 =    =  

 
% −  % − 
 −   − 

 = %  = %

   

−  é
Estática
  = ,  ( = )
  =   ( = )  = ℎ = 
 ∶  ()
  = ,  ( = )
Mecánica Dinámica

ℎ=?  ∶  ()   =   ( = ℎ = )   = .  = .  = . 
 ∶  () .  −  
Ataguía
  = ? 
Cinemática
   =   ( = í)
Ataguía

=
 = .     = ,  ( = í)   =   ( =  = )   =   = .  = .    −  ()
  = ? 
Agua h=78.92 cm

−  é
  = ,  ( = ó)  = . 
ℎ = .   ∶  ()   = ,  ( =  = )   = ? 
 ∶  ()   = .  ( ) ⇒   = . 
   =   ( = )   = , 
 =  ∶  ()

D =1.10 m
 ℎ =   = ,  (ℎ = ℎ)
  − . 
Líquido = Gasolina
 
  =  ℎ = ,  = ,  ( = í)  = . 
 = .   () −   . 
Volumen = 50 litros

ℎ = .  = .    = . 

ℎ=
W = 37.5 kg


 =      (.)  ⇒   = . 
= . = ℎ= (.) = .  
 
 
=   
 =     = . 
 ℎ= . 
 
 ⇒=
=   =  . = , (.)

 = .  = . 
 
=


En física, la materia es todo aquello que se extiende en Sólido

cierta región del espacio-tiempo, que posee energía y Envolvente
de presion
es
está sujeto a cambios en el tiempo y a interacciones Estados de agregación de la materia Líquido

           .

con instrumentos de medida. Se considera que es lo
Gaseoso
       . .        
que forma la parte sensible de los objetos perceptibles B

En
o detectables por medios físicos.
  =  
Líquidos

vo
A

.

lve
   í     ⁄  
Fluidos
 
A

nt
. →   = .  = .       á  .   ⁄   

e
Etimológicamente, proviene del latín materia, que Gases

de


Vertical
  

pr
⇒   = . 
significa "sustancia de la que están hechas las cosas".
= .     ..    á.

es
io


ne
B

s
.    (. )   
B

  =   −   =  − . = .  = .  .     = . .
 .  ( )   =
.     .
.  = .
  =   
 = .  
 () =     = ⇒  = . 
 í ()   =
 = .  .   =  . = , (.) () () =  
   =  . = , (.) () () =  
= = 
A


A
ó   lim  =
Envolvente

=
Envolven

 = . () = .  

de presion te de pres


En este caso F = W, entonces: es

  = . 
iones

   = . () = . 


  =   
  A→0
 =  é = =
1m 1m 1m

En
  .  = (  )     

vo
 .  = (  )
Agua Agua Agua
⇒=
A A
 
Envolvente de presiones

lve
  =  =

En
= ⇒=

nt

vo
    =  . = , () () () = ,  .  

lve


Vertical

de
   = .   .  

nt
⇒  =    = . () = 

Vertical
pr
  =   = .  

e
es

de
      =  () =   = , 

io
 
 

pr
  =  = .

ne
.  = , 
B


es
B

s
  = =

io
 
 
   


ne
  . ⇒= = .

s
, 
B B

  .  ⇒=
1m 1m 1m
 ℎ =  = .
  =   =  =     
Horizontal

  
Horizontal A B

  = . 
 = í = .  =    = ,
0.25 m
0.5 m
 
   = .   =   
1m 1m
1m A

   =    =  

En


vo
      ⇒   = 

lve
nt
 

e
de
Vertical


pr
 =

es
⇒       ⇒   =    = .

io
ne
 

s
   =    = , 
    .  ⇒   = . = . 
 
B
Tanque
Lago

 =    = , 


  = , 
 = .  
Densidad

 =  =     =
Densidad relativa Viscosidad dinámica Viscosidad cinemática Tensión superficial Capilaridad Módulo de elasticidad volumétrica


Presión de vapor
Límite de la atmósfera PRESIÓN UNITARIA

 =   
Mar

, =    
 
    = =  = = ⇒  =  
F
    = =    = 
= ⇒=   = =  
     
∫ ∫
  
Atmósfera

.  
Mar

   = ú    =  
     
    =
  = = = . 
En el sistema gravitacional:
 =    = = 
w
 ⇒   = .        
  
 
 

G

       =           °

A

= = 
Tierra

í  =  ∶
G

     = .       
= = =
∫ ∫
⇒  =               ℎ =
W
   
Compresible
   = .   <  °   =  
      .
   
