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15- Strabo, op·.• ·cit·., 16 ~ 3, 3. _,: :·.·1\· .
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16- Ibid., 16, 3 , 3 .. . · ·. i ·:-;i:,;,1 , s_.: ,_ ·. . . , •..',---'··;' / , \ • \/\ • f c.>".JJJ 1.!•.!i) , . ' '.,,:::

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.. 17- Ibid ., 16 , 3 ,.4 . ,. r-,.··;-.,i~if
_. · . f ,.
,:yr.,. :, , .: : .i/
t. _.. .- . , , r •. '..' ~:i:•, .j-, J .•;~ l ,• l , , , ••. - , 1 • 2-Strabo ~ Geography , Vvith An English Translation , by Horace
· 18:- Ibid ~.16, 3, 2 ·:· >~;;f \·:, . .. ,;\<
L.jones, < L. C .L .> 8 Vols, London, 1957. I, 2, 32.
19- Ibid., 16 , 3, 2 . • I , 1.,1..,1
U!,J
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11 i ·ilJI J J ~
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i Jtl;JI ....u;.;.J
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- 20- Ibid . , 16 , 3 , 2 .
21- Strabo, op. cit., 16; 3 , 7_.
· r·J v-~ • ·r-1.. ~ .:.;is 4"'! u1t- ~ l_,ijjl •
N .G . L .Hammond , Oxford Classical Dk,tionc1 y , London , ·
22- Ibid ., 16 , 3 , 6 .
1978.
23- Ibid ., 16 , 3 , 5 . ,;;,i
. r· J !Ao r-l.c v11_,.,.. ~(.j~f J)½ v11 J-.JJ, I~~ ~le c.,i~_ ~Uc ~I..!, f
24- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 2:.
25- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 18 . ~\:JI·@I&·__ f Oxford Classical Dictionary ->,;·ll·.

26- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 18 . , ,idi,;;fiaW''c 1 5 - Hesiod, With An English Translation, by- H.G: Evelyn - I'
i'
'i
27- Ibid., 16, 4, 18 .
28- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 18 . ·
,,
:':{,

:::''._, \
, · ·.·:.....~~; t.':
. ,~1 ;-:
White < L. C. L >,London, 1959. Catalogues of Women And
Eoiae, 15.
6 - Strabo , I . 2 , 34 . ~I
"
~
29- Ibid., 16 , 4, 18 .
30-Ibid ., 16, 4, 18 .
,l;\jJ}~.;'i:,,.
: ":/.;; :..
7 - Ibid ., ·16 , 4 , 22 . . ·l'-i~i ,

31- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 2 . ···- -_;;r-t?·'.- 8 - Strabo , op . cit . 1 , 2 , 32 . ffi~

:

... -"•.. 81'.N,,..,·f.

.·/~;::_iif
32- Ibid., op . cit., 16 , 4 , 2; 16 , 3 , 1 . Translaton, 9 -Pliny, NATURAL HISTORY, With An English • ' " 'I

Vols 1- V and Ix by H. Rackham, Vols VL 3:nd VLL by W .H. S. J

33- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 2 .
34- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 1 .
1-;:,.

~,ij ones, 10 vols, london, 1961 , XLL, ?(L, 82 - 83 ,, . 11

10-- lbid ., XXV, V, 13 . , ·-
35- Ibid., 16 , 4, 18 . \:,'.,.1
_:j
.
·:':·.·· ··t:
.••
I
'
36- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 2 '. ,..,.· .4 ,11 - Herodotus , With An English Translation, A. D. Godley .--.f-.. ·.: '
. ·t London , 1958 , III .107
37- Ibid ., 2 , 5 , 32 . _-:':~ti··~]
 . ,,,,:..i•·tt"'"

iifo -='~'-¥- ~ .\~ . i •• ; ~- .

