Flexion Simple
Flexion Simple
Flexion Simple
SGP
ANNET
LAMBOT INGALLS
UN POCO DE HISTORIA
Galileo
Cauchy
σ Navier
Teoria actual (1826)
FLEXION SIMPLE
OCURRE CUANDO M ≠ 0 ; N = 0 ; V ≠ 0
FLEXION RECTA
OCURRE CUANDO LA PIEZA TIENE UN
PLANO DE SIMETRIA TOTAL
MECANISMO RESISTENTE
FORMULACIÓN MATEMÁTICA
a P P a
extensómetros
flexímetro
1/r
FORMULACIÓN MATEMÁTICA
ESTADO III
ESTADO II
ESTADO I
1/r
c de g
c c c c c c c c
tensiones "reales"
c de g
z z z z z z z z
T T T T T Ty Ty Ty
c c c
tensiones adoptadas
c de g
z z z
T T Ty
HIPÓTESIS :
Cg
•Conservación de las secciones planas.
•El material es linealmente elástico
(Ley de Hooke). ε σ
v2 y σy
Cg
v1
σ (y) =
M M d2y M
⋅y σ= =
Ih W dx 2 E × I
HIPÓTESIS :
•Conservación de las secciones planas.
•El material es linealmente elástico
(Ley de Hooke).
ε' σc'
εc=εs σc= σs /n
ε
SECCIÓN HOMOGENEIZADA
c 0.5 + n ⋅ ρ ⋅ (d h ) h d
2
=
h 1+ n ⋅ ρ ⋅ d h
b ⋅ h3
2
h
Ih = + b ⋅ h ⋅ − c + n ⋅ As ⋅ (d − c ) n As
2
12 2
SECCIÓN HOMOGENEIZADA
bh
3
1 + 2nρ (d h )
2 2 2 2
d d 1 + 2nρ (d h )
Ih = 1 + 3 1 − + 12 nρ −
12
1 + nρ d h h h 2(1 + nρ d h )
bh 3
1 + 2nρ (d h )
2 2
2 2
d d 1 + 2nρ (d h )
Ih = 1 + 3 1 − + 12 n ρ −
12
1 + n ρ d h h h 2(1 + n ρ d h )
bh 3 bh 3 bh 3
Ih = ⋅ (1 + 1.5 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ ) Ih = ⋅ (1 + n ⋅ ρ ) Ih =
12 12 12
ERROR < 3% ERROR < 7% ERROR < 40%
b ⋅ h3 b ⋅ h3
Ih = ⋅ (1 + 1.5 ⋅ n ⋅ (ρ + ρ ')) Ih = ⋅ (1 + n ⋅ (ρ + ρ '))
12 12
M cr = Winf ⋅ f ct , fl σ'
PARA LA SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR :
bh 2 bh 2
M cr = (1 + nρ ) ⋅ f ct , fl ≈ ⋅ f ct , fl
6 6
fct
b
fb
N'c h/6
h/2
bh 1 h 1 h b ⋅ h ⋅ f ct2
h
M cr = f ct ⋅ h − − =
2 3 2 2 2 24 7 h/2 Nc
h/2
fct
h d z
εs σs/n T
HIPÓTESIS :
•Solidaridad de deformaciones.
h d z
εs σs/n T
llamando β = σs / σ’c :
c n
= = kc ⇒ c = kc ⋅ d
d n+β
Edgardo Lima FLEXIÓN SIMPLE
ESTADO II b ε'c σ'c
C
c
h d z
εs σs/n T
σ c' ⋅ b ⋅ c
C =T ⇒ = As ⋅ σ s
2
As cd kc
= ⇒ ρ= donde ρ = As/bd
b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ σ s σ c' 2⋅ β
h d z
εs σs/n T
M 1 M M
⇒ d= = ⋅ = k 'd ⋅ con k’d = (1 / ρ kz)1/2
σ s ⋅ b ⋅ ρ ⋅ kz ρ ⋅ kz σ s ⋅ b σs ⋅b
Edgardo Lima FLEXIÓN SIMPLE
ESTADO II b ε'c σ'c
C
c
h d z
εs σs/n T
h d z
εs σs/n T
kc n
ρ= = kc
2⋅ β n+β
n n
β = −n ⇒ kc = 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ − n
kc kc
0,4
Kc
0,3
0,2 M / bd2σc
0,1
0,0 ρ
0,0000 0,0025 0,0050 0,0075 0,0100 0,0125
1.0
Kz
0.9
0.8 ρ
0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100 0.0125
Kz
1.0
0.9 n=6
n=10
0.8
0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 ρ
0 5 0 5 0 5
b 3%o
c
c
h d z
Ty
εt > εy
HIPÓTESIS :
•Solidaridad de deformaciones.
