4πj
1 π
|H(3ω)| = ; (H(3ω)) = − .
3 · 4π 2
40
e3 (t) = sin(3ωt),
3π
10 π 10
s3 (t) = sin 3ωt − = − 2 cos(3ωt).
9π 2 2 9π
1
H(5ω) = ,
5 · 4πj
1 π
|H(5ω)| = ; (H(5ω)) = − .
5 · 4π 2
o
40
e5 (t) = sin(5ωt),
5π
10 π 10
s5 (t) = 2
sin 5ωt − =− cos(5ωt).
25π 2 25π 2

10 1 1
s(t) = − 2 cos(ωt) + cos(3ωt) + cos(5ωt)
π 9 25
♥
Z1
Z2
U Z2 u u= U
Z1 + Z2
e(t) = A0 sin [Ωt]

s(t) = |H(Ω)|A0 sin [Ωt + (H(Ω))] .
d
♥ jω ←→ .
dt
uz 1 dus
= ←→ us + RC = e.
e 1 + jRCω dt
π
• sin x − = − cos(x)
2
o
♣♣
Oz
I(t) = I0 cos(ωt) n
B� 0 = B0 cos(ωt)�uz
B0
�
E(M, t)
H R
σ
�b(M, t)
H R �b(M, t)
2
B0 δ=√
μ0 σω
σCu = 6 × 107 S · m−1 σSI = 2,5 × 10−4 S · m−1
�→
�→
�j �b
o
�→
Oz
� = Bz�ez .
B
B0
h
i
z
�0
B

� · d�� = μ0 nhI(t)
B(t)
hB0 cos(ωt) = μ0 nhI0 cos(ωt).
B0 = μ0 nI0
�
∂B
�= �0
∂t
�
� � ∂B � · d�� = − dΦ .
rot E = − ⇔ E
∂t C dt
o
C r Oz
i C
z
�0
B
�
E
Φ = πr2 B0 cos(ωt).

� · d�� = 2πrEθ .
E
C
dΦ
2πrEθ = −
dt
2πrEθ = πr2 B0 ω sin(ωt)
r
Eθ = B0 ω sin(ωt)
2
�eθ
� = r B0 ω sin(ωt)�eθ
E
2
�
�j = σ E.
� B
rot � = μ0�j
�j �
B
�
B �j
o
�j = σ r ωB0 sin(ωt)�eθ .
2
P

P= pJ dV
V

= σE 2 dV
V
r2 2 2 2
= B ω sin (ωt) dV
σ
4 0
V
σB02 ω 2 2
= sin (ωt) r2 dV
4
V
H 2π R R
π
r2 dV = dz dθ r2 rdr = 2πHr3 dr = HR4 .
0 0 0 0 2
V
πσB02 ω 2
P= HR4 sin2 (ωt).
8
sin2 (ωt) 1/2
P
π
P = σB 2 ω 2 HR4
16 0
I(t)
�j
�b
o
� �b = μ0�j.
rot
Oz H H �R
Oz
�b(M, t)
�b = bz (r, t)�ez .
�j
� �b = μ0�j
rot
∂bz μ0 σωB0
− (r, t)�eθ = r sin(ωt)�eθ
∂r 2
∂bz μ0 σωB0
(r, t) = − r sin(ωt),
∂r 2
μ0 σωB0 2
bz (r, t) = − r sin(ωt) + f (t),
4
f
f
Oz bz Oz
B0 cos(ωt) f (t) = 0
2
δ=√ ,
μ0 σω
2
�b(r, t) = − r B0 sin(ωt)�ez
δ
b � B0
R�δ
o
σCu = 6 × 107 S · m−1
δCu = 3 mm
�b
σSi = 2,5 × 10−4 S · m−1

δSi = 1,4 × 103 m
�b
∂E
ε0 � ε0 ωE.
∂t
ε0 ω σE ε0 ω σ
ε0 ω � 5,6 × 10−8 S · m−1 .
♥

� · d�� = μ0 I
B .
C
�
� E
rot � = − ∂B .
∂t
♥
�
�j = σ E,
o
σ
♥
2
�2 = j .
pJ = σ E
σ
dV = r2 drdθdz.
• f� = f (r)�ez r
� f� = − df �eθ .
rot
dr
•
μ0 = 4π · 10−7 H · m−1 ; ε0 � 8,85 × 10−12 F · m−1 .
o
o
L1 L2 M
q0 M
C L1 L2
t=0 q0
ρ(x)
ρ(x) = 0 x < −a x > a,
πx
ρ(x) = ρ0 sin − a x a.
a
m q v0
Ox
ρ(x)
�v0
x
−a O a
o
♣
L1 L2 M
q0 M
C L1 L2
t=0 q0
(L, C)
L 1 L2 1
Leq =
L1 + L2 jLω
�→
o
i
i1 i2
q M
C u L1 L2
u(t), i(t), i1 (t) i2 (t)
i = i1 + i2
du
C = −i.
dt
i
i1 i2
q
C u e1 e2
i1 i2
dΦ1 dΦ2
e1 = − , e2 = − ,
dt dt
Φ1 = L1 i1 + Mi2 , Φ2 = L2 i2 + Mi1 ,
L1 , L2 M
di1 di2 di2 di1
e1 = −L1 −M , e2 = −L2 −M .
dt dt dt dt
o
di1 di2
u = −e1 = L1 +M
dt dt
di2 di1
u = −e2 = L2 +M .
dt dt
u(t)
di1 di2 di2 di1

L1 +M = L2 +M
dt dt dt dt
di1 di2
(L1 − M ) = (L2 − M ) ,
dt dt
di2
dt

L1 − M di1
u = L1 + M
L2 − M dt
L1 L2 − M 2 di1
u= .
L2 − M dt
i1 (0) = 0 i2 (0) = 0
(L1 − M ) i1 = (L2 − M ) i2 .
du 1
= − (i1 + i2 ) ,
dt C

du 1 L1 − M
=− 1+ i1 .
dt C L2 − M
du 1 L1 + L2 − 2M
=− i1 .
dt C L2 − M
i1
d2 u 1 L1 + L2 − 2M di1
= −
dt2 C L2 − M dt
1 L1 + L2 − 2M
= − u,
C L 1 L2 − M 2
o
d2 u 1 L1 + L2 − 2M
+ u=0
dt2 C L1 L2 − M 2
M 2 L1 L2 .
◦
M 2 = L1 L2
2
M 2 < L1 L2 L1 + L2 − 2M > L1 + L2 − 2 L1 L2 = L1 − L2 0

1 L1 + L2 − 2M
u ω0 =
C L1 L 2 − M 2
d2 u
+ ω02 u = 0
dt2
q0 du i(0)
u(0) = , (0) = − = 0.
C dt C
q0
u(t) = cos ω0 t
C
u(t)
i1 (t)
L2 − M
i1 (t) = q0 ω0 sin ω0 t
L1 + L2 − 2M
i2 (t)
L1 − M
i2 (t) = q0 ω0 sin ω0 t
L1 + L2 − 2M
o
i(t)
i(t) = q0 ω0 sin ω0 t
L 1 L2 − M 2
Leq =
L1 + L2 − 2M
M =0
♥
L i M
i
Φ = Li + Mi .
♥
dΦ
e=− ,
dt
M 2 L1 L2 .
d2 u
• + ω02 u = 0
dt2
u(t) = A cos(ω0 t + ϕ),
A ϕ
o
♣♣
ρ(x)
ρ(x) = 0 x < −a x > a,
πx
ρ(x) = ρ0 sin − a x a.
a
m q v0
Ox
ρ(x)
�v0
x
−a O a
Em Ep (x)
1
Em = E c + Ep Ec = m�v 2 0
2
q V
o
�→ V
Ep
V
Ep = qV
V
ρ Oy Oz ρ
y x V x V (x)
x
V (x)
V (−x) = −V (x).
x < −a −a x a x>a
V (a− ) = V (a+ ), V (−a− ) = V (−a+ ),

dV dV dV dV
= , = .
dx a− dx a+ dx −a− dx −a+
o
ρ
ΔV = − .
�0
V x
∂ 2V d2 V
ΔV = 2
= ,
∂x dx2
d2 V ρ
2
=− ,
dx �0
d2 V ρ0 πx
= − sin −axa
dx2 �0 a
d2 V
= 0
dx2
◦ −a x a
d2 V ρ0 πx
= − sin ,
dx2 �0 a
ρ0 a2 πx
V (x) = 2
sin + Ax + B,
�0 π a
A B
x B=0
ρ0 a2 πx
V (x) = sin + Ax
�0 π 2 a
◦x>a
d2 V
=0
dx2
V (x) = A x + B ,
A B
◦ x < −a
d2 V
=0
dx2
V (x) = A x + B ,
o
A B
V (x)
∀x > a, A x + B = −A (−x) − B ,
A = A B = −B .
x=a
Aa = A a + B ,
B = (A − A )a
x = −a
−Aa = −A a + B = −A a − B .
x=a

dV dV
=
dx x=a− dx x=a+
ρ0 a
− + A = A ,
�0 π
ρ0 a ρ 0 a2
A = A + B =
�0 π �0 π
x = −a
ρ0 a2 πx ρ0 a
−a x a → V (x) = 2
sin + x + A x
�0 π a �0 π
ρ0 a2
x > a → V (x) = A x +
�0 π
2
ρ0a
x < −a → V (x) = A x − .
�0 π
A A x �
E
o
� A x = −A �ex .
� = −grad
E
A = 0.
ρ0 a2 πx ρ0 a
−a x a, V (x) = 2
sin + x
�0 π a �0 π
ρ0 a2
x > a, V (x) =
�0 π
ρ 0 a2
x < −a, V (x) = − .
�0 π
ρ0 > 0
V (x)
ρ(x)
−a
x
a
dV
Ex Ex (x) = −
dx
ρ0 > 0 ρ0 < 0
Ex (x) ρ0 > 0
�
E
−a a
x x
−a a
o
Ex (x) ρ0 < 0
�
E
−a a
x x
−a a
Ep = qV (x).
1
Em = Ec + Ep = m v02 + qV (x).
2
Em
◦ q ρ0
Ep (x) Em Ep (x)
Em qρ0 a2
2
�0 π Ec
x x
Ec −a a −a a
q>0 ρ0 > 0 q<0 ρ0 < 0
o
qρ0 a2
Ec 2 ,
�0 π
4qρ0 a2
v02
�0 πm
◦ q ρ0
Ep (x)
Em
Ec
−a
x
a
q>0 ρ0 < 0 q<0 ρ0 > 0
4qρ0 a2
v02
�0 πm
o
♥
ρ
ΔV = − .
�0
•
∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
Δf = + + .
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
o
o
M R N
Egp
1
Ep g = − E c
2
μ
mn
N rn
R = 10 km μ = 1014 g · cm−3 mn = 1,67 × 10−27 kg
o
♣
�→
�g
Oz
�g
�ez C
O •
m R C
μe
m�g
P�eau
P�air
2π
P�eau = μe R3 g �ez ,
3
2π
P�air = μa R3 g �ez .
3
o
μa
� 10−3
μe
P�eau + m�g = �0
2π 3
μe R g �ez − mg �ez = �0.
3
2π 3
m = μe R
3
z
C
z � R.
z
C �g
z • v
O
vi
vi (z)
v(z) z>0
2π 3
vi (z) = R − v(z).
3
o
z�R R
C z
v(z) = z πR2 .
R C
R
2π 3
vi (z) = R − z πR2 .
3
P�e = μe vi (z)g �ez

2π 3 2
= μe R − z πR g �ez .
3
m z̈ �ez = P�e + m�g

2π 3
= μe R − z πR2 g �ez + m�g .
3
m z̈ �ez = μe (−z πR2 )g �ez .
m μe
2π 3
m = μe R,
3
Oz z(t)
3g
z̈ + z=0
2R
o

3g
ω=
2R
R = 10 cm
ω = 12 rad · s−1
2π
T= = 0,52 s.
ω
P�A = −μfluide V �g ,
μfluide V
• z(t)
z̈ + ω02 z = 0.
o
♣♣♣
M R N
Egp
1
Ep g = − E c
2
μ
mn
N rn
R = 10 km μ = 1014 g · cm−3 mn = 1,67 × 10−27 kg
�→
�→
�→
o
�→
m1 m2
r
m 1 m2
Ep = −G .
r
R
2R
m1 m2
M r
R
M2
Egp ∝ −G .
R
k
M2
Egp = −kG
R
3
k=
5
m
r M
r �v
• •
f�S
v2
�v �a = − �er
r
f�S
o
m�a = f�S
v2 Mm
−m = −G 2 ,
r r
Mm
mv 2 = G .
r
1 2
Ec = mv
2
Ep g
1 Mm
Ec = G ,
2 r
1
E c = − Ep g
2
U
Egp
U = Ec + Egp .
1
U = − Egp + Egp
2
1
= Egp
2
M2
= −kG < 0.
2R
R M
o
U
R
3
Ec = NkB T,
2
N
3
U = −Ec = − NkB T.
2
dU 3
C= = − NkB .
dT 2
U
4
N M = πR3 μ
3
mn
4 μ
N = πR3 .
3 mn
N = 2,5 × 1056
4 3
πR
Vn = 3 ,
N
o
4
rn Vn = πrn3
3
R
rn =
N 1/3
rn = 1,6 × 10−15 m
Vn
Ox
Δx
Δx = rn .

Δpx .
rn
��p� = �0,
��p�� = Δpx .

��p�� =
rn
ec
��p��2
ec =
2mn
2
= .
2 mn rn2
o
Ec = Nec
2 N
=
2 mn rn2
2 N 5/3
=
2 mn R 2
2 M 5/3 1
= 8/3 2
.
2 mn R
Egp
2 M 5/3 1 M2
U= 8/3 R2
− kG
2 mn R
N
+1
U(R)
R0
dU
(R0 ) = 0,
dR
2 M 5/3 1 M2
−2 3
+ kG = 0.
8/3
2 m n R0 R02
2
R0 = 8/3
k GM 1/3 mn
o
3
k=
5
52
R0 = 8/3
3 GM 1/3 mn
R0 = 9,3 km
♥ m1 m2
r
m 1 m2
Ep g = −G .
r
♥ M
m r
Mm
f�M →m = −G 2 �eM →m .
r
♥
Δx Δpx .
♥
T
3
ec = kB T.
2
G = 6,67 × 10−11 m3 · kg−1 · s−2 .

•
= 1,05 × 10−34 J · s.
o
o
P0 , T 0 P0 , T 0 P1 , T 1 P2
T1
V0 V0 V1 V2
k L 0 > l0 l0
V2 , P2 , P1 , T1 V1

T V
s(T, V ) = Cv ln + R ln + s(T0 , V0 )
T0 V0
m R Δ = Ox
� = B �uz
B
z
�
B O y
a
x
b
θ
o
θ
o
♣♣
P0 , T 0 P0 , T 0 P1 , T 1 P2
T1
V0 V0 V1 V2
k L 0 > l0 l0
V2 , P2 , P1 , T1 V1

T V
s(T, V ) = Cv ln + R ln + s(T0 , V0 )
T0 V0
T1 T0
�→
o
�→
◦
n
P0 V0
n= .
RT0
P1 V1 = nRT1
P2 V2 = nRT2 ,
P1 V 1 P0 V 0
=
T1 T0
P2 V 2 P0 V 0
= .
T1 T0
V1 + V2 = 2V0 .
f�r
P1 P2
f�r
L Σ
�u
o
Σ �u L
f�r = −k(L − L0 ) �u.
L < L0
�u
P1 Σ �u − P2 Σ �u − k(L − L0 ) �u = �0.
V1
�u L=
Σ

k V1
P2 = P 1 + L0 − .
Σ Σ
S={ (1) + (2) + }.
S
Ep
ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔEp = W + Q.
ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔEp = 0.

