EJERCICIOS TEMA 3

1. Obtener ecuaciones lineales homogéneas con coeficientes constantes que tengan como sis-
tema fundamental de soluciones el que se indica en cada apartado:
! "
(a) 2t , (!1)t .
! "
(b) 1, t, t2 , et .
! "
(c) 3t , t3t , t2 3t , 1 .
! "
(d) cos !t !t
3 , sin 3 .

2. Resolver las siguientes E-D lineales:

(a) x(t + 2) ! x(t + 1) ! 2x(t) = 6.

(b) x(t + 2) ! 2x(t + 1) + x(t) = 6t.
(c) x(t + 3) ! 5x(t + 2) + 8x(t + 1) ! 4x(t) = 4.
(d) x(t + 2) ! 9x(t) = 18 · 3t .
(e) x(t + 2) ! x(t + 1) + x(t) = 2t .

3. Resolver las siguientes EDO lineales:

(a) x00 (t) ! 5x0 (t) + 6x(t) = 18.

(b) x00 (t) ! x0 (t) ! 2x(t) = !2t2 ! 2t + 1
(c) x000 (t) ! x00 (t) = 12t2 + 6t.
(d) xIV (t) + x00 (t) = 9e3t
(e) x000 (t) ! 3x00 (t) + 3x0 (t) ! x(t) = 4 cos t.

4. Resolver los siguientes problemas de valor inicial:

(a) x00 (t) ! 3x0 (t) + 2x(t) = 5et , x(0) = 1, x0 (0) = !2.
(b) x(t + 2) ! x(t) = 4t, x(0) = 1, x(1) = 1.
(c) x000 (t) ! x0 (t) = !2t, x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 2, x00 (0) = 2.
(d) x(t + 3) + x(t + 2) ! x(t + 1) ! x(t) = 4, x0 = 1, x1 = 2, x2 = 3
(e) xIV (t) ! x(t) = 8et , x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 2, x00 (0) = 4, x000 (0) = 6.

5. Modelo de Hicks. Consideremos el siguiente modelo macroeconómico del tipo multiplicador-

acelerador con dos diferencias respecto del modelo de Samuelson. Se denota por Y (t) la
producción neta (renta) en el periodo t y por C(t) e I(t), respectivamente, al consumo y
la inversión neta en dicho periodo y se sopunen las siguientes hipotesis:

(a) El consumo es proporcional a la renta en el periodo anterior

C(t) = b·Y (t ! 1), 0<b<1 (multiplicador)

1
 (b) La inversión consta de dos componentes, llamadas inversión inducida e inversión
autónoma (básicamente gasto público),

I(t) = I ind (t) + I aut (t)

(c) La primera diferencia con el modelo de Samuelson hace alusión a la inversión inducida;
ahora se supone que no depende solamente de las variaciones en la demanda de
bienes de consumo, sino de las variaciones en la demanda total (producción neta)
en el periodo precedente. este desfase se explica como el tiempo necesario para la
elaboración de nuevos bienes de capital

I ind (t) = k(Y (t ! 1) ! Y (t ! 2)), k>0 (acelerador)

(d) La segunda diferencia está en la inversión autónoma. Ahora no se supone constante,

sino que crece a una tasa constante g

I aut (t) = A0 (1 + g)t , A0 > 0, g > 0

(e) Finalmente se considera la condición de equilibrio económico Y (t) = C(t) + I(t)

Obtener la ecuación en diferencias que modeliza la dinámica de la renta y resolverla

para k = 9/4, b = 3/4 y A0 = g = 1.

6. Consideremos un modelo macroeconómico gobernado por los siguientes supuestos:

(a) C(t) = cY (t) + b, 0 < c < 1, b > 0.

(b) I(t) = k(Y 0 (t) + Y 00 (t)), k > 0.
(c) Y (t) = C(t) + I(t)

Obtener la ecuación diferencial que modeliza la dinámica de la renta y resolverla para

b = 1, k = 14 y c = 12 .

2
dl ) { os πt ,
sin πt } =
{ it ∞ π t ,
1 tsin π t}
2

ar
2
→ b'
+
1 + b

{
v 1
=
a
⼀

=
=

tan π= 3 = 号 b =
3a

4 ⼟⽴
2
a=+
"
=
1 =
3 a =
4a a ,
a =

= b 整 元 +Ʃ☆ i 2

{
a
=
,
λv = =

a =
-

{ b =
⼀场 ,

=
⼊加 = ≡ -

⽴⻄
⼆ Ʃ= 《 O

{
+

'

i 1
3
Ʃπ
≡

)
-

z Z (⽚ +Ʃ i ) (÷ i
-

¢
=
-

=
+=≈ //
年⼀形 i +☆ i 3 i ~= 市 ///
-

=
定⼀ 3 i

P ( λ) =
(λ -

(位 +Ʃ☆ i ) ) ( λ

-(
)

之⼀ Ʃ i
= (λ
-

z ) ( λ -

Ʃ )

