Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including ... more Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.
‘Problems in protections for working data subjects: the social relations of data production’ argu... more ‘Problems in protections for working data subjects: the social relations of data production’ argues that existing AI and data and privacy regulation do not sufficiently provide protections from harm in the context of data extraction and mining. This is because the approaches taken are individualist in relational positioning and do not take into account differences across data subject types. The argument updates legal philosophical arguments rooted in propertarian and identitarian assumptions for how data harms can be prevented, arguing that what is needed is a discussion of the social relations of data production and the portrayal of a constellation of power relations rather than identifying a data subject as suspended in midair.
Developing a better understanding of transformations and configurations in global affairs require... more Developing a better understanding of transformations and configurations in global affairs requires researchers in Global Political Economy to take seriously the emergence of forms of technology and their integration into the institutional, social, economic and political fabrics of contemporary life. However, research in key Global Political Economy journals has not been entirely forthcoming in acknowledging and recognising this, over time. Where we see publications that look at areas of technology and the global political economy, what has been consistently missing in Global Political Economy research, however, is the discussion of the direct impact of technology on workers, working conditions, the employment relationship, and social protections, and, as an arguably direct result of digitalisation, new threats for the corporeal and for sustainability of materiality. This debates and commentary piece for the first issue of the Global Political Economy journal argues that the burgeoni...
Key messages • Global Political Economy is the much-anticipated journal within the discipline of ... more Key messages • Global Political Economy is the much-anticipated journal within the discipline of Global Political Economy, with an explicit intention of cross-disciplinarity. • We are committed to doing things differently, to running our journal in democratic, inclusive and respectful ways. • We must focus our analyses of capitalism beyond the confines of Eurocentric, Whitecentric and malecentric lenses.
The mirror for (artificial) intelligence: In whose reflection?' sets out the parameters for c... more The mirror for (artificial) intelligence: In whose reflection?' sets out the parameters for caution in considering as-yet relatively un-debated issues in artificial intelligence (AI) research, which is the concept itself of 'intelligence'. After the AI 'winters' ending in the late 1990s, during which AI development met substantive obstacles, a new AI summer commences. What is still missing is a careful consideration of the historical significance of the weighting that has been placed on particular aspects of consciousness and surrounding seemingly human-like workplace behaviour which takes increasing significance given the interest in machinic autonomous intelligence. The discussion paper argues that a series of machinic and technological invention and related experiments show how machines facilitate not only the processes of normalization of what are considered intelligent behaviours, via both human and machinic intelligence, but also facilitate and enable the i...
Social theorists including Hardt and Negri (2001), Boutang (2008), Lazzarato (1996), and Virno (2... more Social theorists including Hardt and Negri (2001), Boutang (2008), Lazzarato (1996), and Virno (2002) discuss new technologies’ appropriation of work as an immaterial and conceptual (and sometimes slavish) activity. The extraction of surplus value from work in the creative and cultural industries, as well as from any employment relationship built on new technologies, is a new and unique category of potential exploitation. This is interestingly also less bounded to the Fordist piece rate work structures of management and the wage relation. The appropriation of the self, of the hegemony of the subject involved, is part of the neoliberal capitalist project. This can also be seen in education and employment policy, as I have demonstrated in my 2010 book (Moore, 2010). There I claim that governments and the elite transnational capitalist class struggles to adapt to, and subsume, potential revolutionary factions within the knowledge and information economy.
Where is the study of work in the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE)? If the dis... more Where is the study of work in the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE)? If the discipline aims to break away from International Relations (IR) (Watson 2005: 14) by establishing its own categories of analysis that differ from the questions that originally drive the discipline of IR, that is, security and war; then we have to establish exactly which questions IR is not addressing and, furthermore, the issues IPE must address to become a defensibly contrasted, albeit complementary, entity to IR.