b 3%o
c
c
h d z
Ty
εt > εy
b 3%o
c
c
h d z
Ty
εt > εy
b 3%o
c
c
h d z
Ty
εt > εy
b 3%o
c
c
h d z
Ty
εt > εy
a =β1 x c
c
T
εt > εy
T =C ⇒ As ⋅ f y = a ⋅ b ⋅ f 'c *
a As fy
ka = = ⋅ =ω
d b ⋅ d f 'c *
Equilibrio de momentos :
a
M n = C ⋅ z = b ⋅ a ⋅ f c '*⋅ d − = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f c' * ⋅k a ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ k a )
2
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
T
εt > εy
a
M n = T ⋅ z = As ⋅ f y ⋅ d − = As ⋅ f y ⋅ d ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ k a )
2
Otros reglamentos han considerado otras relaciones entre c y a (por ejemplo 0.80).
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
Mn
µn = = ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c *
0,5 µn
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
ω
0,1
0,1
0,0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
3 24
C = f 'c * ⋅ b ⋅ c + c ≈ 0.81 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ b ⋅ c
7 3 7
2
3 2 4 3 3 4
f 'c * ⋅ b ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ c + ⋅ c ⋅ c + c
7 3 7 7 8 7
ξ= ≈ 0.416 ⋅ c
0.81 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ b
8%
7%
Deformación acero εs
6%
5%
4%
β1 = 0.85
3%
2%
1% β1 = 0.65
0%
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Cuantía mecánica ω
0.08
0.07
Curvatura relativa d/r
0.06
0.05
β1 = 0.85
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Cuantía mecánica ω
b 3%o
b 3%o
20 f'*c
C 169 kN
c 5.6 a 4.7
d
50
ω =0.09 z
47.6 cm
h
2 db 16
T
24% o
b 3%o
20 f'*c
C 264 kN
c 8.7 a 7.4
d
50
ω =0.15 z
46.3 cm
h
2 db 20
T
14% o
b 3%o
20 f'*c
C 412 kN
c 13.6 a 11.6
d
50
ω =0.23 z
44.
h
2 db 25
T
8% o
La forma en que se produce la rotura de una pieza sometida a flexión puede ser diversa
ε'cu 3%o
Deformación del hormigón (borde superior) :
c
ε = ε’cu = 0.003 = 3% 0
Deformación de la armadura :
εs > εy
εs ≥0.005 = 5% 0
c
c 0.003
= d
d max 0.003 + 0.005
Recordando que:
c ka ω εs > εy ε'cu 3%
= =
d β1 β1
ωmax
f'c (MPa)
Resulta: cont. por tracción
15 0.32
20 0.32
0.003 ⋅ β1 3
ω≤ = β1
25 0.32
0.003 + 0.005 8 30
35
0.32
0.31
40 0.29
45 0.28
50 0.27
60 0.24
ROTURA INTERMEDIA
3%o
Deformación del hormigón (borde superior) :
c
ε = ε’cu = 0.003 = 3% 0
Deformación de la armadura :
εt < εy
εs < εy
ROTURA INTERMEDIA
ε'cu 3%o
Interesa determinar la cuantía
que conduce a esta situación limite: c
c 0.003 d
=
d max 0.003 + ε y
εy ε'cu 3%
Recordando que:
c ka ω
= =
d β1 β1
Resulta:
0.003 ⋅ β1
ω≥
0.003 + ε y
ROTURA INTERMEDIA
fy (MPa)
f'c (MPa)
420 500 550
15 0,50 0,46 0,44
Entonces resultarían 20 0,50 0,46 0,44
los siguientes valores 25 0,50 0,46 0,44
30 0,50 0,46 0,44
de ωmax: 35 0,48 0,44 0,42
0.003 ⋅ β1 40 0,46 0,42 0,41
ω≥ 45 0,44 0,41 0,39
0.003 + ε y 50 0,42 0,39 0,37
60 0,38 0,35 0,34
Valores de ωmax
ωmax
f'c (MPa)
cont. por compresion
15 0,51
El CIRSOC 201/02 permite adoptar 20 0,51
25 0,51
para todos los casos
30 0,51
εy =0.002 por lo que: 35 0,49
40 0,47
45 0,45
50 0,42
60 0,39
HIPÓTESIS :
•Solidaridad de deformaciones.
