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Ajit Tambay

FLAME University, Social Science, Undergraduate

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I will graduate in May 2018 with a 4-year major in Economics and a minor in Environmental Studies. I am passionate about making a difference, especially in the social / development sector. I take an avid interest in both academics and sports. I am independent in nature and enjoy challenges and learning new skills.
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Papers by Ajit Tambay

The Pay Gap in Tennis through Prize Money

The gender pay gap is one that exists in all parts of society, be that the corporate sector or th... more The gender pay gap is one that exists in all parts of society, be that the corporate sector or the public sector. As such, it would make sense that the entertainment sector would also contain a pay gap, and perhaps even the greatest disparity in pay. As such, looking further into that topic is the sports industry, more specifically professional tennis. The paper looks at the four Grand Slams in order to better understand the pattern of the gender pay gap that has occurred and looks into the pay gap that exists in the prize money for single’s tournaments for either gender.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is a trend that has become rather famous in the past decade or so. Its prevalence... more

Environmental Impact Assessment

Resource use and environmental protection have always been 2 ideas that have been on opposite sid... more Resource use and environmental protection have always been 2 ideas that have been on opposite sides of an argument that sprung up in this past century. However, with the emergence of the term ‘sustainable development’ the possibility to use natural resources to satisfy human demand as well as promote natural environmental protection became a thing of reality. As a part of this process, institutions to manage the extraction and use of the natural resources within a country was gaining greater significance and the idea of an environmental clearance (EC) became crucial for any industry should they wish to start any new venture. As a part of obtaining an environmental clearance, 2 major processes were implemented that mandated the participation and inclusion of many players in these steps, including the government and the project proponent itself. EIA is a key step in any company’s process to begin construction on any manner of project as it pertains to the acquisition of an Environmental Clearance (EC). The three letters are an abbreviation for Environmental Impact Assessment, which at its most basic definition is a report on the environmental plan for a project site written by the entity aiming to construct said project. The EIA process is a relatively complex procedure, mostly due to everything that comes before and after the report itself.

State-wise analysis of the extent to which socio-economic factors affect incidences of Property Crime in India

Crime is a phenomenon that has existed throughout human history and is one of the most serious ur... more Crime is a phenomenon that has existed throughout human history and is one of the most serious urban problems today. It is detrimental to the quality of life and hampers economic growth and welfare. Though there has been extensive study on the persistence of crime, there is still little understanding and quantitative evidence of what the major determinants of crime are, with each discipline, be it economics, sociology, psychology or law etc. developing alternate theories for the same. Further, the determinants of crime vary based on the different economic, cultural and religious factors, making it even more difficult to explain. Developing countries such as India have increasing rates of crime, but still lack a clear understanding of the determinants of crime. As property crime accounts for the largest share of total crimes in India, this study aims to understand the extent to which the various socio-economic factors affect the incidence of property crime in India using macroeconomic state-wise data. The major independent variables that are believed to have an impact on property crime, and therefore have been chosen for analysis include unemployment (used as the main variable because of contradictory views in the literature), literacy rate (proxy for education), death rate (proxy for health), population density and state domestic product (proxy for income) of all the states and Union Territories in India. Using the OLS method and regression analysis, this paper shows that there is a weak negative correlation between unemployment and property crime as can be seen by the beta values. Further, death rate seems to have a great impact on property crime, followed by literacy rate and then unemployment as can be seen from the change in the adjusted R^2 values with additional variables in each of the regression models. SDP and population density have very little effect on property crimes in India. Policy makers should focus their limited resources in improving health and education levels in India to reduced the property crime rates in the most efficient manner.

Foreign Aid in Africa

Inequality is something that the world has constantly struggled to find a solution. How does one ... more Inequality is something that the world has constantly struggled to find a solution. How does one change the current global trend where the rich get richer and to poor get poor; while a complete reversal is unreasonable to expect, but simply bringing the poor out of poverty would be the best solution. Worldwide, numerous programs have been implemented or are currently on-going all to curb the issue that is economic inequality. One of the most commonly used methods is that of aid. The phrase ‘pumping aid’ into a country is justified as being an effective solution to all manner of problems, but is it truly a concrete answer? Looking through a more focused lens, the continent of Africa is the ideal location to better the understanding of such a solution. The continent has some of the highest incidences of poverty, inequality and illiteracy, as such there is and has always been a massive influx of aid based funding. Thus making it an ideal location to examine, emulate, and model the effects that aid has on the economics of a region. This brings us to the research statement: to better understand the impacts foreign aid has on African countries.