Free (Libre)/Open Source Software (FLOSS) is an open, evolutionary arena in which hundreds and so... more Free (Libre)/Open Source Software (FLOSS) is an open, evolutionary arena in which hundreds and sometimes thousands of users voluntarily explore and design code, spot bugs in code, make contributions to the code, release software, create artwork, and develop licenses in a fashion that is becoming increasingly prevalent in the otherwise hugely monopolised software market. This 'computerisation movement' emerged as a challenge to the monopolisation of the software market by such mammoth firms as Microsoft and IBM, and is portrayed as being revolutionary (Elliot and Scacchi, 2004; DiBona, Ockman, and Stone, 1999; Kling and Iacono, 1988). Its 'ultimate goal' is 'to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do and thus make proprietary software obsolete' (Free Software Foundation, 2005).However, if it is to succeed in bringing about a new social order (Kling and Lacono, 1988), this movement must be re-evaluated from a critical standpoint through a look into the practices of knowledge production based on radical licenses for property sharing and development such as the General Public Licence (GPL) and the emerging subjectivities of participants. Free Software may be viewed as a social movement while Open Source is perhaps a development methodology, but it is not always necessary to isolate analysis to one or the other, firstly due to the extensive overlap in software communities, and secondly because their rhizomatic roots emerge from a shared intellectual and moral response to the exploitation of markets by powerful firms (see Elliot and Scacchi, 2004). Here, I query whether the activities of collaborative software producers as well as hardware production communities such as those found in FabLabs, which release playbots and other blueprints for machine replications as well as agricultural and construction initiatives, can indeed be perceived as revolutionary due to their subversive work and production methods. The recursive communities (Kelty 2006; Powell 2008) that develop around these practi [...]
Artificial intelligence is being touted as a new wave of machinic processing and productive poten... more Artificial intelligence is being touted as a new wave of machinic processing and productive potential. Building on concepts starting with the invention of the term artificial intelligence in the 1950s, now, machines can supposedly not only see, hear, and think, but also solve problems and learn, and in this way, it seems that actually there is a new form of humiliation for humans. This article starts with a historical overview of the forerunners of artificial intelligence, where ideas of how intelligence can be formulated according to philosophers and social theorists begin to enter the work sphere and are inextricably linked to capitalist production. However, there always already has been an artificial intelligence in power in, on the one hand, technical machines and the social machine money, and on the other, humans, making both sides (machines and humans), an interface of their mutual capitalist socialisation. The question this piece addresses is, then, what kind of capitalist so...
‘The mirror for (artificial) intelligence in capitalism’ expands on the historical episodes outli... more ‘The mirror for (artificial) intelligence in capitalism’ expands on the historical episodes outlined in the article by Engster and Moore in the current Special Issue, to develop the historical materialist critique of the history of ideas leading up to and during the eras of artificial intelligence, but also as a way to critique the contemporary moment where machines are ascribed autonomous intelligence. Specifically, the history of the ideational manufacturing of human intelligence demonstrates a pattern of interest in calculation and computation, intelligent human and machinic behaviours that are, not surprisingly, ideologically aligned with capitalism. The simultaneous series of machinic and technological invention and related experiments shows how machines not only facilitate the processes of normalisation of what is considered intelligent behaviours, via both human and machinic intelligence, but also facilitate and enable the integration of capitalism into everyday work and life. Intelligent behaviours are identified as the capacity for quantification and measure and are limited to aspects of thinking and reasoning that can provide solutions to, for example, obstacles in the production and extraction of surplus value, based on the specific postulations and assumptions highlighted in this piece. Today, ideas of autonomous machinic intelligence, seen in the ways artificial intelligence is incorporated into workplaces outlined in the sections below, facilitate workplace relations via intelligent behaviours that are assistive, prescriptive, descriptive, collaborative, predictive and affective. The question is, given these now autonomous forms of intelligence attributed to machines, who/what is looking in the mirror at whose/which reflection?
Sensory and tracking technologies are being introduced into workplaces in ways Taylor and the Gil... more Sensory and tracking technologies are being introduced into workplaces in ways Taylor and the Gilbreths could only have imagined. New work design experiments merge wellness with productivity to measure and modulate the affective and emotional labour of resilience that is necessary to survive the turbulence of the widespread incorporation of agile management systems, in which workers are expected to take symbolic direction from machines. The Quantified Workplace project was carried out by one company that fitted sensory algorithmic devices to workers’ computers and bodies, which, this article argues, identify workers’ so-called agility and reveal management practices that track affective and emotional labour, categorized in the project as stress, subjective productivity and wellbeing. Capital’s accelerated attempts to capture more areas of work and workers’ capacities facilitate the conversion of labour power into a source of value but also results in alienation and abstraction. Part...