Equilibrio de fuerzas:
T =C ⇒ As ⋅ σ s = a ⋅ b ⋅ f 'c *
As ⋅ σ s = As ⋅ λ ⋅ f y = a ⋅ b ⋅ f 'c *
a As λ ⋅ f y Observar que ka ≠ ω
ka = = ⋅ = ω ⋅λ
d b ⋅ d f 'c *
Equilibrio de momentos:
As λ ⋅ f y
M n = b ⋅ d ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ d ⋅ (1 − 05 ⋅ k a )
b ⋅ d f 'c *
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ k a ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ k a )
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ωλ ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ωλ )
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ωλ ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ωλ )
λ depende de la deformación del acero y
esta depende de la cuantía de armadura 3%o
c 0.003 c
= d
d 0.003 + ε s
λ⋅ f c ka ω ⋅ λ
ε s = y = λ ⋅ε y
y = =
Es d β1 β1 εs< εy
εs= λ εy
0.003 ω ⋅λ
=
0.003 + λ ⋅ ε y β1
2
0.0015 0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
λ=− + +
εy
εy ω ⋅ε y
eliminar el coeficiente λ entre esta última expresión y la del momento de rotura
pareciera muy complicado
pero puede resolverse numéricamente
ε (tracción) ε (compresión)
b
d'
A's
h d
As
εsu 0.005 εy
0.0 0.003
Mn >> Mcr
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
M cr = Winf ⋅ f ct , fl
bh 2 bh 2
Para seccion rectangular : M cr = (1 + nρ ) ⋅ f ct , fl ≈ ⋅ f ct , fl
6 6
b ⋅ h2
M n ≥ 1.20 ⋅ W1 ⋅ f ct , fl , 0.95 ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω ) ⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ f 'c * ≥
2
⋅ f ct , 0.95
6
Cuantía mínima
h
≈ 1.1 ; f ct , fl = 0.7 ⋅ fc ' ; f ct , fl , 0.95 = 1.30 ⋅ f ct , fl
d
1.21 1 1 f '
ω ≥ 1.20 ⋅ ⋅ 0.7 f c ' ⋅1.30 ⋅ ⋅ ≈ 0.25 ⋅ c
6 0.95 f c '* f c '*
fc ' 1.4
As ,min = ⋅ bw ⋅ d ≥ ⋅ bw ⋅ d
4⋅ fy fy
EHE 98, EC-2, CEB-90, etc. establecen valores del orden de:
ω ≥ 0.04
Deformación de la armadura :
εt = ε su
c 0.003 d
=
d min 0.003 + ε su
0.003 ⋅ β1 εt = ε su
ω≥
0.003 + ε su
Valor coincidente con el indicado por CEB, EHE para la condición de no fragilidad
β1 ⋅ 0.003
ω≤ ω ≤ 0.32 para β1 = 0.85
0.003 + 0.005
ω ≥ 0.08
M u ≤ φ ⋅ b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f c '*⋅ ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
2⋅ Mu
ω ≥ 1− 1−
φ ⋅ b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f c '*