Comprensible
= =             ,  ∶
  = í =
NMM

⇒=       ℎ ,         ¿ é ,  ,  á  ó ℎá    ⁄   ?,      ∶
   =  °  →   
  
  =     á . = ) ó ℎá   ó  .  ⁄       ∶
  = .     ) 
   
= = =  ) ó  ) . . . ′)  
⇒=    . .
 
Incompresible
 ⇒= ) 
= ⇒=  )  
  = .
Incomprensible
) ℎ ) 
  
  =  = .    ) 
En el sistema absoluto:

   = ⇒  =  )  
  ó ℎá    
= =     ) . . .
      = í    =    ℎ =     =  ⁄  
E


C E C

 . . . =    

 
a) Presi�n hidrost�tica

       ° ∶ =  = = 

 ℎ =   = , ()
dF
    (. )   °
   .   = .  = .    = ,  ⁄   
b) Mercurio
  ⇒=  .  ( )   °
tangente
 ℎ = ,

dF
 = , = .    = ,  ⁄    =  . .
     
sin  =
= ℎ.
dF
  ,

.
  =  () (.) = .   =? =  =     ó    ⁄      ,       .


 = , (.) )  = .  ⁄   =  . . . 


B
,   = .  
 = , () . . sin ° =   =   +  ℎ

.
  ℎ. = ?
En este caso:
 =   sin  =   = , (.)


 =    .
C b) Presi�n absoluta
 ,
tangente


.   = .   = . =    ℎ.
Contenedor

⇒  = .  = ,   . = ? = = )  = .  ⁄  = ,.  


     =   +  ℎ 
  =   +  ℎ   
A
    = , =  . . .  .   =   ⁄  
  = , (.) sin ° =   = ,. ⇒   = .sin (°)
A

A
  =  . . = ,.  
.     =   +  
 .  ⁄   −    )  = .  ⁄   = .   ( = .)
tangente
 =   = , ()     ⇒   = . 
 = ,  ⁄  −  . . .

  = ,.  
a) Agua
⇒   = .. + ,   =  = ,
c) Alcohol

   = ,  ⁄   ,  ⁄   −     ⇒   = .sin (°) . 

 =   ⁄  
 

 = ,  =    ,  ⁄   −  (. . .) =? 
  ( ) 
 ,  = ,.    = .  ⁄   = ,  ⁄   =  . . . = ,.   = .    =     =  (.) = , 
⇒   = ,. =  = , = , =? ⇒   = . 
, =  =  . . . 
  
( ) 
 
  .  
  = .  ⁄   = ,.   .  ⇒   = , + , = , 
   =    
En condiciones hidrostáticas, la superficie del liquido está en posición HORIZONTAL
 = .   = .  ⁄   =  . . . 
 ℎ  =     = , (.) = , 

⇒    = , + ,
  
   = , = . = .
DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA PRESIÓN

   
   ó é á      ,   ∶
Superficie horizontal Agua
 )
) )
   =
   − .  =    = .
4m

    

)   =    = , () = ,
   
   − 
 
  =    = , () = ,
1 2 3 4


W
 
 = ,.   =    = , () = ,
 

⇒  =    = ,, 
   =    = , () = ,


  =   +  ℎ

 =  
PRENSA HIDRÁULICA BARÓMETRO DE MERCURIO

 ∶    (. ) 


.   = .   ó            

  ≈ 
Es un dispositivo que permite amplificar la fuerza y constituye el fundamento de elevadores, frenos,
  .  ()     ¿ é  ( )  á     ó,    ó 
  =  
gatos hidráulicos, etc.
       ?
En condiciones hidrostáticas: Sean: PIEZÓMETRO

  =   +      =    

  =     = ,
La prensa hidráulica es la aplicación fundamental de la Ley de Pascal.
 =   = ,  ⁄  
   =   +  
 =      =    +   
 =   ()    =   +  
Básicamente consiste en dos cilindros de diferente sección, comunicados entre sí por un conducto,cuyo Por lo tanto:
   =   +  ℎ      +    =   +     = , (.)  = 
    =    +     =?
interior está completamente lleno de un fluido (generalmente aceite).
   =   +  ℎ    =    = ? . 
   ,. 
   =   +  ℎ    = ,. = . ⇒= =
Se obtiene: En condiciones de

     
Piezómetro

      = , (.)  ,

Donde: equilibrio hidrostático:
⇒=      =    =? 
   = =     =  
    
= ⇒   =      = ,. = . ⇒  = . 
   =   +  ℎ    ∶      =  

∑  = ∑ EMPUJE EN SUPERFICIES CURVAS   

Entonces:
→ →
   ∶   +   =   +  
Luego:
   > 
   
1 2

  +    =    +      =  
∑  = 
A B

=    ó é,        
CODO 45° EN POSICIÓN HORIZONTAL
  =     =  (.) (.) (.)  ⇒  >       
A la presión atmosférica al nivel medio del mar se le como PRESIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA ESTÁNDAR

