People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the ... more People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:
This paper reports on an experiment comparing students' results on image-rich numeracy problems a... more This paper reports on an experiment comparing students' results on image-rich numeracy problems and on equivalent word problems. Given the well reported problematic nature of word problems, the hypothesis is that students score better on image-rich numeracy problems than on comparable word problems. To test the hypothesis a randomized controlled trial was conducted with 31,842 students from primary, secondary, and vocational education. The trial consisted of 21 numeracy problems in two versions: word problems and image-rich problems. The hypothesis was confirmed for the problems used in this experiment. With the insights gained we intend to improve the assessment of students' abilities in solving quantitative problems from daily life. Numeracy, word problem, image-rich problem, randomized controlled trial, assessment.
People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the ... more People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:
Bedankt voor het downloaden van dit artikel. De artikelen uit de (online)tijdschriften van Uitgev... more Bedankt voor het downloaden van dit artikel. De artikelen uit de (online)tijdschriften van Uitgeverij Boom zijn auteursrechtelijk beschermd. U kunt er natuurlijk uit citeren (voorzien van een bronvermelding) maar voor reproductie in welke vorm dan ook moet toestemming aan de uitgever worden gevraagd. Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikelen 16h t/m 16m Auteurswet 1912 jo. Besluit van 27 november 2002, Stb 575, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoeding te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht te Hoofddorp (postbus 3060, 2130 KB, www.reprorecht.nl) of contact op te nemen met de uitgever voor het treffen van een rechtstreekse regeling in de zin van art. 16l, vijfde lid, Auteurswet 1912. Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16, Auteurswet 1912) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie-en Reproductierechten, postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.cedar.nl/pro).
... Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door een team bestaande uit Jaap de Koning (projectleider), Arie ... more ... Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door een team bestaande uit Jaap de Koning (projectleider), Arie Gelderblom en Arjan de Wit. ... 3 3 Relatieve positie overheid in arbeidsvoorwaarden 7 4 Rol arbeidsvoorwaarden voor werving en behoud 13 5 Beschikbaarheid van data voor criteria ...
Summary Expectations play a crucial role in economics. The testing of hypotheses about the format... more Summary Expectations play a crucial role in economics. The testing of hypotheses about the formation of expectations is hampered by the lack of data. In this article we try to measure expectations in an independent way, using data from the Business Cycle Test. The data ...
This paper evaluates the ‘WerkLoont’ measure, which has two objectives: reducing the inflow into ... more This paper evaluates the ‘WerkLoont’ measure, which has two objectives: reducing the inflow into social assistance and stimulating the outflow from social assistance to work. The measure is applied as soon as a person enters a social assistance benefit. It consists of job search assistance and training as well as unpaid work, and can be seen as a work first programme. As soon as a person applies for a benefit he is informed about the measure. The programme is expected to have a reducing effect on the inflow into social assistance and, for people who do enter social assistance, to stimulate the outflow from it. A randomised experiment has been carried out to measure the effects of the programme. The randomisation is applied as soon as people apply for a benefit. Because there was a waiting period of four weeks before the benefit was actually granted, applicants could in the end decide to refrain from claiming a benefit.<br><br>The results show that among people assigned to participate in WerkLoont the percentage refraining from a benefit is significantly higher than among the control group. Furthermore, for people who decide to hold on to a benefit WerkLoont has a positive effect on the probability to leave social assistance and find a job. The participants in the experiment have been monitored for three years since their start in the experiment. As they may have had several job and benefit periods during this three-year period, we looked in more detail to the effect of WerkLoont on the total time in employment and the total time in a benefit during the three year period. The results show that WerkLoont leads to more time in employment and less time in a benefit. However, the effects are relatively small. This is particularly true for the effect on employment. The effects differ considerably between men and women. For women the effects are considerably higher and last longer than for men.The paper shows that it is crucial to take more than one year into consideration when measures like WerkLoont are evaluated. After one year the benefits associated with this measure are not large enough to cover its costs. But owing to the fact that the measure is still effective after one year the benefits become higher than the costs. The effects gradually extinguish: in the third year they are already quite low. The results indicate that WerkLoont is cost-effective, which justifies its continuation. However, the effects are only small and do not make a major difference for the groups concerned. Therefore, there is every reason to look for improvements. Possible improvements might be to reinforce the components aimed at helping participants to find a job or to adjust the unpaid work component in such a way that it provides more relevant work experience.
