La Danza Como Creación de Sentido
La Danza Como Creación de Sentido
La Danza Como Creación de Sentido
Vivat Acad
demia. Revissta de Comu unicación. Ju
unio /septieembre, 20188, nº 143, 61-84
ISSN: 15755-2844 http:/
//doi.org/110.15178/vaa.2018.143.661-84
INVESTIGACIÓ
ÓN
Recibido
o: 01/03/20018 --- Acepttado: 10/055/2018 --- P
Publicado: 115/06/20188
NARR
RATIVAS
S CORPO
ORALES:: LA DAN
NZA COM
MO CRE
EACIÓN DE
SENTIDO
Bodily
y narrativ
ves: creatting sensee through dance
Alejanddra Toro C
Calonje1: U
Universidad
d de Granaada. Españaa.
[email protected]
om.
Isidro L
López-Apaaricio Pérez: Universiidad de Grranada. Esp
paña.
isidro@
@ugr.es.
RESUM MEN
Desde llos orígenees de la humanidad, la danza h ha resentido o la necesidad permaanente de
definirsse como arrte. Su faltta de códig gos para leeerla, su auusencia dee legitimidaad en los
círculoss poderosos, la em mergencia de la dan nza contemporánea –que rom mpió los
parámeetros fijado o–, han dificultado su
os por el baallet clásico u acercamieento por lass grandes
discipliinas: la deefinición qu ue de ellaa han aporrtado la Fiilosofía, la Antropología o la
Historiaa no sabríaa ser suficieente para d
darle hoy a la danza su
s verdadeera profund didad. De
ahí quee esté surg giendo unaa corriente investigattiva plurid disciplinar que aún b busca sus
raíces p
para consollidarse, y q que tiene ccomo especcificidad laa práctica misma
m de la danza:
la invesstigación enn danza. ¿Q Qué es la danza?
d ¿Quué trasmitee un cuerpo que bailaa? ¿Cómo
comuniica la dan nza? Desd de un reccorrido histórico deel surgimiiento de lla danza
contemmporánea, responderremos a eestos interrrogantes examinand do sus fo ormas de
narrativva. Nuestraa conclusió ón –que dissta de estarr cerrada– estableceráá que la daanza tiene
que ver con el ccuerpo, la memoria, la emoció ón, la perccepción, laa alteridad d. Con la
creación n de sentid
do, concep pto que tom mamos de Aude
A Thurries, Docto
ora en inveestigación
en danzza. Una pro opuesta quue podríam mos denominar una “llingüística de la danzza”.
BRAS CLA
PALAB AVE
Comun
nicación; Cu
uerpo; Dan
nza contem
mporánea; S
Semiologíaa; Lingüístiica; Percepción
1Alejand
dra Toro Callonje: Comu unicadora soccial-Periodistta, maestría en Ciencias de la Inform
mación y la
Comuniccación, especcialización en
n Ciencias po olíticas y Doctoranda en Historia y A
Arte con espeecialización
en Gestió
ón de la Paz y los Conflicttos de la Uniiversidad de Granada, España
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
ABSTRACT
Since the origins of humanity, dance has resented the permanent need to define itself as
art. Its lack of codes to read it, its absence of legitimacy in powerful circles, the
emergence of contemporary dance -which broke the parameters set by classical ballet-,
have made it difficult for it to be approached by the great disciplines: the definition that
has been provided for it by Philosophy, Anthropology or History would not be enough
to give dance its true depth today. That is why a multidisciplinary research trend is
emerging that is still searching for its roots to consolidate itself, and which has as its
specificity the very practice of dance: dance research. What is dance? What does a
dancing body transmit? How does dance communicate? From a historical journey of the
emergence of contemporary dance, we will answer these questions by examining their
narrative forms. Our conclusion -which is far from being closed- will establish that
dance has to do with the body, memory, emotion, perception, and otherness. With the
creation of sense, a concept we took from Aude Thuries, PhD in dance research. A
proposal that we could call "linguistics of dance".
KEY WORDS
Communication; Body; Contemporary dance; Semiology; Linguistics; Perception.
PALAVRAS CHAVE
Comunicação; Corpo; Dança contemporânea; Semiologia; Linguística; Percepção.
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Las reflexiones teóricas que han acompañado el ejercicio de la narrativa han estado
circunscritas por lo general y tradicionalmente al lenguaje verbal; sin embargo, cada vez
ganan más legitimidad en referencia a otros campos (como el de las imágenes, como el
de los tejidos, como el de los espacios, como el de la vestimenta, como el de la danza,
justamente). Que la danza (nuestro campo prioritario de interés) desarrolle una
narrativa sui generis no debería sorprender, sobre todo después de que la semiología
reventó el campo del estudio del sentido ocupando otros espacios y otros objetos
diferentes a los estrictamente verbales. La premisa de este artículo, pues, considera a la
danza como un campo cuya escritura se realiza a través de narrativas trazadas por los
cuerpos encarnados que danzan en escena. Por ser entonces un lenguaje, tiene sus
particularidades específicas y unas normas bajo cuyo dictado debe desarrollarse.
Aunque sin apelar a las palabras, la danza funciona como cualquier construcción
discursiva, respondiendo a códigos particulares que se basan en lo simbólico. La danza
tiene entonces que ver con la percepción. A través de la danza se reivindica el poder del
cuerpo como un recurso expresivo; pero este medio genera un sentido a pesar de que en
la danza contemporánea no haya una historia narrada. Planteado el problema de esta
manera, nos encontramos sin duda en el corazón mismo de los procesos de
significación2.
2. OBJETIVOS
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
3. METODOLOGÍA
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
Hay que entender que la bailarina no es una mujer que baila por las
siguientes dos razones yuxtapuestas. Porque no es una mujer sino una
metáfora que sintetiza uno de los aspectos fundamentales de nuestra
forma, una espada, una copa, una flor, etc.; y que no baila, gracias al
prodigio de atajos o de impulsos, con una escritura corporal, lo que
necesitaría párrafos enteros en prosa dialogada como descriptiva, para
expresar, en la redacción, un poema que se desprende de todo el aparataje
del escriba (Mallarmé, 1897, p. 173).
No es fácil hablar de las cosas que nos interesan, de las cosas que amamos;
además de que cuando eres bailarín o coreógrafo no tienes necesariamente las
mejores palabras para decir lo que piensas o lo que sientes. La danza es a veces
difícil de explicar con palabras. Se vive con el cuerpo. (…) la danza se vive, se ve;
pero cuando uno trata de ponerle palabras no siempre se es muy claro con lo que
se quiere decir. Nosotros tratamos de hacerlo a través del movimiento, no
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
Es por eso que bailo diferente de todo el mundo. Así es. Yo pensé que eso era
una danza que existía, pero no, en realidad es una gran mezcla de todo. Me
parece que, a veces, con las palabras no se puede decir todo. Por el contrario,
imagínate un cuerpo que baila, estás solicitando un montón de músculos y eso es
hermoso. La palabra son solamente tres elementos articulados: el pensamiento, la
voz y el sonido. Mientras que la danza es todo. Son vibraciones que vienen de
todas partes4.
