Progresion ACSM Español
Progresion ACSM Español
Progresion ACSM Español
ADULTOS SANOS.
RESUMEN.
Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol. 34, No.2, 2002, pp. 364–380. Con la intención de estimular y
desarrollar adaptaciones específicas mediante los programas de entrenamiento es
necesario implementar el criterio de progresión. Las características óptimas de los
programas de fuerza específicos deben incluir el uso de acciones musculares
concéntricas y excéntricas y el desarrollo de ejercicios mono y poliarticulares. Es
recomendable que los programas de entrenamiento consideren la secuencia(orden) de los
ejercicios a efectos de optimizar la calidad e intensidad de los efectos de
entrenamiento(primero los grandes grupos musculares y luego los pequeños, primero los
ejercicios poliarticulares y después los monoarticulares y primero los ejercicios de mayor
intensidad y luego los de menor intensidad).
Para las cargas iniciales, con principiantes, se recomiendan pesos que impliquen 8 a 12
máximas repeticiones(MR). Para sujetos de nivel intermedio, el rango de las cargas oscila
entre 1 a 12 MR, con énfasis en las cargas más pesadas(1 a 6 MR), empleando, al
menos, 3 minutos entre series, con moderada velocidad de ejecución(1 a 2 segundos
para la fase concéntrica y el mismo tiempo para la fase excéntrica). Cuando se entrena en
un rango de carga específico(RM) se recomienda un incremento de carga de 2 a 10%
cuando el sujeto puede realizar 1 o 2 repeticiones por sobre el número máximo individual
asignado. La recomendación para la frecuencia de entrenamiento es de 2 a 3 sesiones
por semana para los niveles de principiantes e intermedios y 4 a 5 sesiones semanales
para niveles avanzados de entrenamiento.
Para la hipertrofia muscular son recomendados programas de entrenamiento con criterios
similares en cuanto a la elección de los ejercicios y de la frecuencia. En tanto que la carga
debe establecerse en un rango entre 1 a 12 MR, con énfasis en la zona entre 6 a 12MR,
utilizando una pausa de 1 a 2 minutos entre series y la velocidad de ejecución de los
ejercicios es moderada. Se recomiendan volumenes altos de entrenamiento con series
múltiples para optimizar la hipertrofia muscular.
Para el entrenamiento de Potencia se recomiendan dos estrategias generales: 1)
entrenamiento d la fuerza y 2) el uso de cargas ligeras(30 a 60% 1MR) con velocidades
elevadas y pausas entre series de 2 a 3 minutos, con múltiples series por ejercicio. Se
recomienda poner el énfasis en los ejercicios poliarticulares, especialmente los que
emplean la mayor cantidad de masa corporal total.
Para el entrenamiento de la resistencia muscular local se recomiendan cargas ligeras a
moderadas (40 a 60% 1MR) con alto número de repeticiones(> 15) y empleando pausas
cortas entres series (90 segundos).
Es fundamental interpretar las presentes recomendaciones en el contexto de la
individualidad de los sujetos, su capacidad física inicial, nivel de entrenamiento y
toda otra consideración relevante para el proceso de entrenamiento.
INTRODUCCIÓN.
La habilidad para generar fuerza ha interesado a la humanidad a lo largo de la historia.
La fuerza muscular ha sido importante para la supervivencia del hombre en el estricto
significado del término. En la actualidad, la modernización y la tecnología han reducido las
necesidades de producción de fuerza en la vida diaria y esto tiene implicancias negativas
sobre la salud y la calidad de vida.
Los ejercicios de fuerza y sus diferentes modalidades han sido utilizados durante los
últimos 70 años. Las competencias y eventos deportivos de levantamiento de pesas
organizados existen desde mediados de 1800, la investigación científica, sin embargo, no
había sido desarrollada hasta el trabajo de DeLorme y Watkins(46). Luego de la 2º Guerra
Mundial, DeLorme y Watkins demostraron la importancia del”entrenamiento progresivo de
la fuerza” en el incremento de la fuerza muscular y la hipertrofia para la rehabilñitación del
personal militar. A partir de 1950-1960, el entrenamiento de la fuerza comenzó a ser un
tópico de interés científico, médico y deportivo(19, 21,31,32). Uno de los aspectos más
estudiados ha sido la programación del entrenamiento y “su progresión” con el propósito
de lograr incrementos permanentes de la fuerza muscular y de la masa muscular.
La Progresión se define como “el acto de avanzar hacia una dirección u objetivo
específico”. En el entrenamiento de la fuerza la progresión relaciona el continuo
incremento de una variable determinada con el objetivo de entrenamiento a lo largo del
tiempo. Es necesario una apropiada manipulación de las variables de entrenamiento del
programa(selección de la carga, de los ejercicios y su orden, número de series y
repeticiones, duración de la pausa) ya que éstas pueden naturalmente limitar los
progresos del entrenamiento alcanzando un “plateau” o meseta( punto a partir del cual no
se logran mejorías)(236).
Los componentes aptitudinales del fitness muscular son: fuerza muscular, potencia,
hipertrofia y resistencia muscular local. Otras variables como velocidad, equilibrio,
coordinación, saltabilidad, flexibilidad y otras medidas del desempeño motriz han sido
positivamente relacionadas con el incremento de la fuerza (3,45,216,238,249).