Cv
ΔU1 = nCv (T1 − T0 ), ΔU2 = nCv (T1 − T0 ),
P0 V0
ΔU1 + ΔU2 = 2nCv (T1 − T0 ) = 2 Cv (T1 − T0 ),
RT0
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 V1 1 V0
ΔEp = k(L − L0 ) − k(l0 − L0 ) = k − L0 − k − L0 .
2 2 2 Σ 2 Σ
o
2 2
P0 V0 1 V1 1 V0
2 Cv (T1 − T0 ) + k − L0 − k − L0 = 0.
RT0 2 Σ 2 Σ
P1 V 1 P 0 V 0
=
T1 T0
P2 V 2 P 0 V 0
=
T1 T0
V1 + V2 = 2V0
k V1
P2 = P 1 + L0 −
Σ Σ
2 2
P0 V0 1 V1 1 V0
2 Cv (T1 − T0 ) + k − L0 − k − L0 = 0.
RT0 2 Σ 2 Σ
ΔS = Se + Sc .
Sc Se
Sc 0.
S S
Se = 0
ΔS = Sc > 0.
ΔS = ΔSressort + ΔSgaz(1) + ΔSgaz(2) .
ΔSressort = 0
o
◦
Tf Vf
ΔSgaz = nCv ln + nR ln
Ti Vi
T1 V1
ΔSgaz(1) = nCv ln + nR ln .
T0 V0
T1 V2
ΔSgaz(2) = nCv ln + nR ln .
T0 V0
T1 V1 V2
ΔS = 2nCv ln + nR ln 2
T0 V0
T 1 > T0
V1 V2 = V1 (2V0 − V1 ) < V02
ΔS > 0
V0 = 10 L P0 = 1 bar T0 = 300 K Σ = 10 dm2 k = 2 · 104 N · m−1 L0 = 50 cm

Cv = 12 J · K−1 · mol−1
V1 = 13 L, V2 = 7 L, T1 = 325 K, P1 = 0, 83 bar, P2 = 1, 56 bar
ΔS = 0,77 J · K−1 · mol−1
♥ R = 8, 31 J · K−1 · mol−1
P V = nRT.
o
♥
ΔU + ΔEm = W + Q.
♥
Cv
ΔU = nCv ΔT.
ΔS = Se + Sc ,
Sc 0.
Se Sc
�uAB
• • f� = −k (AB − l0 ) �uAB
A B
AB �uAB
•
1
Ep = k (AB − l0 )2 .
2
•
T V
s(T, V ) = s(T0 , V0 ) + Cv ln + R ln .
T0 V0
o
♣♣
m R Δ = Ox
� = B �uz
B
z
�
B O y
a
x
b
θ
�→
�→
�→
�→
o
�→
� · S.
Φ=B �
S� ab
z
�
B O �
B
y
a
S� S�
x
b
θ θ
Φ = Bab sin θ e
dΦ
e=− = −Bab θ̇ cos θ.
dt
R S�
o
Ri = −ab B θ̇ cos θ.
θ(t) i(t)
�Or
O M
� O r · �ux = 0.
Mx r = M
Ox
dLx
= Mx poids + Mx Laplace .
dt
Ox Lx = JOx θ̇ Jox
Ox
a
sin θ
2
Ox
m�g
a
Mx poids = −mg sin θ.
2
o
− θ
�
M
� Laplace
M � ∧B
=M � = iS� ∧ B
� = i ab B cos θ �ux
Ox
Mx Laplace = i ab B cos θ.
a
JOx θ̈ = −mg sin θ + i ab B cos θ.
2
θ i
mga ( ab B)2
JOx θ̈ = − sin θ − θ̇ cos2 θ
2 R
θ̈ = 0 θ̇ = 0 sin θ = 0
θ=0
θ�1
sin θ � θ
cos θ � 1,
mga (ab B)2

JOx θ̈ = − θ− θ̇,
2 R
(ab B)2 mga

θ̈ + θ̇ + θ=0
RJOx 2JOx
(ab B)2
θ̇
RJOx
(ab B)2
RJOx
ω0 Q
mga 2ω0 ( ab B)2

ω02 = = .
2JOx Q RJOx
o
2ω0
θ̈ + θ̇ + ω02 θ = 0.
Q
Q
Δ X2 +
2ω0
X + ω02
Q
1
Δ= 4ω02 −1 .
Q2
Q > 1.
Q

mga RJOx R 2mgaJOx
Q=2 = .
2JOx a2 b2 B 2 a2 b2 B 2
Q B

2 R 2mgaJOx
B <
a2 b 2
B=0 B2

ω0 1 ω0 1
ω1 = − + iω0 1 − 2 ω2 = − − iω0 1 − 2 .
Q Q Q Q
λ μ

ω0 t 1 1
θ(t) = exp − λ exp iω0 t 1 − 2 + μ exp −iω0 t 1 − 2 .
Q Q Q

ω0 t 1 1
θ(t) = exp − a0 cos ω0 t 1 − 2 + b0 sin ω0 t 1 − 2 ,
Q Q Q

ω0 t 1
θ(t) = A0 exp − cos ω0 t 1 − 2 + ϕ
Q Q
o
A0 ϕ

ω0 t
A0 exp −
θ Q
Q
τ=
ω0
♥
dΦ
e=− .
dt
♥ S�
�
B
� · S.
Φ=B �
M � ∧B
� Laplace = M � = iS� ∧ B.
�
• μ exp(ix) + λ exp(−ix) = (μ + λ) cos x + (μ − λ) sin x

b
• a cos x + b sin x = a2 + b2 cos(x + ϕ) tan ϕ = −
a
o
o
B1 L1
i1 = I0 cos(ωt) B2 n L2
R2 B2
Oz zeq zeq
n B2 M
zeq (B2 )
i1 (t)
∼ (B1 )
L2 ω R 2
L2 ω R 2
L2 ω R2
B1 B2
o
V
M
f M
o
♣
B1 L1
i1 = I0 cos(ωt) B2 n L2
R2 B2
Oz zeq zeq
n B2 M
zeq (B2 )
i1 (t)
∼ (B1 )
L2 ω � R 2
L2 ω � R 2
L2 ω � R2
B1 B2
B1
B2
i1 i2
B2
�→
o
n B2 n
�→
B1 �
B(t)
B2
i2 �
B(t)
F�
B2 m
�
Ep �
B F�
Ep
i1
B2
L2 R2 em
B1 B2
i2 L2
⇔ em R2
i2
i1 i2
M
Φ1→2 B1 B2
M
Φ1→2 = Mi1 .
o
e
dΦ
e=−
dt
di1
= −M .
dt
i1 = �(i1 ),
i1 = I0 exp(jωt).
e = −jM ω i1 .
di2
L2 + R2 i2 = e,
dt
jL2 ω i2 + R2 i2 = −jM ω i1 .
i2
−jM ω
i2 = i
jL2 ω + R2 1
m
�
m
� = nSi2 �ez ,
S B2
Ep � = B(z)�ez
B B1
Ep = −m �
� ·B
= −mBz (z)
= −nSBz (z)i2 .
o
�
B
Ep
nSBz Φ1→2
Mi1
Ep = −Mi1 i2 .
F�
� Ep
F� = −grad
dEp
=− �ez
dz
dM
= i1 i2 �ez .
dz
M z i1 i2
dM
�F� � = �i1 i2 � �ez
dz
�i1 i2 � =
� �i1 i2 �
◦ L2 ω � R 2
i2
Mω
i2 = −j i
R2 1
Mω π
= exp −j i
R2 2 1
Mω
i2 (t) = I0 cos(ωt − π/2)
R2
Mω
= I0 sin(ωt).
R2
B2 R2
o
Mω 2
�i1 i2 � = I �cos(ωt) sin(ωt)� = 0.
R2 0
dM
�F� � = �i1 i2 � �ez = �0.
dz
�F� �
◦ L2 ω � R 2
M
i2 = − i,
L2 1
M
i2 (t) = − I0 cos(ωt),
L2
M 2
�i1 (t)i2 (t)� = − I �cos2 (ωt)�
L2 0
M 2
=− I .
2L2 0
dM M 2
�F� � = − I �ez
dz 2L2 0
I 2 1 dM 2
=− 0 �ez .
4 L2 dz
1 dM 2 2
�F� � = − I
4L2 dz 0
|M |
dM 2
z <0
dz
B2
o
◦ L2 ω � R2
i2
−jM ω
i2 = i
jL2 ω + R2 1
Mω π
= 2 exp −j − jϕ i1 ,
L2 ω 2 + R22 2
π L2 ω
ϕ ∈ [0; ] tan ϕ =
2 R2
MωI0
i2 (t) = 2 sin(ωt − ϕ).
L2 ω 2 + R22
MωI 2
�i1 i2 � = − 2 0 2 sin(ϕ)
L2 ω 2 + R 2
MωI 2 L2 ω
= − 2 0 2 2
L2 ω + R2 L2 ω 2 + R22
2
ML2 ω 2 2
=− 2 2 I .
L2 ω + R22 0
dM
�F� � = �i1 i2 � �ez
dz
dM ML2 ω 2 2
=− I �ez
dz L22 ω 2 + R22 0
1 dM 2 L2 ω 2
=− I 2 �ez .
2 dz L22 ω 2 + R22 0
1 dM 2 L2 ω 2
�F� � = − I 2 �ez .
2 dz L22 ω 2 + R22 0
dM 2
<0
dz
n
Fz = �F� � · �ez n
o
◦
1 dM 2 2
�F� � = − I .
4L2 dz 0
n2 L2 = n 2 L L n
n M = nM M
n
dM 2 dM2
M = nM ⇒ = n2 .
dz dz
1 dM 2 1 dM2
= .
L2 dz L dz
1 dM2 2
�F� � = − I �ez
4L dz 0
Fz n
1 dM 2 L2 ω 2
�F� � = − I 2 �ez .
2 dz L22 ω 2 + R22 0
M = Mn
L2 = L n2 ,
L M n Fz = �F� � · �ez
1 dM2 n4 Lω 2
Fz = − I 2.
2 dz n4 L2 ω 2 + R22 0
o
n
x = n4
x R22
f (x) = ⇒ f (x) = > 0.
xL2 ω 2 + R22 (xL2 ω 2+ R22 )2
♥ em
i1 M
d(Mi1 )
em = − .
dt
♥ N
S i
m
� = NSi �n,
�n
1
• �cos(ωt) cos(ωt − ϕ)� = cos(ϕ)
2
1
• �cos(ωt) sin(ωt − ϕ)� = − sin(ϕ)
2
o
♣♣
M
f M
�→
◦
m
o
N = mg.
M
�v0 V�
◦
�v0 M m
Oxyz
R O x y z R
y
y y y
V�
V
t=0 t>0
O
O x • x
• • x
O �v0 x O
R R
R
R
t=0 M
O O O R
−−→
OO = V t �ey .
−−→ −−→ −− →
OM = OO + O M
x�ex + y�ey = V t�ey + x e� x + y e� y
�ex = e� x ; �ey = e� y .

x = x
y = y + V t.
o

ẋ = ẋ
ẏ = ẏ + V,
�v = �v + V �ey .
R t=0
�v (t = 0) = �v0 − V �ey
= v0 �ex − V �ey ,
x (0) = 0, y (0) = 0.
◦
R
m�g
�
N
T�
R
R
M
�v

� �v .
T� = −f �N�
��v �
�v = v �u v = ��v �

�u �v v (0) = v02 + V 2
v0�ex − V �ey
�u(0) = 2
v0 + V 2
o
y
t=0
O �v0 x
•
−V�
�u(0)
R
T� = −f �N
� ��u.
R
d�v
m = T� + N
� + m�g .
dt
Oz
0 = N − mg ⇒ N = mg.
d�v
m = T�
dt
d(v �u)
m = −f mg �u
dt
dv d�u
�u + v = −f g �u.
dt dt
d�u
�u �u
dt
�u
(�u, )
dt
⎧
⎨ dv
⎪
= −f g
dt
⎩ v d�u = 0.
⎪
dt
◦
�u
�u(t) = �u(0).
v (t) = v (0) − f g t.
o
�v (t) = (v (0) − f g t) �u(0)
��
2 v0�ex − V �ey
= v0 + V − f g t � 2
2
v0 + V 2
v0�ex − V �ey
= v0�ex − V �ey − � 2 fg t
v0 + V 2
= v0�ex − V �ey − f g t�u.
R
v v

R
ta
�
v02 + V 2
ta = .
fg
�
� < v0 t a
R �v = �v + V �ey
�v (t) = v0�ex − f g t �u,
−−→ t2
OM (t) = v0 t �ex − f g �u.
2
�u
−�u
−�v0 + V�
⎧
⎪ v0 t2
⎪
⎨ x = v0 t − f g � 2
v0 + V 2 2
⎪
⎪ y = fg� V t2
⎩ .
v02 + V 2 2
o
V =0 Ox y(t) = 0
•A
−�u
x
O•
R �v0
�
A O
�vR = �v �R + V�R /R .
�T � = f �N �
T�
o
o
C2
− ∞
+
ue R R C1 us
ve
E
o
q>0 a
y
q q
• •
�v0
• x
O q
• •
q q
O
V (x, y) = k0 + k1 x + k2 y + k3 x2 + k4 y 2 + k5 xy.
k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 k5
k3
m q > 0 (x0 , 0) x0 � a
�v0 = v0�ey (x(t), y(t))
v0
r(t)
2
μ0 d�
v
q
6πc dt
r(t)
o
♣♣
C2
− ∞
+
ue R R C1 us
ve
E
us
H=
ue
0 +∞
�→
ω→0 ω → +∞
GdB = 20 log(|H|)
o
�→
t = 0+
�→
�→
VA , V + V−
C2
V−
• − ∞
V ++
• •
VA us
ue R R C1
V−
V − = us .
V + = V −.
o
C2
us
• − ∞
us
• • +
VA us
ue R R C1
VA
ue us
+ + jC2 ω us u + (1 + jRC ω) u
VA = R R e 2 s
= .
2 2 + jRC2 ω
+ jC2 ω
R
jRC2 ω RC2
τ2 = RC2
ue + (1 + jτ2 ω) us
VA = .
2 + jτ2 ω
VA , ue us VA
1
jC1 ω
V+ = VA ,
1
R+
jC1 ω
V + = us τ1 = RC1
VA
us = .
1 + jτ1 ω
VA
ue + (1 + jτ2 ω) us
us = ,
(2 + jτ2 ω)(1 + jτ1 ω)
o
us (2 + jτ2 ω)(1 + jτ1 ω) = ue + (1 + jτ2 ω) us
us [(2 + jτ2 ω)(1 + jτ1 ω) − (1 + jτ2 ω)] = ue

us 1 + 2jτ1 ω − τ1 τ2 ω 2 = ue .
1
H=
1 + 2jτ1 ω − τ1 τ2 ω 2
ω→0
ω → +∞
◦ω→0
lim H = 1
ω→0
◦ ω → +∞
H
1
H � − .
+∞ τ1 τ2 ω 2
◦ω→0
us
• − ∞
ie = 0 us
• • +
VA us
ue R R
ie
ve = V A = v s .
H=1
o
◦ ω → +∞
us
• − ∞
us
• • +
VA us
ue R R
us us = 0
GdB = 20 log(|H|)
1 1
|H| = 2 2
= .
2 2
(1 − τ1 τ2 ω ) + 4τ1 ω 1 + (4τ1 − 2τ1 τ2 )ω 2 + τ12 τ22 ω 4
2
1
|H| � ,
ω→+∞ τ1 τ2 ω 2
GdB � −40 log(ω) − 20 log(τ1 τ2 )

ω→+∞
def √
x = τ1 τ2 ω
GdB � −40 log(x)
ω→+∞
H
GdB � 0.
ω→0
o
GdB
log(x)
0
−40
ϕ
ϕ = arg(H) = − arg(1 + 2jτ1 ω − τ1 τ2 ω 2 ) = − arg((1 − τ1 τ2 ω 2 ) + 2jτ1 ω).
P = (1 − τ1 τ2 ω 2 ) + 2jτ1 ω
P
�(P ) �(H)
C C
�(P ) =⇒ �(H)
0 0
ϕ [−π; 0]

�(P ) 1 − τ 1 τ2 ω 2
ϕ = − arccos = − arccos .
|P | 1 + (4τ12 − 2τ1 τ2 )ω 2 + τ12 τ22 ω 4
lim ϕ = 0.
ω→0
lim ϕ = −π.
ω→+∞
o
√
x= τ1 τ2 ω
ϕ
log(x)
0
−π/2
−π
E>0
ve
E
d
jω
dt
d2
(jω)2 = −ω 2
dt2
us 1
=
ue 1 + 2jτ1 ω − τ1 τ2 ω 2
2
(1 + 2jτ1 ω − τ1 τ2 ω )us = ue
us + 2jτ1 ω us − τ1 τ2 ω 2 us = ue
dus d 2 us
us + 2τ1 + τ1 τ2 2 = ue .
dt dt
t>0
d 2 us dus
τ1 τ2 2
+ 2τ1 + us = E
dt dt
o
τ1 ττ21Xτ22X
+22τ
+1 2τ
X 1+X1+ 1
δ δ==τ12τ1−
2
−τ1ττ12τ= τ1 τ(τ11(τ−1 −
2 = τ2 ).τ2 ).
τ1τ1 τ2 τ2
ττ11 >>ττ22
√√ √√
11 11 δδ 11 τ2τ2 11 1 1 δ δ 1 1 τ2 τ 2
− = =−
− ++ ==−− 11−− 1 1−− − −− − = −
; ; −− = = = − 1 +1 +1 −1 − . .
TT11 ττ22 ττ11ττ22 τ2τ2 τ1τ1 T2T2 τ2 τ2τ1 ττ21 τ2 τ2 τ2 τ1 τ1
EE

tt t t
uus (t)
s (t)
= =EE++AAexp
exp −− + +
B B
exp
exp−− . .
T1T1 T2 T2
A
A BB
du
dus s
uuss(t(t==00++)) (t(t==0+0)+ )
dtdt
0+0+
t =t =
00
• •−− ∞∞
•• • •++
RR RR 00 us (t (t 0=+ )0+ )
us =
EE
V +V =
+
V −V −
=
00
00
• •−− ∞∞
00
•• • •++
00 us (t (t 0=+ )0+ )
us =
EE RR RR 00
usu(ts (t==0+0)+=
)=00
o o
E/R 0
• − ∞
E/R 00 +
• •
0 0 us (t = 0+ )
E R R C1
iC C1 t = 0+
us (t)
dus
C1 = iC ,
dt
dus
C1 (t = 0+ ) = 0.
dt
dus
(t = 0+ ) = 0
dt
A B
⎧
⎨ 0=E+A+B
A B
⎩ 0=− −
T1 T2
⎧
⎪ E
⎪
⎪ A=−
⎪
⎪ T2
⎨ 1−
T1
⎪ E
⎪
⎪ B=− .
⎪
⎪ T1
⎩ 1−
T2
⎡ � � � �⎤
t t
⎢ exp − exp −
T1 T2 ⎥
us (t) = E ⎢
⎣1 − − ⎥
T2 T1 ⎦
1− 1−
T1 T2
us
E
o
E
�ue � =
2
ωn = n ω0 An n ∈ N
+∞
E
ue (t) = + An sin(nω0 t).
2 n=1
n = 2p + 1
+∞
E
ue (t) = + A2p+1 sin [(2p + 1)ω0 t] .
2 p=0
2E 1
A2p+1 =
π 2p + 1
1 1
√ ω0 � √
τ1 τ2 τ1 τ2
1
ω0 � √
τ1 τ2
1
ω0 � √ ⇔x�1
τ1 τ2
vs
E
1
ω0 � √ ⇔x�1
τ1 τ2
E
2
o
ve
E
E vs
2
t
E
us (t) =|H(0)| cos(arg H(0))
2
+∞