The extent to which the main driving factors affect Greenhouse Gas emissions in India

India is one of the world's fastest growing economies and is ranked 4th in greenhouse gas (GHG) e... more India is one of the world's fastest growing economies and is ranked 4th in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Knowing that most developing countries have only limited amounts of resources for environmental protection, our study aims to understand the extent to which some of the major contributing factors affect greenhouse gas emissions in India, to channel these limited resources in the most efficient manner. Our paper analyses forest area, population, industrial growth, coal and petroleum consumption and its relationship with GHG emissions between 1990 and 2012. It was found that, although graphically some of these variables did not seem to have very much of a relationship with GHG emissions, the correlation test that was conducted had the opposite results, and showed a strong relationship for all the variables and GHG emissions. Further, the paper looks at the reasons behind certain fluctuations in these variables to help understand the scenario within these years.

GIS: Hyderabad Map, Ancient vs. Current

Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Telangana was created in 1591 as it slowly expanded a... more Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Telangana was created in 1591 as it slowly expanded around the fort of Golconda. It was built by the Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, and remained independent until 1724 when it was captured by the Mughal empire. It was only towards the mid 19th century that Hyderabad began to become a social and cultural hub. One rather common part of the old Hyderabad was regular flooding and was not considered much of a threat. This outlook, however, changed after the major disaster in 1908. The rise in water level of River Musi led to the deaths of approximately 15,000 people and the destruction of 19,000 homes. This incident led to the creation of the City Improvement Trust in 1912, which then led to the creation of the municipal survey that created the ancient map of Hyderabad that will be looked at in this paper.

Remote Sensing: Urban Growth of Nagpur

As a part of better understanding the earth, thanks to the efforts of NASA successful unnamed int... more As a part of better understanding the earth, thanks to the efforts of NASA successful unnamed interplanetary explorations, the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture invested in a means to observe the earth itself, rather than distant plants. The project was first launched into earth's orbit in 1972 with the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), later known as Landsat 1. The coming years after saw = the launch of 7 more Landsat satellites, with each one becoming better and offer more features. The Landsat Program is the entire series of satellites managed by both NASA and the US Geological Survey (USGS), in order to acquire remotely sensed data about the Earth (Landsat 7). Landsat 4-5 Landsat 5 was launched by NASA in March 1984. It was designed and built along with Landsat 4, and so carried the same instruments: Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM). The MSS sensors were designed to make observations of the surface of the Earth along lines perpendicular to the orbital track. The Thematic Mapper is an advanced sensor that achieves higher image resolution, sharper spectral separation, geometric fidelity, and better radiometric accuracy as compared to the MSS sensor (Landsat Mission). Tambay|1

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose Intolerance is a term known and overlooked by most people across the world. Often conside... more Lactose Intolerance is a term known and overlooked by most people across the world. Often considered to be a very minor issue, lactose intolerance is, in fact, a chronic condition that exists in majority of world’s population. By the time a person reaches the end of their teenage years they tend to develop an intolerance towards dairy products, hence making the population of adults that can consume dairy products to become the minority. The question, however, is whether this trend will continue or is there a way to solve this lingering ailment that exists in the human condition?

Policy Memo: Urban Solid Waste Management

Recommendation The state government of Varunachal Pradesh should invest in a system of garbage co... more Recommendation The state government of Varunachal Pradesh should invest in a system of garbage collection and management that works along the lines of a private business. Hence, to begin with, instating a charge for the service of garbage collection, with a higher charge on unsegregated waste would be the key solution as well as the inclusion of one/multiple private firms in charge of the efficient collection and disposal of current solid waste from urban centers. While the second half of the recommendation is the ideal state, the current situation is only going to focus on implementing a charge for the collection of garbage waste under a state organized solid waste management system. Problem Summary The question of urban solid waste is one that has always been troubling city planners since the advent of the industrial revolution. Varunachal Pradesh is no exception to this issue. The inefficient disposal of waste in the form of unsegregated landfills is a major problem in this state. The amount of solid waste will only keep increasing, but the amount and quality of land will stay the same, and in fact, will even deteriorate. The further along the road of development any city travels, the bigger this issue will become. Furthermore, the current system of waste collection is done via the urban local bodies (UBLs) who are only given a small stipend for the running costs of the system. This does not allow them to make any profit from the collection and disposal of solid waste, which, in itself can be a source of revenue for the government. The UBLs currently are incapable of providing highly efficient waste management due to a lack of complete financial support, poor infrastructure and inadequate participation of the private sector within the industry1. Arguments for Recommendation Although the implementation of a standardized charge on the collection of garbage is not the complete solution to the recurring question of waste disposal, it is one a big step in the right direction. • The inclusion of a charge will create a value for waste, turning it into something very similar to a raw material/product. This means that it will create the basis for the start of an entire industry that is focused on the use of solid urban waste; either simply for disposal, or for the creation of other raw materials through recycling. The opportunities will be endless. Furthermore, by opening the market to the idea of making money from garbage, it can lead to much greater efficiency. This will all start by treating waste management as an opportunity, not a problem in and of itself. • The revenue earned from the charge paid by every household will directly be used for paying the salaries and the costs of the labour and resources used in the collection of waste. This will help turn this entire system into a business that will be able to pay for itself after a period of time. Currently, the salaries and resource costs are all being paid for by the local governing bodies, taking valuable tax revenue and wasting it on a resource that could very well be self-sufficient. • Waste management already suffers from a lack of financial support, which in turn cripples the system. The additional income from the waste, when directly pumped