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65- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 3 .
3 8- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 18 .<\~~~~- •>
39- Ibid., op. cit., 16, 4, 18.
66- Ibid .,16, 4, 25.
67- Ibid., 16, 4, 19 .
40- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 2 .
41- Ibid., 16 , 3 , 3 . . -~:-.>··_
;:/~J~! ,
68- Ibid ., 16 , 3 , 1 . '. . • - .- :.......:-...:-. .·. --·-. ':~1~::i- ,·.
69- Ibid., II, 5, 32; XVI, 1, 28 ;;XVI'ti3.i;ii,~· ~ _ 42- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 2. ; . .1., .·. t- 1;i i r ::f'.':.'1' ~,
• ! . : . ·. : . '
.• rr ·,,.·,f.
~..,. ... ,. ·~· , • ,.. • ••• . . V. T . '_.,' ~. .· .,.. ~ t-·. '!'.,\:,/'~'.' { .t,l)
70- Ibid 16 4 18 · ., · ", _, , ~- · ,[, '· . ·· 111 ' · • · - ... r--•.-~ 4 3- Plmy ., op . cit ., ),.II , XXX , 69 . . . °' .-" .• v :~- :_\:
•) ) > • · '. . < • ., n , ;. , ., . . \1 I • , • :_ ~ . . -:-.',."-/"! ..., ..·:-·~.;~. J.;
; • ; !, , . .

0 - '"1-V\ .. , ' t .1 .. P.ti 'lU ,.. ' ··'I' . " . , .. ·.. ,1,'l{,; 44- Xenophon, CY ROPED IE, Texte Etabh Et Traduit Par Mar< ,y,.:, )i:;°;:.fi .:lt
~ ~~ . . -~ 1
-1}1~,.r~.f ~ ·.!'.···' •. --~ ') ~if! l, f\·-.!.jiJJ·r·~·~i~\:~;:.r· i~·t-
72- Strabo 16 4 ·26 :,, <: ); ·
.' ' ' . ·;,..-_:rt ,. hid{
. ~
., .•-,_ r)

cel Bizes edition Bellei;, Paris·; I, i /3-:4 n·;· 1 :; -VII,IV,16~'h :-~ ~-_;-: :;~t:%fi.if tJ
45 - Stra bo , op . cit· ., , 1 , 2 , 34 ~-.· · . ,1j ,. :!:- : :>. od:n_;,~ -cl JMi1fJ,
.. . , '
:\.
73- Ibid 16 4 3 · :. · ... : · ',i _Ill ,. !.;idl/ · / · ·. ;,. .I · :). • .J.:-.--:,,, -_.., _~_-1~_·_:11~_-,~_'· ,t_·_~
., ' ' . .,··· . .. · _.
46- Strabo, op. cit., 1 , 2, 32 ·, note 1 . . . ·.'· · < · Vl •·. • l•U ·;, : ::ff,f~~rr
• ·,-0J ',,:a:itl-'':V}; · '"

74- Herodotu~:;::v,nifr69 -~V/,_.rlJiml 1 ;_}i'.Q ,_,lH· .. :;·_, . qu , .. Liicm":,::.

• ' ' • ,- •' ' '' I f °Tr• " :I: ·~
47- Homer ,ODYSSEY, With An English Translatiol,· <~ f · · hiiff·~n ··i ·:r:;: .
75- Strabo., op. cit., 16 ;· 4, 18 .····.,., J, · 1
· ,.,: · .,,,1p~ • r" ,· •' . . , ; ,-l·l ',I j ,
1
76- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 26 . , .. ·; ' ' I,) • i : li:dl ~-- by A .T. Murray,< L. C. L > 2 vols, London -,1961."Nl.84 .:' . ,.
. . . ..;.q ·t~ 48- Strabo ., op . cit ., l , 2 , 34 .
' - '

·· ·
li:
:. : ·r

77- Ph_ny, op. cit., XII, XXI, 39. ·, ·· · ..

49- Ibid., 16, 4, 27 . ,
78 - Ibid., LXXII, 189.
50- Ibid ., op . cit ., 1 , 2 , 34 .
79- Strabo, op. cit., 16, 4, 25.
51- Strabo., Texte Etabli Et Traduit Par Gerr.,. ine Augac &
80- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 25 . Yi
Francois Lasserre, Paris , 1966-19067. n. lp. 202-203 .·
81- Ibid., 16, 4, 26,. r j ' .ii/:
52- Strabo ., 1 , 2 , 34 . ,I
82- Ibid., 16, 4 , 18 . -c: .
. ,·

83- Ibid ., 16, ,4 , 25 .·' · ~:'. ·:_' '. i · _. ·_ '· j i ·.