εs φ c/d εs / εy λ ωλ µ φ µ ω
0.0014 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.580 0.412 0.268 0.828
0.0015 0.65 0.67 0.75 0.75 0.567 0.406 0.264 0.756
0.0016 0.65 0.65 0.80 0.80 0.554 0.401 0.260 0.693
0.0017 0.65 0.64 0.85 0.85 0.543 0.395 0.257 0.638
0.0018 0.65 0.63 0.90 0.90 0.531 0.390 0.254 0.590
0.0019 0.65 0.61 0.95 0.95 0.520 0.385 0.250 0.548
0.0020 0.65 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.510 0.380 0.247 0.510
0.0030 0.73 0.50 1.50 1.00 0.425 0.335 0.245 0.425
0.0035 0.78 0.46 1.75 1.00 0.392 0.315 0.244 0.392
0.0040 0.82 0.43 2.00 1.00 0.364 0.298 0.243 0.364
0.0041 0.83 0.42 2.05 1.00 0.359 0.295 0.243 0.359
0.0042 0.83 0.42 2.10 1.00 0.354 0.291 0.243 0.354
0.0043 0.84 0.41 2.15 1.00 0.349 0.288 0.243 0.349
0.0044 0.85 0.41 2.20 1.00 0.345 0.285 0.242 0.345
0.0045 0.86 0.40 2.25 1.00 0.340 0.282 0.242 0.340
0.0046 0.87 0.39 2.30 1.00 0.336 0.279 0.242 0.336
0.0047 0.88 0.39 2.35 φ µn 1.00 λ=10.331 λ=1
0.276 λ<1
0.242 0.331
0.0048 0.88 0.38 2.40 0.5 1.00 φ=0.90
0.327 φ=var
0.273 φ=0.65
0.242 0.327
0.0049 0.89 0.38 2.45 0.4 1.00 0.323 0.271 0.241 0.323
0.0050 0.90 0.38 2.50 0.3 1.00 0.319 0.268 0.241 0.319
0.0055 0.90 0.35 2.75 0.2 1.00 0.300 0.255 0.230 0.300
0.0060 0.90 0.33 3.00 0.1 1.00 0.283 0.243 0.219 0.283
0.0065 0.90 0.32 3.25 1.00 0.268 0.232 0.209 ω 0.268
0.0
0.0070 0.90 0.30 3.50 1.00 0.255 0.222 0.200 0.255
0.0075 0.90 0.29 3.75 0.000
1.00 0.200
0.243 0.4000.213 0.600 0.192 0.800 0.243
0.0080 0.90 0.27 4.00 1.00 0.232 0.205 0.184 0.232
0.0090 0.90 0.25 4.50 1.00 0.213 0.190 0.171 0.213
0.0100 0.90 0.23 5.00 1.00 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.196
0.0150 0.90 0.17 7.50 1.00 0.142 0.132 0.118 0.142
0.0200 0.90 0.13 10.00 1.00 0.111 0.105 0.094 0.111
0.0250 0.90 0.11 12.50 1.00 0.091 0.087 0.078 0.091
0.0300 0.90 0.09 15.00 1.00 0.077 0.074 0.067 0.077
0.0350 0.90 0.08 17.50 1.00 0.067 0.065 0.058 0.067
0.0400 0.90 0.07 20.00 1.00 0.059 0.058 0.052 0.059
0.0450 0.90 0.06 22.50 1.00 0.053 0.052 0.047 0.053
0.0500 0.90 0.06 25.00 1.00 0.048 0.047 0.042 0.048
0.0600 0.90 0.05 30.00 1.00 0.040 0.040 0.036 0.040
h ds d
As >5%o T
a As ⋅ f y A '⋅σ '
ka = = − s s ka ≠ ω.