“Empecé a bailar porque tenía miedo a hablar”, confesaría la propia Pina Bausch en
una de sus raras intervenciones públicas (Sesé, T.6). Esta dificultad de utilizar las
palabras para narrar la danza proviene quizás del hecho de que en la danza
contemporánea no hay una historia descriptible, no hay un relato claro como sí es
evidente en el ballet clásico. Heredera de la danza moderna, la danza contemporánea
surge en Francia en los años setenta como un acto que niega los caminos del
academicismo o del neoclásico.
3 Entrevista realizada en francés por la autora en Paris, el 14 de enero de 2016 al coreógrafo Mourad
Merzouki.
4Entrevista realizada en francés por la autora en Paris, el 15 de enero de 2016 al coreógrafo Georges
Momboye.
5Entrevista realizada por la autora en Cali, Colombia, el 20 de abril de 2016 a la coreógrafa Adriana
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arte es el objetivo, más que el objeto, de los procesos investigativos. En este caso la
investigación estaría al servicio del arte. Por último, siempre según Borgdoff,
mencionaremos la investigación en el arte, que trata de un tipo de producción hecha
desde la práctica misma, que no asume una separación entre sujeto y objeto, sin
contemplar distancia alguna entre la práctica artística y el investigador. Para el autor,
esta última categoría defiende que la producción artística es en sí misma una parte
fundamental del proceso de investigación, y la obra de arte es, en parte, el resultado
de la investigación. No existe ninguna separación fundamental entre teoría y práctica en
las artes. Según este planteamiento, la práctica artística ofrece una contribución
intencionada y original a aquello que ya conocemos y entendemos desde la
investigación. La práctica artística puede ser calificada como investigación, asegura
Borgdoff, cuando su propósito es ampliar nuestro conocimiento y entendimiento a
través de una investigación original. La danza, como la entendemos aquí, hace entonces
parte de esta praxis.
El investigador en danza, categoría que aun busca sus raíces para consolidarse, tiene
como especificidad la práctica misma de la danza, es su objeto de estudio. Aunque otras
disciplinas puedan basarse en la danza, este cariz diferenciador es lo propio del
investigador en danza. Su reflexión proviene de la vivencia producida por ella, tanto
corporal como intelectual. Se apoya en los saberes propios del bailarín y en la
experimentación corporal de la teoría. Se genera a través del cuerpo moldeado y del
cuerpo vivido, como decíamos en otra parte8.Este espacio de investigación definido por
su objeto mismo de estudio parte del conocimiento intuitivo del cuerpo, de los saberes
propios del bailarín, de la experiencia vivida del espectador e invita a una visión
pluridisciplinar y a la integración de todos los discursos relativos a la danza.
Lo que avanzamos es que se puede escribir sobre danza, es posible acercarse a ella
con las palabras, la grafía, el cuerpo y el movimiento, se puede conmover a través del
discurso tanto oral como corporal, mientras se genere sentido. Para desarrollar este
argumento, nos basaremos en el libro de Aude Thuries antes citado, L’apparition de la
danse (2016), que retomaremos en diversos momentos.
4.1. Permanencias
8Toro, A. 2015.
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Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Narrativas corporales: la danza como creación de sentido
mano, donde hay que explicar de qué se trata, donde hay que contar la historia, donde
el artista es quien le da, desde fuera, el sentido a la obra. Esta posición sumisa del
público le substrae la posibilidad de interpretarlo que el artista le ofrece, y es ahí, para
Rabih Mroué, actor, dramaturgo y artista visual libanés, donde reside la derrota del arte:
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“Si los bailarines no hablan, ¿cómo los voy a entender?”, se pregunta por su parte el
escritor Sanjoy Roy, en su web serie “Planet Dance: Bodytalk. A visitor’s guide to
contemporary dance”10. ¿Cómo entender el sentido de la obra cuando no hay historia
que se narre, o por lo menos, cuando no la identificamos? ¿Cómo comunican los
bailarines con su cuerpo? Dice el clip:
10https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuzGb7VvIMQ1’40” min, consultado el 17/11/2015. Texto inglés
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es la que lo hace” (Lesschaeve, 2009, p. 75). El verdadero bailarín debe saber utilizar esas
grietas – o eso que Adriana Miranda, la coreógrafa de Ázoe Danza, llama “nuestras
urgencias”-- como su más grande fuerza creadora. Acercarse al límite, a sus límites, para
que nazca la poesía.
Cuando la danza se ha in-corporado en el cuerpo del bailarín, éste simboliza sus
pulsiones y se libera de la técnica, forzándolas a desprenderse de unos moldes cargados
de sentido genérico, socializantes y reproductibles al infinito. La danza se vuelve
entonces su pulsión de vida. El intérprete entra en trance. La creatividad lo desborda. En
la improvisación, el bailarín se auto simboliza, sus gestos tienen ahora otro sentido, uno,
profundo, que solo él conoce. Que cuenta historias íntimas, dolorosas, personales. Más
allá de la técnica, más allá de la memoria y del control corporal, lo que sostiene al
bailarín es una febrilidad y una exaltación tan efímera y evanescente como la propia
danza. Lo que Patricia Cardona (2010) no duda en tildar de desmesura.
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Si tú bailas solo en esta sala no es nada. La danza es una colaboración, sin el otro
no es nada. Nada de nada. Necesitas al otro, eso es la danza. Es el vínculo con los
demás, es compartir con los demás, es el camino paralelo que tienes con otros. La
concepción que tiene el Occidental del solo para mí significa quitarle todo el
sentido de la emoción, de compartir. Estás solo en el mundo. En África, el solo
siempre está basado en la improvisación. Los demás están sentados alrededor
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tuyo, formando un círculo, estás en el medio y aun así no te sientes solo porque
tienes el soporte, el apoyo de todos, del grupo. Ellos te van a impulsar a ir más
allá de ti, a dar todo lo que puedes dar. La concepción a la occidental hacia el solo
es brillar lo que más puedas, utilizar todo el espacio; (…) pero la danza sin el otro
no puede existir. Para mí es necesario que el otro tenga un sentido para que la
danza viva.12
12Entrevista a Georges Momboye, op. Cit. Para ver un fragmento de la danza de Momboye:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emPdXN8I5yc. Improvisación de Georges Momboye con el
percusionista Thomas Gueye, Ginebra, 19/08/15.
13Para ver fragmentos de la obra historia(s), dar clic en esta página web, entrevistas en francés:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXFruRCYDCM.
14Villaroya, T. Algo llamado pasado. Entrevista con Olga de Soto. PDF sin fecha de publicación ni nombre del
soporte.
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(La danza) es algo que no tiene materialidad, que emana del cuerpo real de los
bailarines pero que no obstante, se encuentra completamente desprendido de él.
(…) (Los bailarines) no crean los materiales de la danza: ni su propio cuerpo, ni la
tela que lo envuelve, ni el suelo, ni nada del ambiente –ni la luz ni la música, ni la
fuerza de gravedad, ni ningún accesorio físico. Usan fragmentos de todo esto
para crear algo, la danza, que se ubica muy por encima de lo que está físicamente
presente. (Thuries, op.Cit, p. 82 y 143).
