𝑑𝑃 Δ𝑆 ∆𝐻 ∆𝐻 𝑇, ∆𝐻 ∆𝑇

= ∆𝑆 = 𝑃 −𝑃 = ln ∆𝑃 ≈
𝑑𝑇 Δ𝑉 𝑇 Δ𝑉 𝑇, Δ𝑉 𝑇,
𝑃 ∆𝐻 1 1
ln =− − ∆𝐻 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝐻 𝑃=𝑃 𝑋
𝑃 R 𝑇 𝑇
𝑃
𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝑃 (𝑋 + 𝑋 + ⋯ + 𝑋 ) 𝐻𝑅 = =𝑋 𝜇 =𝜇 + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑋
𝑃
−∆𝐺 ∆𝐻 1 1
𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑋 ln 𝑋 = ln 𝑋 = − − 𝜃 =𝑇 −𝑇
𝑅𝑇 𝑅 𝑇 𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑇 1 ∆𝐺
− = =𝐾 𝜃 =𝐾 𝑚 𝑋= ln 𝑋 =
𝜕𝑚 , → ∆𝐻 1 + 𝑀𝑚 𝑅𝑇
∆𝐻 1 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑇 𝐾 𝑤
ln 𝑋 = − = =𝐾 𝑀 =
𝑅 𝑇 𝑇 𝜕𝑚 , → ∆𝐻 𝑤(𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑋 𝑅𝑇𝑋 𝑅𝑇𝐶 𝑎𝑙 𝑛
𝜋=− 𝜋= 𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇𝐶 𝜋= =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑀 𝑎𝑣 𝑛
𝑋𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑋 (𝑃 − 𝑃 ) 𝑌 = 𝑃 =𝐾𝑋
𝑃 + 𝑋 (𝑃 − 𝑃 )
𝑃 𝑃 𝑋′ 𝑚′
𝑃= ∆𝐺 ∗ = −𝑅𝑇 ln 𝐾 𝐾= 𝐾′ =
𝑃 + 𝑌 (𝑃 − 𝑃 ) 𝑋 𝑚
𝐶′ 𝜕𝑉
𝐾′′ = 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑉 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉𝑛 ∆ 𝑉=𝑉−𝑉
𝐶 𝜕𝑛
, ,

𝑎
∆ 𝑉= 𝑛 𝑉 −𝑉 𝛾 = 𝜇 (𝑇, 𝑃, 𝑋 ) = 𝜇 (𝑇, 𝑃, 𝑋 ) + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝛾
𝑋
𝑃 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝜇 −𝜇 = 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝛾 = 𝑃 =𝑎𝐾
𝑃 𝑚 𝑚

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑅𝑇 ln = 𝜇 ∗∗ (𝑙) + 𝜇 (𝑔) =𝐾 =𝐾 𝜃 = 𝑚𝐾 (1 − 𝑗)
𝑎 𝑚 𝑚

𝑗
ln 𝛾 = −𝑗 − 𝑑𝑚 ∆𝐺 ∗∗ = −𝑅𝑇 ln 𝐾 𝐾 =𝐾 𝐾 𝑎=𝛾 𝐶
𝑚

𝜇 =𝜇 𝜈 +𝜇 𝜈 𝜇 = 𝜈𝜇± = 𝜇 𝜈 + 𝜇 𝜈 𝑎± = 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎± = 𝛾± 𝑚±

𝛾± = 𝛾 𝛾 𝑚± = 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚± = 𝜈 𝜈 𝑚 𝜃 = 𝜈𝐾 𝑚 𝜃 = 𝜈𝐾 𝑚(1 − 𝑗)

1 1
𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝜈 𝜈 + 𝜈𝑅𝑇 ln 𝛾± + 𝜈𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑚 𝐼= 𝐶𝑧 =𝑟
2 ϰ