53- Ibid .,_16 , 4 , 25 .
-0 .
I • ,', ,·\ \r •,·, , , ',• ••ti,.,•
54-Ibid ., op. cit., 16 , 4 , 21 . ·:, 11 .
84- Ibid .; 16 , 4 , 19 . · · . · ·. · · · , ·. ' · '· ·
55- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 26 .
85- Herodotus , op . cit., III , S:,. ._:,;.·
56- Ibid., 16, 4, 26. ---~/;
86- Ibid ., III , 8 . . · ' · -· · ,:- :,.;' i'
I
57- Ibid., 16, 4, 21 .
87- Herodote,Texte Etabli Et Traduit Par Ph . E.Legrand , Par1sI\ ··,+\. ·. ·;:-- . ··11!1.
• !• '.

58- Ibid-., 16, 4, 25 . ".' ~I11

1932-1954. To~e . III, 3, 8-, n. lp:-.·40:. · : . · · ,. · , i·':i;:;::!-.~r'l- , ., ,: ~
,"\f . ,-_
59- Ibid .,op. cit., 16, 4, 26.
88- Herodotus , op . cit ., I , 189 ; ·· 'i .. bid_~,:(·
60- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 26 . 'i-'.J ~HJi
89- Theophrastus , Enquiry Into Plants , With Ari English Trans~n:. qjI,·
61- Ibid., 16, 4, 21 .
lation, by Short, 2Vols, London, 1957\;IX,IV,5-6. ;:'. <),n:1H·f
62- Ibid., 16 , 4 , 21 .
I
,j
90- Strabo., 16, 4, 23 ..-:_., ·~-. ·· ::..""~ !".: •.,J,_~.:.. .,,·, .\. · :1,.,.,1:'. :'.....~r,.~ )-·.
'd III ' 7 ··:· ·· .. , ·I' ,. ~ .. - ·, • •..-...• ~-Lt.:--.:· 63- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 21 . j
91 - Ib1 ., ---~);:,,...._._.!_,.,.:.,.1_,i:.:..~~;l.-:i::
64- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 3 . I~ . ;_:E
92- Herodotus , op . cit ., III ; 4 . .' 1··;1:/ r~
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117- Xenophon , Cyropaedia , II ~ i , 5 . 93- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 23 .

:·,f· :··. ~ .-

·118- Ibid ., VI, i., 27 . :- ~~-- ~~.. --~ 94- Herodotus , op . cit ., III , 4 . ·
. ,

119- Ibid., VI, i, 27. ·. c1J0i:t-·~

95- Ibid ., III , 9 .
120- Herodotus, op .dt ., Vil, 86. . :;.:;-i~~---
-. ,~.-:-:::-~.-
96- Ibid ., III , 9 . .
.. J

121- Ibid., VII, 87 . 97- Herodote, Texte Etabli EtTraduit, . .. ' Par, Ph. Legrand, .
Pari~

,
; '

122- Strabo, op. cit., 16, 4, ,18. , 1932 - 1954 Tome , 3 , p . 4 , 2 ; 11 • 6 . ,l

123- Herodotus, op. cit-~ III, 113 .. 98- Herodotus , op . cit., III, 88 . -·:
. ~. .. ..
. -,. ' '-'-'!'-..:.-· I:;,,
··H

124- Strabo, op . cit., 16, 4, 2· ... 99- Ibid ., III, 91 . : .1: :· -{/;, :... ..... -, .
. ·.... . :~ :.1·2..)::r
125- Ibid., 16, 4, 25. -.'•·· ;, :,.:. >·\ . 100- Ibid., III, 91. '/~.:\.": ·.
.-_•.. , .• , •
,. .
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( • ·_,1, .-.·-_ ',

JJL.....,J! u.t, ~~I i.,.a~I ~ ~ ~.w-1 iJ}.11 l.1..,.U... ~liA ~ ~ - \ "1 :~ 101 - Ibid ., op. cit. , III , 97 ; Smith W. Latin-English· .•1
'!.

,, . ''.:i :>!v / J··;'i,.J.!i~i.'~.n.,:;~~~~6~~1..,Jji}~ Dictionary , s. v .