+ |H((2p + 1)ω0 )|A2p+1 sin [(2p + 1)ω0 t + arg H((2p + 1)ω0 )] .
p=0
|H|(0) = 1 arg H(0) = 0
+∞
E
us (t) = + |H((2p + 1)ω0 )|A2p+1 sin [(2p + 1)ω0 t + arg H((2p + 1)ω0 )] .
2 p=0
♥
♥
o
•

Y iV i
i
VA = ,
Yi
i
Yi A VA i
Vi
o
♣ ♣♣ ♣
qq >
> 00 aa
yy
qq qq
•• ••
�v�0v0
•• xx
OO q q
•• ••
qq qq
OO
22
VV(x,
(x,y)
y)==kk00++kk1 1xx++kk2 y2 y++kk3 x3 x ++k4ky42y 2++k5kxy.
5 xy.
kk1 ,1 k, k2 ,2k, k3 ,3k, 4k4 k5k5

kk33
mm q q>

>0 0 (x(x
0 ,00)
, 0) x0x�
0 �
aa
�v00 =
= vv00�e�eyy (x(t),
(x(t),y(t))
y(t))
v0
r(t)
r(t)
22
μ0μ0 d�vd�v
q q
6πc
6πc dtdt
r(t)
r(t)
→
��→
VV
(x,(x,
y)y)
oo
Ox
Oy
�→ x
x2
q
�→
r(t)
�→
◦ k0
k0 O
V (0, 0) = k0 .
k0
k0 = 0
q 1
V (0, 0) = 4 √ .
4π�0 a/ 2
√
2q
k0 = .
π�0 a
k0 = 0
o
◦ Ox
Ox
y
q q
• •
(x, y)
x
O
(x, −y)
• •
q q
(x, y) (x, −y) Ox
V (x, y) = V (x, −y) ∀(x, y).
k1 x + k2 y + k3 x2 + k4 y 2 + k5 xy = k1 x − k2 y + k3 x2 + k4 y 2 − k5 xy
2k2 y + 2k5 xy = 0.
x=0 y �= 0
k2 = 0
2k5 xy = 0.
k5 = 0
V (x, y) = k1 x + k3 x2 + k4 y 2 .
V (x, y) y
y
◦ Oy
Oy
o
y
q q
• •
(−x, y) (x, y)
x
O
• •
q q
V (x, y)
V (x, y) = V (−x, y)
k1 x + k3 x + k4 y 2 = −k1 x + k3 x2 + k4 y 2
2
2k1 x = 0.
x
k1 = 0
V (x, y) x
x
V (x, y) = k3 x2 + k4 y 2 .
◦
Δ
y Δ
q
• (y, x) • q
O (x, y) x
q
• •
q
Δ
(x, y) −→ (y, x).
x y
V (x, y) = V (y, x)
k 3 x + k4 y 2 = k 3 y 2 + k4 x 2 .
2
o
x=0 y
k4 y 2 = k 3 y 2 .
k3 = k 4
V (x, y) = k3 (x2 + y 2 )
(x, 0)
y
q q
• •
a r1 r2
2
O x
x
a
2 r1 r2
• •
q q
r1
� � �
a2 � a �2 a2 a 2x 2x2
r1 = + +x = + ax + x2 = √ 1+ + 2.
4 2 2 2 a a
r2 x −x
� �
a2 � a �2 a 2x 2x2
r2 = + −x = √ 1− + 2.
4 2 2 a a
⎛ ⎞
2q 2q q ⎜ 1 1 ⎟
V (x, 0) = + =√ ⎜� + � ⎟.
4π�0 r1 4π�0 r2 2π�0 a ⎝ 2x 2x2 2x 2x2
⎠
1+ + 2 1− + 2
a a a a
1
x √
...
(...)−1/2
�� −1/2 � �−1/2 �
q 2x 2x2 2x 2x2
V (x, 0) = √ 1+ + 2 + 1− + 2 .
2π�0 a a a a a
o
−1/2 2
2x 2x2 1 2x 2x2 3 2x 2x2
1+ + 2 = 1− + 2 + + 2 + ◦(x2 )
a a 2 a a 8 a a
x x2 3 x2
= 1 − − 2 + 2 + ◦(x2 )
a a 2a
x x2
= 1 − + 2 + ◦(x2 ).
a 2a
x −x
−1/2
2x 2x2 x x2
1− + 2 = 1+ + 2 + ◦(x2 ).
a a a 2a

q x2
V (x, 0) = √ 2 + 2 + ◦(x2 )
2π�0 a a
√
2q q
= +√ x2 + ◦(x2 ).
π�0 a 2π�0 a3
x2
q
k3 = √
2π�0 a3
V =0
0
q�
2 2
V (x, y) = k3 (x + y )
f� = fx�ex + fy�ey q q�
f� = −grad
� q�V
∂V ∂V
fx = −q � , fy = −q �
∂x ∂y
fx = −2q � k3 x , fy = −2q � k3 y.
d�v
m = f�,
dt
o
mẍ = −2q k3 x
mÿ = −2q k3 y
2q k3
ω02 =
m
ẍ + ω02 x = 0
ÿ + ω02 y = 0.
v0x
x(t) = x0 cos ω0 t + sin ω0 t
ω0
v0y
y(t) = y0 cos ω0 t + sin ω0 t.
ω0
x(0) = x0 y0 = 0 v0x = 0 v0y = v0

v0
x(t) = x0 cos ω0 t ; y(t) = sin ω0 t
ω0
x(t)2 y(t)2
+ =1
x20 (v0 /ω0 )2
O Ox Oy
y
q q
• •
�v0
• x
O q
• •
q q
Ox Oy
v0
x0 = ,
ω0
o
v0
x0 =
2q k3
m
x(t) = r0 cos ω0 t, y(t) = r0 sin ω0 t.
q
E m = E c + Ep
1
= m v 2 + q V (x, y)
2
1
= m(ẋ2 + ẏ 2 ) + q k3 (x2 + y 2 )
2
1
= mω02 r02 + q k3 r02
2
1 1
= mω02 r02 + mω02 r02
2 2
= mω02 r02 .
1
Ep (r0 ) = Ec = Em .
2
Ep (r)
Em
Ec
Ep
r
r0
Pr
dEm
= −Pr < 0.
dt
r(t)
q O
o
2
μ0 d�v μ0 q �2 2
Pr = q� = (ẍ + ÿ 2 )
6πc dt 6πc
μ0 q �2 4 2
= ω (x + y 2 )
6πc 0
μ0 q �2 4 2
= ω r .
6πc 0
r(t)
d μ0 q �2 4 2
mω02 r2 = − ω r
dt 6πc 0
�2
μ0 q 2 2
2m r ṙ = − ω r
6πc 0
ṙ μ0 q �2 2
= − ω
r 12mπc 0
ω02 k3
ṙ μ0 q �3 q
=− √ ,
r 6 2 m 2 π 2 � 0 a3 c
1
μ0 =
�0 c2
ṙ q �3 q
=− √ .
r 6 2 m2 π 2 �20 a3 c3

ṙ
= T−1 .
r
2 2
q �3 q q 2
2 2
= = = M2 · L4 · T−4 ,
�0 a �0 a

q �3 q
√ 2 3 3
= M2 · L4 · T−4 · M−2 · L−1 · L−3 · T3 = T−1 .
2 2
6 2 m π �0 a c
o
q 3 q 1
√ = .
2 2 2 3 3
6 2 m π �0 a c τ
ṙ 1
=− ,
r τ
r t
ln =− .
r0 τ
r(t = 0) = r0

t
r(t) = r0 exp − .
τ
0
5τ
y
q q
• •
�v0
• x
q
• •
q q
♥ q
V
f� = −q grad
� V.
♥ ẍ + ω02 x = 0
x(0) = x0 ẋ(0) = ẋ0
ẋ0
x(t) = x0 cos ω0 t + sin ω0 t.
ω0
o
ṙ
♥ ln r(t) + cte
r
r
ln r0
r0
• (1 + �)n
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + �)n = 1 + n� + � + ◦(�2 ).
2
1 3
(1 + �)−1/2 = 1 − � + �2 + ◦(�2 ).
2 8
o
o
o
� L θ � 1 rad
θ
h
•
�ez L
h
C C
�
M

� ∂U
M =− �ez ,
∂θ q
U q
m
r = r0
e2�a2
Pr = ,
6πε0 c3
�a r(t)
Em (t)
o
σz = n
rn = n 2 r1
E1
En = .
n2
m = 9,0 × 10−31 kg ε0 = 8,85 × 10−12 F · m−1 r0 = 53 pm
o
♣
� L θ � 1 rad
θ
h
•
�ez L
h
C C
�
M

� ∂U
M =− �ez ,
∂θ q
U q
�→
θ
�→
θ
o
θ
h e(x)
O x x + dx x
dx dC
�dx
dC = ε0 .
e(x)
e(x)
h tan θ � θ
y = x θ + h ⇒ e(x) = x θ + h.
O x
�dx
dC = ε0 .
xθ + h
o
[0; L]
L
C= dC
0
L
dx
= ε0 �
0 xθ + h
1
= ε0 � [ln (x θ + h)]L0
θ
1 Lθ + h
= ε0 � ln .
θ h

ε0 � Lθ
C= ln 1 +
θ h
θ→0
ε0 �L
Cplan =
h
δC = C(θ) − Cplan

1 Lθ L
= ε0 � ln 1 + −
θ h h
ε0 �L2
�− θ.
2h2
|δC| L
= θ
Cplan 2h
L = 1 cm h = 0,1 mm θ = 0,1 ◦
|δC|
= 0,09 = 9 %
Cplan
θ
σ
� = σ �n,
E
ε0
�n
o
�2
ε0 E
uem =
2
σ2
= .
2ε0

U= uem dV
V
= uem V.
h
L h + Lθ �
h + (h + Lθ)
V =L �.
2
h + Lθ
h
�
L

σ2 θ
U= L� h + L
2ε0 2
θ
q2 h + L 2
=
2ε0 L�

q2 h θ
= + ,
2ε0 L� 2�
q = σL�
θ q U
q

dU q2
= .
dθ q 4�ε0
o
2
� = − q �ez
M
4�ε0
ε0 F · m−1
[M ] = force × longueur
Mz
♥ S e
S
C = ε0 .
e
♥
� = σ �n.
E
ε0
ε0 = 8,85 × 10−12 F · m−1 .

• ln(1 + x) 0
x2
ln(1 + x) = x − + o(x2 ).
2
o
♣♣
m
r = r0
e2�a2
Pr = ,
6πε0 c3
�a r(t)
Em (t)
σz = n
rn = n 2 r1
E1
En = .
n2
m = 9,0 × 10−31 kg ε0 = 8,85 × 10−12 F · m−1 r0 = 53 pm
�→
�→
�→
o
+e
−e
�v
e−
•
f�
r
m r �er
d�v
m = f�
dt
v2 e2
−m �er = − �er .
r 4πε0 r2

e2
v=
4πε0 mr
v = 2,25 × 106 m · s−1
v
10−2
c
•

v e2
ω= = .
r 4πε0 mr3

2π 4πε0 mr3
T= = 2π
ω e2
T = 1,4 × 10−16 s
o
1
7,2 × 1015 Hz
T
• Em
Em = E c + Ep
1 e2
= mv 2 − .
2 4πε0 r
e2
Em = −
8πε0 r
Em = −2,2 × 10−18 J
Em = −13,6 eV
i −e T
�ez O O
• ⇔ •
•
e− �v i
−e
i=
T
−e
= v
2πr
e e2
=− .
2πr 4πε0 mr
o
� = iS�ez
M

ea e2
=− �ez .
2 4πε0 mr

� =− e4 r
M �ez
16πε0 m
� � = 9,3 × 10−24 A · m2
�M
5 A · m2
• �σO O
�σO = mr �er ∧ �v

e2
= mr �ez .
4πε0 mr

e2 mr
�σO = �ez
4πε0
��σ0 � = 1,1 × 10−34 J · s
= 1,055 × 10−34 J · s
�
M �σO
� = − e �σ0
M
2m
e
−
2m
dEm
=− ,
dt
o
dEm
dEm = −Pr
dt = −Pr
d e22 dt e2�a2
d − e = − e2�a2 3
dt − 8πε0 r = − 6πε0 c3
dt 8πε0 r 6πε c
d 1 4 �a22 0
d 1 = 4 �a .
dt r = 3 c33 .
dt r 3c
r0 r
r0 r
e2
�a = − e2 2 �er
�a = − 4πε0 mr2 �er
4πε04mr
e4
�a22 = e .
�a = 16π 22 ε202 m22 r44 .
16π ε0 m r

d 1 e44 1
d 1 = 2 e2 2 3 14 .
dt r = 12π 2 ε02 m2 c3 r4 .
dt r 12π ε0 m c r
1 e44
x= 1 e =k
x= r 12π 22 ε202 m22 c33 = k
r 12π ε0 m c
dx
dx = kx44 .
dt = kx .
dt
dx
dx4 = kdt
x4
= kdt
1 x
d − 1 3 = d (kt)
d − 3x3 = d (kt)
3x 1
− 1 3 = kt + cte.
− 3x3 = kt + cte.
3x
r
r
r3
− r3 = kt + cte.
− 3 = kt + cte.
3
o
o
r(0) = r0
r3 r3
− = kt − 0 ,
3 3
1/3
1/3 3kt
r(t) = (r03 − 3kt) = r0 1 − 3
r0
τ
r03
τ=
3k
τ = 1,6 × 10−11 s
T � 10−15 s

e2 mr
�σO = �ez .
4πε0
rn n ∈ N

e2 mrn
= n�,
4πε0
4πε0 �2
rn = n 2 = n 2 r1
me2
n=1
r1 = 5,3 × 10−11 m.
o
e2
Em, n = − .
4πε0 rn
e2 1 E1
Em, n = − 2
= 2
8πε0 r1 n n
me4
E1 = − = −13,6 eV
32(πε0 )2
♥
q1 q2 r
q1 q 2
f�q1 →q2 = �u1→2 .
4πε0 r2
♥
q 1 q2
Ep = .
4πε0 r
d�v v2 dv
= − �er + �eθ .
dt r dt
• S�
i
� = iS.
M �
o
o
1
m 2l JG = m l 2
3
θ0 t=0 A
m
G l
Al θ0
G
f
A θ0 = π/3
R3 , λ3 , ρ3
R2 , λ2 , ρ2
R1 , λ1 , ρ1 , pt
R
λ ρ
pt
T (r)
σT 4 σ
o
♣
1
m 2l JG = m l 2
3
θ0 t=0 A
m
G l
Al θ0
G
f
A θ0 = π/3
�→ A
�→
|T |/|N |
o
−→
Ep = −m�g · AG
�A
A R A
�A
R
G
m�g
A
θ̇2
Em = Ec + Ep
1 1 −→
= m �vG2 + JG ω 2 − m�g · AG.
2 2
G G
A
�vG
l θ �eθ �er
�ez
�vG = lθ̇ �eθ
θ̇
�vG2 = l2 θ̇2 .
1 1
m �vG2 = m l2 θ̇2 .
2 2
ω
� = θ̇ �ez ,
o
1 1
Ec = 1 m l22 θ̇22 + 1 JG θ̇22
Ec = 2 m l θ̇ + 2 JG θ̇
21 21
= 1 m l22 θ̇22 + 1 m l22 θ̇22
= 2 m l θ̇ + 6 m l θ̇
22 6
= 2 m l22 θ̇22 .
= 3 m l θ̇ .
3
Ep = m l�er · (−�g ) = mg l sin θ,

Ep = m l�er · (−�g ) = mg l sin θ,
2
Em = 2 m l22 θ̇22 + mg l sin θ.
Em = 3 m l θ̇ + mg l sin θ.
3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 m l2 θ̇2 + mg l sin θ = 2 m l2 θ̇02 + mg l sin θ0 .
3 m l θ̇ + mg l sin θ = 3 m l θ̇0 + mg l sin θ0 .
3 3
2 2 2
2 m l2 θ̇2 + mg l sin θ = mg l sin θ0 .
3 m l θ̇ + mg l sin θ = mg l sin θ0 .
3
θ̇22 θ
θ̇ θ
3g
θ̇22 = 3g (sin θ0 − sin θ).
θ̇ = 2l (sin θ0 − sin θ).
2l
θ=0
θ=0
3g
θ̇22 = 3g sin θ0 .
θ̇ = 2l sin θ0 .
2l

3gl
vG = 3gl sin θ0 .
vG = 2 sin θ0 .
2
g gl
g gl
� A = T� + N,
R �
� A = T� + N,
R �
�T� �
f = �T� � .
f = �N � �.
�N��
o
o
�
N
�A
R G
�ey • θ yG G • θ
�ex T� O O xG
d�vG � A.
m = m�g + R
dt
G
−→
OG = xG �ex + yG �ey = l cos θ �ex + l sin θ �ey .
�vG = −lθ̇ sin θ �ex + lθ̇ cos θ �ey ,
d�vG
= −l(θ̈ sin θ + θ̇2 cos θ)�ex + l(θ̈ cos θ − θ̇2 sin θ)�ey .
dt
θ̇2
3g
θ̇2 = (sin θ0 − sin θ).
2l
3g
2θ̇θ̈ = − θ̇ cos θ
2l
3g
θ̈ = − cos θ.
4l

d�vG 3 3
= − g − cos θ sin θ + (sin θ0 − sin θ) cos θ �ex
dt 4 2

3 2 3
+ g − cos θ − (sin θ0 − sin θ) sin θ �ey ,
4 2
d�vG 3
= − g cos θ (2 sin θ0 − 3 sin θ) �ex
dt 4
3
+ g −1 + 3 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ0 sin θ �ey .
4
o
�A
R