This chapter focuses on the impact of active labour market policies (ALMP) on job hirings and une... more This chapter focuses on the impact of active labour market policies (ALMP) on job hirings and unemployment in the Netherlands. Using data on the regional level for a number of years, we use simple models to investigate whether ALMP contributes to more job hirings ...
Towards a Transparent Labour Market for Educational Decisions, 2018
1. inlf =1 if in labor force, 1975 2. hours hours worked, 1975 3. kidslt6 # kids &lt; 6 years... more 1. inlf =1 if in labor force, 1975 2. hours hours worked, 1975 3. kidslt6 # kids &lt; 6 years 4. kidsge6 # kids 6-18 5. age woman’s age in yrs 6. educ years of schooling 7. wage estimated wage from earns., hours 8. repwage reported wage at interview in 1976 9. hushrs hours worked by husband, 1975 10. husage husband’s age 11. huseduc husband’s years of schooling 12. huswage husband’s hourly wage, 1975 13. faminc family income, 1975 14. mtr fed. marginal tax rate facing woman 15. motheduc mother’s years of schooling 16. fatheduc father’s years of schooling 17. unem unem. rate in county of resid. 18. city =1 if live in SMSA 19. exper actual labor mkt exper 20. nwifeinc (faminc wage*hours)/1000 21. lwage log(wage) 22. expersq exper^2
The paper analyses poor relief in the town of Schiedam in the first half of the 19th century. Fig... more The paper analyses poor relief in the town of Schiedam in the first half of the 19th century. Figures about the total number of people receiving poor relief in Schiedam are only available between 1823 and 1831 indicating that about 15 per cent of the population was supported. This is somewhat higher than the national average, but lower than for instance in Amsterdam where 25 per cent of the population was supported. A considerable number of people was only in poor relief during the winter period. Probably, many of the latter people were confronted with seasonal unemployment. In terms of ‘full-time recipients’ of poor relief approximately 10 per cent of the Schiedam population received support. Not every poor family was supported. The incidence of poverty according to 19th century standards was at least twice as high as the number of people in poor relief. Although the labour market was highly ‘flexible’ and poor relief was very low compared to wages, the level of unemployment was probably of similar size as it is, on average, in recent decades. It appears that even in a highly flexible labour market with strong incentives to accept work, a considerable group of people was unable to participate in the labour market or did so only marginally. Making the labour market highly flexible does not seem to provide a solution for high unemployment among vulnerable groups, although it is a recipe that can still be heard today.The Schiedam archive contains books with data on individual recipients, which enabled us to construct a longitudinal database. Only individual data about people who were supported during the whole year is available. Both the level of the weekly support as well as the duration of the support are included in the database. Furthermore, information about several characteristics of the recipient is available like age, gender, family composition, physical disability and mental disability. Econometric models have been used to relate both and the duration the level of the support to these characteristics. For the analysis of individuals spells of poor relief duration models are used. Several characteristics of recipients have a significant effect on the duration of the support given. This is also true for the level of support, which has been analysed with the help of panel data models. Particularly, a mental handicap has a large upward effect on both duration and level of support. Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, people were usually not supported during their whole life. Mean duration in poor relief is approximately seven years. Repeated spells of poor relief were hardly found, although this might have been different for people who were only supported during the winter period.
The lump-of-labour fallacy Unemployment when vacancies abound How unemployed people are treated O... more The lump-of-labour fallacy Unemployment when vacancies abound How unemployed people are treated Older workers Mothers Wage flexibility and regional unemployment Employment flexibility Conclusion: flexibility is not enough 2. The British experience How unemployed people are treated Single mothers and older workers Wage flexibility Employment flexibility 3. The Danish experience How unemployed people are treated Older workers and leave schemes Wage flexibility Employment flexibility What can be learned from the Danish experience 4. The Dutch experience How unemployed people are treated Early retirement and other policies for employed people Labour market participation Wage flexibility Employment protection and labour market flexibility Conclusions from the Dutch experience 5. Recommendations to E.U. heads of government The treatment of unemployed people Wage flexibility Early retirement References Sources of figures and tables End notes RL340a
People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the ... more People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:
This paper reports on an experiment comparing students' results on image-rich numeracy problems a... more This paper reports on an experiment comparing students' results on image-rich numeracy problems and on equivalent word problems. Given the well reported problematic nature of word problems, the hypothesis is that students score better on image-rich numeracy problems than on comparable word problems. To test the hypothesis a randomized controlled trial was conducted with 31,842 students from primary, secondary, and vocational education. The trial consisted of 21 numeracy problems in two versions: word problems and image-rich problems. The hypothesis was confirmed for the problems used in this experiment. With the insights gained we intend to improve the assessment of students' abilities in solving quantitative problems from daily life. Numeracy, word problem, image-rich problem, randomized controlled trial, assessment.