“La danza es una apariencia, o si se quiere, una aparición. Resulta de lo que hacen los
bailarines y sin embargo, es otra cosa”. (Langer, citada por Thuries, p. 80). El arte de la
inminencia, como decíamos antes.
4.2. Concreciones
Lo hemos visto, la danza no utiliza palabras, o muy poco. Pero al igual que el
lenguaje, utiliza símbolos gestuales, rítmicos, sonoros, vocales, plásticos. La danza es
una práctica social que responde a un código, gestual, cultural, comunicativo. La danza
es un ritual, el cuerpo un vehículo de sentido. “El arte de la presencia del bailarín y del
actor es encender el fuego de la vida. (…) Esta presencia (del latín prae-sens que significa
“ser frente a un ser sensible”) dispara los mecanismos de la comunicación con el
espectador” (Cardona, op. Cit, p. 6). La danza comunica cuando revive en nosotros
nuestra capacidad de asombro, cuando despierta significados, articula estímulos,
cuando se convierte en memoria profunda.
No podemos en esta argumentación no evocar el carácter semiológico que implica
generar sentido a través de la danza, equiparándola a cualquier construcción discursiva.
Con Barthes, recordaremos los tres niveles que el semiólogo introdujo en Francia ya
desde 1982 y que siguen vigentes al analizar cualquier intento de expresión (Barthes,
1986): el nivel de la Comunicación; el plano simbólico o significado; y por último, el
plano del significante o significación. El primer nivel se queda en lo puramente
informativo; el sentido simbólico por su parte reside en el plano de los signos, el sentido
primigenio que el autor ha querido impregnar a su discurso, lo que Barthes denomina el
sentido obvio. Lo obvio sería el sentido al que se le añade un valor estético, un énfasis
que corresponde al último plano, el del significante u obtuso. Este es aquel que no se
describe bien pero que está latente en el mensaje, es la expresión de un sentimiento más
profundo. El obtuso, el nivel que nos interesa en esta investigación, es portador de cierta
emoción, de cierto valor, de cierta evaluación. El obtuso no radica en el lenguaje, se
inscribe en la percepción. Sin él, la comunicación y el significado circulan, pasan sin
anclarse, se quedan en el nivel de la información. Sin él, la primera lectura no deja de
manifiesto ningún sentido. Lo obtuso implica la composición de varios elementos
conjuntos, de ahí la dificultad de nombrarlo. Está por fuera del lenguaje articulado pero
latente dentro de la interlocución. Es discontinuo, indiferente a la historia y al sentido
obvio. Lo obtuso es un acento, un suplemento que el intelecto no llega a asimilar, un
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contra-relato, que sigue una secuencialidad diferente de los planos, una secuencialidad
impensable, contra la lógica y que subvierte el relato. Es una historia suplementaria al
relato principal, a la diégesis creada por lo obvio.
Recordar a Barthes nos permite extender sus propósitos hacia el sentido de la
percepción. Porque la percepción es del orden de lo obtuso, de la interpretación, de la
significancia. El arte es a la vez expresivo y comunicativo y tiene todo que ver con la
significancia. Su sentido es el resultado de una construcción social, aun cuando surja de
una propuesta individual. En tanto que la actividad artística contempla necesariamente
la participación del otro a nivel de espectador, ésta tiene siempre un carácter social. “Un
libro está compuesto de signos que hablan de otros signos, los cuales hablan a su vez de
las cosas. Sin un ojo que lo lea, un libro contiene signos que no producen ningún
concepto y es por consecuente, mudo”, decía Umberto Eco en El libro de la rosa (Eco,
1982, p. 498).
Para Merleau-Ponty, en Lo visible y lo invisible (1964), el cuerpo es fundamental en la
percepción pues es a través suyo –del cuerpo-- que se establece la relación con el
mundo. El mundo es aquello que percibimos. Es el cuerpo quien nos permite el contacto
con el mundo, tocar y ser tocados. Desde este planteamiento fenomenológico, se hace
coincidir la ilusión del encuentro de la percepción con los objetos mismos. Vemos lo que
creemos ver. El cuerpo puede impedir resentir y en contraparte, sin él, el sujeto está
impedido a toda percepción. Merleau-Ponty entiende la experiencia de la percepción
corporal como un medio de conocimiento basado en el vínculo –inescindible-- del sujeto
con el mundo. La construcción de sentido se hace, desde esta perspectiva, por
intermedio de la relación corporal que tenemos con el mundo. Adoptar esta postura
fenomenológica es integrar la danza como parte de un proceso de investigación que se
sitúa desde la premisa de que el cuerpo es un lugar de conocimiento. Desde ahí, el
conocimiento del cuerpo se estudia desde diferentes perspectivas y ámbitos
disciplinares: estudios performativos, danza-terapia, semiótica, teoría de la
comunicación, estudios feministas, investigación basada en las artes… Todos ellos
aportan referencias que permiten configurar al cuerpo como lugar de experiencia y
conocimiento y, por tanto, como tema y foco de investigación.
Esta experiencia compartida de un espacio de intimidad con el mundo en que
vivimos es maravillosamente descrita por Ana Sánchez-Couso (2011), quien sigue los
planteamientos fenomenológicos de Merleau-Ponty. Merece reproducirlo in extenso a
continuación:
El cuerpo no es una línea sin más, o una “membrana sin grosor”, sino la
superficie visible de una unión entre horizontes exteriores e interiores. El
contorno sería lo que nos ata al tejido de lo visible, y con éste a un tejido de ser
no-visible. Es por ello que hay en esta superficie una inagotable profundidad: me
pone en la exterioridad del mundo, a la vez que revela lo que de mundo hay en
mí. Desde esta perspectiva la separación no es aislamiento sino umbral que surge
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del encuentro de lo interior y lo exterior. Así este umbral no sólo es cierre sino
también apertura. (…).
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siglo XX: “La danza es el movimiento de un cuerpo que se desplaza según un ritmo
preciso y una mecánica consciente en un espacio calculado con anticipación” (Levinson,
1929, citado por Simonffy, 1999). Otros añadirán “la apropiación colectiva del espacio a
través del cuerpo y del movimiento” (Dallal, 1979).
Con Thuries, analicemos de manera fragmentada los elementos de esta propuesta:
por un lado, la danza, para ser danza, requiere movimiento y desplazamiento. La
propuesta de la no danza, que surgió en Francia en los años 90, rompe de manera
inequívoca esta afirmación. En la no danza, el movimiento danzado desaparece en
beneficio de otras actividades o técnicas escénicas, que van desde la integración del
teatro, la lectura, las artes plásticas, la música y frecuentemente, el video y diversos tipos
de proyecciones. Los bailarines no bailan. Apenas si se desplazan. Jérôme Bel, no
obstante ser un gran bailarín, es uno de los exponentes más importantes de esta
corriente “dancística”.