� A = mg �ey − 3 mg cos θ (2 sin θ0 − 3 sin θ) �ex + 3 mg −1 + 3 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ0 sin θ �ey .
R
4 4
T� = T �ex � = N �ey
N �A
R
� A · �ex = − 3 mg (2 sin θ0 − 3 sin θ) cos θ,

T =R
4

� A · �n = mg + 3mg −1 + 3 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ0 sin θ
N = R
4
mg 3
= − mg(2 sin θ0 − 3 sin θ) sin θ.
4 4
|T | N
θ θ
θ0 θ0
N >0
|T |
|N |
|T |
|N | 10, 8
θ
θ1 θ0
|T | < f |N |.
|T |/|N| θ1 � 0, 24 rad
10, 8
f 10,8
o
f 1,5
θmin
|T |
|N |
f
θ
θmin θ0
♥
−→
Ep = −m�g · OG,
O
♥
|T | < f |N |
|T | = f |N |
•
1 1
Ec = m vG2 + JG ω 2 .
2 2
o
♣♣
R3 , λ3 , ρ3
R2 , λ2 , ρ2
R1 , λ1 , ρ1 , pt
R
λ ρ
pt
T (r)
σT 4 σ
�→
o
�→
� T.
�jth = −λ grad
T (r)
�jth = −λ dT �er .
dr
dT
jth = −λ
dr
r r + dr
r r + dr
dU
dV T (r) dU
dU dV
d(dU)
d(dU) = δQ .
δQ
r 4πr2 j(r)dt
r + dr 4π(r + dr)2 j(r + dr)dt
4πr2 dr pt dt
o
jth (r) jth (r + dr)
d(dU) = 0.
0 = δQ
0 = 4πr2 jth (r)dt − 4π(r + dr)2 jth (r + dr)dt + 4πr2 dr pt dt
0 = r2 jth (r) − (r + dr)2 jth (r + dr) + r2 dr pt

(r + dr)2 jth (r + dr) − r2 jth (r)
0 = − r 2 pt
dr
d(r2 jth (r))
0 = − r 2 pt .
dr
f (r + dr) − f (r) df
lim = f � (r) =
dr→0 dr dr
d(r2 jth (r))

= r 2 pt .
dr
jth (r)

d 2 dT
−λ r = r 2 pt
dr dr
◦ r < R1

d dT pt
r2 = −r2 .
dr dr λ1
o
r
dT r 3 pt
r2 =− + A1 ,
dr 3 λ1
A1
dT r pt A1
=− + 2.
dr 3 λ1 r
B1
r 2 p t A1
T (r) = − − + B1 .
6 λ1 r
r = 0 A1 = 0
B1
B1 = T (0)
r 2 pt
T (r) = − + B1
6 λ1
dT
jth = −λ1 ,
dr
pt
jth = r
3
T jth
B1
r r
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
jth (r)
r < R1
o
r
P = P (r)
4πr3
pt = 4πr2 jth (r),
3
pt
jth (r) = r,
3
◦ R1 < r < R 2
pt = 0
� �
d 2 dT
r = 0.
dr dr
dT
r2 = A2
dr
dT A2
=
dr r2
A2
T (r) = − + B2 ,
r
A2
jth = −λ2 .
r2
r = R1
⎧
⎪
⎪ R12 pt A2
⎨− + B1 = − + B2
6 λ1 R1
⎪
⎪ p t A2
⎩ R1 = −λ2 2 ,
3 R1
⎧ pt 3
⎪
⎨ A2 = − R1
3λ
�2 �
⎪ 1 1
⎩ B2 = − + pt R12 + B1 .
3λ2 6λ1
o

pt R13 1 1
T (r) = − + pt R12 + B1
3λ2 r 3λ2 6λ1
pt R13
jth (r) =
3 r2
T jth
B1
r r
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
R1 λ1 �= λ2
◦ R2 < r < R 3

d dT
r2 = 0.
dr dr
dT
r2 = A3
dr
dT A3
= .
dr r2
dT
jth = −λ3
dr
A3
= −λ3 2 .
r
A3
T (r) = − + B3 .
r
o
r = R2
⎧ � �
⎪
⎪ pt R13 1 1 A3
⎨ − + pt R12 + B1 = − + B3
3λ2 R2 3λ2 6λ1 R2
⎪
⎪ pt R13 A3
⎩ 2
= −λ3 2 ,
3 R2 R2
⎧ pt 3
⎪
⎨ A3 = − R1
3λ
�3 2 �
⎪ R1 R13 R12
⎩ B3 = − + + pt + B 1 .
3λ2 3λ3 R2 6λ1
� �
pt R13 R12 R13 R2
T (r) = − + + 1 pt + B 1
3λ3 r 3λ2 3λ3 R2 6λ1
pt R13
jth (r) =
3 r2
T jth
B1
r r
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
r=0
B1
P = σTS4 4πR32 ,
TS σ
TS
� � � �
R12 R3 1 1 R12
TS = T (R3 ) = − + 1 − + pt + B 1 .
3λ2 3λ3 R2 R3 6λ1
o
4πR13
P = pt .
3
2 4
R1 R13 1 1 R12 4πR13
σ − + − + pt + B1 4πR32 = pt
3λ2 3λ3 R2 R3 6λ1 3
B1
♥
� T.
�jth = −λ grad
♥

P= �
�jth · dS.
S
dU = δQ .
f (r + dr) − f (r) df
• lim = f � (r) =
dr→0 dr dr
� f (r, θ, φ) = ∂f �er + 1 ∂f �eθ + 1 ∂f �eφ .

grad
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
o
o
o
⎧
⎨ x 0, V (x) = +∞
0 < x < a, V (x) = 0 V0
⎩
a x, V (x) = V0 > 0.
x
O a
a m
m = 6,7 × 10−27 kg a = 10−15 m V0 = 710 MeV = 1,05 × 10−34 J · s
r V (r) = 0 0<r<a
V = V0 > E ra
p�0 p�1 A B
−→
x AB p�0 p�1
p�0 r B p�1 p�0 r p�1 B

A• • A• •
A B
K
�f�� = 7 K
r
o
f� p�1
�0
E

�
f� = p�1 · grad � 0.
E
o
♣♣♣
⎧
⎨ x 0, V (x) = +∞
0 < x < a, V (x) = 0 V0
⎩
a x, V (x) = V0 > 0.
x
O a
a m
m = 6,7 × 10−27 kg a = 10−15 m V0 = 710 MeV = 1,05 × 10−34 J · s
r V (r) = 0 0<r<a
V = V0 > E ra
� �
E
ψ(x, t) = ϕ(x) exp −i E

ϕ x
0 < E < V0
�→
o
�→
d2
�→
dr2

E
ψ(x, t) = ϕ(x) exp −i t

2 d2 ϕ
Eϕ = − + V ϕ.
2m dx2
0 < E < V0
0<x<a V (x) = 0
2 d2 ϕ
Eϕ = − ,
2m dx2
d2 ϕ 2mE
+ 2 ϕ = 0.
dx2
ϕ(x) = A sin(kx) + B cos(kx),

√
2mE
k= A B

x0 ϕ(0) = 0
B = 0.
o
0<x<a
ϕ(x) = A sin(kx).
A x = a
xa
2 d2 ϕ
Eϕ = − + V0 ϕ,
2m dx2
d2 ϕ 2m(E − V0 )
+ ϕ = 0.
dx2 2
E − V0 < 0
ϕ(x) = A exp(−k x) + B exp(k x),

2m(V0 − E)
k =

B
x>a
ϕ(x) = A exp(−k x).
x>a
x=a
A sin(ka) = A exp(−k a),
dϕ
x=a
dx
kA cos(ka) = −k A exp(−k a).
(A, A ) �= (0, 0)
sin(ka) 1
= − ,
k cos(ka) k
o
k
tan(ka) = − ,
k
√
2mEa E
tan =− .
V0 − E

sin(ka) − exp(−k a) A 0
=
k cos(ka) k exp(−k a) A 0
2×2
E ∈ [0; V0 ]
√ −∞ 0
2mE a E
f (E) = tan g(E) = −
V0 − E
Emin E1 V0
E
Emin E f
π
2
2 π 2
Emin = .
8a2 m
E1
2 π 2
V0 > .
8a2 m
a
π
a> √
8mV0
o
α
a
α
π
amin = √ = 1,3 × 10−16 m.
8mV0
a 10−15 m > amin
E1
√
2mE a
f (E) a x =

xmax E = V0
√
2mV0 a
0 < x < xmax = � 11,7 � 3,7π.

x
tan(x) = − √ 2
2mV0 a
− x2

x
tan(x) = − .
x2max − x2
[0, xmax � 11,7]
π 3π 5π 7π
] , π[, ] , 2π[, ] , 3π[, ] , 4π[.
2 2 2 2
x
g(x) = − tan(x) = g(x)
x2max − x2
tan
x1 x2 x3 x4 x
max
x
o
2 1 d2
Eϕ(r) = − (rϕ(r)) + V (r)ϕ(r).
2m r dr2
r
d2 2m(E − V (r))
(rϕ(r)) + (rϕ(r)) = 0.
dr 2 2
f (r) = rϕ(r)
k k�
⎧
⎨ 0 < r < a, ϕ(r) = A sin(kr) + B cos(kr)
⎪
r r
⎪
⎩ r a, exp (−k � r) exp (k � r)
ϕ(r) = A� + B�
r r
r<0
r=0 B=0
cos(kr)
lim+ = +∞,
r→ 0 r
sin(kr)
lim = k.
r→ 0+ r
r>a B� = 0
⎧
⎨ 0 < r < a, ϕ(r) = A sin(kr)
⎪
r
⎪
⎩ r a, exp (−k � r)
ϕ(r) = A�
r
ϕ r=a
sin(ka) exp (−k � a)

A = A�
a a
A sin(ka) = A� exp (−k � a) .
o
dϕ
r=a
dr
�
k cos(ka) sin(ka) � k exp (−k � a) exp (−k � a)
A − = A − − ,
a a2 a a2
A (ka cos(ka) − sin(ka)) = −A� (k � a + 1) exp (−k � a)

Aka cos(ka) − A sin(ka) = −A� k � a exp (−k � a) − A� exp (−k � a) .
A sin(ka) = A� exp (−k � a)
Aka cos(ka) = −A� k � a exp (−k � a) .
θ ϕ
♥
♥
∂ψ 2 ∂ 2 ψ
i =− + V (x)ψ.
∂t 2m ∂x2
•
r
1 d2
Δf (r) = (rf (r)) .
r dr2
• 1 MeV = 106 eV = 1,6 × 10−13 J
sin(x)
• lim =1
x→ 0 x
o
♣♣
p�0 p�1 A B
−→
x AB p�0 p�1
p�0 r B p�1 p�0 r p�1 B

A• • A• •
A B
K
�f�� = 7 K
r
f� p�1
�0
E

�
f� = p�1 · grad � 0.
E
1
r4
�→
1
r3
1
r2
f� p�0 p�1
(AB) f�
(AB)
o
�
E
B A
� 0 (B) = 1
E [3(�p0 · �er )�er − p�0 ] .
4πε0 r3
�er A B
p�0 = p0 �er , p0 > 0

p�1 = ±p1 �er , p1 > 0.
� 0 (B) = p0 �er .
E
2πε0 r3
�
p�1 · grad p�1 = +p1 �er
� = p1 ∂ .
p�1 · grad
∂r
(AB) r
�er r
f�+,−

p0 p1 ∂ 1
f�+,+ = �er
2πε0 ∂r r3
3p0 p1 �er
=− .
2πε0 r4
f�+,−
3p0 p1 �er
f�+,− = .
2πε0 r4
1
r4
1
r7
o
f� = f�+,− P (+, +) + f�+,− P (+, −).
P (+, +) P (+, −)
� 0 (B)
ep = − p�1 · E
−1
= [3(�p0 · �er )(�p1 · �er ) − p�0 · p�1 ] .
4πε0 r3
p 0 p1
ep (+, +) = − ;
2πε0 r3
p0 p1
ep (+, −) = + .
2πε0 r3
p0 p1
ep0 =
2πε0 r3
ep (+, +) = −ep0 ep (+, −) = +ep0 .

ep0
P (+, +) = A exp
k T
B
ep0
P (+, −) = A exp − .
kB T
P (+, +) > P (+, −)
P (+, +) + P (+, −) = 1,

ep0 −ep0
A exp + A exp =1
kB T kB T
o
1
A=
ep0 ep0
exp + exp −
kB T kB T
2
A= .
ep0
cosh
kB T

2 ep0 ep0
f� = f�+,+ exp �
+ f+,− exp − .
ep0 kB T kB T
cosh
kB T
f�+,+ f�+,−

2 −3p0 p1 �er ep0 ep0
f� = exp − exp −
ep0 2πε0 r4 kB T kB T
cosh
kB T

3p0 p1 �er ep0
=− tanh .
2πε0 r4 kB T
ep0 � kB T
tanh(x) � x.
3p0 p1 �er ep0

f� = − .
2πε0 r4 kB T
ep0
3 p2 p2 �er
f� = − 2 20 1
4π ε0 kB T r7
1
r7
ep0 � kB T
ep0 p0 p1
= =x
kB T 2πε0 kB T
6,2 × 10−30 C · m
o
r = 10−8 m
−25
ep0 = 6,8 × 10 J
kB T = 4,1 × 10−21 J
x = 1,65 × 10−4 tanh(x) � x 1,5 × 10−12
� = 1
E [3(�p · �er )�er − p�] .
4πε0 r3
� 0.
ep = −�p · E
♥
E

E
p(E) = A exp − .
kB T
A
• �
p� · grad
� = px ∂ + py ∂ + pz ∂ .
p� · grad
∂x ∂y ∂z
• tanh
tanh x = x + o(x).
o
o
a μ
T r
�v
•m
(L) f
S (L)
(L)
(L)
o
♣♣
a μ
T r
�v
•m
�→
�→
o
r P m
M �m
r
�v
• •
O f P
�
f� O P
GMm
f� = − 2 �er .
r
P f�
d�v
m = f�,
dt
r
v2 GMm
−m �er = − 2 �er ,
r r
v 2 r = GM.
T
2πr
v= ,
T
4π 2 r3
= GM,
T2
r3 GM
=
T2 4π 2
a3 GM
a 2
=
T 4π 2
o
�g
r
θ P
•
�g �er
θ �g r
P �g
P �g
�g
r
�g = g(r)�er .
g(r)
r h
r
h P
•
�g �er
−4πG

�g · dS� = −4πG Mint ,
2πr h g(r) = −4πGμπa2 h,
o
2πμGa2
g(r) = −
r
P
r
�v
• •
O f P
�
f�
2
2πμmGa
f� = m�g = − �er .
r
v2 2πGμa2 m
−m �er = − �er ,
r r
v 2 = 2πGμa2 ,
4π 2 r2
= 2πGμa2 ,
T2

r Gμ
=a
T 2π
GM
G g =
r2
g
[G] = M−1 · L3 · T−2 ,
[Gμ] = T−2 ,

Gμ = T−1 ,
o

Gμ
a = L · T−1 .
2π
♥

�g · dS� = −4πGMint ;
S
Mint S
div �g = −4πGμ.
• M m
r
�uP1 P2
M r m
• •
P1 P2
−f� f�
GMm −−→ GMm

f� = − P1 P2 = − 2 �uP1 P2 ,
P1 P23 r
−−→
P 1 P2
�uP1 P2 =
P1 P2
o
♣
(L) f
S (L)
(L)
(L)
�→
�→
o
�→
M1 M2
M1
Sep
S
• M2
(L) S
Sep
o
M1
(L) Sep
S
• M2
M2
e
M1
(L) Sep
S
•
δ
δ = 2e.