People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the ... more People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:
Bedankt voor het downloaden van dit artikel. De artikelen uit de (online)tijdschriften van Uitgev... more Bedankt voor het downloaden van dit artikel. De artikelen uit de (online)tijdschriften van Uitgeverij Boom zijn auteursrechtelijk beschermd. U kunt er natuurlijk uit citeren (voorzien van een bronvermelding) maar voor reproductie in welke vorm dan ook moet toestemming aan de uitgever worden gevraagd. Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikelen 16h t/m 16m Auteurswet 1912 jo. Besluit van 27 november 2002, Stb 575, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoeding te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht te Hoofddorp (postbus 3060, 2130 KB, www.reprorecht.nl) of contact op te nemen met de uitgever voor het treffen van een rechtstreekse regeling in de zin van art. 16l, vijfde lid, Auteurswet 1912. Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16, Auteurswet 1912) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie-en Reproductierechten, postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.cedar.nl/pro).
... Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door een team bestaande uit Jaap de Koning (projectleider), Arie ... more ... Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door een team bestaande uit Jaap de Koning (projectleider), Arie Gelderblom en Arjan de Wit. ... 3 3 Relatieve positie overheid in arbeidsvoorwaarden 7 4 Rol arbeidsvoorwaarden voor werving en behoud 13 5 Beschikbaarheid van data voor criteria ...
Summary Expectations play a crucial role in economics. The testing of hypotheses about the format... more Summary Expectations play a crucial role in economics. The testing of hypotheses about the formation of expectations is hampered by the lack of data. In this article we try to measure expectations in an independent way, using data from the Business Cycle Test. The data ...
This paper evaluates the ‘WerkLoont’ measure, which has two objectives: reducing the inflow into ... more This paper evaluates the ‘WerkLoont’ measure, which has two objectives: reducing the inflow into social assistance and stimulating the outflow from social assistance to work. The measure is applied as soon as a person enters a social assistance benefit. It consists of job search assistance and training as well as unpaid work, and can be seen as a work first programme. As soon as a person applies for a benefit he is informed about the measure. The programme is expected to have a reducing effect on the inflow into social assistance and, for people who do enter social assistance, to stimulate the outflow from it. A randomised experiment has been carried out to measure the effects of the programme. The randomisation is applied as soon as people apply for a benefit. Because there was a waiting period of four weeks before the benefit was actually granted, applicants could in the end decide to refrain from claiming a benefit.<br><br>The results show that among people assigned to participate in WerkLoont the percentage refraining from a benefit is significantly higher than among the control group. Furthermore, for people who decide to hold on to a benefit WerkLoont has a positive effect on the probability to leave social assistance and find a job. The participants in the experiment have been monitored for three years since their start in the experiment. As they may have had several job and benefit periods during this three-year period, we looked in more detail to the effect of WerkLoont on the total time in employment and the total time in a benefit during the three year period. The results show that WerkLoont leads to more time in employment and less time in a benefit. However, the effects are relatively small. This is particularly true for the effect on employment. The effects differ considerably between men and women. For women the effects are considerably higher and last longer than for men.The paper shows that it is crucial to take more than one year into consideration when measures like WerkLoont are evaluated. After one year the benefits associated with this measure are not large enough to cover its costs. But owing to the fact that the measure is still effective after one year the benefits become higher than the costs. The effects gradually extinguish: in the third year they are already quite low. The results indicate that WerkLoont is cost-effective, which justifies its continuation. However, the effects are only small and do not make a major difference for the groups concerned. Therefore, there is every reason to look for improvements. Possible improvements might be to reinforce the components aimed at helping participants to find a job or to adjust the unpaid work component in such a way that it provides more relevant work experience.