· _,. ·.· _: ... :.II 7·3·,._·. \{{,.,,.......... . 102- Ibid ., III , 97 .
· 127- Herodotus, op. Clt ., , · · · ·\:c~Jm1N

l
103- Ibid ., UII, 184 .
· 128-Strabo , op . cit ., 16 , 4 , 2 .
•
:;
. .' \J !:i ,,:,;.,·"
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_.j·

129- Herodotus, op. cit., III, 109 · ··/A~~h5' ·

105- Strabo, op. cit., 16, 4, 27.
'd II 75 · ·, .-,,,. ,,r.. t'..,.i,
.130 - Ib1 ., ' . : . ·;·.?J1?., t;''•·' ·. ·
'. 106- Ibid ., 16 , 1 , 11 .
131 - Ibid ., III.' 107 • .,r,•_J __ r-''.</f ' '
• ," ·:·;,,;__::'i,'!~
' ,. l/:)•···•-Y 107- Ibid ., 16 , 1 , 11 .
132- Strabo, 16, 4, 19. _· · .' ·: _ ·J ,-:tit._.t_f,: ·_
.. .. .. : I ~ ?\t~l1,Y ·1 108- Ibid ., J 6 , 4 , 27 .
133- Herodotus , III , 11 3 ; '., • : · · '· - .t!;,~:Jl · .
134- Strabo, 16, 3, 1. ·,_::-- :::,!~J!,-i:: , 109- Arrian , HISTORY OF ALEXANDER AND INDICA,
135- Ib"d 16 4 26 . , :·t\')ff;<,,t,s:_<::~i~.,~ . With An English , Translation by , Rev . E . Iliffe Robson , 2 vols ,
. ."<··· ·;~~~311: .
· 1 .' , ' • Si~
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'd 16
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110.:- Strabo , op. cit., XVI , 3 , 4.

137- Xenophon, Anabasis·, With An English Trnslation, by1,. ':·>:l:!;\:, ·
1
- Brownson & O.J. Todd., 3 vols, 1961 , I, I V , 19 - v ·· 4·.·c1-
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_.•_r;;.j;;~',_. 111- Arrian, op. cit., VII., 20, 6:-10.
138- Ibid., I , N , 19 - v . 4 . . --~;;; 112- Strabo , op . cit., 16 , 4 , 23 ~
139- Strabo , 16 , 4 , 18 .
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113- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 22.
140- Ib'd 16 ' 4 '. 18 • , -- ui_~l~:!r~~,\rr · 114- Ibid., 16, 4, 23 .
l ., j"·;; ·1~·~-:l,,.\ -~J: .
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141- Ibid., 16, 4, 20. - 7'3;:~~~·,,: l 115- Herodotus , op . cit., II , 141 .. ; .: ,

142- Dictionnaire D' Archeologie Chretienne Et De Li~gie ·i~~tffl1f~J J .i..,_ ~.ill ja.,..\IJ ~t 1uc- 6:!Jl,.,\11 ~JJ- ~ _uc- ~~ - ~ -\\'\
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161- Strabo op. cit., 16, 4, 19. ;- ,,,. ,, .. :__ · ·,.:)i\~f 143- Ibid ., p. 3 . ;; : l .·, ~t;:~
162- Pliny, op. cit., XII, XXX, 51. . -_ \it
.~,J ~_, J...-1.A oV. ~ J1WI &)I.::. ·->--4 i:,c. 6 ~ .::._,j~ ·-\~f~~}; 144-A .M . Blackman The Significence Of incense and Libations;~·,_:_;: .-.,,.i•i. t}'\;tf:f
. . ·. ':,: ·.· ', ,' , -~ . -~ ,-fi}\1i in Funerary and temple ritual, Altertumskunde, 1912 ,t L, p; 69 sq!.()\}'; - ;:
163- Plrny , op . cit., XII, XXX, 52-54.
• ' 1 ._,L...:i.,..I u.sJ
· -··,.fl.·_
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145- Ibid., p .. 7~ . . . , . : . . . . __.
146- J . G . W 1lkrnson , Manners and_ customs of ancient Egyp" . :· ,.. r'
.'.':~t:·}~f::)~~~{~ ·Jt
r.,)-".)-':!~ 1 • • - - ,....) '-"""' 't" J-"""' • • .Yo 0"-.J0:1, 1\;·~\;;_
• :· r · ~ '1 :.~ I_ ' ,. ,', , : .-i, --(..:: •.( ._,;;-\. ft-· :_:
•
. , -•·';' l: ;/.,. c .. ;<>,;) 1::... :.. '~;~,::~.... tians, Londrcs, 1878, t ., III, p '. 414,417 ._ i;-, r, , ,',· "> ·.t:<'t:_:,_E/if 1 \\
. ~-- ''.'::rr·,,-.
• . ~. . ( . •• ,_ • ,· .l_ !:~

164- Pliny, op . cit., XII ,XXX, 52-54. : {\l'" .