d b ⋅ d ⋅ f c '* b ⋅ d ⋅ f c '*
h ds d
As 5%o T
Σff=0
T = Cc + Cs ; As . fy = β1 0.375 d b f’c* + A’s σ’s = ωmax d b f’c* + A’s σ’s
Σmm=0
Mu = φ ( Mc + Ms) = φ [bd2f’c* ωmax (1- 0.5 ωmax) + A’s σ’s ds]
b
3%o
d' ε's
A's c
h ds d
As >5%o
c − d' k − d' d
ε s = 0.003 ⋅ = 0.003 ⋅ c
c kc
σ s = Es ⋅ ε s
b σc'
A's c σs/n
'
h ds d
As σs/n
σs' c − d' σs d −c
Ley de Hooke = σ c '⋅ ; = σ c '⋅
n c n c
Σff=0 b⋅c
As '⋅σ s '+ ⋅ σ c ' = As ⋅ σ s
2
c − d' c d −c
ρ '⋅n ⋅ + − ρ ⋅n⋅ =0
c 2⋅d c
b σc'
A's c σs/n
'
h ds d
As σs/n
d'
kc = − n ⋅ (ρ + ρ ') + n 2 ⋅ (ρ + ρ ') + 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ + ρ '⋅
2
d
SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR
SECCIÓN ASIMILABLE
A RECTANGULAR
FLEXIÓN
RECTA SECCIÓN “T”
SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR
FLEXIÓN
OBLICUA
SECCIÓN CUALQUIERA
SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR
SECCIÓN ASIMILABLE
A RECTANGULAR
FLEXIÓN
RECTA SECCIÓN “T”
SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR
FLEXIÓN
OBLICUA
SECCIÓN CUALQUIERA
c c
SECCIONES QUE
FUNCIONAN COMO d d
RECTANGULARES
b b/2 b/2
c c
SECCIONES QUE
d d
PUEDEN ASIMILARSE
A RECTANGULARES
ε'
ε'
~ε'
hf
ANCHO COLABORANTE d
bw
hf
bw + 2 x 8 x hf
¼ de la luz de la viga
Si a ≤ hf
b f'*c
hf c Cc
b
3%o f'*c
hf C ala hf/2 a/2
c a C nervio
εs T
bw
Σff=0
(b − bw ) ⋅ h f ⋅ f c '* + a ⋅ bw ⋅ f c '* = As ⋅ f y
a As ⋅ f y (b − bw ) ⋅ h f
= ka = −
d bw ⋅ d ⋅ f c '* d
Σmm=0
hf
M n = (b − bw ) ⋅ h f ⋅ f c '*⋅ d − + bw ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f c '*⋅ k a ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ k a )
2
Edgardo Lima FLEXIÓN SIMPLE
SECCIÓN “T”
CONDICIÓN DE NO FRAGILIDAD
hf v2
h
v1
bw σ1
b/bw
hf/h
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.10 1.00 1.14 1.24 1.32 1.38 1.43
0.15 1.00 1.17 1.29 1.38 1.44 1.50
0.20 1.00 1.20 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54
0.25 1.00 1.22 1.35 1.45 1.52 1.59
0.30 1.00 1.23 1.37 1.48 1.56 1.64
0.40 1.00 1.25 1.42 1.56 1.68 1.80
0.50 1.00 1.29 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.05
Si c ≤ hf
Si c > hf
Si c > hf b σc'
C ξ
hf c
DESPRECIANDO σb
LAS TENSIONES
EN EL NERVIO h z
As σs/n T
bw
Σff=0
σ c '+σ b
⋅ h f ⋅ b = As ⋅ σ s
2
σ b c − hf h σs n d −c
= = 1− f ; =
σc' c c σc' c
hf hf ⋅ b d −c
σ c '⋅1 + 1 − ⋅ = As ⋅ n ⋅ σ c '⋅
c 2 c
Si c > hf b σc'
C ξ
hf c
DESPRECIANDO σb
LAS TENSIONES
EN EL NERVIO h z
As σs/n T
bw
h 2f ⋅ b
+ As ⋅ n ⋅ d
c 2
kc = =
d h f ⋅ b + As ⋅ n
h f 1 + 2 ⋅ σ b σ c ' h f 3c − 2h f
ξ= ⋅ = ⋅
3 1+ σ b σ c ' 3 2c − h f
h f 3c − 2h f
z = d −ξ = d − ⋅
3 2c − h f
EVIDENTEMENTE
hf
NO SE TRATA DE FLEXIÓN RECTA
h
bw
bw + 6 x hf
εs > εy
Σff=0 Σmm=0
C=T ; Mn = C x z = T x z
5 q×l4
∆=
384 E × I
NUESTRO PROBLEMA ES DETERMINAR LA RIGIDEZ E x I
M cr
3
M cr 3
Ie = × I g + 1 − × I cr ≤ I g MOMENTO DE INERCIA EQUIVALENTE
M M
M cr = W1 × fct , fl
f ct , fl = 0.7 ⋅ fc '
b ⋅ c3
2
c
I cr = + b ⋅ c ⋅ + n × As × (d − c )
2
12 2
b ⋅ c3
