nghUspay;

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfspd; gz;Gfs;

 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

NjHr;rp cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;

1.3

cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;sg; gad;gLk; mbg;gil fhuzpfNs cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; MFk;

mitahtd
epyk;
ciog;G
%yjdk;
Kaw;rp

,tw;wpy; epyk;>%yjdk; vd;gd Mjd tskhf/ngsjPf tskhf cs;sd. khwhf

ciog;G> Kaw;rp vd;gd kdpj tskhf cs;sd.

epyk;

cw; g j; j pf; F gad; g Lfpd; w >,aw; i fapy; fpilf; f f; $ ba tpidj; j pwdhd

tsq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;
,tw;wpd; gz;Gfshtd:-
 ,aw;ifapd; nfhilahFk;
 epuk;gy; nefpo;tw;wJ
 mirTj;jd;ik mw;wit
 tpidjpwid caHj;j cjTk;
 Xupdj;jd;ikaw;wit
 ,jw;fhd fhuzpf;nfhLg;gdT thlifahFk;

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;
 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

ciog;G

cw;gj;jpf;F gad;glf;$ba cly;>cs uPjpahd kdpj tYNt ciog;ghFk;;

,tw;wpd; gz;Gfshtd:-
 capUs;s fhuzpahf ,Uj;jy;
 Xupdj;jd;ik mw;wit
 fy;tp>gapw;rp vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tpidjpwid caHj;j KbAk;
 jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wy; cilait
 ,tw;iw xOq;F gLj;jf;$baJ
 rk;gsk; /$ypapy; mjpf mf;fiw cs;s fhuzp

,t;thwhd Copatsj;jpd; msit jP,Hkhdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

 rdj;njhif mikg;Gk; tajikg;Gk;
 kf;fspd; Rfhjhu epyik
 fy;tpkl;lKk; NjHr;rp kl;lKk;

%yjdk;

cw;gj;jpf;fhf kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ePz;lfhy ghtidAilaitAk;

ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf;F cl;glf;$baitAkhd nka;r;nrhj;Jf;fshFk;.
cjhuzk; :-
fl;llk;> nghwpfs;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
,tw;wpd; gz;Gfshtd:-
 kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit
 ,J XH ,Ug;G khwpahFk;
 tpidjpwd; kpf;fJ
 kPz;Lk; kPzL
; k; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;glf;$baJ
 tl;b tUkhdj;ij <l;bj;jUtJ

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;
 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

,k;%yjd kl;lj;ij jPHkhdpg;gJ ehl;bd; epyTk; njhopy; El;gkhFk;

%yjdj;jpd; tiffs;

epiyahd /nka;/ngsjPf %yjdk;

 cw; g j; j pf; F gad; g Lk; kdpjdhy; cUthf; f g; g l; l
nka;r;nrhj;Jf;fs;

njhopw;gLk;/RoYk;/,Ug;G %yjdk;
 cw; g j; j pf; F gad; g Lk; %yg; n ghUl; f s; > Fiw Ntiyg;
nghUl;fs;> ,Wjpg;nghUs; ,Ug;Gf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 ,it cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;il njhlHr;rpahf
Nkw; n fhs; s Tk; > vjpHfhy cw; g j; j pia jpl; l kplTk;
mtrpakhditahFk;.

nghUshjhu nghJr;nraw;ghl;L %yjdk;

 nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jpfisAk; gq;fPl;Lr;
n r a w ; g h l; i l A k ; ,y F g L j ; J k ; % yj d q ; f s; M F k ; .
,itfNs cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs; vdg;gLgitahFk;.
 cjhuzk; :- tpkhd epiyaq; f s; > ngUe; n jUf; f s; -,it
ngUk; g hYk; murpdhy; cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g Lgit> jdpahH
KjyPLfis Cf;fg;gLj;Jgit

r%fg; nghJr; nraw;ghl;L %yjdk;

 kdpjdpd; mbg; g il Njitfis epiwNtw; w gad; g Lk;
Nritfis toq; F k; %yjdq; f s; MFk; . ,tw; w pd;
%yNk r%f eyd; tpUj;jpailfpd;wd
 cjhuzk;:- ghlrhiy fl;blk;

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;
 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

kdpj %yjdk;/khdpl %yjdk;

 CopaHfs; cw; gj;j papy; <LgLk; NghJ kpfTk; tpidjpwdhf
nraw; g l cjTk; fy; t p> mDgtk; > gapw; r p> Rfjhu epiy
Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; kdpjdplk; cs;s rpwg;G El;gk;> fw;wy;>
mwpT kdpj %yjdkhFk;