India: Capacity Utilization vs Interest Rate and Domestic Investment

The current research done on the Indian market has little to no data about any relationships betw... more The current research done on the Indian market has little to no data about any relationships between the Capacity Utilization and Interest Rate nor any research correlating Capacity Utilization and Domestic Investment. As such, the following paper focuses on locating, analyzing and understanding the relationship between these 3 variables, taking the capacity utilization as the both the dependent and independent variable in parts of the data processing. In order to answer this question, the hypothesis chosen is that the capacity utilization will have a positive correlation with domestic investment while having a negative correlation with interest rate.

Indian Fitness Industry Tharikha Ajit

The Indian fitness industry is one that is an opportune industry to make an investment. The curre... more The Indian fitness industry is one that is an opportune industry to make an investment. The current market coverage in Indian fitness is still in the infantile stages, hence making it an ideal environment for rapid growth and expansion. However, getting into this industry is not an easy task as there are quite a few barriers to entry, the most important requirement being the possession of a high level of capital. Yet, the current industry’s scope for expansion outweighs the risk of a high capital, especially considering that the top 5 players make up for the top 15% of the market share, but only the top 28% are organized players within the market. The top 5 players account for almost half of the organized players' market share, thereby leaving room for an influx of new players.
The industry requires investment in skilled labour as well as better reach towards a larger population, as there is a distinct lack of fitness centers that can cater for the different levels of the economic ladder. Due to the increasing generations of people that are aware of health and fitness, the demand for fitness centers is on the rise, however, the cost of creating major fitness centers is still a risk due to the flagging membership rates found all across India.

Policy Memo: Urban Solid Waste Management

Indian Fitness Industry Tharikha Ajit

Labour Economics: European Union Migration Crisis

Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main pur... more Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main purpose of employment. Labour migrants often work in the informal sector and are quite often exposed to abuses resulting from xenophobia and based on racism (Ilo.org). They lack legal protection. Also, insufficient information about their rights makes them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse from recruiters, employers, and authorities alike. Cross-border migration of people from one country to another has become an increasingly important feature of our rapidly globalising world (Ilo.org). There are 105 million people working in countries other than their country of origin. The total earnings of migrant workers in 2011 was USD 440 billion and USD 350 billion was sent as remittances to developing countries in 2011. Today, there are an estimated 232 million international migrants around the world. Globalization, climate change, demographic shifts, income inequalities and conflicts will encourage ever more labourers and their families to cross borders in search of employment and security. Migrant labourers contribute to growth and development in their countries of destination, while countries of origin highly benefit from their remittances and the skills acquired during their migration experience. Yet, the migration process puts forth complex challenges in terms of governance, migrant workers' protection, migration and development linkages, and international cooperation (International Organization for Migration). The purpose of this paper is to research and understand the impact that the current migration of refugees and labour that is occurring in Europe will have on the economies in the European Union.

Ancient Greek Society

Slavery in Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was once a small city that grew into one of the largest empires in the Mediterranean... more Ancient Rome was once a small city that grew into one of the largest empires in the Mediterranean. It can most certainly be argued that their entire way of life rested on a foundation of slaves and slave labour. Even before the Roman Empire came to power, slaves were an integral part of day-to-day life. They were found in all walks of society, from agriculture, mines, construction (public and private), craftsmen, labourers, households and even used for entertainment. The Romans maintained and propagated a slave culture that had existed within all the major civilizations of the ancient world, ranging from the Egyptians to the Chinese.