I cr = + n × As × (d − c )
2
c 2
kc = = nρ ⋅ − 1 + 1 +
d nρ
b ⋅ h3
2
c
I cr = + b ⋅ c ⋅ + n ⋅ A' s ⋅ (c − d ') + n × As × (d − c )
2 2
12 2
d'
ρ ⋅ ρ '⋅
k c = = n ⋅ ( ρ + ρ ') ⋅ − 1 + 1 + 2 ×
c d
2
d n ⋅ ( ρ + ρ ')
∆∞ = ∆inst (1 + λ)
ϕ
λ=
1 + 50 ⋅ ρ '
Tiempo Coeficiente ϕ
5 años o más 2
12 meses 1.4
6 meses 1.2
3 meses 1
E.Ic.ac (kN/m3)= 1067 Para viga simpl apoy y carga dist: 5/384ql^4
M max (kNm)= 160
fck (MPa)= 17
φ= 2 Coef de fluencia
Mr (kNm) = 79.3
ac (m) = 0.0034
a = (1 − ς ) ⋅ a1 + ς ⋅ a2
2
σ sr
ς = 1 − β1 ⋅ β 2 ⋅
σs
Mr Mr
a= ⋅ a1 + 1 − ⋅ a2
M M
a1 CEB-78
5 Branson a2
Momento flector M
1
CUANTÍA MECÁNICA 0.10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Flecha a
a1
5 a2
Momento flector M
4
Branson
3 CEB-90
2
CUANTÍA MECÁNICA 0.10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Flecha a
0.0080
H-40
Momento relativo Mn/bd 2fy
0.0075
0.0070
H-13
0.0065
0.0060
0.0055
0.0050
0.0045
0.0040
0.0035
0.0030
0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
Cuantía geométrica ρ
0.025
Momento relativo Mn/bd 2fy
0.020 H-40
0.015
0.010
0.005 H-13
0.000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Cuantía geométrica ρ
0.003 ω ⋅λ 1.2 λ
=
0.003 + λ ⋅ ε y β1 1.0
0.8
0.6
(0.003 + λ ⋅ ε )⋅ ω ⋅ λ = 0.003 ⋅ β
y 1
0.4
0.2 ω
ω max
0.0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
ε y ⋅ ω ⋅ λ2 + 0.003 ⋅ ω ⋅ λ = 0.003 ⋅ β1
2
0.0015 0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
λ=− + +
εy
εy ω ⋅ε y
0.9 0.85
0.8
0.7 0.65
0.6
0.5
β1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
f´c (MPa)
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ωλ ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ωλ )
2
0.0015 0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
λ=− + +
εy
εy ω ⋅ε y
2
0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1 2
0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
− 0.0015 + − 0.0015 +
M n = b ⋅ d ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅
2
+ ⋅
1 − 0 .5 ⋅ ω ⋅ ε +
εy ε ω ⋅ε y ε ω ⋅ε y
y
y y
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ωλ ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ωλ )
2
0.0015 0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
λ=− + +
εy
εy ω ⋅ε y
2
0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1 2
0.0015 0.003 ⋅ β1
− 0.0015 + − 0.0015 +
M n = b ⋅ d ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅
2
+ ⋅
1 − 0 .5 ⋅ ω ⋅ ε +
εy ε ω ⋅ε y ε ω ⋅ε y
y
y y
0.12
0.1
0.08
ω 0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
f´c (MPa)
f'c ωmin
15 0.110
20 0.082
25 0.066
30 0.055
35 0.050
40 0.047
45 0.044
50 0.042
60 0.038
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ω ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ ω )
fy fy
M n = b ⋅ d 2 ⋅ f 'c * ⋅ ρ ⋅
*
1 − 0 . 5 ⋅ ρ ⋅
*
f ´c f ´c
fy
M n = b ⋅ d ⋅ f y ⋅ ρ 1 − 0.5 ⋅ ρ ⋅
2
*
f ´c
Mn fy
= ρ
1 − 0. 5 ⋅ ρ ⋅
*
b⋅d ⋅ fy
2
f ´c
0.003
ωmax = ⋅ β1
0.003 + 0.005
f ´c*
ωmax = ρ max
fy
0.003 f ´c*
ωmax = ⋅ β1 ⋅
0.003 + 0.005 fy