\\;i~~}
147- E.A.T. Wallis , Osiris and t_he Egyptian resurrecion _,,Lo~-:,·1- _'..'(' 1
.. "' , . . (, ' ,. ./ ':~. )§•t '•:q-
i~
165- Theophrastus, op~ cfrr_i, IX\ 1v:-;.2 ".:< • .: ·: ... :: -' .. ,,.,., dres, ,1911, t. III, p . 255 . · '.'f. - 11 .; :
·· ·. --~ '·· '.
. .· , ,, . . 1i; • ·1• ;i_ _. j,-__-~
·o., .......I ~ 1.,-~•• }• ''-~ t~ ...J ~,A.I, ~
· ·.'. ,:J~iSiW!~i
.' .
J·.
·.~r~•t:fe{f¼.:, ·,•J
,. •
166- Ibid., IX, IV, 7. · ··• ·
. ·,\•;·;:.,··:·· .. ; . , f.--:· ..·r ')t<··· · • .,..._·,, • ·1-, .·, · t;'-:p.,~
. !.\ -·1.,<., l1.·. __ ,, , .i/, ,.b :'~48:: M .Jastrow , The religion.. q_fJi~l?,y~or,i ,an_d Assyria Boston : .: '1 lo/~:W ·, .
. -rJ Archaeologie
-:: .. : r ' i ; ;_ :;'' . . , '.:- ,_. '. • ,\,r~;
. • . ..
- Ibid IX IV 8 . . -.·· ;· f ,;; I. .,,,,,.1:,,:,,,:i) 1898 , p. 503-665 . Apucl Dictionnaire . .
<;hretienne
' .
Et -- :. · ,
~ ' .
167 ' • ' , ' : • _t .• .. . • , ' • ' • • • ,, ': _1 \:
1
168-Ibid ., IX, IV, 3 . . .. .·.'.).rI.t. De Liturgie . op.cit.p.5 .
149-M.Jastrow ,op cit ., p. 281 , 346, 575 .
169- Ibid., IX, 11/, 3 .
150-A. Jeremias, The Babylonian conception of heaven and hell ~

170-_ Ibid., IX, IV, 7 .

171- Pliny ,'XII, XXXII, 60.
Londres , 1902, p. 11 Apud Dictionnaire D'Archaeologie .... ;;. ,op: ''l
. .-;.·.':
. cit., p . 5 .
172- Herodotus, op. cit., III, 107 . . ,,
·' 151- Dictionnaire D' Archaeologie ..... ,op. p. 5. , ';'
, ...
173- Theophrastus , op . cit ., IX , IV , 4 .
152- Herodotus , op .cit., VI , 97 .
174- Pliny, XII, XXXV, 68. ":'I:_:
·" l,
153-Daremberg - Saglio , Diet. des antiquites grecques et ro- ·
175- Theophrastus , IX , IV , 10 .
maines , I . IV , p . 964 .
176- Ibid., IX, IV, 10 -.
154- A . Bockh , Corpus inscript. graecarum , Berlin ; t. II., n
177_- Pliny , XII , XXXII , 65s~~~-.
. 2352 ; t . III . 5773 .
. 178- Ibid ., XII , XXXV , 70 .
155- Dictionnaire D' Archaeologie ..... , op . cit ., p . 5 .
179- Ibid., XII, XX.XV, 69.
156- Ibid ., p . 6 .
180- Ibid., XII, XXXV, 70.
157- Ibid ., p . 6 . S . R . Driver, An introdduction to the Litera-
181- Theophrastus, op. cit., IX, IV, 5.
ture of the Old Testament, 6 ed. Edinburgh, 1897, pp. 37-:38.
· 182- Ibid., IX, IV , 5 - 6.
183- Pliny , op . cit., XII, XXX, 63 - 65. ,.,~,-~_j _;,yS.ul : 4 :-" ~y-.,.J.I. L....u .it:: oL:.t....-ll, Jl_.,.1.1 : oulS.,1 J.1__..>i!I -\ oA _
184- Ibid ., XII , XXXV , 68 . . o\A, o-\. !AV, !Ao. \i, ·u-a&l!-fo/;~,1>4··\\"\oi,>1tillr,#~fij~
185- Pliny , op . cit ., XII , XXX , 54 . 159-Herodotus , op . cit ., IH , 107- .\ - ~- · ·
186- Strabo, op. cit., 16, 4, 24. 160- Theophrastus, op .cit., IX, IV, 10.