Achaemenid Kingship

The Persia of old was divided into 3 dynasties: the Achaemenid Dynasty, the Parthian/ Arascid Dyn... more The Persia of old was divided into 3 dynasties: the Achaemenid Dynasty, the Parthian/ Arascid Dynasty, and the Sassanian Dynasty. The first of which is the primary reason behind the creation and the lasting might of the Persian empire. The Achaemenid empire lasted from 559 BCE to 330 BCE, and though their first king was Cyrus I, it was his grandson, Cyrus II, that almost singlehandedly created the entirety of the Achaemenid empire1. Now when considering such a vast empire, its origin's must first be understood. The Persians were originally a nomadic people who migrated to the Iranian plateau from eastern lands. Many settled in different regions, primarily Media and Persis, thereby leading to the rise to two distinct cultures. However, it is the Persians from Persis with whom the Persian empire is attributed. The name 'Achaemenids' litereally means descendents of Achaemenes, as through a clever bit of propaganda, one of the later Achaemenid kings credited the beginning of the Achaemenid dynasty with one particular king called Achaemenes2. Conversely, there is no mention of the existence of a Achaemenes in the beginning of the empire, making it quite possible that Achaemenes never truly existed. The main idea behind such mis-information was to present a united front for all the kings of Persia, but more likely was a method of legitimizing the right to rule. In other words, it reinforced the kingship of a particular king who may not have been of the original line of Persian Kings. The concept of kingship during the Achaemenid dynasty was heavily influenced by the vastness of the empire. An empire as large as the Persian empire was controlled through a policy of acceptance. The conquering Persians did not impose their own methods of administration and religion on to the conquered cities. Rather, each society was allowed to keep its individual culture and religion, only a regional administrator was appointed, the satrap3. This system turned Persia into a multilingual and multi-ethnic empire, making one of the criteria for kingship to be belonging to the original people from Persis4. This soon changed during the reign of Darius I, with the king having to belong to the dynasty of Achaemenes himself. The presence of multiple city-states and regions gave the Achaemenid ruler the title 'King of Kings', hence the king was the penultimate source of authority and power in the empire. Unlike the Egyptian pharaohs, the Achaemenid kings were not considered to be manifestations of gods. Rather, their rule was religiously legitimized by acting in the will of the god. Since each city and region had its own presiding deity, the Achaemenid rulers would adopt each individual deity as their own when taking control of a region. Hence, as understood from the artefact-the Cyrus Cylinder-Cyrus II took control of Babylon through the grace of the local deity, Marduk5. In the primary cities of the Achaemenid empire, the King of kings was always said to have been graced with the support

The Cult of Ganesh

Ganesh is a deity that has grown popular over a long period of time and worship of him has truly ... more Ganesh is a deity that has grown popular over a long period of time and worship of him has truly blossomed in the past century. Known by the names of Ganesh, Ganpati, Vinayaka, Ekadanta, he is unmistakable by most due to his characteristic elephant head and pot-bellied body1. He is widely revered as the Lord of Obstacles, hence called Vighneshvara, Patron Deity of Letters and the Arts, Lord of Beginings, hence called Vighnesha and the God of intellect and wisdom. The Ganesh cult is one that has intrigued scholars the world over, to understand the reason for the prevalence of a deformed deity as being considered within the 5 main cults within Hinduism today. He is described as having an elephant head with only 1 tusk, being pot-bellied, riding a rat/mouse, and having a yellowish skin tone. Being the Lord of Obstacles he is always invoked before any undertaking to make sure it is completed without any problems2. There is a lot of speculation as to the origin of this elephant-headed deity. There is believed to be a connection to Ganesh as an agricultural deity related to the harvest season. Since his mount is a rat, there is the connection made that Ganesh is the Mushhak Vahan, the Rider on the Rat, insinuating his control and subjugation of a major pest in crop fields3. Additionally, Ganesh is also known as Surpakarna, which means winnowing basket, while the name Ekdanta means one-toothed. The Ekdanta is said to represent a plough, and since both the winnowing basket and plough are crucial for harvesting, some scholars have pushed forth the idea of an agricultural connection to Ganesh's origins. There is also the matter of his yellowish skin tone that is said to be representative of corn sheaf, hence representing a bountiful harvest after conquering the rat menace4. Further proof for this theory stems from certain rituals conducted during the famous Ganesh Chaturthi. The statue of Ganesh is submerged in a river, lake or tank, after which a handful of its clay of sand is thrown into the grain storage facilities and the barn to prevent a rat infestation. In other rituals, the water within which the Ganapati has been submerged in is released into the fields and is meant to bring rains with it. Numerous other rituals have Ganapati worshipped in symbolic ways, such as the placing of a beetle nut on a seat of grain during a wedding5. In another theory, Ganesh is believed to be a non-Aryan deity. The name Vinayaka, is traced back to a very early period where he was considered to be some form of a demon who caused mischief and chaos and along with many other spirits was said to haunt forests and mountains. All the spirits were then fused into the elephant-headed god, who, through the influence of the Brahmanical Hindus was converted into the Remover of Obstacles6. Yet another theory supports the claim of Ganesh's origin from an animal cult. The elephant head might have been a totem of one Dravidian tribe or, a deity created to be worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of India who revered the strength of the elephants7. However, the above

Iconography Chaturshringi Devi

Chaturshringi Devi is one of the many local goddesses that reside in Pune City, Maharashtra, Indi... more Chaturshringi Devi is one of the many local goddesses that reside in Pune City, Maharashtra, India. Her physical manifestation was conceived almost 400 years ago in the form of a naturally formed rock protrusion located on the hill slopes close to Senapati Bapat Road. No matter what day it is, the temple has a regular stream of visitors and devotees, which may be attributed to the serene surroundings within a hectic city or to the faith in the Goddess herself. Being a Goddess of local origin and a conspicuous lack of prevalence in any other parts of India, it is highly likely that Chaturshringi Devi is of folk descent. Chaturshringi, as is common with many deities, is known through a multitude of names that include Ambeshwari, Mahakali, Mahalakshmi and Mahasaraswati.