1 𝐹 𝐹
log 𝛾± = 𝑧 𝑧 𝐶 𝑧 ϰ = 𝐶 𝑧
(2.303)8𝜋𝑁 𝜖𝑅𝑇 𝜖𝑅𝑇

𝛼
𝐿 =𝛼 𝐿
log 𝛾± = 0.5092 𝑧 𝑧 𝐼 𝛾± log 𝛾 = −0.5092 𝑧 𝐼
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑠 𝑉 𝑙
=𝑠 𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝑘𝑇 ln 𝛾± + 𝑘𝑇 ln 𝑚 𝐼= 𝑅=𝜌
𝛾± 𝑅 𝐴
 1 𝐴 𝐴 𝑘 𝑘 Λ
𝐶= = =𝑘 Λ= = Λ=Λ −𝐵 𝐶 Λ = 𝜈 𝜆 +𝜈 𝜆 𝛼=
𝑅 𝜌𝑙 𝑙 𝐶 𝑆 Λ
1 𝐶Λ 1 𝑣 𝜆± 𝑘
= + 𝑢 = 𝑢± = 𝑆≈ 𝐸 =𝜙 −𝜙
Λ 𝐾Λ Λ 𝐸 𝐹 Λ
𝑎
𝑘 =𝑘 ó −𝑘 ∆𝐺 = −𝑛𝐹𝐸 ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 + 𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑎

0.0591 𝑉 𝑎 𝜕𝐺 𝜕 𝐺 𝐻 𝜕(𝐺 ⁄𝑇)

𝐸=𝐸 − log = −𝑆 =− =𝐻
𝑛 𝑎 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝜕(1⁄𝑇)
𝑑𝜉 1 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝐶 𝑑 𝜉 1 𝑑𝐶
𝑑𝐺 = 𝑑𝐻 − 𝑇𝑑𝑆 𝑛 =𝑛 , +𝜈 𝜉 = 𝑣 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝜈 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝜈 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝜉 𝑑 𝜉 1 𝑑𝐶
= 𝑘𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 … = 𝑘𝐶 ln = ln 𝑘′ + 𝛼 ln 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝜈 𝑑𝑡
ln 2 𝑑𝑁 ln 2
𝐶 =𝐶 , exp[−𝑘𝑡] 𝑡 = = 𝜆 𝑑𝑡 𝑁 = 𝑁 exp −𝜆 𝑡 𝑡 =
𝑘 𝑁 𝜆

𝑑 𝜉 1 1 1 𝑑 𝜉 1 1
= 𝑘𝐶 = + 𝑘𝑡 𝑡 = = 𝑘𝐶 𝐶 = + 𝜈 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝐶 𝐶, 𝑘𝐶 , 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝐶 𝐶,
1 1 𝐶 𝐶 𝐸∗
= + 𝜈 𝑘𝑡 ln − ln = −𝑘 𝜈 𝐶 , −𝜈 𝐶 , 𝑡 𝑘 = 𝐴 exp −
𝐶 𝐶, 𝐶, 𝐶, 𝑅𝑇
𝐶 𝐶
ln = − −𝑘𝜈 𝐶 , 𝑡 ln = −𝑘 −𝜈 𝐶 , 𝑡 ∆𝐻 = 𝐸 ∗ − 𝐸 ∗
𝐶, 𝐶,
𝑘 [𝐸] [𝑆] 𝑑[𝑃] [𝐸] [𝑆]
𝑣 = 𝑣 = =𝑘 𝑣 = 𝑘 [𝐸] 𝛿𝐿 = 𝛾𝑑𝐴
𝐾 𝑑𝑡 𝐾 + [𝑆]

𝐹 𝑔𝑟ℎ(𝜌 − 𝜌 )
𝛾= 𝐹 = 4𝜋𝑅𝛾𝑓 𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝛾𝑝 2𝜋𝑅 𝛾 = 𝑤𝑔 𝛾=
2𝑙 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑃 2𝑀 𝛾 𝑋 𝑀 𝛾 𝛼 2𝛾 𝜂 𝜌 ∙𝑡 𝐸
ln = ln = 𝑃 =𝑃 + = 𝜂 = 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑃 𝜌 𝑟𝑅𝑇 𝑋 𝜌 𝑅𝑇 𝑎 𝑅 𝜂 𝜌 ∙𝑡 𝑅𝑇
𝛾 −𝛾 𝑃𝐾 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑋 = = +
𝛾 1 + 𝑃𝐾 𝑚 𝛽 𝛽𝐾 𝑃

1 atm = 101325 Pa = 760 Torr 1 dm3 = 1 L

1 bar = 1x105 Pa V ≡ J C-1
R = 8.3144 J (mol K)-1 = 0.082057 atm L (mol K)-1 F = e NA = 96485.3365 C mol-1
1 J = 1 Pa m3 𝜖 = 8.85419x10-12 C N-1 m-2