 =      =  =  =     í  ∶  =   =  = ,.

sin ° = ⇒=    

   =    +    −      

En la dirección X :

⇒   = .  °     ∶ ) Á ú  = ,  ⁄  

∑  = ∑
  . −   +   (.) −  (.) =   =  (.) () 
→ →   
⇒   =   ( sin °)     =   ⇒  =
    ) 
 ℎ  . (.)   = .      =    +    −  
 = = = .     = .  =  
  . (. − .) + . (.) −   (.) =  → → →
   =  = ,   
  ()
45°

  −   +   =         
Por energía:
.    =   + ℎ  −     =    +   )  = , = .
 =  + = . + = .  ℎ = ℎ +      
  . (.) (.) . (. − .) + . (.) −  (.) (.) =  ℎ   =  () =   
→ → →
⇒  = 
−  cos ° +   =     cos °        =  
 
  =     =  (.) (.) (.)  + + =  + + + ℎ  −   )  = , = .
     
Sea:
 = . ℎ =  + = .…   → →    
 () −    cos ° +   =    cos ° 
    ≈ 
⇒   = .   ℎ   () 
∑  = 
 = = =   
.  ( )  
 
→

- Pendiente del empuje - Condición de perpendicularidad
 −,. (.) (cos °) +   = (.) (.) (cos °)   =   =     = ,.  
=     (. )   
Finalmente:
    =  = −
      =  
 ( ) −  ℎ  = 
1.3 EMPUJE HIDROSTÁTICO
→ →
⇒  =   =  (.) (.) (.) = .    (.)
 

DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PRESIÓN HIDROSTÁTICA
  = ,.  ⇒   = −,.  = = = .  
  
 ℎ . (.….)
⇒= =
- Pendiente de la tangente


 . 

↘
    
 

↘
= = = . = 
 .   =  ()
   
 = . 
En la dirección Y :
 
  
í  =
∑  = ∑
  
→ →
     
  
→
45°

,. (.)   (.)   ℎ ℎ ℎ

X

  (.)  + + =+ + + . =

 
  
 =  = = (.) = .          
 sin  = sin  = sin  =
45°

   → → → → →
ℎ ℎ ℎ
12 in −  +    +   =  − −  +  −     =  ℎá  
⇒  = ℎ sin 
Y

" 
STREETER 3.73 (VERTICAL)


⇒   = ,.  ℎ    
 =     ⇒   = ℎ  sin  ⇒   = ℎ  sin 
 
ℎ=
45°

→ → → → →

∑  = ∑
→ → −  +   sin ° +   =  − −  +  −  sin ° sin   

Por energía:
ℎ = ℎ =

"   =   + ℎ  −  sin  sin 

∑ ∑
→ → , (.)  
(.)  →
 → →
=   + + = . + + + −    +     sin ° +   = − −  +  −  sin °
     

→ → → → → → ⇒   = ,. 
  −   −  +   =  −   +     

→
−,. (.) + ,. (.) (sin °) +   = {−. (−.) + . [−. (sin °)]}
W
21 in →
 → → 
    −     −  . +   = −   +   

Rz


→ →
 →
  = ,.  ⇒   = −,. 
, (.) − ,. (.) −  (.) +   = [−. (.) + . (.)]  =   

→ 
  = −,. 
Un tanque prismático de sección trapecial y fondo horizontal, tiene las características indicadas en la figura.

Calcular las características vectoriales del empuje hidrostático en:

→
⇒   = ,. 
En la dirección Z :

∑  = ∑
a) El fondo del tanque.
→ →
18 in   b) La pared rectangular vertical. a) Fondo del tanque

CODO 90° VERTICAL   =  

→ →
.
c) La pared inclinada.
− +   = 
Empuje

 =   
b) La pared rectangular vertical.
í = 
Sí p = constante:

∑  = ∑
Empuje
→ → → →

  (.)
  =  =
. í. = .  = .   = = .     =   
  = . () =    
Por energía: - subpresión
 = . ⇒  =   ⁄  
STREETER 3.73 (HORIZONTAL) → → →
  =   + ℎ  −   =   +  í. ⇒= 
∑ ∑
- flotación

.
Ancho = 6 m
→ →
 =   = .  
Alquitrán
 .  ( ) 
 =   
→
 = = .    
60° Calcular las caracterísiticas vectoriales del empuje hidrostático sobre cada una de las compuertas radiales
  =   =    = ,.  , (.)  (.)   = , (.) ()
∑  = ∑
c) La pared inclinada.
 í. =  í. . í. =  (.) = . 
Ancho = 6 m
 . 
Alquitrán

+ + = . + + + 
N. A. F.