Ahora, ritmo y música. La relación de la obra de Merce Cunningham con la
tecnología fue analizada in extenso en otra parte15. Merce Cunningham, gran figura de la
danza norteamericana, ex alumno de Martha Graham, es considerado como el bailarín y
coreógrafo que realizó la transición conceptual entre danza moderna y danza
contemporánea, en particular al desolidarizar la música de la coreografía. El coreógrafo
planteaba la danza, la música y las artes plásticas cada una por su lado, independientes
entre sí, para sobreponerlas el día del espectáculo en un encuentro artístico “abierto”.
Ninguna tenía preponderancia sobre las demás. Si se quiere, Cunningham proponía una
Gestalt artística, donde el todo sumaba más que las partes. Al ser una incógnita hasta el
día de la première, los bailarines ensayaban sin música y con tempos musicales también
inesperados. Se generaban movimientos fortuitos en una creación irrigada por la
informática.
Mecánica consciente. Ya lo hemos visto, la danza, para ser danza, es todo menos
movimiento mecánico. La danza es, ante todo, cuerpo vivido y empatía con el
espectador.
Espacio y Tiempo: el tratamiento del tiempo es otra de las características que define la
identidad de Merce Cunningham. En sus coreografías, no se sigue el tempo de la
música, compás a compás, sino el del cronómetro. Es la relación entre los movimientos
de cada bailarín con los demás lo que determina la musicalidad, o su fraseo. Esta no se
impone desde afuera sino que, por más extraño que parezca, la lleva cada bailarín
dentro de sí. Por último, Cunningham también modificó en sus coreografías la relación
con el espacio. Cada bailarín es su propio centro, no hay un solista estrella, cada uno es
el eje de su propio territorio y se desplaza en función de sus propias diagonales y su
propia lateralidad. Encuentros y desencuentros en escena, el espacio se hace y se
deshace ante los ojos del espectador en su butaca quien decide, ante la multiplicidad de
eventos en escena, sobre qué fijar la mirada. De esta manera crea su propia narrativa,
diferente a otras experiencias vividas por otros espectadores.
15Toro, A., 2014.
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4.3. Proposiciones
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“Hay que aprender a dejarse tocar por la belleza, decía Pina Bausch, por el gesto, el
más mínimo soplo y a percibir el mundo independientemente de lo que se sabe” (Sesé,
T.op. Cit19).
Como hemos podido ver, la danza como narrativa corporal aporta desde lo simbólico
una incuestionable creación de sentido, sin la necesidad de ser suplantada por discursos
verbales. La danza propone en sí misma una semiología propia, desde donde desarrollar
de forma consciente campos semánticos sometidos a las interferencias y a las pulsiones
de los elementos que componen su lenguaje, en el que toda la complejidad del cuerpo,
sus movimientos, sus simbologías, lo expresado, lo sentido, lo colectivo y lo percibido
tienen rango y necesidad de creación de sentido.
5. CONCLUSIONES
19Página web sin paginación ni fecha de publicación:http://ddooss.org/articulos/otros/Pina_Bausch.htm
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6. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
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AUTORES
Alejandra Toro Calonje
Doctoranda en Historia y Arte con especialización en Gestión de la Paz y los Conflictos
de la Universidad de Granada, España. Este artículo se desprende de la tesis doctoral de
Alejandra Toro Calonje, dirigida por el Dr. Isidro López-Aparicio, que pretende
establecer criterios para entender de qué manera los procesos de duelo generados por
conflictos sociales agudos como el conflicto armado colombiano pueden ser incididos, en
general, por el arte, y, en particular, por la danza.
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Vivat Academia. Revista de Comunicación. Junio /septiembre, 2018, 143, 61-84
ISSN: 1575-2844 http://doi.org/10.15178/va.2018.143.61-84
RESEARCH
Dance is first of all communicate, come together, meet, talk to each other
in the depths of one’s being.
Dance is union, union of man with man,
of man with the cosmos, of man with God.
Maurice Béjart
ABSTRACT
Since the origins of humanity, dance has resented the permanent need to define
itself as art. Its lack of codes to read it, its absence of legitimacy in powerful circles,
the emergence of contemporary dance -which broke the parameters set by classical
ballet-, have made it difficult for it to be approached by the great disciplines: the
definition that has been provided for it by Philosophy, Anthropology or History
would not be enough to give dance its true depth today. That is why a
multidisciplinary research trend is emerging that is still searching for its roots to
consolidate itself, and which has as its specificity the very practice of dance: dance
research. What is dance? What does a dancing body transmit? How does dance
communicate? From a historical journey of the emergence of contemporary dance,
we will answer these questions by examining their narrative forms. Our conclusion
-which is far from being closed- will establish that dance has to do with the body,
memory, emotion, perception, otherness. With the creation of sense, a concept we
took from Aude Thuries, PhD in dance research. A proposal that we could call
"linguistics of dance".
RESUMEN
Desde los orígenes de la humanidad, la danza ha resentido la necesidad
permanente de definirse como arte. Su falta de códigos para leerla, su ausencia de
1Alejandra Toro Calonje: Social Communicator-Journalist, Master's Degree in Information and
Communication Sciences, specialization in Political Science and PhD in History and Art with a
specialization in Peace and Conflict Management from the University of Granada, Spain.
[email protected]
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1. INTRODUCTION
The theoretical reflections that have accompanied the exercise of the narrative have
been circumscribed in general and traditionally to verbal language; however, they
increasingly gain legitimacy in reference to other fields (such as that of images, such
as that of fabrics, such as that of spaces, such as that of clothing, such as that of
dance, precisely). That dance (our priority field of interest) develops a sui generis
narrative should not be surprising, especially after semiology burst the field of the
study of meaning, occupying other spaces and objects other than strictly verbal. The
premise of this article, then, considers dance to be a field the writing of which is
done through narratives traced by embodied bodies that dance on stage. Because it
is then a language, it has its specific characteristics and rules under the dictation of
which it must develop. Although, without appealing to words, dance works like
any discursive construction, responding to particular codes that are based on the
symbolic. Dance has then to do with perception. Through dance, the power of the
body is vindicated as an expressive resource; but this medium generates a sense in
spite of the fact that in contemporary dance there is not a narrated story. The
problem being posed this way, we are without doubt in the very heart of the
processes of significance2 .
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this article is to advance an inquiry about the nature of the
corporal narratives expressed in dance and its ways of communicating. In the
search for this main objective, this article aims to achieve other objectives, this time
subsidiary but essential, in relation to these narratives of the body: the differences
with respect to verbal language; the particularities when compared with other body
languages (such as speech paralinguistics -gesticulation, moves of the arms, body,
torso, head-); significant differences between the narrative of classical ballet and
that of contemporary dance; the nature of the interpellation to the spectator;
differences between technique and dance; the body as a significant vehicle.
2 Note from the authors: all the original texts in French and English are translated by Alejandra Toro
Calonje. Throughout the text, we include fragments of the works cited here for a more vivid
approach to dance.