Phoebe Moore has written a timely and interesting book on data-tracking, precarity and the labour... more Phoebe Moore has written a timely and interesting book on data-tracking, precarity and the labour process. We read about agility management systems, unseen labour, surveillance and managerial control. The book does not leave the reader with a grim perspective on the world of work but ends by sketching possible futures and highlights points of resistance. After an introductory chapter ("Getting to Know the Automatic Self"), Moore begins a revision of the Labour Process Debate ("Labour Processes from Industrial Betterment to Agility"). In this chapter, the author identifies how particular technologies appropriate labour and how this results in particular subjectivities. Technology has played a pivotal role in the value extraction of human labour since the beginning of capitalism. Particular managerial ideas on job design-that is, the way that a set of tasks is organised-have also played an important role. One of them is Taylor's Scientific Management. This managerial ideology focuses on the body's movements, the isolation of them into discrete units and the quantification of output in an attempt to increase productivity and decrease costs per unit of outcome. The author offers an additional wave to the "waves" of managerial ideology, namely Agility Management Systems (p. 58). Herein, information about workers at work and in life play a more important role than before. A greater emphasis is placed on technology compared to Scientific Management. Where Scientific Management was concerned with efficiency, agility seeks adaptability. In these systems particular subjectivities are required, because "agile workplaces require agile workers" (p. 62). This is where the author introduces another important concept for the argument of the text: unseen labour. Agile workplaces are characterised by constant change, and its impacts have to be self-managed by the workers. This involves a high degree of affective control and emotional management. None of this work is apparent. Constant transformation requires emotional and affective resilience by the affected workers, to withstand this constant change (p. 109). Precarity is central to understanding the quantified self in agile workplaces, because through these tracking technologies even attitudes, sentiments and thoughts become a site of value creation (pp. 82-3). Precarity is understood as "the purest form of alienation where the worker loses all personal association with the labour she performs. She is dispossessed and location-less in her working life and all value is extracted from her in every aspect of her life" (p. 79). Hence, precarity presents a re-composition of the relationship between capital and labour in which workers become increasingly disposable. "The quantified self at work phenomenon is linked to the rise in precarity…" (p. 12). Precarity and agility necessitate and facilitate one another. Agility management seeks to obtain much more information about workers than before. A greater emphasis is placed on technology, especially to track and monitor in order to control the workforce more intensely. In these settings, the corporeal is no longer separable from the mind or the machine. This requires a more comprehensive ontological look, because "researchers do
Implementation of quantified self technologies in workplaces relies on the ontological premise of... more Implementation of quantified self technologies in workplaces relies on the ontological premise of Cartesian dualism with mind dominant over body. Contributing to debates in new materialism, we demonstrate that workers are now being asked to measure our own productivity and health and well-being in art-houses and warehouses alike in both the global north and south. Workers experience intensified precarity, austerity, intense competition for jobs and anxieties about the replacement of labour-power with robots and other machines as well as, ourselves replaceable, other humans. Workers have internalised the imperative to perform, a subjectification process as we become observing entrepreneurial subjects and observed, objectified labouring bodies. Thinking through the implications of the use of wearable technologies in workplaces, this article shows that these technologies introduce a heightened Taylorist influence on precarious working bodies within neoliberal workplaces.
Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including ... more Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.
‘Problems in protections for working data subjects: the social relations of data production’ argu... more ‘Problems in protections for working data subjects: the social relations of data production’ argues that existing AI and data and privacy regulation do not sufficiently provide protections from harm in the context of data extraction and mining. This is because the approaches taken are individualist in relational positioning and do not take into account differences across data subject types. The argument updates legal philosophical arguments rooted in propertarian and identitarian assumptions for how data harms can be prevented, arguing that what is needed is a discussion of the social relations of data production and the portrayal of a constellation of power relations rather than identifying a data subject as suspended in midair.