The Pay Gap in Tennis through Prize Money

The gender pay gap is one that exists in all parts of society, be that the corporate sector or th... more The gender pay gap is one that exists in all parts of society, be that the corporate sector or the public sector. As such, it would make sense that the entertainment sector would also contain a pay gap, and perhaps even the greatest disparity in pay. As such, looking further into that topic is the sports industry, more specifically professional tennis. The paper looks at the four Grand Slams in order to better understand the pattern of the gender pay gap that has occurred and looks into the pay gap that exists in the prize money for single’s tournaments for either gender.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is a trend that has become rather famous in the past decade or so. Its prevalence... more

Environmental Impact Assessment

Resource use and environmental protection have always been 2 ideas that have been on opposite sid... more Resource use and environmental protection have always been 2 ideas that have been on opposite sides of an argument that sprung up in this past century. However, with the emergence of the term ‘sustainable development’ the possibility to use natural resources to satisfy human demand as well as promote natural environmental protection became a thing of reality. As a part of this process, institutions to manage the extraction and use of the natural resources within a country was gaining greater significance and the idea of an environmental clearance (EC) became crucial for any industry should they wish to start any new venture. As a part of obtaining an environmental clearance, 2 major processes were implemented that mandated the participation and inclusion of many players in these steps, including the government and the project proponent itself. EIA is a key step in any company’s process to begin construction on any manner of project as it pertains to the acquisition of an Environmental Clearance (EC). The three letters are an abbreviation for Environmental Impact Assessment, which at its most basic definition is a report on the environmental plan for a project site written by the entity aiming to construct said project. The EIA process is a relatively complex procedure, mostly due to everything that comes before and after the report itself.

State-wise analysis of the extent to which socio-economic factors affect incidences of Property Crime in India

Crime is a phenomenon that has existed throughout human history and is one of the most serious ur... more Crime is a phenomenon that has existed throughout human history and is one of the most serious urban problems today. It is detrimental to the quality of life and hampers economic growth and welfare. Though there has been extensive study on the persistence of crime, there is still little understanding and quantitative evidence of what the major determinants of crime are, with each discipline, be it economics, sociology, psychology or law etc. developing alternate theories for the same. Further, the determinants of crime vary based on the different economic, cultural and religious factors, making it even more difficult to explain. Developing countries such as India have increasing rates of crime, but still lack a clear understanding of the determinants of crime. As property crime accounts for the largest share of total crimes in India, this study aims to understand the extent to which the various socio-economic factors affect the incidence of property crime in India using macroeconomic state-wise data. The major independent variables that are believed to have an impact on property crime, and therefore have been chosen for analysis include unemployment (used as the main variable because of contradictory views in the literature), literacy rate (proxy for education), death rate (proxy for health), population density and state domestic product (proxy for income) of all the states and Union Territories in India. Using the OLS method and regression analysis, this paper shows that there is a weak negative correlation between unemployment and property crime as can be seen by the beta values. Further, death rate seems to have a great impact on property crime, followed by literacy rate and then unemployment as can be seen from the change in the adjusted R^2 values with additional variables in each of the regression models. SDP and population density have very little effect on property crimes in India. Policy makers should focus their limited resources in improving health and education levels in India to reduced the property crime rates in the most efficient manner.

Foreign Aid in Africa

Inequality is something that the world has constantly struggled to find a solution. How does one ... more Inequality is something that the world has constantly struggled to find a solution. How does one change the current global trend where the rich get richer and to poor get poor; while a complete reversal is unreasonable to expect, but simply bringing the poor out of poverty would be the best solution. Worldwide, numerous programs have been implemented or are currently on-going all to curb the issue that is economic inequality. One of the most commonly used methods is that of aid. The phrase ‘pumping aid’ into a country is justified as being an effective solution to all manner of problems, but is it truly a concrete answer? Looking through a more focused lens, the continent of Africa is the ideal location to better the understanding of such a solution. The continent has some of the highest incidences of poverty, inequality and illiteracy, as such there is and has always been a massive influx of aid based funding. Thus making it an ideal location to examine, emulate, and model the effects that aid has on the economics of a region. This brings us to the research statement: to better understand the impacts foreign aid has on African countries.

The extent to which the main driving factors affect Greenhouse Gas emissions in India

India is one of the world's fastest growing economies and is ranked 4th in greenhouse gas (GHG) e... more India is one of the world's fastest growing economies and is ranked 4th in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Knowing that most developing countries have only limited amounts of resources for environmental protection, our study aims to understand the extent to which some of the major contributing factors affect greenhouse gas emissions in India, to channel these limited resources in the most efficient manner. Our paper analyses forest area, population, industrial growth, coal and petroleum consumption and its relationship with GHG emissions between 1990 and 2012. It was found that, although graphically some of these variables did not seem to have very much of a relationship with GHG emissions, the correlation test that was conducted had the opposite results, and showed a strong relationship for all the variables and GHG emissions. Further, the paper looks at the reasons behind certain fluctuations in these variables to help understand the scenario within these years.