,aw;if %yjdk;
 cw;gj;jpf;F gad;glf;$ba midj;J ,aw;if
tsq;fis Fwpf;Fk;

r%f Kjy;/r%f %yjdk;

 r%fq; fSf; f pilapyhd njhlHGfis msT uP j pahfTk; >
gz; G uP j pahfTk; tpUj; j pailar; n ra; A k; epWtdq; f s; >
ey; n yhOf; f q; f s; > tpOkpaq; f s; Nghd; w njhlHghly;
tiyaikg;Gfs; r%f %yjdkhFk;

 nghUspaypy; gzj; i j %yjdkhf fUJtjpy; i y fhuzk; gzj; i jg;

gad; g Lj; j p Neubahf cw; gj;j p ,lk;n gWtjpy; iy khwhf gzj;ijf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gLk; nka;r; nrhj;Jf;fNs cw;gj;jpf;F Neubahf gad;gLfpd;wd
 gzk; fzf;fPl;by; %yjdkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nrkpg;G

Nrkpg;G>KjyPL> %yjdk; cs;ehl;Lr; Nrkpg;G ntspehl;Lr; Nrkpg;G

vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd njhlHG
 tPl;Lj;Jiw Nrkpg;G  fld;fs;
 %yjdk; vd;gJ KjyPl;bd; %yk;
cUthfpd;wJ> KjyPl;bw;F tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdj;jpy;  Neub KjyPLfs;
mbg;gilahf miktJ Nrkpg;ghFk;. EfHr;rpf;F nrytplg;glhj
gFjp  ed;nfhilfs;

 epWtdj;Jiw Nrkpg;G
cioj;j ,yhgj;jpy;
gfpug;glhj gFjp

 mur Nrkpg;G
mur tUkhdj;jpy;
eilKiwr; nryit
fopj;J ngwg;gLtJ

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;
 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

Kaw;rp

cw;gj ;j pf; fhuz pfis xUq;fikj ; J nr a w;gLj ; j p M gj ; J f;fis

vjpHNehf; f p nfhs; i f uP j pahd jP H khdq; f is Nkw; n fhs; S jy; MFk; .
,tw;wpd; gz;Gfshtd:-
 khdpl tskhf ,Uj;jy;
 Muk;gpf;Fk; jpwd;
 rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Mw;wy;
 jiyikj;Jt Mw;wy;
 jd;dk;gpf;if
 vjpHfhy Nehf;F
 fhuzp tUkhdk; ,yhgk; MFk;(+/-)

njhopw;ghLfs;

nfhs;if uPjpahd jPHkhdq;fs; vLj;jy;

cw;gj;jp nraw;ghl;il xOq;fikj;jy;
Gj;jhf;fj;jpy; <Lgly;
Mgj;Jf;fis Vw;wy;

 Gj;jhf;f nraw;jpwd; %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; %yjd cUthf;fj;jpw;F ngUk; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ.

Kaw;rpahd;ikf;Fk; KfhikahsUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

 Kaw;rpahsH Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jPHkhdq;fis nraw;gLj;JgtNu KfhikahsH MthH
 Kaw;rpahsUf;fhd nfhLg;gdT ,yhgk; KfhikahsUf;fhd nfhLg;gdT rk;gsk;
 Kaw;rpahsH fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj Mgj;ij jhq;f Ntz;Lk; KfhikahsH mt;thW
jhq;f Ntz;bajpy;iy

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;
 juk; 12 , 13
juk; 12,13

fhuzpfspd; tpisjpwd;
 XusF fhuzp cs;sPl;Lf;fhd ruhrup ntspaPl;lyF fhuzp tpidjpwd; vdg;gLk;.

ntspNahl;bd; msT
fhuzpfspd; tpisjpwd; =
fhuzp cs;sPl;L msT
cjhuzk;
nkhj;j ntspaPL
Copa tpisjpwd;; =
Copaupd; vz;zpf;if

,t;tpisjpwid jPHkhdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;;

 njhopy; El;gk;
 kdpj %yjdk;
 Kfhikj;Jtk;
 njhopw;gpupg;Gk; rpwg;Gj; NjHr;rpAk;

njhFg; G - GjpUkjp.ahopdp
njhFg; - <.gpughfud; utP e;jpud; (ah/Ntk;
MrpupaH MrpupaH g(ah/,e;
b kfspHJ fy;
fy;YY
}up>}up,aho;
aho;gg;g;ghzk;
hzk;))
fzdp tbtikg;
fzdp G - GjpU.r.uhjhutp
tbtikg; MrpupaH
- jpU.r.uhjhutp (kd;(kd;
MrpupaH /jiykd; dhHdgpaH
/jiykd; m.j.f.gh>
hH gpaH jiykd;
m.j.f.gh> dhH)dhH)
jiykd;