→ →
 
60°
  =  
del vertedor de excedencias, del Proyecto Hidroléctrico "Leonardo Rodríguez Alcaine" ("El Cajón"),
 (. )  = = = .
Por energía: Empuje
 
   =   + ℎ  −  ,  ,  
En el caso hidrostático:
 .  °
considerando una longitud de 12 metros para cada compuerta.
→
 = ,  =    =     = ,
7m

  =   → → → →  =  + . = .  =    =     = , (.) (.)   =   
 í. =  í. . í. =  (.) = .   °
7m
  +   =  −    +       =  (.) =   
     
5.5 m

∑ ∑
       .
60°

ℎ   −  = .  = . 
→ →
, (.)  (.)  ⇒   = ,  =  (.) = .   .  =  
5.5 m
 = = .    =     = , (.) (.)
=  
→
+ + =+ + +
→
  =   +  í. =  + . = .   
  = .  ⇒   = −.   sin ° = ⇒   = ,.  = .  
     = , (.) () sin  =    − , 
Centro de presiones 5.5 m
 =   ⁄  = .   ⁄ 
→
 → →
 = −
    +   = −    +     ℎ  = , (.) (.)  = , (.) (.)  =  (.) = .    = =    = ′,.  = ,. 
 .   ,.

Ancho = 6 m
⇒=
Alquitrán

"Cuando la superficie se encuentra en posición horizontal, el centro de gravedad y
→ → → → →
 = ,  = .  ⇒ℎ=
60°
  −   +   =  −   +    ⇒   = ,. sin °   =  =  . = , (.)
sin   ℎ  = ,.  = .     = −. 
  = ,.  = . 
el centro de presiones se ubican en la misma posición"

 
7.5 m
−. = −
∑  = ∑
→ →
 → → →
.  .
  (.) ,  = .  
7m
→
7.5 m
 
 = = = .       −     +   = −   +    , (.) +   = [−. () + . (−.)]   = ° (   ó ) ∶ ⇒   = ,  = .  =  =    =  (.) = .  
Fuerza hidrodinámica neta :
   .       .
Por energía:
  
Centro de presiones 5.5 m

  =   + ℎ  −  →  →  →       = .      ⇒  = . 


→
ℎ=   =   ⇒= = = . = .   .
  = .  .  =  +  ⇒  =  . . 
∑ ∑
→ →  .  , (.) − ,. (.) +   = [−. (.) + . (.)]  =   +   +   = (−,.)  + (−,.)  + (−.)    sin °      =    = = . 
= = = .  ⇒   = −,.  ⇒   = ,. 
60°

=    sin ° =  

Alquitrán
,. (.) (.)
 
 .  ℎ = ℎ +    .  
60°
+ + = . + + + . ℎ  ⇒ℎ= ℎ = ℎ +    = (,.)  + (,)   = (.) (.) = .  
       = 
  = − ,.  ℎ  = ℎ 
3.75 m
 =   =  (.) 
→

∑ ∑
→ → → → →
  = ,.    . =   = . () = .  
. 
→ →
  −   +   =  −   +   ⇒   = ,.   =  +   .
7.5 m
  =   = .   =   
Ancho = 6 m
 
Alquitrán

            ó  ∶   = sin ° = sin ° =.  ⇒  = ,.  = . 
60°
  ⇒   = ,.  .    =
FLOTACIÓN
 = .  
→ → → → → ℎ = = .  
  
3.6 m
  −   +   =  −   +    = (,.)  + (,.) 
7m
  −  +   =  −   +     ℎ   (.)   .   =  =  . ⇒  =  
  =  +   = = ⇒ ℎ = = = .    = . − .
   
∑ ∑
  
5.5 m

→ →  = .   =   =  = ℎ 
 (.) 
 
→
 →
=    = ,.  ,     = = = .       =  
−    +   =       −  +   =  −   +          = . 
.

 ⇒    = .  

Condiciones de equilibrio de cuerpos flotantes
  = . +  =   ⇒      .
. ()    = .   = 
 → → → → →
, (.) − ,. +   =  −. (.) + . () .
7.5 m
−,. (.) +   = [. (.)] − +   =  −   +    ℎ  = . +  <   ⇒    ℎ     =  
 →  → 
  = .  . (.)     =  .     = .     
Alquitrán Ancho = 6 m
 =  +     = .   
7.5 m 60°
→
⇒   = −,.  ⇒   = ,.   >   ⇒    ℎ     =     ℎ.      =  
→ →
− (.) +   =  [−. () + . ()] ℎ  = .    .  =    . 
⇒   = ,.  ⇒   = −,.     
3.6 m
 = (,.)  + (−.)   = . 
7m

  
 
→
  = .  ⇒   = ℎ  sin  = . ( sin °)  =     .  =  
Calcular las características vectoriales del empuje hidrostático sobre la compuerta circular, de dos metros de diámetro, mostrada en la figura.
 