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._'._--.-:'i-,\~IF~l • • I • •

~he Arabs In Greek & Roman Sources _ ·:··t_{iW-f~~ _

< 900 B.C. - 100 A.D. > .
- . :-~,~-,:>\i
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_ :'i:-~-J l>" '· : ·.\ wl,.; ~ I d./j ...-- -
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~ ""4.&I u-" "-L.&C.(r""\l)' 1J'-U..ll 1-
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I\

G 'rcc.k ,,eographians
c-
and historians have paid a great deal of atten~ _ t-~_:.··!~r1t_. :
I.~. , ,. , _. • ·
·, ,-,_,;,t:.fl~ · ~ . J.oi.~ '-'....._. W....,.. .....,,.f J ~L. ~ ~-\'I L..i.l ..ill - • •
:Jc . . · -__ - ,-
tion 10 Arabia or Arbian Peninsula since the second half of the fut~ ,c~ii.:L~t=: . ·· J .. - :~-:--~:- ; _J ~ w~ ~~.ill,_· ~jJt ~ l"

try D,C. This reflects its importance and the essential and civilizeciJq~~!_t~-~ _ ~~ 01 &J ~ · r-L, JL.......~-~!_o~-·~ ~.i-11 ..:ut.uJ~ cs~I ~
,-.ov
:1··:·
i·t··11ns plnyed at that time. ·.It has played a positive role in the politic;_al·_··,,·
,,l
-··:· · . · · :.... .., .;, L. __. L .~,, • t, _ _, ., - .
1 ~ 1 u"'~ ,.,,,
• · J .__
r.s- ~ ~ - ~' . . . ~, J.:;J 1
;[/ii"·_
(/1,: and international relaions. This ro~e has had its effect on hum~ . fif ·
. ; .. "k;!:-
.~
..,-- .-.
.Jij _
~J
• • -· _ • : '::'-'.:u, : l.r"'- • . u,,, ~ - _. _~
·l'i·
zation thnt urged a great part of wnters to write about that pr.rt 09!h_~' - -- · . · J <.r"-)-•-~ 1.r4jll '-'-'Ill' ~~! ul ~ ol ~ . ~Jw.! t,.!_;~:U..W.-
rn .. w orld . They are keen to discover the positive contribution and itr_·~-·
. · ·· 'ij1~l' . · .
--. C-;..,.;
-,: -i--~'_ ,-·;,.·
;-:~ -
_. , •.
· ·.
•. ·
· , ·,
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..
· ·~ _ I.
•
H·

)i!it.
1
On tho internauonal s<:><:iety
-
. _ . , .:,...., . ):>> 188- Pliny ' op . cit •, XIl ' r
6 -
3 65 .
-xxxrr·-.- . . ' :. -·.. • ,-
Th_ e orcek ·and Roman writ~rs have proved the spread of the Ar;f _
I • "

l89- Ib'd XII XXXII · .-;:;. :_._·_ · · · · · ' · ., ... · - ··

i,, .
[
. '
_,.
.
.
·- .,
· abs stnrting from the Euphrates and pl es tine in the north to the E ...
,_,.,,,.-··
an sen in the south . They are sure that the Arabs have crossed tlle M;~
. i .,
·
'
190-Herodotus op 't Ill 113·
-
' .
ci _·:
70 - 71 ' ' .

,
• ·· ·
· ' ' _
mus. nnd have gone through the adjacent parts of Africa .They h~~~: 191
t~r··:
- Theophrastus, op. CH., IX, Vil, 2.
not ,Jcfincd
' . _ · · '.)'i\l;:,_ :.. 192- Strabo , op . cit., 1 , 2 , 32 .
to what extent they have gone into that continent. ,.,,;,w~,, _,,._

According ~o-their stories, the Arabs were not_ rich during the :-.,d,YJ~t."::
193- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 21 .
period smrt.mg from 950 B.C. and the following years. But Herq~AniS~f >. 194- Ibid. 16 4
26 .
ass uit'S that the Arabs at his time <425B.C.> were the richest peo_ p_l6~ln_
_'$itf_. :( 19.S Ib' ' ' ' . I,

~
' . ,,l~J•~t c - id 16 4 26
the world . That means th~y became rich during the _second h_alf o~Hh~o](··: · _ . ., _' ' ·
196
fifth ccJ1tl!fY B.C .The whole world has called Arabia, Arabia F~Wfri:4':{t(\ -
. Happy Ambia. Th~ sourc~.o~this n~e owes to the fact that their~lt:, _197- Ib~d ., 16, 4, 18.
the only u-ad_ers of mcense m ¢e ~cient wor!d. . _ . }!}~·Ji~.
Ib~d ·, 16, 4 , 2_6 .