Developing a better understanding of transformations and configurations in global affairs require... more Developing a better understanding of transformations and configurations in global affairs requires researchers in Global Political Economy to take seriously the emergence of forms of technology and their integration into the institutional, social, economic and political fabrics of contemporary life. However, research in key Global Political Economy journals has not been entirely forthcoming in acknowledging and recognising this, over time. Where we see publications that look at areas of technology and the global political economy, what has been consistently missing in Global Political Economy research, however, is the discussion of the direct impact of technology on workers, working conditions, the employment relationship, and social protections, and, as an arguably direct result of digitalisation, new threats for the corporeal and for sustainability of materiality. This debates and commentary piece for the first issue of the Global Political Economy journal argues that the burgeoni...
Key messages • Global Political Economy is the much-anticipated journal within the discipline of ... more Key messages • Global Political Economy is the much-anticipated journal within the discipline of Global Political Economy, with an explicit intention of cross-disciplinarity. • We are committed to doing things differently, to running our journal in democratic, inclusive and respectful ways. • We must focus our analyses of capitalism beyond the confines of Eurocentric, Whitecentric and malecentric lenses.
The mirror for (artificial) intelligence: In whose reflection?' sets out the parameters for c... more The mirror for (artificial) intelligence: In whose reflection?' sets out the parameters for caution in considering as-yet relatively un-debated issues in artificial intelligence (AI) research, which is the concept itself of 'intelligence'. After the AI 'winters' ending in the late 1990s, during which AI development met substantive obstacles, a new AI summer commences. What is still missing is a careful consideration of the historical significance of the weighting that has been placed on particular aspects of consciousness and surrounding seemingly human-like workplace behaviour which takes increasing significance given the interest in machinic autonomous intelligence. The discussion paper argues that a series of machinic and technological invention and related experiments show how machines facilitate not only the processes of normalization of what are considered intelligent behaviours, via both human and machinic intelligence, but also facilitate and enable the i...
Social theorists including Hardt and Negri (2001), Boutang (2008), Lazzarato (1996), and Virno (2... more Social theorists including Hardt and Negri (2001), Boutang (2008), Lazzarato (1996), and Virno (2002) discuss new technologies’ appropriation of work as an immaterial and conceptual (and sometimes slavish) activity. The extraction of surplus value from work in the creative and cultural industries, as well as from any employment relationship built on new technologies, is a new and unique category of potential exploitation. This is interestingly also less bounded to the Fordist piece rate work structures of management and the wage relation. The appropriation of the self, of the hegemony of the subject involved, is part of the neoliberal capitalist project. This can also be seen in education and employment policy, as I have demonstrated in my 2010 book (Moore, 2010). There I claim that governments and the elite transnational capitalist class struggles to adapt to, and subsume, potential revolutionary factions within the knowledge and information economy.
Where is the study of work in the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE)? If the dis... more Where is the study of work in the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE)? If the discipline aims to break away from International Relations (IR) (Watson 2005: 14) by establishing its own categories of analysis that differ from the questions that originally drive the discipline of IR, that is, security and war; then we have to establish exactly which questions IR is not addressing and, furthermore, the issues IPE must address to become a defensibly contrasted, albeit complementary, entity to IR.
Free (Libre)/Open Source Software (FLOSS) is an open, evolutionary arena in which hundreds and so... more Free (Libre)/Open Source Software (FLOSS) is an open, evolutionary arena in which hundreds and sometimes thousands of users voluntarily explore and design code, spot bugs in code, make contributions to the code, release software, create artwork, and develop licenses in a fashion that is becoming increasingly prevalent in the otherwise hugely monopolised software market. This 'computerisation movement' emerged as a challenge to the monopolisation of the software market by such mammoth firms as Microsoft and IBM, and is portrayed as being revolutionary (Elliot and Scacchi, 2004; DiBona, Ockman, and Stone, 1999; Kling and Iacono, 1988). Its 'ultimate goal' is 'to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do and thus make proprietary software obsolete' (Free Software Foundation, 2005).However, if it is to succeed in bringing about a new social order (Kling and Lacono, 1988), this movement must be re-evaluated from a critical standpoint through a look into the practices of knowledge production based on radical licenses for property sharing and development such as the General Public Licence (GPL) and the emerging subjectivities of participants. Free Software may be viewed as a social movement while Open Source is perhaps a development methodology, but it is not always necessary to isolate analysis to one or the other, firstly due to the extensive overlap in software communities, and secondly because their rhizomatic roots emerge from a shared intellectual and moral response to the exploitation of markets by powerful firms (see Elliot and Scacchi, 2004). Here, I query whether the activities of collaborative software producers as well as hardware production communities such as those found in FabLabs, which release playbots and other blueprints for machine replications as well as agricultural and construction initiatives, can indeed be perceived as revolutionary due to their subversive work and production methods. The recursive communities (Kelty 2006; Powell 2008) that develop around these practi [...]