5.5 m
 =  +    
 = ,.          
EMPUJE
 
 
  = .   = .    =   ó      = . 
∑ ∑
  ℎ  
"Todo cuerpo flotante o sumergido en un líquido, experimenta un empuje vertical
→ → →   = .    ∶    = . 
Desarrollar las ecuaciones que permitan calcular el área hidráulica y la posición de su centro de gravedad, de un canal

=    = (−,.)  + (,.)  ⇒   = − .      ⇒ . =   = . ()

a CENTRO DE PRESIONES ascendente, igual peso del líquido que desaloja"
  = = =  °
EMPUJE trapecial de sección transversal simétrica, en función de los elementos geométicos mostrados en la figura. B

. 
50°

             =  í =     = 
Acotaciones: metros

 =     ( − ℎ)  + ( − )  =   . = .  
Posición inestable

    = . 
Posición = Estable
→ → → → → →
 = ,.    ( + )  = 
Agua b 7.5 m
  +   −  +   =  −  +     =     
4m

 = , (.) (.) = ℎ ℎ,  =       ⇒   =  =  . = , (.) − ,.  = −
  cos ° =  = =  ∶
h

 
3
  ,.
G 4m
   = . 
D

  =  sin ° = .  ( + )           ∶ ℎ

HUNTER (horizontal) (pieza intermedia)
  = ,.  = . 
→ → →
  =  cos ° 
B 4m B
 −  +  = −   = ,.  = .    () 
 ⇒=  = (  + ) ℎ .  = 
 °   = = = .        = −. 
 = . 
a

⇒   =  + . = .    ℎ = ,  =  −. = −

B

50°
 →
 =   ⁄   −                       .
Posición = Inestable
,. (.) − . +   = (−.) (.)   ()   +   =   +   = (,.) + (,.)
   
Z
 
 ⇒ ℎ  =  − .      
A

   =   + ℎ  −  = = =    = .     =  =  ∶  − 
  =   = .  ⇒   = .   ⇒   = .  ⁄ 
A
   + ) ¿ é   ?
CENTRO DE PRESIONES

  ℎ  = .  
→ →
ℎ = ℎ +  = ,.  = .   =  − 
⇒   = −,.  ⇒   = ,.    =   = .  ⇒   = .   ⇒   = .  ⁄  ,. (.) (.)    + =
  
  = ±.  ) ¿á á                       ?
+ = + ℎ 
0 0

     . = ( + .) () = .   

50° 50°

  =   = ,.  ⁄     = .  (+)   =       = , () ()  = −

3

.  ℎ ⇒  =  −  =  ()
 
  =  −   =  − (±.) 
 ℎ  = . +   =  + = ° °  − 
3m a)
 . . =   =  
∑  = ∑
b)

  ⇒   = ,. . (.)  (+)   = ,  = .  ° ,°
→ →
   =   cos °     = ±. 

?
. ° °
2

h=5m

=
X
CODO 90° HORIZONTAL ℎ  = .    =  + = .   . . =    =  ()  = .  
G 5m
°
a
 .


→ → →
 (−)   =       = , (.) (.)


−   +  =       = = .  ℎ = = .  ,° , ° =?


  =  − .


   =   sin °   = ℎ  sin sin ° sin ° ℎ ( + )  =  
 

 =  (−)   = ,.  = .  . (.)
 (  + )   =  ℎ  =  () =     . = =    =   = 
 =  
→ → →
 −  sin ° +   =        = . ( sin °) ⇒ ℎ  = . +  = .  °    = . 
∑  = ∑
.  .    =   +  
b = 10 m
⇒   = , − ,.    = 
→ →
   = .  tan ° =   =  ℎ  =  (.) = .   ⇒  =  . −  . . −  . = . − . − 
 → →
 = .  
Por energía:
−    sin ° +   =    sin °   = ,.  = .  = ⇒   =    −  
  =   + ℎ  − 
Y
  = . + . = .   = .  
.
∑ ∑
→ → →
 = = .   ,   = , () () () − ,
a=4m
=    −,. (.) ( sin °) +   = [. (.) ( sin °)]  ° ⇒= =
 ,. (.)  (.)      , () ()
+ + =+ + + .   = .  ⇒   = .    = .  ⁄  ⇒   = .  ⁄ 

  = ,  =  
 → →
   
Acotaciones: metros

  = .  ⇒   = −. 
0
 = . 
Acotaciones: metros Acotaciones: metros Acotaciones: metros Acotaciones: metros

. [ (.) + .]