~ 198- Ibid., 16, 4, 26.

j
tpe Thc_111_1c1ent pagan wo:ld was_ m need ~f mcense to per:folll1,_ ·~di<i~~{.;: 199- Ibid., 16, 4 , 21 . r:
daily rd 1gwu_s_ cylts , public or pnvate . Tius means that the_ Aral?~ "t~J/: _. 200 _ Ib. d - . '·JI'
"th h f 1. . th . h . . w., .. ,. 1 ., 16 • 4 • 26
aqua 1•11 1cd wi t e way o cu uvatmg e mcense . T ey were succes-,-· ·.· ·.. ·,. • ·,'r_/.r
~
_,_-~ ·201-Ib'd
,:·,:,1.
ful to d 1oose the most suitable spot of their territory in the regio~ ,~f./"'· ~t::
:1- ~ ·• ' ' ·
16 4 26
... fi~!
,~·,;:-
,l~,
>tf!
· -Saba in the south of th~ pen~~ula. They were su~cessful in the_f~}§ltr:< _ 202- Ib~d ., 16, 4, 19. ~if·
tion and the merchandise of mcens~ . The~ also discovered _the ~_p?1 ~l, ·, .- ·
203- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 19 .
',· _.;:·/~!
:!1~
rich in penrls and gold. All these discovenes have brought ~-rf ·.(~ ·. _204- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 19 .
~ ·;;
I"·
_ the Ambs which no other nation has ever obtained. , :· ,;_i·t~:. ~
1
): ! 205- Ibid ., 16 , 4 , 19 .
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\:/iJ~ Arabia has played an important role in the world relationship, _.'i?f;,::· ·•
They have chosen cl9thes that suited their climate, and taken'1~:~~F!~~~~ owing to its position in the middle of the various civilizations. Betwe~~:·/:\~ __ _
from their local prod~cts_. ... ·_ ,~ ., ,: .. _ : .:>r::l.}t1E1 India & Persia in the east, Africa 1n the west, and the civilized w,oi-i_tf'.1~fi,: ,_\;
As a who!~ th~ Arabs, have ~ot been encouraging m~v~~u,aj,.?,~%~-~ in the north <Mesopotamia in the east_, Palestine, Phoe~icia i~t_h('~;f,?&~&>~-
ership. This kind of properues was amalgamat~~ . ~1_thm th~JTTR[i' ' --;-~a north > . . '. ' ' '_~_-~ 1 ~;f{~,-- 7:
f •' regime of life in Arabia has obliged all_individuals to do their,,1f,~fJt ~~; The Arab: hav~ been _intelligemin choosing the most-~suitable_; :;_;,_};:;ttU~K
:;;B/
fl'Ii ., the sake of the welfare of the community, for the wellfare oftli~:-,::. .~- ~-;,:;f places to inhabit , ow1 ng to the abundance of water _and the other sourc;t,\· :;f
The Arabs were acquainted _with the law' and the highest a~tho~:-.
ty in the state must be keen m the law. The stranges have stat~;,'!?,;;
es of life that_ ~nab le ~hen~ t~:~~~~h·e~m ~h~ bad an?1.s~~r~
~eath~~/,:f.::}; .
From the poht1cal pornt of vie~, J~ey have ch~s~n th~ tnbrnl sys~· ' ~t('. -)i ,~? .
?
,. -=ii \J•!·