2π 4π
I = I0 1 + cos δ = I0 1 + cos e .
λ λ
M2
e
M1
(L) Sep
S
•
(L )
o
(L )
M2 M2
e e
M1 M1
(L) Sep (L) Sep
S S
(L ) (L )
B B B
M2 • M2 • M2 •
e e e
⇔ C ⇔ D C
A θ A ••
M1 • • M1 • M1 •• ••
• C • C A • C
D D D
δ = (ABC) − (AD)
= (D BC )
= 2e cos
θ 2
θ
� 2e 1 − .
2
o
r = f θ f
(L )

4π e r2
I(r) = I0 1 + cos 1 − 2 .
λ 2f
I(r)
e
=p∈Z
λ
(L)
o
♥
δ

2π
I(δ) = I0 1 + cos δ .
λ
♥
n
δ = 2ne cos r.
n e
r
n=1 r=i
δ = 2e cos i
•
x2
cos x = 1 − + o(x2 ).
2
o
o
N a
λ
D
�
D
Us = σS S
σ>0 r0
h0
h0 ρ=
2r0
1,0 μg
� = 0,2 mm
Tp = 400 ◦C
h
τ� ρ =
2r
o
• μ = 1,0 × 103 kg · m−3
• λ = 2,5 × 10−2 W · K−1 · m−1
• Δvap H ◦ = 2,3 × 103 kJ · kg−1
o
♣
N a
λ
D
�
D
�→
2π
�→ 2π
�→
o
θ
θk
λ
sin θk = k , k ∈ Z.
a
2πk
Δϕ = 2πδ = 2πa sin θk δ
S•
θ
2π
n=0 S
n∈Z S
0

δ= D2 + (na)2 − D.
B •
• C
S• •A
D
o
δ = BC
SB + BC − SA
δ = BC
SB −
= SC + SA.
BC − SA
= SC − SA.
√
SC = D2 + AC 2
√
SA = D.D2 + AC 2
SC
SA = D.
D
D

na 2
δ = D 1 + − 1
D 2
na
δ=D 1+ −1
2 a
2 D
�n 2.
2D
a
� n2 .
2D
n δ λ
n=1 n δ λ
n=1
a2
= pλ, p ∈ N∗ .
2D
a2
= pλ, p ∈ N∗ .
2D
n n2
n n2
1 a2
Dp = , p ∈ N∗
p1 2λ
a2
Dp = , p ∈ N∗
p 2λ
Dp λ = 500 nm
a = 2 μm Dp p=1 λD=1500 nm
a = 2 μm D1 = 4 × 10−6 m p=1 D1
D1 = 4 × 10−6 m
D��
D��
a = 1 mm
D1 = 1 ma = 1 mm
D1 = 1 m
o
o
♥
θ a
δ = a sin θ.
♥
λ
δ = pλ, p ∈ Z.
√
• 1+ε
√ 1
1 + ε = 1 + ε + o(ε).
2
√ 1
ε = 10−2 1+ε 1+ ε
2
1,3 × 10−5
o
♣♣♣
Us = σS S
σ>0 r0
h0
h0 ρ=
2r0
1,0 μg
� = 0,2 mm
Tp = 400 ◦C
h
τ� ρ =
2r
• μ = 1,0 × 103 kg · m−3

• λ = 2,5 × 10−2 W · K−1 · m−1
• Δvap H ◦ = 2,3 × 103 kJ · kg−1
S(r)
r h
r
dS
�→ =0 V
dr
�→
o
�→
r
ρ h
�→
h r
2r
V = πr2 h.
h r
o
Us = σS

= σ 2πr2 + 2πrh .
h r V

V 2
Us (r) = σ2π r + .
πr
Us (r)
r→0 r → +∞ Us → +∞

dUs V
= σ2π 2r − 2 .
dr πr
r0
V
2r0 − = 0,
πr02
1/3
V
r0 = .
2π
m
m
μ V =
μ
1/3
m
r0 =
2πμ
V
h0 =
πr02
m
= .
πμr02
o
h0
ρ=
2r0
ρ=1
h0 = 1,1 mm
1 μg
P0 = 1 bar Tf = 100 ◦C
T = 100 ◦C
�
Rth = .
λS
Rth = 8,67 × 103 K · W−1
o
Φp→g
Tp − T
Φp→g =
Rth
λS
Φp→g = (Tp − T )
�
Φp→g = 3,46 × 10−2 W
dh dh < 0
dm dV
dm = −μdV
= −μS dh,
S = πr2
dH = Δvap H ◦ dm
= −Δvap H ◦ Sμdh.
dH = δQ
= Φp→g dt.
dH h(t)
dh Φp→g
=− .
dt Δvap H ◦ Sμ
dh λ (Tp − T )
=− .
dt Δvap H ◦ �μ
o
h
h0
λ (Tp − T )
h − h0 = − t.
Δvap H ◦ �μ
τ h(τ ) = 0
Δvap H ◦ �μ
τ= h0
λ (Tp − T )
τ = 66 s
dm = −μdV,
V = πr2 h
π
= 2 h3 ,
4ρ
3π 2
dV = h dh.
4ρ2
dH = Δvap H ◦ dm
3π 2
= −Δvap H ◦ μ h dh,
4ρ2
o
dH Φp→g dt
3π 2
−Δvap H ◦ μ h dh = Φp→g dt
4ρ2
πr2
=λ (Tp − T ) dt
�
πh2
= λ 2 (Tp − T ) dt.
4ρ �
dh 1 λ (Tp − T )
=− .
dt 3 Δvap H ◦ �μ
τ � = 3τ
τ�
♥
S L
L
Rth = .
λS
♥
• h r
V = πr2 h.
o
o
o
V0
P1 P0
T0
μ
h γ
P0
P1 T 0 T0
V0
T1
h�
T1 P0 , T0 , μ, g h
T1 P0 , T0 , μ, g h�
�
h, h γ
h h�
μHg = 13, 6 · 103 kg · m−3
hmm
h�mm
o
� P = f�v
grad
f�v
r
R
�uz
�
A θ

� � ∂Aθ ∂Ar ∂Az 1 (rAθ )
rot A = − �ur + − �uθ + �uz
∂z ∂z ∂r r ∂r
� = 1 ∂(rAr ) + ∂Az .
div A
r ∂r ∂z
� B
E �
ω2
k2 − �= 0 Ez Bz
c2
ω2
Bz = 0 K 2 = k2 − >0
c2
Ez
r=R
o
♣
V0
P1 P0
T0
μ
h γ
P0
P1 T 0 T0
V0
T1
h�
T1 P0 , T0 , μ, g h
T1 P0 , T0 , μ, g h�
�
h, h γ
h h�
μHg = 13, 6 · 103 kg · m−3
hmm
h�mm
o
� P = f�v
grad
f�v
o
�→
�→
PV γ
�→ P0 , μ
g
o
�→
h h
�→
P0 P0
P1 T 0 T0 P0 T 1 T0
V0 V0
P0
T 1 < T0
T0
o
P0 P0
h�
P0 T 1 T0 P2 T 0 T0
V0 V0
T1 T2
P2 > P0
h�
P1 h
P1 P0
P0
h
P1
P1 = P0 + μgh.
P T
P 1−γ T γ = cte
P01−γ T1γ = P11−γ T0γ .
V0
P1 h
P01−γ T1γ = (P0 + μgh)1−γ T0γ ,
T1
1 − γ
μgh γ .
T1 = T 0 1+
P0
o
P0 P 2
= .
T1 T0
P2 h�
P2 = P0 + μgh� ,
P0
T1 = T0
P2
P0
= T0
P0 + μgh�
1
= T0 .
μgh�
1+
P0
−1
μgh�
T1 = T 0 1+ .
P0
1 − γ
� −1
μgh γ = 1 + μgh
1+ ,
P0 P0
1 − 1
μgh γ μgh�
1+ = 1+
P P
0 0
1 μgh μgh�
1− ln 1 + = ln 1 +
γ P0 P0
1
γ = .
μgh�
ln 1 +
P0
1−
μgh
ln 1 +
P0
o
1
γ=
μgh�
ln 1 +
P0
1−
μgh
ln 1 +
P0
μgh � P0 μgh� � P0
1 h
γ� =
h� h − h�
1−
h
μHg gh
= 8 · 10−3 .
P0
ln(1 + 8 · 10−3 ) � 7, 968 · 10−3 = 8 · 10−3 − 3, 2 · 10−5 = 8 · 10−3 (1 − 0,4%)
hmm
h�mm
γ
γ γ
4

γ= γi = 1, 39.
i=1
γ = 1,39
4

Δγ = |γi − γ| = 2, 5 · 10−2 ,
i=1
γ = 1, 39 ± 2, 5 · 10−2
γ = 1, 39 ± 2%
o

4
1
(γi − γ)2
3 i=1
Δγ = √
4
P (z) = P (0) − μgz μ

z
� P
−grad ?g
P V = nRT.
♥
(P, T )
P 1−γ T γ = cte.
(P, V )
P V γ = cte.
P V = nRT
• ln(1 + �)
ln(1 + �) = � + o(�).
o
♣♣♣
r
R
�uz
�
A θ

�
� A=− ∂A θ ∂A r ∂A z 1 (rAθ )
rot �ur + − �uθ + �uz
∂z ∂z ∂r r ∂r
� = 1 ∂(rAr ) + ∂Az .
div A
r ∂r ∂z
� B
E �
ω2
k2 − �= 0 Ez Bz
c2
ω2
Bz = 0 K 2 = k2 − >0
c2
Ez
r=R
Oz
ωt−kz
exp i(ωt − kz)
r
r
�
rot div
�→
Ez Bz
o
�→
Ez
�→
Bz
Ez
�→
�
� = 0,
div B � = 0,
div E � E
rot � = − ∂B , � B
rot � = 1 ∂E .
∂t c2 ∂t
r
z �
E �
B
� z, t) = [Er (r)�ur + Eθ (r)�uθ + Ez (r)�uz ] exp i(ωt − kz),
E(r,
� z, t) = [Br (r)�ur + Bθ (r)�uθ + Bz (r)�uz ] exp i(ωt − kz).
B(r,
� = 1 ∂(rEr (r)) ∂
div E exp i(ωt − kz) + Ez (r) exp i(ωt − kz)
r
∂r ∂z
1 ∂(rEr (r))
= − ikEz (r) exp i(ωt − kz).
r ∂r
1 ∂(rEr (r))
− ikEz (r) = 0.
r ∂r
1 ∂(rBr (r))
− ikBz (r) = 0.
r ∂r
o
◦
� E
rot � = −Eθ (r) ∂ exp i(ωt − kz)�ur
∂z

∂ ∂Ez (r)
+ Er (r) exp i(ωt − kz) − exp i(ωt − kz) �uθ
∂z ∂r
1 (rEθ (r))
+ �uz exp i(ωt − kz),
r ∂r

� E
rot � = ikEθ (r)�ur − ikEr (r) + ∂Ez (r) �uθ + 1 (rEθ (r)) �uz exp i(ωt − kz).
∂r r ∂r

� � ∂Bz (r) 1 (rBθ (r))
rot B = ikBθ (r)�ur − ikBr (r) + �uθ + �uz exp i(ωt − kz).
∂r r ∂r
� = iω [Er (r)�ur + Eθ �uθ + Ez (r)�uz ] exp i(ωt − kz),

E
� = iω [Br (r)�ur + Bθ �uθ + Bz (r)�uz ] exp i(ωt − kz).

B

∂Ez (r) 1 (rEθ (r))
ikEθ (r)�ur − ikEr (r) + �uθ + �uz = −iω [Br (r)�ur + Bθ �uθ + Bz (r)�uz ] .
∂r r ∂r
ikEθ (r) = −iωBr (r),
∂Ez (r)
ikEr (r) + = iωBθ ,
∂r
1 (rEθ (r))
= −iωBz (r).
r ∂r
o

∂Bz (r) 1 (rBθ (r)) ω
ikBθ (r)�ur − ikBr (r) + �uθ + �uz = i 2 [Er (r)�ur + Eθ �uθ + Ez (r)�uz ] ,
∂r r ∂r c
ω
ikBθ (r) = i 2 Er (r),
c
∂Bz (r) ω
ikBr (r) + = −i 2 Eθ ,
∂r c
1 (rBθ (r)) ω
= i 2 Ez (r),
r ∂r c
Bθ
dEz ω2
ikEr + = i 2 Er ,
dr kc

ω2 dEz
k2 − Er − ik = 0.
c2 dr
ω2
Ez = 0 k2 − �= 0
c2
Er = 0.
Eθ
Eθ
2

ω dBz
k2 − Br − ik = 0.
c2 dr
Bz = 0
Br = 0.
Bθ
Eθ = 0 Bθ = 0
Bz = 0 Ez = 0
o
Bz = 0
Bθ Eθ = 0
� z, t) = [Er (r)�ur + Ez (r)�uz ] exp i(ωt − kz)

E(r,
� z, t) = [Bθ (r)�uθ ] exp i(ωt − kz).
B(r,
ω2
k2 − = K2
c2
1 d(rEr (r))
− ikEz (r) = 0
r dr
dEz
K 2 Er − ik = 0.
dr
Er

1 d dEz
r − K 2 Ez (r) = 0
r dr dr
Ez (r)
k dEz
Er = i 2
K dr
ω dEz
Bθ (r) = i 2 2
K c dr

� k dEz
E(r, z, t) = i 2 �ur + Ez (r)�uz exp i(ωt − kz)
K dr
� z, t) = i ω dEz �uθ exp i(ωt − kz)

B(r,
K 2 c2 dr
r=R
Ez (R) = 0
Er
o
♥
�
� =0
div B � =0
div E � E
rot � = − ∂B � B
rot � = 1 ∂E .
∂t c2 ∂t
• A = A(r) exp i(ωt − kz)

∂A
= iωA,
∂t
∂A
= −ikA.
∂z
o
o
M d = 1 km
� = A sin θ cos(ωt − kr − φ)�eθ ,

E
r
ω
=c P = 200 W
k
J
�ez
�Γf = −k ω�ez k ω
�Γ = Γ0 �ez Γ0 > 0 ω(t)

ω0
�Γ = Γ0 (1 + m cos(Ωt)) �ez m�1 ω(t) = ω0 (1 + ε(t))

ε(t)
o
♣♣
M d = 1 km
� = A sin θ cos(ωt − kr − φ)�eθ ,

E
r
ω
=c P = 200 W
k
M
A
sin θ P
r
�→ �
E
B�
�→
�
Π
r
r

P (t) = � θ, ϕ) · �er dS.
Π(r,
o
z � θ, ϕ)
Π(r,
θ
r
y
ϕ
π
θ ∈ 0; ; ϕ ∈ [0; 2π],
2
π/2 2π
P (t) = � θ, ϕ, t) · �er r2 sin θdϕdθ.
Π(r,
θ=0 ϕ=0
P = �P (t)�
π/2 2π
= � θ, ϕ, t)� · �er r2 sin θdϕdθ.
�Π(r,
θ=0 ϕ=0
� �
� = E ∧ B.
Π
μ0
�
� E
rot � = − ∂B .
∂t
o
� E� =− 1 ∂Eθ 1 ∂ (rEθ )
rot �er + �eϕ .
r sin θ ∂ϕ r ∂r
ϕ
� E
rot � = 1 ∂ (rEθ ) �eϕ
r ∂r
1
= Ak sin θ sin (ωt − kr − φ) �eϕ .
r
�
∂B 1
− = Ak sin θ sin (ωt − kr − φ) �eϕ
∂t r
� = A k sin θ cos (ωt − kr − φ) �eϕ + cte.
B
1
r ω
ω k
� = A sin θ cos (ωt − kr − φ) �eϕ .
B
rc
� �
� = k∧E
B �k = k�er
c
2
� = A sin2 θ cos2 (ωt − kr − φ) �er ,
Π
r 2 μ0 c
o
� = A2
�Π� sin2 θ�er ,
2r2 μ0 c
π/2 2π
A2
P= sin3 θ dϕ dθ
2μ0 c θ=0 ϕ=0
π/2
A2 π
= sin3 θ dθ.
μ0 c θ=0
sin3 θ = sin θ − sin θ cos2 θ
π/2 π/2
1
sin θ dθ = − cos θ + cos3 θ
3
0 3 0
2
= .
3
2π 2
P= A,
3μ0 c

3μ0 c
A= P.
2π
π
M θ= r = d = 1 km
2
A
E= sin θ,
r

1 3μ0 c
E= P
d 2π
E = 0,19 V · m−1
100 V · m−1
o
♥
S�

P= � · dS.
Π �
S
μ0 = 4π10−7 H · m−1 .
•
� �
� = E ∧ B.
Π
μ0
• r
dS = r2 sin θ dθdϕ.
•

� A�= 1 ∂(sin θAϕ ) ∂Aθ 1 1 ∂Ar ∂(rAϕ )
rot − �er + − �eθ
r sin θ ∂θ ∂ϕ r sin θ ∂ϕ ∂r

1 ∂(rAθ ) ∂Ar
+ − �eϕ
r ∂r ∂θ
1
• �cos2 (ωt + α)� =
2
o
♣
J
�ez
�Γf = −k ω�ez k ω
�Γ = Γ0 �ez Γ0 > 0 ω(t)

ω0
�Γ = Γ0 (1 + m cos(Ωt)) �ez m�1 ω(t) = ω0 (1 + ε(t))