0 0
→ → →
  =
Agua

⇒   = ,.    = .  ⇒   = .  

  = .   ⁄  ⇒   = .  ⁄ 
∑  = ∑
−  +   =      (. + .)
Agua Agua Agua Agua
→ →
   (  + ) (. + .)
=ℎ = . ) ¿ é     , í      ? ) ¿é           . ?
3
  = .  ⇒   = .  
  = .  ⁄  ⇒   = .  ⁄ 

 
3 3 3 3

 →→ → → → → → ⇒   = . 
−    +   =      −    +   =  −   +       =?   = ?
  .     = .  .  .  ⇒  = .  
a

  =   + ℎ  − 
a a a a
50°

  =    −  

50° 50°

50° 50°
→
 = . 
→ → → → →
−,. (.) +   = [. (.)]   −   cos ° +   =  −   +    cos °  = .   , + ,
 , (.)   (.)  .  = = = . 
X

+ = +  , () ()   =   () () −  

X
EL CAJÓN
X

,  ,    +   +  +  +    (.) () + (.)  + () (.) + (.) (.) + (.) 
→ →  → → →
   ℎ   = =
⇒   = ,.  ⇒   = −,.       −     cos ° +   = −   +    cos ° ℎ .  .   ( + )  (. + .)  = .    = , () () (.) − , = ,  =  
⇒   = ,.    

3
 
 →      . 
3

3
,. (.) − ,. (.) ( cos °) +   = [−. (.) + . (. ) (cos °)]  ℎ ⇒   = .    =  
  . 
EMPUJE

2
→ →

∑ ∑
H

  = −.  ⇒   = . 
2

2
H H H
→ →
H

. − . = . 

2
2

=   . 
Componente horizontal

∑  = ∑


∑  = ∑
() → → . 
  . () 
Componente vertical
→ → →
( + .) . − . = . 
∑  = ∑
−  +   =  − −  . = (.) = .         ℎ
25 m

  → → (−)   =    = , (.)           .
25 m

− +   =    
→
 →
° .°  . = . (.) = .   
−    +   = − −    . . =    =  () 
8.699 m
→ →
2.407 m

 
−   +   =    −   +       =  (−)   = ,.  = .  ,°
ℎ = ℎ + , ° 
 → ℎ  ° .°
 . . =    =  () 
→ →

∑  = ∑
−,. (.) +   = (−.) (−.)    = .  ⇒   = −.  ℎ    +  +   (.)  (.)  +  (.) (.) + (.)  ,° 
→ →
 −  cos ° +   =   ( −   cos °) +     cos °    = =  . . = .  
, °
(+)   =    = , (.) 
∑  = ∑
 ( + )  (. + .)
En la dirección Y:

∑  = ∑
En la dirección X:
 → → → →
   ∶
→ →     .     . . = .  

10.704 m
  =  . −  . . = . − .
La fuerza hidrodinámica total será:
⇒   = ,.  ⇒   = −,.  −    cos ° +   =   ( −   cos °) +     cos ° (+)   = ,.  = . 
 
Por energía:

25 m
→ → → →
 =  + . (.)
 =  + ℎ
→ → → → →
,  =  
+  
+  
= (−.) + (.) + (−.)
  
   +   =  −    +     =  −    +  ()
→ → → →
   = .    . = = .    
   +   =  −    +  −   =  − () +  −      = .   
−,. (.) ( cos °) +   = [. (−.) ( cos °) + . (.) ( cos °)]  
  = ,. − ,.
∑ ∑
 ,    
  .
sin  =
→ →
=  
→ →  →  →  → → → → + = + + .   = .      =    = . () = .     =  . +  . . −  . = . + . − .
  =  +  +    = .  ⇒   = −.   = .     +   =  −        .  = ()  − (.) 

 =  + = . +
→ →
   +   =   −     = ,.  = .    = ()  − (.)  = .    
 . (.)  = .°
∑  = ∑
 = .   = .    = .  
.
→ →
− +   =  ()   →
 →
    =   ∶ . sin  =
 = (−,.)  + (−,.)  + (−.)   +  = −     →

    +  =  −  
  =    = . () = . 
SECCIÓN LONGITUDINAL

SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL
 ⇒   = .   =  − .
Empuje neto o total
−  +    +   =  −  −  +   −   +   −     = ,
→ →
 = .°
SECCIÓN LONGITUDINAL
 = 
SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL

 
 . − . = .   = . 
 = ,.  →
 
 , (.) +   = [−. (.)] , (.) +   = [. (−.)] .  =    +    = (′,.)  + (,.) 