Artificial intelligence is being touted as a new wave of machinic processing and productive poten... more Artificial intelligence is being touted as a new wave of machinic processing and productive potential. Building on concepts starting with the invention of the term artificial intelligence in the 1950s, now, machines can supposedly not only see, hear, and think, but also solve problems and learn, and in this way, it seems that actually there is a new form of humiliation for humans. This article starts with a historical overview of the forerunners of artificial intelligence, where ideas of how intelligence can be formulated according to philosophers and social theorists begin to enter the work sphere and are inextricably linked to capitalist production. However, there always already has been an artificial intelligence in power in, on the one hand, technical machines and the social machine money, and on the other, humans, making both sides (machines and humans), an interface of their mutual capitalist socialisation. The question this piece addresses is, then, what kind of capitalist so...
‘The mirror for (artificial) intelligence in capitalism’ expands on the historical episodes outli... more ‘The mirror for (artificial) intelligence in capitalism’ expands on the historical episodes outlined in the article by Engster and Moore in the current Special Issue, to develop the historical materialist critique of the history of ideas leading up to and during the eras of artificial intelligence, but also as a way to critique the contemporary moment where machines are ascribed autonomous intelligence. Specifically, the history of the ideational manufacturing of human intelligence demonstrates a pattern of interest in calculation and computation, intelligent human and machinic behaviours that are, not surprisingly, ideologically aligned with capitalism. The simultaneous series of machinic and technological invention and related experiments shows how machines not only facilitate the processes of normalisation of what is considered intelligent behaviours, via both human and machinic intelligence, but also facilitate and enable the integration of capitalism into everyday work and life. Intelligent behaviours are identified as the capacity for quantification and measure and are limited to aspects of thinking and reasoning that can provide solutions to, for example, obstacles in the production and extraction of surplus value, based on the specific postulations and assumptions highlighted in this piece. Today, ideas of autonomous machinic intelligence, seen in the ways artificial intelligence is incorporated into workplaces outlined in the sections below, facilitate workplace relations via intelligent behaviours that are assistive, prescriptive, descriptive, collaborative, predictive and affective. The question is, given these now autonomous forms of intelligence attributed to machines, who/what is looking in the mirror at whose/which reflection?
Sensory and tracking technologies are being introduced into workplaces in ways Taylor and the Gil... more Sensory and tracking technologies are being introduced into workplaces in ways Taylor and the Gilbreths could only have imagined. New work design experiments merge wellness with productivity to measure and modulate the affective and emotional labour of resilience that is necessary to survive the turbulence of the widespread incorporation of agile management systems, in which workers are expected to take symbolic direction from machines. The Quantified Workplace project was carried out by one company that fitted sensory algorithmic devices to workers’ computers and bodies, which, this article argues, identify workers’ so-called agility and reveal management practices that track affective and emotional labour, categorized in the project as stress, subjective productivity and wellbeing. Capital’s accelerated attempts to capture more areas of work and workers’ capacities facilitate the conversion of labour power into a source of value but also results in alienation and abstraction. Part...