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3. METHODOLOGY
The development of the hypotheses formulated here has been based on the
critical reading of texts by various authors (theoreticians, choreographers and
dancers), on interviews with active choreographers belonging to different cultures
and dance practitioners of different genres (contemporary, hip-hop, flamenco), on
the attendance to the presentation of several works and on the analysis of videos
with the record of dance works. All these activities have been guided by the
fundamental question that gives identity to this article: what are the identifying
elements of body narrative, especially when it is manifested through contemporary
dance. The contrast and the crossing between different perspectives and
approximations have led to a kind of conceptual sedimentation.
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of the dancer, the subtlety of a style? How, finally, to describe or draw the intention
of the interpreter?
Verbal language seems therefore not to have a place at the moment of the
choreographic creation, without counting on the fact that many dancers express a
clear rejection towards the notation of dance, qualifying it as anti-creative and
restrictive. It is as if writing castrated the movement.
You have to understand that the dancer is not a woman who dances
for the next two juxtaposed reasons. Because it is not a woman but a
metaphor that synthesizes one of the fundamental aspects of our form,
a sword, a cup, a flower, etc.; and she does not dance, thanks to the
prodigy of shortcuts or impulses, with a body writing, which would
need whole paragraphs in prose dialogue as descriptive, to express, in
writing, a poem that emerges from the entire apparatus of the scribe
(Mallarmé , 1897, p 173).
This rejection or denial of written (and even oral) discourse in dance is not
uncommon in choreographers and dancers. This is corroborated by the French
choreographer Mourad Merzouki:
It is not easy to talk about the things that interest us, about the things we
love; besides the fact that, when you are a dancer or a choreographer, you do
not necessarily have the best words to say what you think or what you feel.
Dance is sometimes difficult to explain with words. You live with your body.
(...) dance is lived, it is seen; but when you try to put words on it you are not
always very clear about what you want to say. We try to do it through
movement, we do not have a (language) to express what we feel and that
exercise that you ask me today in this interview is to work with an alphabet
that I do not have 3.
Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Bodily narratives: dance as creation of sense
artist. It was initially a ritual that his mother made in town what took away the
problem. And then dance, where he found "the words" that his body did not have
to express himself:
That's why I dance differently from everyone. So it is. I thought that it was a
dance that existed, but no, it's really a great mix of everything. It seems to me
that, sometimes, with words you cannot say everything. On the contrary,
imagine a body that dances, you are requesting a lot of muscles and that is
beautiful. The word is only three articulated elements: thought, voice and
sound. While dance is everything. It’s vibrations that come from everywhere4
I felt, internally, many things when I was a teenager, I was very quiet but at
the same time I laughed a lot, until I started to ask myself: why am I sad ?,
why am I happy? And there I realized that dance was my mode of
expression, there I could have my therapy of happiness and sadness, and I
did not go against anyone, but against myself and it helped me a lot to be
able to take out my interior 5, .
"I started dancing because I was afraid to speak", confessed Pina Bausch herself in
one of her rare public interventions (Sesé, T. 6,).
This difficulty of using words to narrate dance comes perhaps from the fact that,
in contemporary dance, there is no describable history, no clear story as it is evident
in classical ballet. Bering an heir to modern dance, contemporary dance emerged in
France in the seventies as an act that denies the ways of academicism or
neoclassicism. Search
4 Interview conducted in French by the author in Paris, on January 15, 2016 to the choreographer
Georges Momboye.
5Interview conducted by the author in Cali, Colombia, on April 20, 2016, to choreographer Adriana
http://ddooss.org/articulos/otros/Pina_Bausch.htm
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This way, says Aude Thuries in L'apparition de la danse (2016), the study of the
creation of sense was disdained in relation to dance for several reasons. The first,
because of the preponderance of the theater, the spoken art, faced with dance,
where that question - that of the sense - was not even raised. Then, due to the same
place that dance occupies in the "Pantheon of the Arts", formulated in general in
relation to the apparent inability of dance to generate sense, or in other words, to
tell a story. Dance, since its origins, has been considered a frivolous activity, or
worse, morally reprehensible and scandalous, that can incite dangerous
bacchanalia. Pleasant entertainment, nice yes, but which is not understood. "In
dance, the sense is not found in the narrative transparency of the corporal
movements, it always occurs as a horizon, it does not cease to avoid any attempt to
grasp it", says David Le Breton (Prologue by Frigon and Jenny, 2009, p 9).
Contemporary dance was an artistic revolution, a choreographic moment that
bodies had never experienced before. As a reaction opposed to the erect and perfect
figures of ballet, bodies and movements were rounded. Self-control was faced with
exuberant bodies. Against resistance to drive, abandonment to the drive was
proposed.
From then on, dance will take on absolute writing autonomy since the
gesture is not determined by a predetermined symbology, be it religious,
social or aesthetic. I make a gesture, I feel inside that it has a sense but this
one is going to be revealed later, or never. Contemporary dance is based on
this investment. (...) As Valéry said in L'âme et la danse , dance is the art of
imminence "(Dobbels, 2012: 41).
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7 Borgdorff, H. Article without pagination:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vH4DddAmNOsJ:www.gu.se/digitalAsse
ts/1322/1322698_el-debate-sobre-la-investigaci--n-en-las-artes.doc+&cd = 1 & hl = en & ct = clnk &
gl = co
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4.1. Permanence
The failure of the theater lies in the usurpation of the public's rights of
judgment, when the actor or actress is the one who reacts, being scared,
crying, singing, dancing and thinking aloud instead of the audience. The one
who judges is him / her and not the spectator, who has no choice but to
accept the ideas and be influenced passively. Viewers become unable to
distance themselves from the scene to think about their own interpretations.
(Mroué, 2010, p 27).
The public does not understand, needs to be guided in their reading. Neophytes
are disoriented. "Is that dance?", they complain indignantly. There is a manifest
8 Toro, A. 2015.
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need to place dance in a known category, to catalog it. Hence, many times a
rejection to it is generated. Even today, the money of the State and the place
destined to dance in the theaters continue accounting for this incomprehension.
Contemporary dance has always felt the need to legitimize itself as art. And if, for
this genre, praised for its plasticity, the road to recognition is arduous, let us not
even evoke Hip-Hop. Relegated to street dancing, or at most to acrobatic
gymnastics, this dance style carries a connotation of violence. The universe that
surrounds it, composed of urban graffiti and loose street clothes, with caps and
shoes, the type of song (rap) that accompanies it, the movements that can be
considered rough and abrupt, all this is associated with marginality, drugs and
gangs. This way, Hip-Hop does not benefit from the financial subsidies that such
recognition brings. Its introduction in theaters has meant a confrontation against
these collective imaginariness and paradigms, as the choreographer Mourad
Merzouki corroborates vehemently:
Besides wanting to share with many and show that a street child is
something other than a criminal, I should (...) show that Hip-Hop, which is a
street dance, is not reduced to a dance associated with the crime. Hip-Hop
can be a complete dance like any other. I have had to fight with most people
to be able to share it and show that it can reach any type of audience and
that, as dance, as any other, it can be legitimate, it can have a space in
theaters. That has been the double battle I have had: to make Hip-Hop
recognized and also to show that, because your story is not linked to a dance
conservatory and is unique, it does not mean that you cannot be an artist or a
choreographer like others and share on stage what you have in your head
and what you are feeling9 .