This chapter focuses on the impact of active labour market policies (ALMP) on job hirings and une... more This chapter focuses on the impact of active labour market policies (ALMP) on job hirings and unemployment in the Netherlands. Using data on the regional level for a number of years, we use simple models to investigate whether ALMP contributes to more job hirings ...
Towards a Transparent Labour Market for Educational Decisions, 2018
1. inlf =1 if in labor force, 1975 2. hours hours worked, 1975 3. kidslt6 # kids &lt; 6 years... more 1. inlf =1 if in labor force, 1975 2. hours hours worked, 1975 3. kidslt6 # kids &lt; 6 years 4. kidsge6 # kids 6-18 5. age woman’s age in yrs 6. educ years of schooling 7. wage estimated wage from earns., hours 8. repwage reported wage at interview in 1976 9. hushrs hours worked by husband, 1975 10. husage husband’s age 11. huseduc husband’s years of schooling 12. huswage husband’s hourly wage, 1975 13. faminc family income, 1975 14. mtr fed. marginal tax rate facing woman 15. motheduc mother’s years of schooling 16. fatheduc father’s years of schooling 17. unem unem. rate in county of resid. 18. city =1 if live in SMSA 19. exper actual labor mkt exper 20. nwifeinc (faminc wage*hours)/1000 21. lwage log(wage) 22. expersq exper^2
The paper analyses poor relief in the town of Schiedam in the first half of the 19th century. Fig... more The paper analyses poor relief in the town of Schiedam in the first half of the 19th century. Figures about the total number of people receiving poor relief in Schiedam are only available between 1823 and 1831 indicating that about 15 per cent of the population was supported. This is somewhat higher than the national average, but lower than for instance in Amsterdam where 25 per cent of the population was supported. A considerable number of people was only in poor relief during the winter period. Probably, many of the latter people were confronted with seasonal unemployment. In terms of ‘full-time recipients’ of poor relief approximately 10 per cent of the Schiedam population received support. Not every poor family was supported. The incidence of poverty according to 19th century standards was at least twice as high as the number of people in poor relief. Although the labour market was highly ‘flexible’ and poor relief was very low compared to wages, the level of unemployment was probably of similar size as it is, on average, in recent decades. It appears that even in a highly flexible labour market with strong incentives to accept work, a considerable group of people was unable to participate in the labour market or did so only marginally. Making the labour market highly flexible does not seem to provide a solution for high unemployment among vulnerable groups, although it is a recipe that can still be heard today.The Schiedam archive contains books with data on individual recipients, which enabled us to construct a longitudinal database. Only individual data about people who were supported during the whole year is available. Both the level of the weekly support as well as the duration of the support are included in the database. Furthermore, information about several characteristics of the recipient is available like age, gender, family composition, physical disability and mental disability. Econometric models have been used to relate both and the duration the level of the support to these characteristics. For the analysis of individuals spells of poor relief duration models are used. Several characteristics of recipients have a significant effect on the duration of the support given. This is also true for the level of support, which has been analysed with the help of panel data models. Particularly, a mental handicap has a large upward effect on both duration and level of support. Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, people were usually not supported during their whole life. Mean duration in poor relief is approximately seven years. Repeated spells of poor relief were hardly found, although this might have been different for people who were only supported during the winter period.
The lump-of-labour fallacy Unemployment when vacancies abound How unemployed people are treated O... more The lump-of-labour fallacy Unemployment when vacancies abound How unemployed people are treated Older workers Mothers Wage flexibility and regional unemployment Employment flexibility Conclusion: flexibility is not enough 2. The British experience How unemployed people are treated Single mothers and older workers Wage flexibility Employment flexibility 3. The Danish experience How unemployed people are treated Older workers and leave schemes Wage flexibility Employment flexibility What can be learned from the Danish experience 4. The Dutch experience How unemployed people are treated Early retirement and other policies for employed people Labour market participation Wage flexibility Employment protection and labour market flexibility Conclusions from the Dutch experience 5. Recommendations to E.U. heads of government The treatment of unemployed people Wage flexibility Early retirement References Sources of figures and tables End notes RL340a
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