ε(t)
�→
�→
�→
θ
ω = θ̇
o
ω
�Γf �Γ
• z
O
� O = Jω�ez .
L
�O
dL
= �Γ + �Γf ,
dt
�ez
dω
J = Γ0 − k ω.
dt
ω
dω k Γ0
+ ω= .
dt J J
J
τ=
k
Γ 0 ω0 Γ0
ω0 = ω0 =
J τ k
dω ω ω0
+ = .
dt τ τ

t
ω(t) = A exp − + ω0 .
τ
A ω(0) = 0

t
ω(t) = ω0 1 − exp −
τ
o
ω
ω0
τ t
0
ω = ω0 3τ
dω
J = Γ0 (1 + m cos(Ωt)) − k ω.
dt
Γ0 + mΓ0 cos (Ωt) Γ0 + δΓ0 (t)

|δΓ � Γ0
0 (t)| m
δΓ0

Γ0 m m = 0,01
dω ω ω0
+ = (1 + m cos(Ωt)) .
dt τ τ
Ω ω Ω
ε(t)
δω ω(t) − ω0
ε(t) = = .
ω0 ω0
o
d (ω0 + ω0 ε(t)) ω0
(ω0 + ω0 ε(t)) + = (1 + m cos(Ωt))
dt τ τ
dε(t) ω0 ω0 ω0 ω0
ω0 + + ε(t) = + m cos(Ωt)
dt τ τ τ τ
dε(t) ε(t) m
+ = cos(Ωt).
dt τ τ
εp (t)
dε ε m
+ = exp (jΩt)
dt τ τ
dε
ε = ε0 exp (jΩt) . = jΩε exp (jΩt)
dt
ε0 m
jΩε0 + = ,
τ τ
m
ε0 = .
1 + jΩτ
m
ε= exp (jΩt)
1 + jΩτ
ε
m
εp (t) = � (ε(t)) = √ cos (Ωt − ϕ) ,
1 + Ω2 τ 2
tan ϕ = Ωτ.
cos
|εp (t)| < m � 1
o

t
ε(t) = εp (t) + A exp −
τ

m t
= √ cos (Ωt − ϕ) + A exp − .
1+Ω τ 2 2 τ
τ
A
τ
t�τ
m
ε(t) = √ cos (Ωt − ϕ)
1 + Ω2 τ 2
m
|ε(t)| √
1 + Ω2 τ 2
ω
ω0 Δω
t
0
2mω0
Δω = √ .
1 + Ω2 τ 2
ε(t)
ω
�Γf �Γ(t)
• z
O
o
Jv Oz
Jt = J + J v .
Jt J
2mω0 2mω0
Δω = √ = ,
2 2
1+Ω τ 2
J2
1+Ω 2
k
2mω0
Δω = .
(J + Jv )2
1+ Ω2
k2
Jv
df
+ af = c0
dt
c0
f (t) = A exp(−at) + ,
a
A
♥
df f
+ = a0 cos(Ωt)
dt τ
o
fp
df 1
+ f = a0 exp (jΩt) ,
dt τ

fp = � f = � f 0 exp (jΩt) .
1
• exp (jΩt)
a + jb
1
√ cos (Ωt − ϕ) ,
a2+ b2
a b
cos(ϕ) = √ , sin(ϕ) = √ .
a2 + b2 a2+ b2
o
o
o
200 km · h−1 ◦
20 ◦C 22 ◦C
o
♣
200 km · h−1 ◦
�→
�→
�→
f�ic
o
ω
�
m
�v
f�ic = −2m ω
� ∧ �v .
f�ic �v ω
�
f�ic
f�ic
� , f�ic )
(�v , ω
ω
� ω
�
�v
θ �v
f�ic •
f�ic
fic
fic = 2 m ω v | sin θ|.
Pic = f�ic · �v = −2 m (�v ∧ ω

� ) · �v = 0.
ω
� = ω �ez .
Oz
o
z
f�ic ω
�
P
•
θ θ = 135◦
�v
λ ω
�
�v
x O
√
2
θ = 135◦ sin θ = 2
√
fic = 2 m v ω.
fic = 2,3 N
mg � 4 × 103 N
g � 10 N/kg fic � mg
•P •P
R f�ic R
R �v R �
x
d
mv 2 v
R= =√
fic 2ω
2π
ω= = 7,27 × 10−5 rad/s.
24 heures
R = 540 km
o
d
�

�2 �2
d=R 1− 1− 2 � .
R 2R
� = 1 km
d = 93 cm
A
ϕ
ϕ
f�ic G
m�g
A
ϕ
A JA
A
JA ϕ̈ = MA (fic ) + MA (mg).
A
A
MA (fic ) + MA (mg) = 0.
o
+ +
f�ic G f�ic ϕ G
m�g Lc m�g
A
Lp
Lc Lp
Lc = AG cos ϕ.
Lp = AG sin ϕ.
MA (fic ) = −Lc fic .
MA (mg) = +Lp mg.
MA (fic ) + MA (mg) = 0
Lp mg − Lc fic = 0
Lp mg = Lc fic
AG sin ϕ mg = AG cos ϕ × 2 m ω v
ωv
sin ϕ = 2 cos ϕ.
g
2ωv
tan ϕ =
g
ϕ = 4,7 × 10−2 ◦
o
2ωv
tan ϕ =
g
ϕ = 4,7 × 10−2 ◦
f�ic
m�g G A o
−→
AG
f�ic
ϕ
m�g G m�g A
ϕ −→
f�ic AG
ϕ
m�g
�
fic ϕ
fic 2ωv
tan ϕ = =
mg g
fic 2ωv
tan ϕ = =
mg g
♥
♥
♥
♥
♥
•
f�ic = −2 m ω
� ∧ �v .
• R f
•
v m
f�ic = −2 mvω
�2 ∧ �v .
f =m .
• R R f
v• m O f� P
v2 A
f =m . P
L = OA R • f�
L
• O f� P
O•
A P
o L = OA • f�
L
O•
v m
v2
f =m .
R
• A O O (P, f�) f� P L
O (P, f�)
A P
L = OA • f�
L
O•
Ao O (P, f�) L
O (P, f�)
o
♣♣
20 ◦C 22 ◦C
�→
i
Pe Ps
e R Ts
Pe
Ps Ts = 20 ◦C
o
i a
Ps
L Tc Ts
a L S
S = 2πa L
L
R= .
γπa2
e2
Pe = R i 2 = .
R
Pe
e2 γπa2
Pe = .
L
T = 22 ◦C Ps
o
Ps = h S (T − Ts ) = h 2πa L(Tc − Ts ).
dU
= P e − Ps ,
dt
0 = Pe − Ps
Pe = P s .
e2 γπa2
= h 2πaL(Tc − Ts ),
L
e2 γπa
Tc = T s + .
2hL2
e2 γπa
= 2 ◦C
2hL2
L
L
3
e2 γπa e2 γπa
= 9 = 18 ◦C.
2h(L/3)2 2hL2
o
Tc2
Tc2 = 38 ◦C
♥
♥
♥
• a L γ
L
R=
γπa2 .
•
ϕ→ext = h (T − Text ).
o
o
D I �s(t)2 �
s1 (t) s2 (t)
λ
α
λ λ
α α
D
s1 (t) s2 (t)
+
s(t)
�s2 (t)�
I(α, D, λ)
I(α, D, λ)
dα
α D = 50 m
dt
λ = 10 cm
α(t)
α(t) + ε ε�1 I(t) ε
a Oz
� t) = E0 cos(kx − ωt)e�y + E0 sin(kx − ωt)�ez .

E(x,
o
z
+q
a y i
C +q
x i ⇔ R
O −q
−q
R
C
i(t)
PJ
o
♣♣
D I �s(t)2 �
s1 (t) s2 (t)
λ
α
λ λ
α α
D
s1 (t) s2 (t)
+
s(t)
�s2 (t)�
I(α, D, λ)
I(α, D, λ)
dα
α D = 50 m
dt
λ = 10 cm
α(t)
α(t) + ε ε�1 I(t) ε
�→
o
�→ α
ε
�→
α
s1 (t) s2 (t)
s1 (t) = A0 cos (ωt) ,
2πc
ω = kc = .
λ
s2 (t)
δ = D sin α.
α δ α
D
s1 (t) s2 (t)
+
s2 (t) = A0 cos (ωt − kδ) ,
2π
k= .
λ
o
α>0 s2 (t) s1 (t)
δ>0
s1 (t) = A0 exp j (ωt)

s2 (t) = A0 exp j (ωt − kδ) .
s(t) = s1 (t) + s2 (t)

= A0 exp j (ωt) [1 + exp(−jkδ)]

kδ kδ kδ
= A0 exp j ωt − exp j + exp −j
2 2 2

kδ kδ
= 2A0 exp j ωt − cos .
2 2
s(t) = �(s(t))

kδ kδ
= 2A0 cos ωt − cos .
2 2

2 2 2 kδ 2 kδ
�s (t)� = 4A0 cos ωt − cos
2 2

kδ kδ
= 4A20 cos2 ωt − cos2
2 2

kδ
= 2A20 cos2
2
2
= A0 (1 + cos(kδ)) .
K
I = K�s2 (t)�
= KA20 (1 + cos(kδ)) .
K
I= s(t)s∗ (t)
2
o
I = I1 + I2 + 2I1 I2 cos(ϕ)
1
I1 = I2 = KA20 ϕ = kδ
2
kδ = 0 [2π]
Imax = 2KA20 .
Imax
I= (1 + cos(kδ)) .
2
k δ

Imax 2πD sin(α)
I(α, D, λ) = 1 + cos
2 λ
dα 2π 2π
ω= = = .
dt 23 h 56 min 86160 s
dα
= 7,5 × 10−5 rad · s−1
dt
α
α(t) = α(0) + ωt.

Imax 2πD sin(ωt + α(0))
I(t) = 1 + cos
2 λ
o
D = 50 m λ = 10 cm
cos (2π × 500 sin(α)) .
x = sin(α) x ∈ [−1, 1]
x �→ cos (2π × 500 x) .
1 λ
X= = 0,02 = .
500 D
sin(α)
Δt t=0 α = α(0) = α0
α0 �= π/2
sin(α0 + ωΔt) = sin(α0 ) + 0,02.
ωΔt � 1
sin(α0 ) + cos(α0 )ωΔt = sin(α0 ) + 0,02

cos(α0 )ωΔt = 0,02
0,02
Δt = .
ω cos(α0 )
α
α
ωΔt � 1 cos(α0 ) � 0,02

α0 = 0
λ
Δt =
Dω cos(α0 )
o
α0 = 0
Δt = 4 min 28 s = 268 s
λ = 10 cm
ν = 3 GHz
I1max = I2max = I0 .
I = I 1 + I2

I0 2πD sin(α) I0 2πD sin(α + ε)
= 1 + cos + 1 + cos
2 λ 2 λ

I0 2πD sin(α) 2πD sin(α + ε)
= 2 + cos + cos
2 λ λ

πD πD
= I0 1 + cos (sin(α) − sin(α + ε)) cos (sin(α) + sin(α + ε)) .
λ λ
ε�1
sin(α) + sin(α + ε) � 2 sin(α)

sin(α) − sin(α + ε) � − cos(α)ε.

πDε cos(α(t)) 2πD sin(α(t))
I � I0 1 + cos cos .
λ λ

πDε cos(α(t))

C = cos
λ .
ε=0
o
πDε
λ
| cos(α)| = 1
1◦ π
ε = 1� = = rad
60 180 × 60

500π 2
Cmin
= cos = 0,90.
180 × 60
I = I1 + I2 + 2I1 I2 cos(ϕ)
ϕ
• exp(jx) + exp(−jx) = 2 cos(x)

1
• �cos2 (ωt + ϕ)� =
2
• 2 cos2 (x) = 1 + cos(2x)
a+b a−b
• cos(a) + cos(b) = 2 cos cos
2 2
• sin(α + ε) � sin(α) + cos(α)ε ε � 1
o
♣♣♣
a Oz
� t) = E0 cos(kx − ωt)e�y + E0 sin(kx − ωt)�ez .

E(x,
z
+q
a y i
C +q
x i ⇔ R
O −q
−q
R
C
i(t)
PJ
�→
RC
�→
�→
o
ω
�k = k�ex ω
�ex k=
c
yOz
� �
� = k∧E
B
ω
k�ex �
= ∧E
ω
�ex
= ∧ (E0 cos(kx − ωt)e�y + E0 sin(kx − ωt)�ez )
c
E0 E0
= cos(kx − ωt)�ez − sin(kx − ωt)�ey .
c c
� t) = E0 cos(kx − ωt)�ez − E0 sin(kx − ωt)�ey .

B(x,
c c
Ez
a
e= � · d��.
E
0
o
d�� = �ez dz
a
e= Ez (0, t) dz
0
a
= −E0 sin(ωt) dz
0
= −E0 a sin(ωt).
uR
i R
C +q
e uC
−q
e = u R + uC
q
= Ri + .
C
dq
i= ,
dt
dq q
e=R + .
dt C
dq
RC + q = −CE0 a sin(ωt).
dt
q(t) i(t)
q(t) = qgen (t) + qpart (t).
o

t
qgen (t) = A exp − .
RC
RC
−CE0 a sin(ωt) = �[−CE0 a exp (jωt)]
q(t) = �[q(t)] q(t) = q 0 exp (jωt)
dq
RC + q = −CE0 a exp(jωt)
dt
(jRCω + 1)q 0 = −CE0 a
CE0 a
q0 = − .
1 + jRCω
q0
CE0 a
q0 = − exp (−jϕ) tan ϕ = RCω.
1 + (RCω)2
CE0 a
q(t) = − exp j(ωt − ϕ)
1 + (RCω)2
CE0 a
qpart (t) = − sin(ωt − ϕ).
1 + (RCω)2
o
i(t)
dqpart
i= ,
dt
CE0 aω
i(t) = − cos(ωt − ϕ)
1 + (RCω)2
RCω � 1
E0 a
imax =
R
pJ (t) = Ri2 (t).

i(t)
C 2 E02 a2 ω 2
pJ (t) = R cos2 (ωt − ϕ)
1 + (RCω)2
PJ = �pJ (t)�
1 C 2 E02 a2 ω 2
= R .
2 1 + (RCω)2
1 C(E0 a)2 (RCω)2

PJ =
2 RC 1 + (RCω)2
1
E0 a C(E0 a)2 C(E0 a)2
2
RC
(RCω)2
1 + (RCω)2
o
� t) = E0 cos(kx − ωt)�ez − E0 sin(kx − ωt)�ey .
B(x,
c c
i(t)
d�� = �ez dz x=0
dF�L = i(t) �ez dz ∧ B(0,

� t)
E0
= − i(t)dz sin(ωt) �ex .
c
a
E0
F�L (t) = − i(t) sin(ωt) �ex dz
0 c
E0
= − i(t)a sin(ωt) �ex
c
CE0 aω E0
= a cos(ωt − ϕ) sin(ωt) �ex ,
1 + (RCω) c2
i(t)
�F�L � = �F�L (t)�

CE0 aω E0
= a�cos(ωt − ϕ) sin(ωt)� �ex
1 + (RCω) c
2
CE0 aω E0 sin ϕ
= a �ex ,
1 + (RCω) c
2 2
sin ϕ
RCω
sin ϕ = ,
1 + (RCω)2
RC 2 E02 a2 ω 2
�F�L � = �ex
2c (1 + (RCω)2 )
o
♥
� �
� = k ∧ E.
B
ω
♥ C

e= � · d��.
E
C
dF�L = i d�� ∧ B.
�
•
1
�cos(ωt − ϕ) sin(ωt)� = sin(ϕ).
2
cos(a − b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b,
1
�cos(ωt) sin(ωt)� = 0 ; �sin2 (ωt)� = .
2
1
• z=
a + jb
exp(−jϕ)
z= √ ,
a2 + b 2
b
tan ϕ = ;
a
b
sin ϕ = √ ;
+ b2a2
a
cos ϕ = √ .
a2 + b 2
o
o
S R L
�
B θ 0 = ω0 t x
�n θ = ωt + φ Oz
z
�
B
y
θ �n
θ0
x
I(t)
I(t)
Γ z
Γ ω
ω=0
O M
O M M l ρ

OO = d l
A (O, O , A)
lmax M A
B (O, B, O )
o
♣♣
S R L
�
B θ 0 = ω0 t x
�n θ = ωt + φ Oz
�
B
y
θ �n
θ0
x
I(t)
I(t)
Γ z
�Γ� ω
ω=0
o
�→
�→
�→
�→
e
dΦ
e=− ,
dt
Φ
L
S �
B
I ⇐⇒ I e
�n
R
o
� · S� = B
Φ=B � · �nS = BS cos(θ − θ0 ) = BS cos ((ω − ω0 ) t + φ) .
Ω = ω − ω0
Φ = BS cos (Ωt + φ) ,
dΦ
e=− = BSΩ sin (Ωt + φ) .
dt
I R, L
e
dI
L + RI = e
dt
dI
L + RI = BSΩ sin (Ωt + φ)
dt
dI R BSΩ
+ I = sin (Ωt + φ) .
dt L L
L I0 BSΩ
τ= =
R τ L
dI I I0
+ = sin (Ωt + φ) .
dt τ τ

t
I(t) = λ exp − + Ip (t).
τ
λ Ip (t)

Ip (t) = � I p exp i(Ωt) .