GIS: Hyderabad Map, Ancient vs. Current

Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Telangana was created in 1591 as it slowly expanded a... more Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Telangana was created in 1591 as it slowly expanded around the fort of Golconda. It was built by the Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, and remained independent until 1724 when it was captured by the Mughal empire. It was only towards the mid 19th century that Hyderabad began to become a social and cultural hub. One rather common part of the old Hyderabad was regular flooding and was not considered much of a threat. This outlook, however, changed after the major disaster in 1908. The rise in water level of River Musi led to the deaths of approximately 15,000 people and the destruction of 19,000 homes. This incident led to the creation of the City Improvement Trust in 1912, which then led to the creation of the municipal survey that created the ancient map of Hyderabad that will be looked at in this paper.

Remote Sensing: Urban Growth of Nagpur

As a part of better understanding the earth, thanks to the efforts of NASA successful unnamed int... more As a part of better understanding the earth, thanks to the efforts of NASA successful unnamed interplanetary explorations, the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture invested in a means to observe the earth itself, rather than distant plants. The project was first launched into earth's orbit in 1972 with the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), later known as Landsat 1. The coming years after saw = the launch of 7 more Landsat satellites, with each one becoming better and offer more features. The Landsat Program is the entire series of satellites managed by both NASA and the US Geological Survey (USGS), in order to acquire remotely sensed data about the Earth (Landsat 7). Landsat 4-5 Landsat 5 was launched by NASA in March 1984. It was designed and built along with Landsat 4, and so carried the same instruments: Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM). The MSS sensors were designed to make observations of the surface of the Earth along lines perpendicular to the orbital track. The Thematic Mapper is an advanced sensor that achieves higher image resolution, sharper spectral separation, geometric fidelity, and better radiometric accuracy as compared to the MSS sensor (Landsat Mission). Tambay|1

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose Intolerance is a term known and overlooked by most people across the world. Often conside... more Lactose Intolerance is a term known and overlooked by most people across the world. Often considered to be a very minor issue, lactose intolerance is, in fact, a chronic condition that exists in majority of world’s population. By the time a person reaches the end of their teenage years they tend to develop an intolerance towards dairy products, hence making the population of adults that can consume dairy products to become the minority. The question, however, is whether this trend will continue or is there a way to solve this lingering ailment that exists in the human condition?

Policy Memo: Urban Solid Waste Management

Recommendation The state government of Varunachal Pradesh should invest in a system of garbage co... more Recommendation The state government of Varunachal Pradesh should invest in a system of garbage collection and management that works along the lines of a private business. Hence, to begin with, instating a charge for the service of garbage collection, with a higher charge on unsegregated waste would be the key solution as well as the inclusion of one/multiple private firms in charge of the efficient collection and disposal of current solid waste from urban centers. While the second half of the recommendation is the ideal state, the current situation is only going to focus on implementing a charge for the collection of garbage waste under a state organized solid waste management system. Problem Summary The question of urban solid waste is one that has always been troubling city planners since the advent of the industrial revolution. Varunachal Pradesh is no exception to this issue. The inefficient disposal of waste in the form of unsegregated landfills is a major problem in this state. The amount of solid waste will only keep increasing, but the amount and quality of land will stay the same, and in fact, will even deteriorate. The further along the road of development any city travels, the bigger this issue will become. Furthermore, the current system of waste collection is done via the urban local bodies (UBLs) who are only given a small stipend for the running costs of the system. This does not allow them to make any profit from the collection and disposal of solid waste, which, in itself can be a source of revenue for the government. The UBLs currently are incapable of providing highly efficient waste management due to a lack of complete financial support, poor infrastructure and inadequate participation of the private sector within the industry1. Arguments for Recommendation Although the implementation of a standardized charge on the collection of garbage is not the complete solution to the recurring question of waste disposal, it is one a big step in the right direction. • The inclusion of a charge will create a value for waste, turning it into something very similar to a raw material/product. This means that it will create the basis for the start of an entire industry that is focused on the use of solid urban waste; either simply for disposal, or for the creation of other raw materials through recycling. The opportunities will be endless. Furthermore, by opening the market to the idea of making money from garbage, it can lead to much greater efficiency. This will all start by treating waste management as an opportunity, not a problem in and of itself. • The revenue earned from the charge paid by every household will directly be used for paying the salaries and the costs of the labour and resources used in the collection of waste. This will help turn this entire system into a business that will be able to pay for itself after a period of time. Currently, the salaries and resource costs are all being paid for by the local governing bodies, taking valuable tax revenue and wasting it on a resource that could very well be self-sufficient. • Waste management already suffers from a lack of financial support, which in turn cripples the system. The additional income from the waste, when directly pumped