El incremento de la actividad física y la participación en programas de ejercicio con la
inclusión de programas de resistencia aeróbica, fuerza muscular y flexibilidad han
demostrado reducir los riesgos para contraer enfermedades crónicas(ejemplos,
enfermedad coronaria, obesidad, diabetes, osteoporósis, dolor lumbar). El entrenamiento
de fuerza es el método más efectivo para desarrollar la fuerza músculo-esquelética y es
utilizado por la mayoría de las organizaciones científicas internacionales de salud y fitness
(7, 9,71,206,208). La inclusión de los programas de fuerza dentro del fitness, reduce los
factores de riesgo para la enfermedad coronaria(84,86,126,127), la diabetes noinsulino-
dependiente (72,180)y el cáncer de colon (141); previene la osteoporósis (91,158);
promueve la pérdida de peso y su mantenimiento (56,135,251,259); incrementa la
estabilidad dinámica y preserva la capacidad funcional (56,79,138,235); favorece el
bienestar psicológico (59,235). Estos beneficios pueden conseguirse cuando los
programas son individualmente planificados (172).
En la Posición Institucional del ACSM “ Recomendaciones de cantidad y calidad de
ejercicio para el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, muscular y
flexibilidad en adultos sanos”, inicialmente se sugería, para los ejercicios de fuerza, una
serie de 8 a 12 repeticiones por 8 a 10 ejercicios, incluyendo un ejercicio para la mayoría
de los grupos musculares y 10 a 15 repeticiones para personas mayores(ancianas)(8).
Estas recomendaciones iniciales pueden ser efectivas en personas desentrenadas, al
comienzo de un programa y útiles para incrementar la aptitud muscular durante los
primeros 3 a 4 meses de entrenamiento(33,38,63,165,178). Sin embargo es importante
comprender que esta recomendación es insuficiente para entrenar a sujetos adultos
sanos. El propósito de esta Posición es extender la guía inicial del ACSM,
proveyendo modelos de progresión de entrenamiento aplicables a diferentes
niveles de rendimiento ( principiantes, intermedios y avanzados).
Agradecimientos.
This pronouncement was reviewed for the American College
of Sports Medicine by members-at-large; the Pronouncements
Committee; Gregg Haff, BS, BA, BPE;
Michael Deschenes, Ph.D., FACSM; and Stephen Alway,
Ph.D., FACSM.
TABLE 1. Summary of resistance training recommendations: an overview of different program
variables needed for progression with different fitness levels.
Muscle
Action Selection Order Loading Volume Rest Intervals Velocity Frequency
Strength For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv:
Nov. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. Large _ small 60–70% of 1RM 1–3 sets, 8–12 reps 2–3 min. for core
S, M 2–3_/week
Int. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. MJ _ SJ 70–80% of 1RM Mult. Sets, 6–12 reps 1–2 min. for others M
2–4_/week
Adv. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. _ emphasis: MJ HI _ LI 1RM _ PER. Mult. Sets, 1–12 reps _ PER.
US-F 4–6_/week
Hypertrophy For Nov, Int, Adv:
Nov. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. Large _ small 60–70% of 1RM 1–3 sets, 8–12 reps 1–2 min. S, M 2–
3_/week
Int. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. MJ _ SJ 70–80% of 1RM Mult. Sets, 6–12 reps 1–2 min. S, M 2–
4_/week
Adv. ECC & CON SJ & MJ HI _ LI 70–100% of 1RM with emphasis on
70–85% _ PER
Mult. Sets, 1–12 reps with emphasis
on 6–12 reps _ PER
2–3 min. _ VH; 1–2 min.
_ L-MH
S, M, F 4–6_/week
Power For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv:
Nov. ECC & CON Mostly MJ Large _ small Heavy loads (_80%) _ strength;
Light (30–60%) _ velocity _ PER
Train for strength 2–3 min. for core M 2–3_/week
Int. ECC & CON Most complex _ least complex 1–3 sets, 3–6 reps 1–2 min. for others F 2–4_/week
Adv. ECC & CON HI _ LI 3–6 sets, 1–6 reps _ PER F 4–6_/week
Endurance For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv: For Nov, Int, Adv:
Nov. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. Variety in sequencing is
recommended
50–70% of 1RM 1–3 sets, 10–15 reps 1–2 min for high rep sets S _ MR 2–3_/week
Int. ECC & CON SJ & MJ ex. 50–70% of 1RM Mult. Sets, 10–15 reps or more _1 min for 10–15
reps M _ HR 2–4_/week
Adv. ECC & CON SJ & MJ 30–80% of 1RM _ PER Mult. Sets, 10–25 reps or more _ PER 4–
6_/week
ECC, eccentric; CON, concentric; Nov., novice; Int., intermediate; Adv., advanced; SJ, single-joint;
MJ, multiple-joint; ex., exercises; HI, high intensity; LI, low intensity; 1RM, 1-repetition maximum;
PER., periodized; VH, very heavy; L-MH,
light-to-moderately-heavy; S, slow; M, moderate; US, unintentionally slow; F, fast; MR, moderate
repetitions; HR, high repetitions.
374 Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine http://www.acsm-msse.org
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