"If dancers do not talk, how will I understand them?", asks the writer Sanjoy Roy,
in his web series "Planet Dance: Bodytalk. A visitor's guide to contemporary dance"
10. How to understand the sense of the work when no story is narrated, or at least,
when we do not identify it? How do dancers communicate with their body? The
clip says:
Now you can see that understanding is not the most important thing. You do
not need to get to the point to appreciate the experience. What you need is to
get in touch with your inner dancer. Tune in to the body song. And open
your senses to varied and mixed means of communication. So, does dance
have a meaning? Yes. And it's as much about the meaning you give it as it is
about it. (Sanjoy, 2014).
9 Interview to Mourad Merzouki, op. Cit. To see a fragment of the work Agwa de Merzouki, created
in 2008 for 11 Brazilian dancers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzfGMUFwPf0
10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuzGb7VvIMQ 1'40 "min, consulted on 11/17/2015.
Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Bodily narratives: dance as creation of sense
Take the example of rhythmic gymnastics. Graceful and slender athletes jump,
turn on themselves, grab various objects, ropes, rings, ribbons and balls, with grace
and safety. Their skill causes admiration, their coordination and taking of risk leave
us stupefied. But, in what this demonstration of physical ability would not know
how to be dance? In that there is no possible reading, there is no creation of sense.
Rhythmic gymnastics is based on a series of repetitions (after several years of very
rigorous and demanding training, of course) after all, mechanical movement. There
is no room for improvisation. Subjected to the yoke of perfection and body
synchrony, athletes are all equal, as outputs of the same mold. Even their smile is
affected. Neither is there any room for bodily diversity.
If we talk about dance, as in rhythmic gymnastics, its teaching implies a
relationship with a subject. What makes it alive and productive also happens here
through the body: the teacher's body transmits the dance to their students through
some codes, which they memorize. The basis of learning is repetition, so that the
body of the apprentice keeps it in its memory and knows how to reproduce it. And
yet, where we distance ourselves from sport is that we are witnessing an in-
corporation process, where the apprentice includes what is assimilated to his own
gestural vocabulary, with an imprint that is unique to him. That movement that was
alien, difficult to imitate, uncertain at the beginning finally becomes part of dancers'
body, marked by their experiences, emotions and memories, a definitive component
of their own sensuality.
The contemporary dance dancer must be able to interpret any style that they
demand, must be able to undergo untimely changes of tempo and rhythm. The
dancer must have a malleable physique to be able to adapt to the creativity of the
choreographer. But frequently, choreographers seek humility, the weaknesses of the
artist to exploit them in the deepest. As Merce Cunningham says, "On the one hand,
there is how you want the movement to look and, on the other hand, there is a
person who is not you, who is the one who does it" (Lesschaeve, 2009, p.75). True
dancers must know how to use those cracks - or what Adriana Miranda, the
choreographer of Ázoe Danza, calls "our urgencies" - as their greatest creative force.
To approach the limit, their limits, so that poetry is born.
When dance has been incorporated into the body of the dancer, he symbolizes his
impulses and is freed from the technique, forcing them to detach themselves from
molds laden with generic sense, socializing and reproducible to infinity. Dance then
becomes the dancer’s life drive. The performer goes into a trance. Creativity
overflows. In improvisation, the dancer self-symbolizes, his gestures now have
another sense, one, deep, that only he knows. That tells intimate, painful, personal
stories. Beyond the technique, beyond memory and body control, what sustains the
dancer is a feverishness and an exaltation as ephemeral and evanescent as dance
itself. What Patricia Cardona (2010) does not hesitate to call excessiveness.
When dancing, the body and the mind connect. Brain function is maximized.
A dancer does not get dizzy. He is not afraid to fall. His thinking processes
are different. Through practice, he develops the muscular memory that
allows him to explore the world without fear, he reinforces the balance,
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suppressing the signals of his inner ear, his eye reflexes are faster, they have
greater fluidity. Are you afraid of falling? Change your perception of the
world. Resist, fly, turn. Dance 11.
The public has vanished, the space dilated, time suspended. The dancer dances to
himself. It is a lived body. Or, as Didi-Huberman describes the brilliant flamenco
dancer Israel Galván: "a character made entirely of humility, laconism and
innocence, but when he dances he explodes in grandiose events, baroque figures,
guilty beauties, before returning unfailingly to the silence and darkness on the edge
of the stage" (Didi-Huberman, 2008, p.28).
Perhaps this is another of the difficulties in providing dance with sense: the absence
of codes to read it. There are styles the sense of which has been fixed because their
meaning can be "translated" into words, gestures can create iconic symbols and be
coded, as in ritual dances. Conversely, in contemporary dance, significance lies in
the choreography, in the gesture, in the dancer or in what he wants to convey.
Hence the difficulty to enunciate it. The mere fact of dancing, however, attributes a
sense to both the performer and the viewer. For it is that moment of exaltation, of
solitary and impulsive rapture of the dancer that generates the connection with the
audience. When the dancer lets himself be invaded by the sense, inhabit the
unexpected, it is pure emotion. His own and the one that he precipitates in the
spectator. The presence of the dancer possessed of his own being is, paradoxically,
synonymous with otherness. A dancer inhabited by sense has a stage presence, his
movement acquires exceptional qualities.
We will briefly mention a very interesting experience that was carried out in
various prisons in France and in Québec by Point Virgule Parisian Contemporary
Dance Company (Cf. Frigon and Jenny, P. 2009). Directed by Claire Jenny, the
company brings together dancers, actors, artistic collaborators and conceives dance
as an element for social intervention. One of its privileged scenarios is prisons,
where dance workshops are proposed to male or female prisoners. Dance in prison
might look like an aberration: the men and women who are there serving their
sentence are precisely subject to confinement and narrowness, conditions that could
be antinomic to the free expression of movement. These bodies have been searched,
insulted, humiliated, imprisoned, crowded, and they no longer know how to break
the chains of confinement and despair. Or how to mobilize again. And yet, thanks
to the expertise and sweetness of the choreographer and her artistic team, they
achieve very beautiful and deeply emotional results for the captives in the first
place and also for those who participate in the process, both the artists and the
audience that attends the resulting performances of the workshops. Jean-Pierre
Poisson, a member of the company, said: "(The female convicts) do magnificent
artistic things because everything is so loaded that all the clumsiness has been
sublimated" (Frigon and Jenny, 2009, p.93).
11 Video "The mind of a dancer" on the Facebook page "Collective Culture”
https://www.facebook.com/CulturaColectiv/videos/vb.631575563520028/1251810954829816/?typ
e = 2 & theater .
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The work questions the viewer so personally, the bond that binds it to him is so
intense that it isolates him from his companions. The viewer lives that same
moment of loneliness that the dancer experienced moments before. Internal,
indescribable earthquake (when the earth moves, in Latin), where the stories, the
fears and joys that inhabit it overflow the being. Unlikely, the unknown threads of
life of the dancer have been intertwined with those of the viewer. The emotion of
the former has caused the alteration of the latter. That is, the shudder of the one
who lives the dance from a foreign body but in a not less carnal way. "The purpose is
not to show oneself but rather that the viewer recognizes "something" (a verbal and
/ or nonverbal fabric / text) vital and organic with which to get hooked and that
comes from the vulnerability of the actor" (Cardona, op cit, p. 8). When dance
moves.