India: Capacity Utilization vs Interest Rate and Domestic Investment

The current research done on the Indian market has little to no data about any relationships betw... more The current research done on the Indian market has little to no data about any relationships between the Capacity Utilization and Interest Rate nor any research correlating Capacity Utilization and Domestic Investment. As such, the following paper focuses on locating, analyzing and understanding the relationship between these 3 variables, taking the capacity utilization as the both the dependent and independent variable in parts of the data processing. In order to answer this question, the hypothesis chosen is that the capacity utilization will have a positive correlation with domestic investment while having a negative correlation with interest rate.

Indian Fitness Industry Tharikha Ajit

The Indian fitness industry is one that is an opportune industry to make an investment. The curre... more The Indian fitness industry is one that is an opportune industry to make an investment. The current market coverage in Indian fitness is still in the infantile stages, hence making it an ideal environment for rapid growth and expansion. However, getting into this industry is not an easy task as there are quite a few barriers to entry, the most important requirement being the possession of a high level of capital. Yet, the current industry’s scope for expansion outweighs the risk of a high capital, especially considering that the top 5 players make up for the top 15% of the market share, but only the top 28% are organized players within the market. The top 5 players account for almost half of the organized players' market share, thereby leaving room for an influx of new players.
The industry requires investment in skilled labour as well as better reach towards a larger population, as there is a distinct lack of fitness centers that can cater for the different levels of the economic ladder. Due to the increasing generations of people that are aware of health and fitness, the demand for fitness centers is on the rise, however, the cost of creating major fitness centers is still a risk due to the flagging membership rates found all across India.

Policy Memo: Urban Solid Waste Management

Indian Fitness Industry Tharikha Ajit

Labour Economics: European Union Migration Crisis

Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main pur... more Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main purpose of employment. Labour migrants often work in the informal sector and are quite often exposed to abuses resulting from xenophobia and based on racism (Ilo.org). They lack legal protection. Also, insufficient information about their rights makes them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse from recruiters, employers, and authorities alike. Cross-border migration of people from one country to another has become an increasingly important feature of our rapidly globalising world (Ilo.org). There are 105 million people working in countries other than their country of origin. The total earnings of migrant workers in 2011 was USD 440 billion and USD 350 billion was sent as remittances to developing countries in 2011. Today, there are an estimated 232 million international migrants around the world. Globalization, climate change, demographic shifts, income inequalities and conflicts will encourage ever more labourers and their families to cross borders in search of employment and security. Migrant labourers contribute to growth and development in their countries of destination, while countries of origin highly benefit from their remittances and the skills acquired during their migration experience. Yet, the migration process puts forth complex challenges in terms of governance, migrant workers' protection, migration and development linkages, and international cooperation (International Organization for Migration). The purpose of this paper is to research and understand the impact that the current migration of refugees and labour that is occurring in Europe will have on the economies in the European Union.

Ancient Greek Society

Slavery in Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was once a small city that grew into one of the largest empires in the Mediterranean... more Ancient Rome was once a small city that grew into one of the largest empires in the Mediterranean. It can most certainly be argued that their entire way of life rested on a foundation of slaves and slave labour. Even before the Roman Empire came to power, slaves were an integral part of day-to-day life. They were found in all walks of society, from agriculture, mines, construction (public and private), craftsmen, labourers, households and even used for entertainment. The Romans maintained and propagated a slave culture that had existed within all the major civilizations of the ancient world, ranging from the Egyptians to the Chinese.