I0 I0
sin (Ωt + φ) = � −i exp i (Ωt + φ) ,
τ τ
o

d I p exp iΩt I p exp iΩt I0
+ = −i exp i (Ωt + φ)
dt τ τ
I p exp iΩt I0
iΩI p exp iΩt + = −i exp i (Ωt + φ)
τ τ
1 I0
I p iΩ + = −i exp iφ
τ τ
I0
I p = −i exp iφ,
1
τ iΩ +
τ
I0
I p = −i exp iφ.
1 + iΩτ

Ip (t) = � I p exp iΩt

I0
= � −i exp i (Ωt + φ)
1 + iΩτ

I0 (1 − iΩτ )
= � −i exp i (Ωt + φ)
1 + (Ωτ )2
I0
= [sin (Ωt + φ) − Ωτ cos (Ωt + φ)].
1 + (Ωτ )2
I0
Ip (t) = [sin (Ωt + φ) − Ωτ cos (Ωt + φ)]
1 + (Ωτ )2
τ
Ip (t)
I(t) = Ip (t).
I0
I(t) = [sin (Ωt + φ) − Ωτ cos (Ωt + φ)]
1 + (Ωτ )2
�Γ = M
� ∧B
�
o
�
M
� = I(t)S �n.
M

−→
�Γ = OP ∧ I(t)d�l ∧ B
�
�Γ = �
I(t)S �n ∧ B
= I(t)SB sin (θ0 − θ) �ez
= I(t)SB sin (−Ωt − φ) �ez
= −I(t)SB sin (Ωt + φ) �ez ,
I(t)
I0 SB
Γ= 2
− sin2 (Ωt + φ) + Ωτ cos (Ωt + φ) sin (Ωt + φ) .
1 + (Ωτ )
I0
(SB)2 Ω
Γ= 2
− sin2 (Ωt + φ) + Ωτ cos (Ωt + φ) sin (Ωt + φ)
R 1 + (Ωτ )
1
sin2 (Ωt + φ) =
2
�cos (Ωt + φ) sin (Ωt + φ)� = 0.
(SB)2 −Ω
�Γ� = .
2R 1 + (Ω)2 τ 2
(SB)2 ω0 − ω
�Γ� =
2R 1 + (ω0 − ω)2 τ 2
R
1/R
τ
o
�Γ� (ω)
�Γ�
Γ0
ω
ω0
P = �Γ� ω.
ω
ω0
P >0 0 < ω < ω0
ω =0
ω0 ω
♥ e
o
Φ
dΦ
e=− .
dt

t
♥ exp −
τ
τ
♥
�Γ S� I
�Γ = I S� ∧ B.
�
♥ I S� �
M
♥ P
P = �Γ · ω
�.
•
f (t) = A cos (ωt + φ) −→ f (t) = A exp i (ωt + φ) = A exp i (ωt)

f (t) = � f (t) .
f (t)
f (t) = A sin (ωt + φ) −→ f (t) = −iA exp i (ωt + φ) .
•
df (t)
= iωf (t).
dt
•
�sin(ωt + φ)� = �cos(ωt + φ)� = 0.
�sin(ωt + φ) cos(ωt + φ)� = 0.
1
sin2 (ωt + φ) = cos2 (ωt + φ) = .
2
o
♣♣
O M
O M � M l ρ

OO = d � l
A (O, O , A)
lmax M A
B (O, B, O )
1
r2
�→
(OO )
A
�→
o
A
d+l d−l
l
�→
d
GMM � −−→�
f�O→O = − OO .
d3
M M�
O
R
R
GMM � −−→�
M ��aO = − OO .
d3
O�
−−→
�aO = −ω 2 OO� ,
ω
GM
ω2 = .
d3
2π
ω= T
T

d3
T = 2π
GM
o
lmax
◦
O O� l A
• • •
−−→�
OO
R �er =
�
OO�
O O
A m
f�O→A
f�O →A
R�
O �er f�O→A A
• f�O →A •
R�
�
R A � · �er > 0
R
GMm
f�O→A = − �er
(d + l)2
GM � m
f�O →A = − 2 �er .
l
o
◦ A
A d+l O
A
•
d+l
O d A
• •
A ω R
GM
�aA = −ω 2 (d + l)�er = − (d + l)�er .
d3
◦ A
A
R
m�aA = f�O→A + f�O →A + R,

�
GM GMm GM � m �
−m 3
(d + l)�er = − 2
�er − �er + R.
d (d + l) l2
R �er
� = R �er
R
R>0 A

M� M M
R = Gm 2 + 2
− 3 (d + l)
l (d + l) d
o
◦
l
�1
d
⎡ ⎤
⎢M� M � �⎥
⎢ M 1 l ⎥
R = Gm ⎢ 2 + 2 � �2 − 2 1+ ⎥
⎣l d l d d ⎦
1+
d
� � �
M M
� Gm 2 − 3 3 l .
l d
M�
Gm
l2
M
−3Gm l M
d3
M� M
2
− 3 3 l > 0.
l d
� �1/3
M�
l<d .
3M
� �1/3
M�
lmax =d
3M
O �er f�O→B B f�O →B

• •
R�
GMm
f�O→B = − �er
(d − l)2
GM � m
f�O →B = �er ,
l2
o
� · �er < 0
R
B R d−l
ω
d−l B
•
O B
• •
GM GMm GM m
−m (d − l)�
e r = − �
e r + �er + R �er .
d3 (d − l)2 l2
�er

M M M
R = −Gm − + (d − l) ,
l2 (d − l)2 d3
l
d

M M
R � −Gm − 3 l .
l2 d3
R<0
1/3
M
l<d
3M
l A B
A B
o
♥ M
O m O�
GMm −−→�
f� = − OO .
OO�3
♥
r3 G(M + m)
= .
T2 4π 2
M m
♥
a r
a3 GM
2
= .
T 4π 2
• �
1
= (1 + �)−2 = 1 − 2� + o(�),
(1 + �)2
1
= (1 − �)−2 = 1 + 2� + o(�).
(1 − �)2
o
o
o
o
tp = 50 ms
e = 5 × 10−7 m tp = 50Dms= 0,5 mm
e = 5 × 10−7
JLm D = 0,5 mm
JL
e
e
T = 293 K
T = 293 K
μ = 2,70 × 1033 kg · m−3 −3

μ
cs = 900 J×· K
= 2,70 10−1kg ·m
· kg −1
ccs = 900 JJ· ·KK−1−1· ·kg
= 1090 −1
kg−1
l −1 −1
cLl ==1090 J · K 5 · kg −1
4,00 × 105 J · kg−1
f
L
Lfv == 10,9
4,00 ×× 10
106 JJ ·· kg
kg−1
6 −1
L v = 10,9◦ × 10 J · kg
Tf = 660◦C
T
Tfv == 2519
660 C◦C
Tv = 2519 ◦C
tP
tP
R
JL R
JL
V
V V · s−1
= 4 μm
V = 4 μm · s−1
N T
� = B�ez
B N T m
�
� = B�ez
B m
�
Oz mz = ±m0
Oz mz = ±m0
o
o
Mz Mz T
B Mz
B Br
Br = B + λMz λ
B=0
B=0
o
♣♣
tp = 50 ms
e = 5 × 10−7 m D = 0,5 mm
JL
T = 293 K
μ = 2,70 × 103 kg · m−3

cs = 900 J · K−1 · kg−1
cl = 1090 J · K−1 · kg−1
Lf = 4,00 × 105 J · kg−1
Lv = 10,9 × 106 J · kg−1
Tf = 660◦C
Tv = 2519 ◦C
tP
R
JL
V
V = 4 μm · s−1
�→
�→
o
�→
�→
D e
m
πD2
m = μe .
4
m = 2,65 × 10−10 kg
ΔH = Qp laser ,
Qp laser
Pa
Pa = αJL ,
α
Δt
Qp laser = αJL Δt.
ΔH = αJL Δt.
o
◦
C
◦
tv = 2519 C
T Tf Δt1
Δtf
Tf Tv Δt2
Δtv
ΔH1 ΔHf ΔH2 ΔHv
ΔH1 = αJL Δt1 ,

ΔHf = αJL Δtf ,
ΔH2 = αJL Δt2 ,
ΔHv = αJL Δtv .
Δt1 + Δtf + Δt2 + Δtv = tp .
ΔH1 + ΔHf + ΔH2 + ΔHv = αJL tp .
T Tf ΔH1 = mcs (Tf − T ) = 1,53 × 10−4 J

ΔHf = mLf = 1,06 × 10−4 J
Tf Tv ΔH2 = mcl (Tv − Tf ) = 5,37 × 10−4 J
ΔHv = mLv = 2,89 × 10−3 J
αJL
ΔH1 + ΔHf + ΔH2 + ΔHv

αJl = .
tp
αJL = 73,7 mW
Pa
o
ΔHΔH1 1
T TTf Tf Δt1Δt
=1 = = 2,1 = 2,1
ms ms
αJLαJL
ΔHΔH
f f
ΔtfΔt
=f = = 1,4 = 1,4
ms ms
αJLαJL
ΔHΔH2 2
Tf TfTv Tv Δt2Δt=2 = = 7,3 = 7,3
ms ms
αJLαJL
ΔHΔHv v
ΔtvΔt
=v = = 39,2 = 39,2
ms ms
αJLαJL
Pa P=a αJ
= LαJL
R R
Pr Pr JL JL
Pr Pr
R =R = . .
JL JL
Pa Pa
Pr Pr
Pt Pt
JL J=L P=a +
PaP+r +
PrP+t . Pt .
Pt =
Pt 0.= 0.
JL J=L P=a +
PaP+r Pr
= αJ= LαJ
+LRJ+ RJ
L, L,
α =α 1=−1R−=R 0,28
= 0,28
Pa Pa
JL J=L =
α α
JL J=L 263
= 263
mW mW
o o
ps = 1,3 × 106 W · m−2 103 W · m−2
JL D
tp
e
e tp
e tp
e
V = .
tp
V = 10 μm · s−1
◦
C
♥
Qp
ΔH = Qp .
ΔH = mcp ΔT,
o
cp
L
ΔH = mL.
o
♣♣
N T
� = B�ez
B m
�
Oz mz = ±m0
Mz Mz T
B Mz
B Br
Br = B + λMz λ
B=0
B=0
�→
�→
�→ m 0 B � kB T
B Br
Mz
�→
o
�→
m
� �
B
Ep = −m �
� · B.
Ep = ±m0 B.
•
�
B
�ez � = m0�ez
m � = −m0�ez
m
•
Ep1 = −m0 B Ep2 = m0 B
pE E T

E
pE = A exp − .
kB T

m0 B
p1 = A exp ,
kB T

−m0 B
p2 = A exp .
kB T
o
A
p1 + p2 = 1.

m0 B m0 B
A exp + A exp − =1
kB T kB T
1
A= .
m0 B m0 B
exp + exp −
kB T kB T

m0 B m0 B
exp 2 exp
k T k T
p1 = B = B
m0 B m0 B m0 B
exp + exp − cosh
kB T kB T k T
B
m0 B m0 B
exp − 2 exp −
kB T k T
p2 = = B .
m0 B m0 B m0 B
exp + exp − cosh
kB T kB T kB T
p1 > p2

m0 B m0 B
2 exp 2 exp −
kB T k T
p1 = , p2 = B
m0 B m0 B
cosh cosh
kB T kB T
Mz N
mz i , i ∈ {1, ..., N }
N

Mz = mz i .
i=1
p1 p2
o
mz i = p1 m0 + p2 (−m0 )

m0 B m0 B
2 exp 2 exp −
k T k T
= m0 B − m0 B
m0 B m0 B
cosh cosh
kB T kB T

m0 B
sinh
k T
= m0 B
m0 B
cosh
k T
B
m0 B
= m0 tanh .
kB T

m0 B
Mz = Nm0 tanh
kB T
Mz (B)
Mz
Mmax
B
0
Mz
Mmax = Nm0
�
B kB T
|Ep | = |m �
� · B|
Mz
o
⎧ � �
⎪ m0 B r
⎨ Mz = Nm0 tanh (1)
kB T
⎩ Mz = Br − B .
⎪
(2)
λ
Mz (Br )
(2)
Mz
Mz • (1)
Br
0 Br
B
B=0
⎧ � �
⎪ m0 B r
⎨ Mz = Nm0 tanh (1)
kB T
⎩ Mz = Br .
⎪
(2)
λ
(Br = 0, Mz = 0)
(Br , Mz ) (−Br , −Mz )
o
◦
(2)
Mz
(1)
Mz •
Br
0 Br
(2)
Mz
(1)
Br
0
o

dMz dMz
(0) > (0)
dBr (1) dBr (2)
Nm20 1
> ,
kB T λ
λNm20
T<
kB
Tc
λNm20
Tc = .
kB
T � Tc
Mz = Mmax
(2)
Mz
Mz • (1)
T � Tc
Br
0 Br
(2)
Mz
(1)
Mz •
T < Tc
Br
0 Br
o
Tc
(2)
Mz
(1)
T = Tc
Br
0
Mz (T )
Mz
Mmax
T
Tc
Tc
Tc = 1043 K
Ep = −m �
� · B.
♥

E
pE = A exp − .
kB T
o
• kB = 1,38 × 10−23 J · K−1
exp(x) + exp(−x)
• cosh x =
2
exp(x) − exp(−x)
• sinh x =
2
sinh x
• tanh x =
cosh x
d (tanh(x)) 1
• =
dx 1 − x2
o
o
o
Oz S(z)
�v = v(z)�ez
Pe γ
Pe �vs
O z
Te Ps
Ss
Se
vs
Ps
Te x= Ps
Pe
R = 8,31 J · K−1 · mol−1 Te = 500 K γ = 1,4 M = 29 g · mol−1
Pe = 1,25 bar Ps = 1 bar
Ps
N N � 1
T ε1 ε2

ε1
ε = ε2 − ε1 > 0 N1 = A exp −
kB T
ε2
N2 = 3A exp −
kB T
A N ε ε1 k B T
U N ε ε1 kB T
o

−2 ε
T = 14 K ε = 2 × 10 eV N2 � 3N exp −
kB T
C
o
♣♣
Oz S(z)
�v = v(z)�ez
Pe γ
Pe �vs
O z
Te Ps
Ss
Se
vs
Ps
Te x= Ps
Pe
R = 8,31 J · K−1 · mol−1 Te = 500 K γ = 1,4 M = 29 g · mol−1
Pe = 1,25 bar Ps = 1 bar
Ps
Ps < Pe
x<1
�→
�→ x Ps
Pe
o
T P v
Δh + Δec + Δep = wu + q.
e s
(hs − he ) + (ec s − ec e ) + (ep s − ep e ) = wu + q.
hs − he = cp (Ts − Te )
cp
1 1 1
ec s − ec e = vs2 − ve2 � vs2
2 2 2
v e � vs
ep s − e p e = 0
wu = 0 wu
q=0 q
1
cp (Ts − Te ) + vs2 = 0.
2
P V γ = cte.
P V
P T
P (1−γ) T γ = cte.
Te Ts
o
Pe(1−γ) Teγ = Ps(1−γ) Tsγ ,
γ−1
Ps γ γ−1
Ts = T e = Te x γ .
Pe

γ−1
vs = 2cp Te 1 − x γ .
x � 1
R γ
cp = .
M γ−1
cp = 1,0 × 103 J · kg−1 · K−1
vs = 2,5 × 102 m · s−1 = 9,0 × 102 km · h−1
Dm ρ�v

Dm = �
ρ�v · dS.
S
Dm = ρ s S s v s .
o
◦
P V = nRT,
m V
m Mn MP
ρ= = = .
V V RT
γ−1
Ts = T e x γ , Ps = Pe x.
MPe γ1 1
ρs = x = ρe x γ .
RTe
◦
x
1

γ−1 1/2
Dm = Ss ρe 2cp Te x γ 1 − x γ .
dDm
x
dx
d ln Dm 1 dDm
= = 0.
dx Dm dx
Dm ln Dm Dm
1 1 γ−1

ln Dm = ln Ss ρe 2cp Te + ln x + ln 1 − x γ .
γ 2
1
d ln Dm 1 γ − 1 x− γ
= − .
dx γx 2γ 1 − x γ−1
γ
o
x = xm
−1
1 γ−1 xm γ
= γ−1
γ xm 2γ
1 − xmγ
γ−1
γ−1 xmγ
1 = γ−1
2
1 − xmγ
1−γ
γ−1
xmγ − 1 =
2
γ
γ + 1 1−γ
xm = .
2
1−γ
γ
γ+1
Ps = P e .
2
Ps = 0,53 Pe
P V γ = cte.
Δh + Δec + Δep = wu + q.
o
♥
h = cp (T − T0 ) + h0 ,
cp
♥

Dm = �
ρ�v · dS.
S
R γ
cp = ,
M γ−1
R M
o
♣♣
N N � 1
T ε1 ε2

ε1
ε = ε2 − ε1 > 0 N1 = A exp −
kB T
ε2
N2 = 3A exp −
kB T
A N ε ε1 k B T
U N ε ε1 kB T

−2 ε
T = 14 K ε = 2 × 10 eV N2 � 3N exp −
kB T
C
�→
�→
T →0 T → +∞
�→
o
�→

ε1 ε2
N = N1 + N2 = A exp − + 3A exp −
kB T kB T

ε1 ε2
= A exp − + 3 exp − .
kB T kB T
ε ε1 ε2 = ε + ε 1

ε1 ε
A exp − 1 + 3 exp − = N.
kB T kB T

ε1
exp
k T
A=N B
ε
1 + 3 exp −
kB T
ε1 ε2 N1 N2
U = N1 ε1 + N2 ε2

ε1 ε2
= Aε1 exp − + 3Aε2 exp −
kB T kB T

ε
ε1 + 3ε2 exp −
kB T
=N .
ε
1 + 3 exp −
kB T
o

ε
ε1 + 3(ε1 + ε) exp −
kB T
U =N
ε
1 + 3 exp −
kB T
◦

ε ε
exp − �1
kB T kB T
U � Nε1 = Umin
◦

ε ε
exp − �1
kB T kB T
ε1 + 3ε2
U �N = Umax
4
N/4
ε2 3/4
U(T )
U
Umax
Umin
T
0
Tt = ε/kB
Tt = ε/kB

−2 −21 ε
ε = 2 × 10 eV = 3,2 × 10 J exp − = 6,3 × 10−8 � 1.
kB T
o

ε1
A � N exp .
kB T

ε2
N2 = 3A exp − ,
kB T

ε
N2 � 3N exp −
kB T
N2 N N2 � 1,9 × 10−7 N
ε2
N1 � N
Tt = 2,3 × 102 K
∂U
C= .
∂T
1
β= kB T
∂U dβ ∂U 1 ∂U
= =− .
∂T dT ∂β kB T 2 ∂β
U(β)
ε1 + 3 ε2 exp (−βε)
U =N .
1 + 3 exp (−βε)
∂U −3ε2 ε exp (−βε) (1 + 3 exp (−βε)) + 3ε exp (−βε) (ε1 + 3ε2 exp (−βε))
=N .
∂β [1 + 3 exp (−βε)]2
∂U ε2 exp (−βε)
= −3N .
∂β [1 + 3 exp (−βε)]2
3N ε2 exp (−βε)
C= ,
kB T 2 [1 + 3 exp (−βε)]2
o

ε
exp −
3Nε2 kB T
C= 2 .
kB T 2 ε
1 + 3 exp −
kB T

3Nε2 ε
C� exp − .
kB T 2 kB T
T →0
ε2
3Nε2
C� .
16kB T 2
T → +∞
T
0
o
♥
♥
1
♥ β= kB T
• U εi Ni

