CHAPTER

2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Principal Values and Domains of Inverse (ii) y = cos–1 (cos x), x ∈ R, y ∈ [0, p], periodic with period 2p.
Trigonometric/circular Functions y

Function Domain Range

y=
π π

2
(i) y = sin–1 x –1≤x≤1 ≤y≤

x
−

2
x+

y=

y=
2
2 2

–x
y=

–x
(ii) y = cos–1 x –1≤x≤1 0≤y≤p x
0
– – /2 – – /2 /2 /2
π π
(iii) y = tan–1 x x∈R − <y<  nπ 
2 2 (iii) y = tan–1 (tan x), x ∈ R –  ,n∈I
2
π π y
(iv) y = cosec–1 x x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1 − ≤y≤ ;y≠0
2 2 
2


x
π
x+

y=

x–
(v) y = sec–1 x x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ p; y ≠ y=

y=
2
2 –2 3 –  O   3 x
– –
2 2 2 2
(vi) y = cot–1 x x∈R 0<y<p

–
Properties of Inverse circular Functions
2

(iv) y = cot–1 (cot x), x ∈ R – {np}, n ∈ I, y ∈ (0, p), periodic

P-1: with period p.
(i) y = sin (sin–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1], y is aperiodic.
(ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1], y is aperiodic.
(iii) y = tan (tan–1 x) = x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic.
(iv) y = cot (cot–1 x) = x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic.
(v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, | x | ≥ 1, | y | ≥ 1, y is aperiodic.
(vi) y = sec (sec–1 x) = x, | x | ≥ 1 ; | y | ≥ 1, y is aperiodic.
P-2:
 π π (v) y = cosec–1 (cosec x), x ∈ R – {np}, n ∈ I, y ∈
(i) y = sin–1 (sin x), x ∈ R, y ∈  − ,  . Periodic with period
 2 2  π   π
2p.  − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2  y,y is periodic with period 2p.
y
   


2
y=

2
x

2

x
y=

x
+

2
y=

y= 
x–
–(

x–
2

3
– 2
3



–
–
y=

y=
+

y=

2
x

45° 2 45° 2
x)

–2 –   
– 32 2 
O x 3 – O 2 x
2 – 2
2

– 2 
–
2
 (vi) y = sec–1 (sec x), y is periodic with period 2p  –1 x − y
 π  π π   tan 1 + xy , xy > −1
x ∈ R – (2n − 1)  , n ∈ I , y ∈  0,  ∪  , π 

 2  2 2   −1  x − y 
 π + tan  ,
–1 –1   1 + xy 
y (ii) tan x − tan y =

 where x > 0, y > 0 and xy < −1
   x− y 
–

y=
x
−π + tan −1  ,
2x –
   1 + xy 
y= 2 
 where x < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
x
  
(iii) sin­–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) ,
–2 3 – O 3 2
– –
2 2 2 2

 where x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 & (x2 + y2) < 1

P-3: π
Note that: x2 + y2 < 1 ⇒ 0 < sin–1 x + sin–1 y <

1 2
(i) cosec–1 x = sin–1 ; x ≤ – 1, x ≥ 1
x (iv) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = p – sin–1 ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) ,
1
(ii) sec–1 x = cos–1 ; x ≤ – 1, x ≥ 1  where x > 0, y > 0 and x2 + y2 > 1.
x
π
 1 Note that: x2 + y2 > 1 ⇒ < sin–1 x + sin–1 y < p.
tan −1 ; x > 0 2
−1

 x
(iii) cot x = 
1 (v) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 [ x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ]
π + tan −1 ; x < 0
 x where x > 0, y > 0.
P-4: (vi) cos −1 x + cos=
−1
(
y cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ; x, y ≥ 0 )
(i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x, – 1 ≤ x ≤1 −1 −1
(vii) cos x − cos y =
(ii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, x ∈ R
(iii) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x, – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 ( )
 cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , x > 0, y > 0 and x
< y

 
(iv) cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, x ∈ R  ( )
− cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , x > 0, y > 0 and x > y 

(v) sec–1 (–x) = p – sec–1 x, x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1
 x + y + z − xyz 
(vi) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1 (viii) tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = tan–1  
1 − xy − yz − zx 
P-5: if x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1.
π Note that: In the above results x & y are taken positive. In
(i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = ; –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 case if these are given as negative, we first apply P-4 and
π then use above results.
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ; x∈R
2 Simplified Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π  2 tan −1 x if | x| ≤ 1
(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = ; |x|≥1
2  2x   −1
(a) y = f(x) = sin–1  =  π − 2 tan x
2 
if x >1
P-6:  1 + x   −(π + 2 tan −1 x) if x < −1

 –1 x + y
 tan 1 − xy ,
y
 /2
 where x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1 1

 –1 x + y
D
(i) tan –1 x + tan –1 y =
π + tan ,
 1 − xy x
–1 0 1
 where x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1 D
 1
 π , where x > 0, y > 0 and xy = 1
 2 –/2

4 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 (e) y = f(x) = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x)
 1 − x2   2 tan −1 x if x ≥ 0
(b) y = f(x) = cos–1  2 =  1
1 + x
−1
  −2 tan x if x < 0 −1
3 cos x − 2π if −1 ≤ x ≤ −
2

1 1
y
  −1
=  2π − 3 cos x if − ≤x≤
2 2
/2 
D 1
3 cos −1 x 1
if ≤ x ≤1
 2
y
–1 0 1
x 

 2 tan −1 x if | x| < 1
2x  −1
D D
(c) y = f(x) = tan–1 = π + 2 tan x if x < −1
1 − x2  /2
 −(π − 2 tan −1 x) if x >1

y
/2
–1 –1/2 +1/2
1 x
1 – 3/2 3/2
x
–1 1 1
 −1
1
1
 −(π + 2 sin x) −1 ≤ x ≤ −
 2

( )
–/2 −1  1 1
(f) sin= 2x 1 − x2 −1
 2 sin x − ≤x≤
(d) y = f(x) = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) 2 2

 1  −1 1
 π − 2 sin x ≤ x ≤1
−1
 −(π + 3 sin x) if −1 ≤ x ≤ −
2  2

 −1 1 1
= 3 sin x if − ≤x≤
y
2 2 /2

 π − 3 sin −1 x 1
if ≤ x ≤1
 2 – 1
–1 2
y x
1 1
/2
2

D D –/2

– 3/2 – 1/2 + 1/2

x
–1 3/2 1

– /2

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 5

W