Achaemenid Kingship

The Persia of old was divided into 3 dynasties: the Achaemenid Dynasty, the Parthian/ Arascid Dyn... more The Persia of old was divided into 3 dynasties: the Achaemenid Dynasty, the Parthian/ Arascid Dynasty, and the Sassanian Dynasty. The first of which is the primary reason behind the creation and the lasting might of the Persian empire. The Achaemenid empire lasted from 559 BCE to 330 BCE, and though their first king was Cyrus I, it was his grandson, Cyrus II, that almost singlehandedly created the entirety of the Achaemenid empire1. Now when considering such a vast empire, its origin's must first be understood. The Persians were originally a nomadic people who migrated to the Iranian plateau from eastern lands. Many settled in different regions, primarily Media and Persis, thereby leading to the rise to two distinct cultures. However, it is the Persians from Persis with whom the Persian empire is attributed. The name 'Achaemenids' litereally means descendents of Achaemenes, as through a clever bit of propaganda, one of the later Achaemenid kings credited the beginning of the Achaemenid dynasty with one particular king called Achaemenes2. Conversely, there is no mention of the existence of a Achaemenes in the beginning of the empire, making it quite possible that Achaemenes never truly existed. The main idea behind such mis-information was to present a united front for all the kings of Persia, but more likely was a method of legitimizing the right to rule. In other words, it reinforced the kingship of a particular king who may not have been of the original line of Persian Kings. The concept of kingship during the Achaemenid dynasty was heavily influenced by the vastness of the empire. An empire as large as the Persian empire was controlled through a policy of acceptance. The conquering Persians did not impose their own methods of administration and religion on to the conquered cities. Rather, each society was allowed to keep its individual culture and religion, only a regional administrator was appointed, the satrap3. This system turned Persia into a multilingual and multi-ethnic empire, making one of the criteria for kingship to be belonging to the original people from Persis4. This soon changed during the reign of Darius I, with the king having to belong to the dynasty of Achaemenes himself. The presence of multiple city-states and regions gave the Achaemenid ruler the title 'King of Kings', hence the king was the penultimate source of authority and power in the empire. Unlike the Egyptian pharaohs, the Achaemenid kings were not considered to be manifestations of gods. Rather, their rule was religiously legitimized by acting in the will of the god. Since each city and region had its own presiding deity, the Achaemenid rulers would adopt each individual deity as their own when taking control of a region. Hence, as understood from the artefact-the Cyrus Cylinder-Cyrus II took control of Babylon through the grace of the local deity, Marduk5. In the primary cities of the Achaemenid empire, the King of kings was always said to have been graced with the support

The Cult of Ganesh

Ganesh is a deity that has grown popular over a long period of time and worship of him has truly ... more Ganesh is a deity that has grown popular over a long period of time and worship of him has truly blossomed in the past century. Known by the names of Ganesh, Ganpati, Vinayaka, Ekadanta, he is unmistakable by most due to his characteristic elephant head and pot-bellied body1. He is widely revered as the Lord of Obstacles, hence called Vighneshvara, Patron Deity of Letters and the Arts, Lord of Beginings, hence called Vighnesha and the God of intellect and wisdom. The Ganesh cult is one that has intrigued scholars the world over, to understand the reason for the prevalence of a deformed deity as being considered within the 5 main cults within Hinduism today. He is described as having an elephant head with only 1 tusk, being pot-bellied, riding a rat/mouse, and having a yellowish skin tone. Being the Lord of Obstacles he is always invoked before any undertaking to make sure it is completed without any problems2. There is a lot of speculation as to the origin of this elephant-headed deity. There is believed to be a connection to Ganesh as an agricultural deity related to the harvest season. Since his mount is a rat, there is the connection made that Ganesh is the Mushhak Vahan, the Rider on the Rat, insinuating his control and subjugation of a major pest in crop fields3. Additionally, Ganesh is also known as Surpakarna, which means winnowing basket, while the name Ekdanta means one-toothed. The Ekdanta is said to represent a plough, and since both the winnowing basket and plough are crucial for harvesting, some scholars have pushed forth the idea of an agricultural connection to Ganesh's origins. There is also the matter of his yellowish skin tone that is said to be representative of corn sheaf, hence representing a bountiful harvest after conquering the rat menace4. Further proof for this theory stems from certain rituals conducted during the famous Ganesh Chaturthi. The statue of Ganesh is submerged in a river, lake or tank, after which a handful of its clay of sand is thrown into the grain storage facilities and the barn to prevent a rat infestation. In other rituals, the water within which the Ganapati has been submerged in is released into the fields and is meant to bring rains with it. Numerous other rituals have Ganapati worshipped in symbolic ways, such as the placing of a beetle nut on a seat of grain during a wedding5. In another theory, Ganesh is believed to be a non-Aryan deity. The name Vinayaka, is traced back to a very early period where he was considered to be some form of a demon who caused mischief and chaos and along with many other spirits was said to haunt forests and mountains. All the spirits were then fused into the elephant-headed god, who, through the influence of the Brahmanical Hindus was converted into the Remover of Obstacles6. Yet another theory supports the claim of Ganesh's origin from an animal cult. The elephant head might have been a totem of one Dravidian tribe or, a deity created to be worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of India who revered the strength of the elephants7. However, the above

Iconography Chaturshringi Devi

Chaturshringi Devi is one of the many local goddesses that reside in Pune City, Maharashtra, Indi... more Chaturshringi Devi is one of the many local goddesses that reside in Pune City, Maharashtra, India. Her physical manifestation was conceived almost 400 years ago in the form of a naturally formed rock protrusion located on the hill slopes close to Senapati Bapat Road. No matter what day it is, the temple has a regular stream of visitors and devotees, which may be attributed to the serene surroundings within a hectic city or to the faith in the Goddess herself. Being a Goddess of local origin and a conspicuous lack of prevalence in any other parts of India, it is highly likely that Chaturshringi Devi is of folk descent. Chaturshringi, as is common with many deities, is known through a multitude of names that include Ambeshwari, Mahakali, Mahalakshmi and Mahasaraswati.