U= Ni ε i .
i
• ε T

ε
exp −
kB T
exp (−βε) .
•
∂U 1 ∂U
C= =− .
∂T kB T 2 ∂β
o
o
(ρ, c, λ)
2a Ti TF
TF T (x, t) TF
x
−a a
O
(ρ, c, λ)
h S
φcc = h(Tsurface − TF )S.
θ(x, t) = T (x, t) − TF
θ(x, t)
θ(x, t) = f (x)g(t)
θ(x) t
ρ kg · m−3 c J · K−1 · kg−1 λ W · K−1 · m−1

8,96 × 103
h = 5 W · K−1 · m−2
o
d = 2,7
g(r) r
p(r)
p ρ
�g
� p.
ρ�g = grad
o
♣♣
(ρ, c, λ)
2a Ti TF
TF T (x, t) TF
x
−a a
O
(ρ, c, λ)
h S
φcc = h(Tsurface − TF )S.
θ(x, t) = T (x, t) − TF
θ(x, t)
θ(x, t) = f (x)g(t)
θ(x) t
ρ kg · m−3 c J · K−1 · kg−1 λ W · K−1 · m−1

8,96 × 103
h = 5 W · K−1 · m−2
�→
o
x = −a x=a
�→
�→
Ox dx
S
dx x
S
x
O x x + dx
dU
dV = Sdx
dU d(dU)
d(dU) = ρ c dV dT.
o
c ρ c dV
−a < x < a
dT
φ(x, t) = −Sλ (x, t).
dx
�jth (x, t) S x
x
φ(x, t) x
φ(x + dx, t) x + dx
φ(x, t) φ(x + dx, t)
x
O x x + dx
S
dt
d(dU) = φ(x, t)dt − φ(x + dx, t)dt.
ρ c dV dT = − (φ(x + dx, t) − φ(x, t)) dt

dT φ(x + dx, t) − φ(x, t)
ρcS =− .
dt dx
dx → 0
x
dT dφ
ρcS =− .
dt dx
φ
∂T ∂ 2T
ρc =λ 2.
∂t ∂x
o
∂
λ
D=
ρc
∂T ∂ 2T
=D 2,
∂t ∂x
D
[D] = L2 · T−1
θ(x, t) = T (x, t) − TF
T θ + TF TF
x t θ
∂θ ∂ 2θ
=D 2
∂t ∂x
θ(x, t) = f (x)g(t).
∂ ∂2
(f (x)g(t)) = D 2 (f (x)g(t))
∂t ∂x
∂g(t) ∂ 2 f (x)
f (x) = Dg(t) .
∂t ∂x2
f (x)g(t)
1 dg 1 d2 f
= .
Dg(t) dt f (x) dx2
f g
t x
1 dg 1 d2 f
= = K.
Dg(t) dt f (x) dx2
o
⎧
⎪
⎪ 1 dg
⎨ =K (1)
Dg(t) dt
2
⎪
⎪ 1 df
⎩ =K (2)
f (x) dx2
◦
K
dg
− DKg = 0.
dt
g(t) = A exp(DKt), A ∈ R.
g t → +∞ K
∀t > 0 K<0
K = −k 2 ,
k K<0
g(t) = A exp(−Dk 2 t), A ∈ R.
1 d2 f
= −k 2 ,
f (x) dx2
d2 f
+ k 2 f = 0.
dx2
o
f (x) = α cos(kx) + β sin(kx), (α, β) ∈ R2 .
θ(x, t) = A exp(−Dk 2 t) (α cos(kx) + β sin(kx))

= exp(−Dk 2 t) (α cos(kx) + β sin(kx)) .
Aα = α Aβ = β
k
α β
◦
Ox O
x
θ(−x, t) = θ(x, t).
β = 0,
θ(x, t) = α exp(−Dk 2 t) cos(kx).
◦
x=a φcc
x = −a
φcc = hSθ(a, t)
= hSα exp(−Dk 2 t) cos(ka).
o
φcc φcc
TF Tsurface Tsurface TF
x
−a a
O
φcc Tsurface > TF
x=a
∂θ
φ = −λS (a, t)
∂x
= λSα k exp(−Dk 2 t) sin(ka).
φ(a, t) φcc
TF
x
a
O
hSα exp(−Dk 2 t) cos(ka) = λSα k exp(−Dk 2 t) sin(ka)

h cos(ka) = λk sin(ka),
h
tan(ka) = .
λk
k
X = ka
ha 1
tan(X) =
λ X
A0
= ,
X
o
ha
A0 =
λ
X A0
A0
X �→
X
X→
� tan(X)
π X
0 X0 X1 3π X2 5π
2 2 2
Xn n ∈ N
n → +∞ Xn → nπ
Xn
kn = .
a
a2
τn = ,
DXn2
x
t
θn (x, t) = αn� exp − cos Xn .
τn a
+∞
x
t
θ(x, t) = αn� exp − cos Xn .
n=0
τn a
o
αn�
◦
t=0 T = Ti
θ(x, 0) = Ti − TF , ∀x ∈ [−a; a].

t=0
+∞
x
αn� cos Xn = T i − TF .
n=0
a
αn�
n m
x
t
θn (x, t) = αn� exp − cos Xn
τn a

� t x
θm (x, t) = αm exp − cos Xm
τm a
n<m Xn < Xm τn > τm

θm (x, t) 1 1
∝ exp − − t
θn (x, t) τm τn
t
τ0 n>0
t > 3τ0
x
t
θ(x, t) � θ0 (x, t) = α0� exp − cos X0
τ0 a
ha
(ρ, c, λ) A0 =
λ
o
λ
D=
ρc
◦ A0
λbois < λcuivre ,
h a
A0 bois > A0 cuivre .
A0 Xn
A0 bois
X �→
X
A0 cuivre
X→
�
X
π X
0 3π 5π
2 2 2 X �→ tan(X)
Xn bois > Xn cuivre .
Xn
Dbois = 1,4 × 10−7 m · s−2

Dcuivre = 1,2 × 10−4 m · s−2 .
◦
a2
τn =
DXn2
o
τn bois � τn cuivre .
θ(x, t = 0) θ(x, t1 > 0)
Ti − TF
x x
−a 0 a −a 0 a
θ(x, t2 > t1 ) θ(x, t3 > t2 )
x x
−a 0 a −a 0 a
τ0 bois τ0 cuivre
t>0
x
−a 0 a
o
♥

F (x) = K
∀(x, y), F (x) = G(y) ⇔ , K∈R
G(y) = K
• f − kf = 0
f (x) = A exp(kx).
• f + k 2 f = 0
f (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx).
o
♣♣♣
d = 2,7
g(r) r
p(r)
p ρ
�g
� p.
ρ�g = grad
�→
�→
�→
o
�→
ρ1 ρ2 < ρ1
�→
R = 6400 km.
g = 9,8 m · s−2 ,
M r
GM
g(r) = ,
r2
G
[G] = [gr2 M −1 ] = m3 · s−2 · kg−1

MT
gR2
MT = .
G
MT = 6,0 × 1024 kg
o
◦
a = 3,8 × 105 km
T = 27 jours
a3 GMT
= .
T2 4π 2
4π 2 a3
MT =
GT 2
MT = 6,0 × 1024 kg
ρeau = 1 × 103 kg · m−3
MT
ρ= .
4 3
πR
3
ρ = 5,5 kg · m−3
dm = 5,5
R MT ρ
o
r
�g = �g (r).
O
P OP
O P �g (P )
OP
�g = g(r)�er .
S r<R O
RT
�g (r) �g (r)
O• r S
�g (r) �g (r)
Φg (S) S
Φg (S) = 4πr2 g(r).
g(r) S
g
mS S
4
mS = πr3 ρ.
3
Φg (S) = −4πGmS .
4
4πr2 g(r) = −4πG πr3 ρ
3
4πG
g(r) = − ρr.
3
o
O
GMT
g(r) = − r
RT3
MT
ρ=
4 3
πR
3 T
r = RT
� p = ρ�g .
grad
� p = − 4πG ρ2 r�er .
grad
3
g ρ
ρ MT
r
dp 4πG 2
=− ρ r,
dr 3
2πG 2 2
p(r) = − ρ r + p(0).
3
p(0)
r=0
p(RT ) = P0 = 1 bar.
2πG 2 2
P0 = − ρ RT + p(0),
3
o
2πG 2 2
p(0) = ρ RT + P0 ,
3
2πG 2 2
p(r) = ρ (RT − r2 ) + P0
3
2πG 2 2
p(0) = ρ RT + P0
3
[p] = Pa = N · m−2
= kg · m−1 · s−2
[Gρ2 RT2 ] = m3 · s−2 · kg−1 · kg2 · m−6 · m2
= kg · m−1 · s−2 .
p(0) = 170 GPa
ρ1 r = R1 ρ2 < ρ1
r = R1 r = RT
ρ2
ρ2 = 2,7 × 103 kg · m−3 .
ρ2 R1 R1
R1

4 3 1 4 3
πR = πR .
3 1 2 3 T
RT
R1 = = 5,08 × 103 km.
21/3
o
ρ1 ρ
ρ1
ρ1 + ρ2
ρ= .
2
1
2
ρ1 = 2ρ − ρ2 = 8,3 × 103 kg · m−1 .
◦ r < R1
4πG
g(r) = − ρ1 r.
3
dp
= ρ1 g(r)
dr
4πG 2
=− ρr
3 1
2πG 2 2
p(r) = − ρ r + p(0).
3 1
r=0
◦ R1 < r < R T
S
4 4
mS = πR13 ρ1 + π r3 − R13 ρ2
3 3
4 3 4
= πR1 (ρ1 − ρ2 ) + πr3 ρ2 .
3 3

4πG (ρ1 − ρ2 )R13
g(r) = − + ρ2 r .
3 r2
r = RT g(RT ) = 9,8 m · s−2
o
dp
= ρ2 g(r)
dr
4πG ρ2 (ρ1 − ρ2 )R13 2
=− + ρ2 r
3 r2

4πG ρ2 (ρ1 − ρ2 )R13 2r
2
p(r) = − − + ρ2 + cte.
3 r 2
R1
p(R1− ) = p(R1+ )
2

2πG 2 2 4πG 2 2 R1
− ρ R + p(0) = − −ρ2 (ρ1 − ρ2 )R1 + ρ2 + cte.
3 1 1 3 2
2πG 2 2
cte = R1 3ρ2 − ρ21 − 2ρ1 ρ2 + p(0).
3

4πG ρ2 (ρ1 − ρ2 )R13 R2 2πG 2 2
p(RT ) = − − + ρ22 T + R1 3ρ2 − ρ21 − 2ρ1 ρ2 + p(0).
3 RT 2 3
ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ
P0

4πG ρ2 (ρ1 − ρ2 )R13 2 RT
2
2πG 2 2
p(0) = P0 + − + ρ2 − R [3ρ − ρ21 − 2ρ1 ρ2 ]
3 RT 2 3 1 2
p(0) = 286 GPa
♥ g M
r
GM
g= .
r2
o
♥
Φg (S) = −4πGmS .

Φg = S
�g · �n dS �g S
♥
a3 GM
2
= .
T 4π 2
G = 6,67 × 10−11 m3 · s−2 · kg−1 .

•
R = 6,4 × 103 km.

•
� f = ∂f �er + 1 ∂f �eθ + 1 ∂f �eϕ .

grad
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
o
o
A
B B
•
Em = ...
•
•
• Ep = ...
• Ep = ...
•
•
• δ = ...
• δ = ...
•
•
•
•
•
•
• sin i = ...
• sin i = ...
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
P, h
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• �jth = ...
• �jth = ...
•
•
•
•
• kB T
• kB T
•
•
•
L M
•
•
• e = ...
•
•
•
M. VENTURI
La collection « 24 jours pour préparer l’oral » vous assurera des
révisions solides entre les écrits et les oraux grâce au planning de
travail fourni par les auteurs expérimentés, enseignants de classes
préparatoires. Ce planning est fondé sur 24 séances de travail
réparties sur 4 semaines de 6 jours. Durant chaque séance, vous
pourrez vous exercer sur un sujet de type concours puis vous consacrer
à une analyse minutieuse de tout l’ensemble du corrigé (analyse de
MINES pour préparer l’oral du concours
PONTS
l’énoncé, corrigé détaillé, techniques à mémoriser, formulaire et
MINES-PONTS
nombreux extraits des rapports de jurys). PHYSIQUE
Ces ouvrages vous permettront aussi, dès le début de la deuxième MP

année de Prépas, de consolider les pratiques vues en classe.
2e ÉD.
PHYSIQUE

Pour une préparation efficace
2e ÉDITION
aux concours d’entrée dans les Grandes Écoles ACTUALISÉE
Marc VENTURI
Filière
•
MP
Un planning optimisé pour réviser l’ensemble du programme
• Une sélection d’exercices les plus représentatifs du concours
• Les sujets décryptés afin d’évaluer les points critiques
• Des corrigés détaillés avec des extraits des rapports du jury
• Les méthodes et formules à retenir
-:HSMDOA=UW^Z\[:
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24 Jours Mines

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M.

Ces ouvrages vous permettront aussi, dès le début de la deuxième MP

pour préparer l’oral du concours

9782340-029576_Couv.indd 1,3 24/01/2019 15:45

Retrouvez tous les titres de la collection et des extraits

Formulaire à compléter et derniers extraits de rapports . . . . . . . . . . 395

Lvap = 130 kJ · kg−1

Ppj O P Ppa Ppj O P

(C) Ppj Ppa

Oc Ppa = −35 cm Oc Ppj = −15 cm

QB→C = 2,6 × 104 J

QD→A = −3,2 × 104 J

Qt = QB→C + QD→A = −6,3 × 103 J

T 4 − T04 = (T0 + τ )4 − T04

Φ(x) Φ(x + dx)

Φ = +Φ(x) − Φ(x + dx).

Φ = ab [jQ (x) − jQ (x + dx)]

Φr = heq dSτ (x) = 2heq (a + b) dx τ (x).

u(T )dV u(T )

y(x) = A exp(−kx) + B exp(+kx),

Bx (x) = A1x exp(x/λ) + A2x exp(−x/λ),

By (x) = A1y exp(x/λ) + A2y exp(−x/λ),

Bz (x) = A1z exp(x/λ) + A2z exp(−x/λ).

A1x = A1y = A1z = 0.

Bx (x) = A2x exp(−x/λ),

A2x = 0, A2y = 0, A2z = B0 .

� = (ΔAx )�ex + (ΔAy )�ey + (ΔAz )�ez .

MAg = 108 g · mol−1

MAg = 108 g · mol−1

j = 2,5 × 102 A · m−2

ρl = −8,3 × 109 C · m−3

E = 4,0 × 10−6 V · m−1

vl = 3,0 × 10−8 m · s−1

pJ = 1,0 × 10−3 W · m−3

�js = (ni + σ a ω)�eθ .

� t (t) = μ0 [ni(t) + σ a ω(t)] �ez .

d�l = r dθ �eθ ΦC = πr2 Bt z = πr2 μ0 (ni(t) + σ a ω(t))

Et (∞) − Et (0) = −WJoule .

E = �Ec (x)� + �V (x)�.

dP (x) = |ψ(x, t)|2 dx

ṙ2 GMs ṙ(0)2 GMs

r = r0 t=0 r=0 t=τ

E0 [1 − C � (z)]  E(z)  E0 [1 + C � (z)] .

• sin(a + b) = sin(a) cos(b) + cos(a) sin(b)

fx (0, 0) = −β fy (0, 0) = −γ.

Ep (−x, y) = Ep (x, y) Ep (x, −y) = Ep (x, y).

∀(x, y), δx2 + μy 2 + �xy = δx2 + μy 2 − �xy,

∀(x, y) Ep (x, y) = Ep (y, x),

∀(x, y) δx2 + μy 2 = δy 2 + μx2 ,

x(t) = exp(−t/2τ  )(A cos ω0 t + B sin ω0 t),

y(t) = exp(−t/2τ  )(A cos ω0 t + B  sin ω0 t).

x(t) � a exp(−t/2τ  ) cos ω0 t, y(t) � a exp(−t/2τ  ) sin ω0 t

f = 2,0 × 103 Hz R = 100 kΩ C = 10 nF

f = 2,0 × 103 Hz R = 100 kΩ C = 10 nF

GdB = 20 log |H|.

e(t) = A0 sin [Ωt]

hB0 cos(ωt) = μ0 nhI0 cos(ωt).

σSi = 2,5 × 10−4 S · m−1

ε0 ω � 5,6 × 10−8 S · m−1 .

μ0 = 4π · 10−7 H · m−1 ; ε0 � 8,85 × 10−12 F · m−1 .

E0 [1 − C � (z)] E(z) E0 [1 + C � (z)] .

x(t) = exp(−t/2τ )(A cos ω0 t + B sin ω0 t),

y(t) = exp(−t/2τ )(A cos ω0 t + B sin ω0 t).

x(t) � a exp(−t/2τ ) cos ω0 t, y(t) � a exp(−t/2τ ) sin ω0 t

�ex = e� x ; �ey = e� y .

�vR = �v �R + V�R /R .

m = 6,7 × 10−27 kg a = 10−15 m V0 = 710 MeV = 1,05 × 10−34 J · s

m = 6,7 × 10−27 kg a = 10−15 m V0 = 710 MeV = 1,05 × 10−34 J · s

ϕ(x) = A exp(−k x) + B exp(k x),

ϕ(x) = A exp(−k x).

A sin(ka) = A exp(−k a),

kA cos(ka) = −k A exp(−k a).