Thus, a dancer never dances alone: he dances first and foremost with himself. Then
with the dance corps and finally with the viewer, incorporating mobility, synchrony
with music and physical dexterity. So we need the other to dance, to generate sense.
This is corroborated by Georges Momboye:
It is said that dance is an ephemeral act ... an act based on immediacy and
evanescence, an evaporation resulting from a live performance. An act that
disappears barely when sketched, it barely materializes on stage.
There is no greater argument against this postulate than the work of the Spanish
Olga de Soto, history (s). The choreographer is based on the historical work of Jean
Cocteau, The young man and death , to make a documentary in 2003 12. After several
months of searching, she manages to locate some of the people who were in the
premiere of the ballet, that June 25, 1946 at the theater des Champs-Elysées in Paris
and that are still alive. Each testimony of these spectators helps to revive the
original work in the context of the end of the war and also recreates the story of
these survivors of the last century. Almost sixty years after the premiere, the
12Interview to Georges Momboye, op. Cit. To see a fragment of Momboye's dance:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emPdXN8I5yc . Improvisation by Georges Momboye with
percussionist Thomas Gueye
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emotion of those who are now old is intact, when they evoke the coming on stage of
the dancer Nathalie Philippart, in her yellow dress and her arrogance, or when they
remember Jean Babilée facing a duo with this species of surreal appearance. Joy is
revived, the smile comes back and flourishes, the admiration is evident.
Evanescence was not such.
It would then be that dance is not so ephemeral, not while there are men and
women who remember it with the same intensity, not while there is a built-in
memory. As long as there is memory, as long as it has felt, dance will not
completely vanish and survive its initial interpreters. As Olga de Soto says, "I don’t
think it's the (drama) of its disappearance, because they haven’t disappeared,"
something "has disappeared, but other things remain, and although they’re
modified, transformed by time, these works continue existing" 13. That is, the
communicative intention of dance or what we can also call the social bond of dance.
The moment in which the movement stops being only effective to become an
organized movement according to symbolic laws and that establishes the
connection with the other.
(Dance) is something that does not have materiality, that emanates from the
real body of the dancers but that, nevertheless, is completely detached from
it. (...) (The dancers) do not create the materials of the dance: neither its own
body, nor the fabric that surrounds it, nor the ground, nor anything of the
environment -neither light nor music, nor the force of gravity, nor any
physical accessory. They use fragments of all this to create something, dance,
which is located far above what is physically present. (Thuries, op.Cit, p.82
and 143).
4.2. Concretions
We have seen it, dance does not use words, or very little. But like language, it uses
gestural, rhythmic, sound, vocal, and plastic symbols. Dance is a social practice that
responds to a code, gestural, cultural, communicative. Dance is a ritual, the body a
vehicle of sense. "The art of the presence of the dancer and the actor is to light the
fire of life. (...) This presence (from Latin prae-sens meaning "being in front of a
sensitive being") triggers the mechanisms of communication with the viewer"
(Cardona, op.cit, p.6). Dance communicates when it revives in us our capacity for
wonder, when it awakens meanings, articulates stimuli, when it becomes deep
memory.
13 To see fragments of the work history (s), click this web page, interviews in French:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXFruRCYDCM.
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The body is not just a line, or a "membrane without thickness", but the visible
surface of a union between exterior and interior horizons. The outline would
be what binds us to the fabric of the visible, and with it to a fabric of non-
visible being. That is why there is an inexhaustible depth on this surface: it
puts me in the exteriority of the world, while revealing what there is of the
world in me. From this perspective, separation is not isolation but a
threshold that arises from the encounter of the interior and the exterior. So
this threshold is not only closure but also opening. (...)
What is dance?, asks Aude Thuries. A show that combines theater, mime, music,
circus and dance, can it be qualified as such? This author, a dancer and researcher in
dance, searches in various disciplines for elements that consolidate a definition, as
we stated above, following Borgdoff's perspective. From the philosophy side,
Thuries emphasizes that thinkers such as Hegel, Kant and Schelling, who founded
Aesthetics as one of the new domains of Philosophy, talk about the sensitivity of the
beautiful in the Fine Arts. It is just that in their considerations they do not include
dance as belonging to the latter category. For these philosophers, simply dance is
not an art. And as such, it does not exist.
Already in the twentieth century, great modern philosophers (Nietzsche, Valéry
and today Alain Badiou) have built a look of dance that essentially considers it from
the ecstatic experience. They do not mention their works or their authors, there is no
obvious interest in their techniques or producers. On the other hand, they do evoke
it as a source of metaphors, about essence, origins, life and death. Philosophy, says
Thuries, a masterful discipline of conceptual elaboration, has devoted very little to
the study of dance.
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On the side of History, it is the identity issues, reflecting an era and the spirit of a
time, which that have guided the definitions of dance. As for Anthropology, its
approach to dance has been through the body and its cultural practices. An
anthropological conception of dance would aim to find the sense and place of
dances in societies, which would provide basic knowledge for the understanding of
their culture. Thuries therefore laments the absence of a true reflection on dance as a
cultural object in Western disciplines.
Art? Practice? Method? The author, finally, does not venture to propose a final and
exclusive definition of dance. In fact, rather than considering what dance is, Thuries
prefers to ask himself when there is dance. We can perfectly understand terms
without needing to define them, he says. For example, we understand the concept
of time but we are unable to define it. Also, a precise definition of a term does not
help either to understand it completely.
However, a definition serves as a starting point to analyze the phenomenon of
dance. Let us then take a classic statement of the term, from mid-twentieth century:
"Dance is the movement of a body that moves according to a precise rhythm and a
conscious mechanics in a space calculated in advance" (Levinson, 1929, quoted by
Simonffy, 1999). Others will add "the collective appropriation of space through the
body and movement" (Dallal, 1979).
With Thuries, let us analyze in a fragmented way the elements of this proposal: on
the one hand, dance, to be dance, requires movement and displacement. The
proposal of non-dance, which emerged in France in the 90s, unequivocally breaks
this affirmation. In non-dance, the dancing movement disappears for the benefit of
other activities or scenic techniques, ranging from the integration of theater,
reading, plastic arts, music and frequently video and various types of projections.
Dancers do not dance. They hardly move. Jérôme Bel, despite being a great dancer,
is one of the most important exponents of this "dance" current.
Now, rhythm and music. The relationship of Merce Cunningham's work with
technology was analyzed in extenso elsewhere 14 . Merce Cunningham, a great figure
of the American dance, a former student of Martha Graham, is considered to be the
dancer and choreographer who made the conceptual transition between modern
dance and contemporary dance, in particular by uncoupling music from
choreography. The choreographer proposed dance, music and plastic arts each on
its own, independent of each other, to be superimposed on the day of the show in
an "open" artistic encounter. None had preponderance over the others.