Phoebe Moore has written a timely and interesting book on data-tracking, precarity and the labour... more Phoebe Moore has written a timely and interesting book on data-tracking, precarity and the labour process. We read about agility management systems, unseen labour, surveillance and managerial control. The book does not leave the reader with a grim perspective on the world of work but ends by sketching possible futures and highlights points of resistance. After an introductory chapter ("Getting to Know the Automatic Self"), Moore begins a revision of the Labour Process Debate ("Labour Processes from Industrial Betterment to Agility"). In this chapter, the author identifies how particular technologies appropriate labour and how this results in particular subjectivities. Technology has played a pivotal role in the value extraction of human labour since the beginning of capitalism. Particular managerial ideas on job design-that is, the way that a set of tasks is organised-have also played an important role. One of them is Taylor's Scientific Management. This managerial ideology focuses on the body's movements, the isolation of them into discrete units and the quantification of output in an attempt to increase productivity and decrease costs per unit of outcome. The author offers an additional wave to the "waves" of managerial ideology, namely Agility Management Systems (p. 58). Herein, information about workers at work and in life play a more important role than before. A greater emphasis is placed on technology compared to Scientific Management. Where Scientific Management was concerned with efficiency, agility seeks adaptability. In these systems particular subjectivities are required, because "agile workplaces require agile workers" (p. 62). This is where the author introduces another important concept for the argument of the text: unseen labour. Agile workplaces are characterised by constant change, and its impacts have to be self-managed by the workers. This involves a high degree of affective control and emotional management. None of this work is apparent. Constant transformation requires emotional and affective resilience by the affected workers, to withstand this constant change (p. 109). Precarity is central to understanding the quantified self in agile workplaces, because through these tracking technologies even attitudes, sentiments and thoughts become a site of value creation (pp. 82-3). Precarity is understood as "the purest form of alienation where the worker loses all personal association with the labour she performs. She is dispossessed and location-less in her working life and all value is extracted from her in every aspect of her life" (p. 79). Hence, precarity presents a re-composition of the relationship between capital and labour in which workers become increasingly disposable. "The quantified self at work phenomenon is linked to the rise in precarity…" (p. 12). Precarity and agility necessitate and facilitate one another. Agility management seeks to obtain much more information about workers than before. A greater emphasis is placed on technology, especially to track and monitor in order to control the workforce more intensely. In these settings, the corporeal is no longer separable from the mind or the machine. This requires a more comprehensive ontological look, because "researchers do
Implementation of quantified self technologies in workplaces relies on the ontological premise of... more Implementation of quantified self technologies in workplaces relies on the ontological premise of Cartesian dualism with mind dominant over body. Contributing to debates in new materialism, we demonstrate that workers are now being asked to measure our own productivity and health and well-being in art-houses and warehouses alike in both the global north and south. Workers experience intensified precarity, austerity, intense competition for jobs and anxieties about the replacement of labour-power with robots and other machines as well as, ourselves replaceable, other humans. Workers have internalised the imperative to perform, a subjectification process as we become observing entrepreneurial subjects and observed, objectified labouring bodies. Thinking through the implications of the use of wearable technologies in workplaces, this article shows that these technologies introduce a heightened Taylorist influence on precarious working bodies within neoliberal workplaces.
The Quantified Self in Precarity: Work, Technology and What Counts by Phoebe V Moore is the state... more The Quantified Self in Precarity: Work, Technology and What Counts by Phoebe V Moore is the state of the art text on how technology and the use of technology for management and self-management changes the ‘quantified’, precarious workplace today. Humans are accustomed to being tool bearers, but what happens when machines become tool bearers, where the tool is seemingly ever more precise with calculation about human labour, via the use of big data and people analytics by metrics and algorithm? Data, as quantified output, is treated as a neutral arbiter and judge, and is being prioritised over qualitative judgements in ‘agile’ key performance indicator management systems and digitalised client based relationships. From insecure ‘gig’ work, surveillance and electronic performance monitoring in factory settings, to workplace health and wellness initiatives in office work including sensory tracking devices, digitalisation is not an inevitable process. Nor is it one that improves working conditions or inevitably eliminates work, as many hope. The post-work utopia where universal basic income may substitute welfare systems and people can spend their days fishing and writing poetry are not, this book claims, imminent. Instead, workplace quantification today leads to high turnover rates, workplace rationalisation and worker stress and anxiety, exacerbating the power relations between capitalists and wage labourers. Indeed, before too long it will be possible for employers to quite literally track our blood, sweat and tears (but to continue to avoid paying for it). These issues are linked to increased rates of precarity both objective and subjective. Scientific management asked us to be precise and efficient. Now, to add to these demands, workers are asked to be agile and to compete directly with machines. What will this mean for the everyday lives we lead, and what can we do about it?
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