→

→
  = .    = −.  −    +   sin ° +   = −  −  +   −  sin ° +   −  sin °  = = . 
 
⇒   = −,.  ⇒   = −,.   =  (.) = .  
 
−    +     sin ° +   = −  −  +   −  sin ° +   −  sin °  = ′,.  = ,.  
HUNTER (horizontal) (pieza al final)
 ∴   = ,. 
∴   = ,. 
  =     = , (.) (.)
,
∑  = ∑
−, (.) + ,. (.) ( sin °) +   = [−. (−.) + . (−.)(sin °) + . (.) ( sin °)]  =   ⁄  = .  ⁄  
  = . 
→ →
     = ′,.  = ,.  
La fuerza hidrodinámica neta es:

  =   = .  ⇒   = .   ⇒   = .  ⁄ 

  = ,.  ⇒   = −,. 
→ → → →  =   +   = (,.) + (,.)
   
 = . 
  =   = .  ⇒   = .   ⇒   = .  ⁄    +   =  −   +    
CENTRO DE PRESIONES

  = .   
  =   = ,.  ⁄   → → → →
 = ,. 
  +   =  −   +    cos ° ,.
 = = .
La fuerza hidrodinámica total es:

∑  = ∑
→ → ′,.
 =   +   = (−.)  + (−,.)    
→ → →
 +  = −   +    cos ° 
SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL SECCIÓN LONGITUDINAL SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL
→ →   = −
  =     
∑  = ∑
 −  
→
En la dirección Z:

,. (.) +   = [−. (.) + . (. ) (cos °)]

→ →
 = ,.                          
Calcular las características vectoriales del empuje hidrostático sobre
→
 → → →    =   + − =  + − =  + − = + −  =   + + =  + + =  + + = + +
               
la superficie curva del tanque mostrado en la figura.
  =    sin °   = −.  ⇒   = .  . = −
 − +   =  −   +    =  [− () +  ()] 
−  
 −   .  =   + −   
→
 − +   =    .  =   + + 
 = [. (.) ( sin °)]  
   =  =   +  í = . +  (.)
∑  = ∑
→ →
→ →
  =  () =     = ± .     =   =  . 
  = .  ⇒   = −.       =   =  . 
  = . + ,
Ácido clorhídrico Ácido clorhídrico Ácido clorhídrico

    ()   
 = ± . 
→ →
− +   =    = ,.    = = = .     =    + −   
6m

 =         =    + + 
→ →
⇒   = −,. 
10 m
  = . + .  
 = 
10 m 10 m 10 m

→ → ⇒  =   −   =  − . = .  

  = . 
2m
r=
  = .  ⇒   = −. 
G

  = . 

r=

r=

r=
La fuerza hidrodinámica neta es: 4
. =   = . () = .  
m

4
 =   +   +   = (,.) + (,.) + (−,.)
     

m
  =  −   = . − .                                
  =   −   =    + + − + −  =  + + −  − − = − + + = = =  =  =  . 
La fuerza hidrodinámica total será:
 = ,.    = .                
→
  = . 
 = . 

 =   

Velocidad
CONSERVACIÓN DE LA MASA

=  =    =    í  =  +  
    
Volumen de control

  
Región del espacio que tiene tamaño y forma

= +
Aceleración constantes en el tiempo de evaluación

       é    ℎ     á     ó  .  ⁄  
DIAGRAMA DE ENERGÍA
=

   é  í  ,    í   ó  .   á  ó   .  ⁄  
Construir el diagrama de energía de el ejemplo anterior  
∂  
=  ⇒        =   + ℎ  − 
∂
- En la sección 1:
 ℎ  =   =  
∂ ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ  = ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ  − 
L. E. = Línea de energía
≠  ⇒       =     ,
∂  
ℎ  = = =   . 
        = .       ,
 =  = =   + + =  + + + ℎ  − 
           (.) 
 ℎ  = =  =  = .  . 
 =  ⇒  =  ⇒   =   =   ⇒   =   =   ⇒     =     =      
⇒=         (.)  .  . 
L. P. = L

 
ínea pie
 
  + + =  + + + ℎ  − 
zométric
⇒ =  
a
∂     = .  ⁄            
=  ⇒    = .  ⁄   ⇒   = ℎ  + + =  +  + . = . 
LAGRANGE
∂  
     
   í  ó      ∶  + + =  + + + ℎ  −   
∂   
≠  ⇒             
EULER

∂
( )
- En la sección 2:
        
⇒ = = = = = ,   ,   ℎ  =   =  
 ≠  ⇒  ≠     
       + +  =+ +  +
   ,  (.) ,  (.) 
í ∶   >   >   ⇒   <   <  

  ,
  ℎ  = = =  
    ∶     =     =      ,
 +  + .  =  +  + ,.  + 
 
 

   ⇒  = . = . 
⇒ =      (.) 
  ( ≠ .)       .   − ,.   =  −  ℎ  = = = = . 
        (.) 
  