Cunningham proposed an artistic Gestalt, where the whole summed more than the
parts. Being unknown until the day of the première, dancers rehearsed without
music and with unexpected musical tempos. Casual movements were generated in
a creation irrigated by computer science.
Conscious mechanics. We have already seen it, dance, to be dance, is anything but
mechanical movement. Dance is, above all, lived body and empathy with the
viewer.
14Villaroya, T. Something called past. Interview to Olga de Soto. PDF without date of publication or
name of the support.
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Space and Time: the treatment of time is another characteristic that defines Merce
Cunningham's identity. In his choreographies, the tempo of the music is not
followed meter by meter, but that of the chronometer. It is the relationship between
the movements of each dancer with the others what determines musicality, or its
phrasing. This does not impose itself from the outside but, as strange as it may
seem, each dancer carries it within himself. Finally, Cunningham also modified the
relationship with space in his choreographies. Each dancer is their own center, there
is no star soloist, each is the axis of their own territory and moves according to their
own diagonals and their own laterality. Encounters and disagreements on stage, the
space is made and unmade before the eyes of the spectator on his chair who
decides, faced with the multiplicity of events on stage, on what to fix his eyes on.
This way, he creates his own narrative, different from other experiences lived by
other viewers.
Collective appropriation: obviously, a dance corps is not necessary for dance to
exist. The delicate loneliness of a spooky Pina Bausch and her eyes blinded at Café
Müller 15 (1978), dancing (or we could say, crashing) against the wall, is an
extraordinary proof of that.
Now, let us extend the options more. Contemporary dance is not limited to a
technique, its multiplicity of origins is paradoxically one of its strongest identity
components: African dance, jazz, folk dance, belly dancing, flamenco, Indian
classical dances, Hip-Hop, among many others, are fused with techniques such as
those of Martha Graham, José Limón, contact dance, Feldenkraiss method, etc., etc.
Nor does it imply a bodily definition in its conception. We are not talking about the
white and thin, ethereal and perfect dancer that, wrapped in lightness, thrills us
with her impeccable jetés or her dizzying cambré. Beauty, in contemporary dance,
arises from imperfection. The imperfection of dissimilar bodies, of different colors,
of plural origins, of various ages. Trained or beginning bodies, it does not matter,
but they manage to translate their incarnated experiences into the movement.
We cannot define dance by its presentation space either. Theaters and dance stages
have lost their preponderance to open the door to other places, more urban and
inclusive: bus stations, squares, museums, gardens, and even roofs and walls, as
choreographer Trisha Brown does.
On the other hand, a definition of dance could no longer be summarized as a
gender identity. The re-showing of The Swan Lake by Briton Matthew Bourne 16,
premiered in 1996, exquisitely bursts all the codes of our classical dancer. The
delicate swans of the original work, the music of which was authored by the
Russian composer Tchaikovsky, were replaced with muscular and erotic men.
Although some want to disqualify it as the gay version of The Swan Lake , the
intention of the choreographer, in addition to the evident provocation and the
manifest intention to break paradigms, was to symbolize strength, freedom and
beauty in these dancers. The body is freed from the impositions of identity,
including gender.
15 Toro, A., 2014.
16 Café Müller , to see the entire work: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxiWlgzb7r4.
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4.3. Propositions
Then let us recap. In dance, there may be particular conditions, let us call them so
or, in their absence, the annulment of movement and displacements, of music,
rhythm, space, mechanics, collective appropriation, technique, body style, scenarios,
gender or ethnicity. Thuries finally observes that the common denominator that
remains of this subtraction is the body. But even if we take this game to the extreme,
in non-dance the new means used on stage have supplanted the dancer. When
using other forms of expression alternative to dance, the presence of a dancer is no
longer essential. A body, trained, molded or lived, is not required for expression in
non-dance. On the other hand, both Merce Cunningham from digital theories and
William Forsythe from the movement of objects on stage, tried to visualize a dance
where the human body is absent. The body of the male or female dancer of flesh
and blood would not then be necessary either for dance to exist.
We believe that dance can dispense with each of the elements described above. But
never of the body. The body being our object of study, the object of our affection, we
cannot resign ourselves to cancel it. We cannot, with one swipe, erase that which
has been the sustenance of our research. We choose to keep, then, minimally, the
human body as a natural matter, as a foundational element for dance to be dance.
Because it is the body what is capable of generating emotion. The shudder. The body
awakens our affective, visual and tactile memory. Etymologically, the word
emotion comes from Latin emotio, "movement or impulse", "that which moves you
towards". Towards what? Evidently towards the other. Some artifacts onstage can
also generate connection, laughter, tears, discomfort, joy, pleasure, nostalgia,
sadness, empathy with others. A puppet representing an angel, whose wings are
illuminated, hiding the strings and the artist who manipulates it, which wanders
17The Swan Lake, full version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuab3kK8cPU
Fragment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChOnhxe-Vm0
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sweetly along the Acera del Darro in Granada will thrill us to tears. But they are still
objects manipulated by the human body.
So, what is dance? After this dissection where we were eliminating elements, we
will remain with the proposal of Daniel Sibony, the most convenient for our
purposes: dance would be a term to designate every event that makes body and that
makes an event out of the body (Sibony, op.). It makes body with itself, it makes
body with the spectator. It exalts the human body in all its emotional and empathic
capacity. Dance is an instrument of expression and knowledge of the world. It is a
communication tool. It is an experience where the lived corporeality of the dancer is
transformed into subjective sensations of movement, tor him and for the other.
There is dance when there is emotion.
With Thuries, we will then agree in stating that raising the question of sense, its
construction and its presence in dance allows us to free ourselves from aesthetic
appreciation (Thuries, op cit, page 48).
In proposing the study of the construction of sense as a possible key for the
understanding of dance, we consider the latter as a human creation included
in the field of symbolic activity. (...) To put it another way, we propose to
approach dance as a cultural object, before considering it a work of art or a
product of the body, which is also frequently, but we believe, not essentially.
(Thuries, op.cit, p.49).
"You have to learn to let yourself be touched by beauty," said Pina Bausch, "by the
gesture, the slightest breath and to perceive the world independently of what is
known" ( Sesé, T.op. Cit. 18).
We will end with a quote from Zsuzsa Simonffy, Professor at the University of Pécs,
in Hungary, who, we believe, sums up what has been stated herein:
18To see a fragment of The Consecration of Spring:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKysuqBrB8A
Website without pagination or publication date,
http://ddooss.org/articulos/otros/Pina_Bausch.htm
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5. CONCLUSIONS
6. REFERENCES
Toro Colanje, A.; López-Aparicio Pérez, I. Bodily narratives: dance as creation of sense
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AUTHORS
Alejandra Toro Calonje
She is doing a doctorate in History and Art with a specialization in Peace and
Conflict Management from the University of Granada, Spain. This article derives
from the doctoral thesis of Alejandra Toro Calonje, directed by PhD Isidro López-
Aparicio, which aims to establish criteria to understand how grieving processes
generated by acute social conflicts such as the Colombian armed conflict can be
affected, in general, by art, and, in particular, by dance.
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© 2018. This work is published under
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding
the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance
with the terms of the License.