·-:•··· ability in executing law' and performing all the necessary ob_l~~ . tern that suits greatly the circumstances of their'couritry/ Sheikh 1o(i~e(1~(:~;,~~C;,
)flt honest , and that has been proved in their the tribunals ; AraqtW~ tribe was responsible for th'J1 i6iriife ct
his tii~;,: tribe happ-enelnsWtil~ rr a_
H','
,j:
style of trade. They ~sed to pay what is due to the god befor~J(f; _ be:in a luxurious place and [(Wii/sbin~whairich··-: th~ tribiltl 'r~ghrie is'~f)1JV:ll
the price of their product. They have been the most faithfulna~~~i, .,,. ' turned into royal system. sh'eiicii\l'the tribe becomes a king and 'the ·'nr(:/ i>.
~l~i: r-, the contracts.
. ~--·-~·ii;·~:,c \'•' ~. ·.·· 'i!"' •,,

·. :~'.-;{;,&.\lfflFi other members of the family constitute the rest of the government'. That'..;,
. ·-.. ··, .

•i·n.,r Any one who has intercourse with a woman, or sees a dead bo~y''.'.Bff·:' ' . case took place in two places; in.Nabataea in the north west of the pe-· Jj;{: :·
- H!/. , must be purified before doing anything else. ·:~;)1f~t: L tries every now and then ninsula; and in Saba in the south. The king <tim -r
hi''' The Arabs h_a~e been intelligent as they have dis_cove~~ the im~_ \:i!l~1}: to give a d~tailed account of his behaviours to the remaining members· ?N?·
portance of mcense, and have been keen to cultlvate It m the pe~§.. 1t':•'., of the family . · ''··: , . - ;
·1·l\ . So they have become the richest nation in the ancient world· -_:--J;(
• ,,·:,'))...
lJ\(
1··•.:r.:
Strangers and visitors have admh-ed that kind of kingdom. The · ·,d_i.: .
1) "'' ·,·

~ .j . The intelligence of'the Arabs has overcome the intelligence of ~~::,Ju, · :\.;: stability of justice and peace has encouraged the strangers to settle_ in. •_!..\ ,- ...
11€1S:: Romans, and that ~as been proved in the previous pages. :'.,_'lN-~1 some parts of the peninsule. · :; '.,: : .,Jr·::. :
,,, ',
ulf;·P·.··
' 1;,
'..;, They have been able tq._conduct a neutral po!icy to avoid the hos;;J•I In rich parts of Arabia , the inhabitants have invented a kind of ' .'/j>
F tility of the Pers~ans . ' .)Wl ::f -,~ employment regime to guard o,r to regulate the public affairs and espe- ,~t<
D'"
•I

In their-foreign policy, they have conducted a cautious and neu;;J-it _ fr>·:j cially the commercial affairs They have invented, for the frrst time, thi"if:;f ·':
!
~ ,!7- :

,, tral policy. They have avoided any relations that might lead_the~~lt taxes paid for the transtt trade; These taxes were collected from the carf> :' :- \.
+
/!
H
troubles . That was quite clear in their relation with persians , :f\~j-- ~ avans of incense . '::)''' · _ . ' ,1 t~J. \;,.
9''
ll
der the Great, and with the Romans. · · ')~1? ":\ j The majority of the Arabs were y;-ring in tents. They were accus- · · · ·1- 2 , '?: ~:-
:..;
They were always trying to obtain the most developed weaponsJt "- ,~ tamed to that type of lodging that 'suited the weather in Arabia, and all '1_ :-.· ,.
And they made the best use of their national resources in war~,(.,,,· t"· J ·the circumstances of their coutry': They were always keen t~ live iri ,:: 11 : · :"
~-- camels. They have succeeded in training camels to benefit bt~ _ .. :::;; these tents . Few of the well ~to:~cto'families live in houses. · · ·, :,:"!J :,j
;.
~·rt· .· battlefield to oppose horses . : Y:!;.__:__..,. ~t;.l
. -,-r=----. 33 +:,
A, .;r
.~ I I , ~

AV
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· ·__ tt~;;;i~- . The Arabs have been acquairited\with some primitive
-~ :':f(~rf~\'.:" and
- mnaufacture, such as carpentery the rilanufact~e of honey & wine -
. ..
;;_ - - -, , ''. ·-- , 1- - - - . I .J\-9. -".. lb _ _. l1 . . :-;;_~-1_~--:·· ..- But th~y lack the experience ·or_thf-!11_,'.~~-~~acture of ~~ld'; thougq_ they
q6
'

_ _ U Utt':) !.J.,8 .J.s-lS... .-~'" .,,.. - - . havernmesof goldof.goodquality::1,""' ·---

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