  (. − ,.) = −  
 ≠  ⇒  ≠  ⇒   = ℎ  + + =  +  + . = . 
 
í ∶   <   <   ⇒   >   >     (−,.) = −
    ∶     =     =    
−
=
−,.


 = .
Flujo laminar

Flujo turbulento     .  á í   ó    ó ,      .
  ó   ó   .  ⁄     ó   .   ó   ó    .
  ó   ó ,         ⁄ ,    é      .
 
 
= í =  ⇒  = ,  ⁄  
  ó  ó 
 =   ⁄  = .   ⁄ 
 
ℎ   −  =   = .    =   = .  = .    =   = .  = . 
⇒ =     = .  ⁄  
  
líneas de corriente líneas de corriente

  = . = ,   = ?
  

=  =    =     = "

1
L. E.

  
   í ∶ =  =  ℎ  + ℎ  = +  
⇒ =   
    =  + +
Válvula

  =   + ℎ  −  ⁄ 2
ℎ  =   


  
, (.) 
PHR

  = ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ  =   + + =+ + =  +  + . = .    = ℎ  =  

  ,     = "
líneas de corriente Válvula abierta Válvula cerrada

  = ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ    = ℎ  + ℎ 
líneas de corriente

    (.)   
  = ℎ  + ℎ  + ℎ  =   + + =+ + =+ + . = . +  = ?   

  ,  , ,  =  + +  =  +
  
 = 
 .  
⇒  = = = .
   (.)  

PHR
CONSERVACIÓN DE LA MASA
 = 

 . 
   () ,    ⁄ ,   í     á, ⇒  = = = .
   (.)  
í      í    í   .  ⁄ 
 =   
= =
    ∶
    (.)   
= = = .   ⇒=
   . = . + + .
 ,

 = . (.)  

= = . − . − . = .  = ℎ  
 ,
      í    
 = . = .  
  =   
 = . 
,
  í
B
 =    −,.
  = = .
¿é á  í        ,  cos ° =    ∶ í 
− ..
3.76 m
  = , (.) (.) . í . 
      ⁄ ?     . . 
  
  = ,.  = .  ⇒   = . cos ° = . 
60°

  = −   = ,. = .
  
a
. −  
0

= 
  =  =   = , (.) sin ° =   =  −   = . − . = . 
. 
   
⇒=  =  = .  ó =    (. + .) . = −
     = ,.  ⇒  = . sin ° = .   . = (.) = .   
 − 
  . . −     = .  ⁄   í
   = =    = . + = . + . = .  ° 
=     . =  [ (.)]  = .   
   =   +    ,° 
⇒  = ±.   . 
 =  (.) = .   
 . = . (.) = .     = " é
  . ⇒  = ,.  
⇒= = =
   ()  = . −  = . − (.) ± . 
  
.  =
 =  . −  . +  . = . − . + . = .   
 . 
 ⁄
 = .  ≈  ()   = . + . − .

⇒ . = . () = .  
  = . 
   = "

 í      ,      á,       í    ⁄ .  . 
         ⁄ 
 =   =     (.) 
 = "  = = = .  
 = "     = .  ⁄  
 = "      (.)  
 
 = = = .  
=  

1 2 3
PHR
     (.) 
 = = = .  
 


= ⇒=

Para el tramo 1: Para el tramo 2: Para el tramo 3:

 =   =   = 

     
Por continuidad:

 =  =  =  ⇒  = = ⇒  = = ⇒  = =
  .   .   .
  
 =  =  =    = .   = .   = .
  

 = . 
ℎ = . 

. −,.
  = , (.) (.) = ,.   = = −.
 ,.

  =  =   =    
 =
 

 = (.)  = . 

 
  = (.) (.) = .   −. = −
 
 . = . (.) = .    

⇒  =  . −   = . − . = .   ⇒  = . 

 = . (.) = .  

 =  (.) = ±. 

  = , (.) = ,.    = . − .

⇒   = . 
⇒  = (,.)  + (,.) 

 = ,. 

Empuje


  =     = , () ()  = =

  = ,  =    =  () =   
O
  =  =  . =    = , (.) ()

3m

  = ,.  = . 
1m


B


 =   +   = (,) + (,.)
   
cos  =  = ()  − ()  = . 

 = ,.  = .  ⇒  = .° . ()
 = = .  


.°
O

  =  ()  = .  
A

°

B
⇒  =   −   = . − . = .  

3m


3m

 = .°
.°
  =  () 
°