Z
0
=
N -

( Z + E ) λ+

N
λ+ = -

— λ+ 之⼀ i
λ t +=
X 2 -Xt
t ++

Xtt 2 + (Ʃ -

☆ ixt =
0
 { }
t t
1
. ( a) 2 , ( -

y distintas
λ .
= 2 ,
λ2 = -

1 ,
reales

P ( λ) = (λ -

)
2 ( λ+ 1 ) = N +λ -
2λ -

2 =λ -

λ -
2

Xt + 2 -

Xt + 1 -

2 Xt = 0

}
" t

et = { eot , eot eot

t

{
t
b) 1 , t , 2
, }
, t , -

,
e

λ ,
=
0 ,

triple
λ2 =
1

λ☆ 4 3
P ( λ) =
( λ -

1
) = λ
-

λ
"
20

x
-

X =
0

}
, , 3
,
){ 3 t t
3t t ' t 1

λ 3
→
tripe
=
v ,

λ z = 1

⼊世
4
P λ- ) =λ 10 ^+ 36 π 54
( λ) 3λ 3)
1

= -

- -

Xt + 4 10 Xtt 3 + 36 Xt + 2 54 Xt + +
27 Xt
-

0
-

t
dd ) { sπ sin π t = ∞π t tsin π t
, } {
t

Tartb
2
→
'
1 + b

{
γ= 1
=
a
⼀

tan π = 3 = 号 b =
3a

4 ⼟⽴
2
1 =
a=+ 3 a== 4a a
==
,
a =

=Ʃ b 整 元 +Ʃ☆ i Z

{
a
=
,
λ1 = =

a =
-

Ʃ b = ⼀

☆ ,

⼊ r
=
-

⽴ -

Ʃ⑪ i = z

Z + Z (
d
=

{
0

iz 1
三程 i ( 之三司
=
-

E - = ⽚
+ ⻔ 》

⼀
E

i
⼆年⼀ 3
—

i
+☆
∵ - 年

i “ ⼆年 + 在 — 1

⼀年⼀款 i - 「 π=Ʃ ⼀ i
 P ( λ) =
(λ -

( ÷+Ʃπ i ) ) ( λ

-)
( -i ÷

= (λ
-

z ) ( λ -

Ʃ ) =λ

=
N -

( Z +Ʃ ) λ + ZZ
0
↑* 3
2
i
⼀

λ= λ 1
⼀

=
+ =
Ʃ
Ʃ
-
-

Xt + 2 -

Xt + + Xt = 0

率
→ ⼊ -

2 . ED lEneales :

a) x ( t +
2
) -

x (t + 1 ) -

2x ( t ) = 6

XH
Xa +
xp
=

( H) Xt +2 -

Xt + 1 -

2Xt = O

P ( λ ) =λ^ -

λ
-

2 = ( λ -

2
) ( λ+ 1 )

λ1 = 2 λ =
1 reales distintos
y
-

, 2
,

}
t

{
t
SFS = 2 ,
(
-

1)

t t
XH = C . 2 + C2 ( -

( p) b ( t ) =
6 ,

λ= 1 wes raiz

xp (t ) A

}
=
sustituir

) A A A 2 A 6
xp
=
( t+ 1 -
-

) A A 3 ) 3
(t +2
xp (t
= = -
=

xp
-

Xa = XH + xp
t
t
= C 2 , + C2 ( -

1 ) -

b) x (t +2 ) -

2x ( t + 1 ) +
x ( t)
=
6t
2

P (λ ) =λ= -

2λ + 1 = ( λ -

1 )

(λ -

) == 0 λ=λ 2
=
1
,
dobe

SES = { 1
t
,
tit } =
{1 ,
t }
 XH ( t ) = C ,
+ Cat

b ( t ) =
6t

λ= 1 raiz ⽐
es s
三
=
,

∠
*

+ At ) A t , ts
=

xp (t ) = t ( A 0 A
=
。 —

xp (t + 1 ) = A 。 (t+ 1 ) =+ A .
( t +)
3

( 2)
Aot =+ Ao + Aot 3 t
A
-

= 2 + A , t + 3 , ^+ 3 A
At + ,

)
3 2
=
A ,
t + ( Ao + 3 A )t . + 2 AO + 3 A t + (A 。 + A
)
3
xp ( t +2) =
A0 ( t + 2) =+ A , ( t + 2)

'
3
Aot 4Aot 4 Aot + A t
2

= + ,
+ OA , t + 12 A t + 8 A
,
,

SA )
'

= A t3 , + ( A 0 + 6A ) t + ( 4A + ( 2 A )t.
+ (4A 0 +

Sustituir
3
t = A -
2
A , + A , = 0 0 = 0

t 2
:
+ 6A
A= 2A
— 6A + .
0 A 0 0 = 0

t : 4A 0 + 12 A
,

-4 AOA ,- = 6 → 6A ,
=
6 A ,
= 1

: 4A + 8 A 0 ,
-

2Ao -

2A 1
= O 2A 0 =
-

OA 1 A 0
=
3
-

0 A 1
= 1 , A0 =
-

3
tb
^ 2
t 3 t ) 3t
xp (
=
-

+ =
-

3
Xa =
c . + Crt -

3 t ^+ t

c) x (t + 3) -

5 x (t +2 ) + 8 x (t + 1 ) -

4x ( t) = 4

P (λ )
2
3
=
λ -

5x + 8λ -

5λ + 8 λ 4
3
λ
—
-
-

)
2

( λ -

1 ) (λ -

5λ + 4(λ -

1 ) = 0

)
N
( λ -

1 ) (λ -
5 λ+ 4 =
0

) (λ
^

( λ -

1 -
2
) = 0

λ ,
=
1 ,
λ 2 =λ 3 = 2 ,
doble
 SFs =
{ it , 2
t
t
t
, 2 =
{ 1 ,
2
t
,
t2
t
]
t t
XH = C, + a 2 + st 2

b ( t) =
4 ,

λ= 1 1
es raiz s =

14)
xp (t ) =
tA
t+1) ) t+ 1 A At "
xp
" ( =
= +

) ( t +2 ) A = Att 2
D
=

xp ( t +2

( t +3 ) (t +3 ) A At +3 ⽇
Xp
= =
( )

sustitwir

t :
A -

5A +8A -

4A = 0 0
=
0

:
3 A -
1 OA +
SA =
4 → A = 4

) 4t
Xp (t =

t
Xa = XH +
Xp = C , + G 20 + Cst 2 + 4t

t
dd ) λ (t +2 ) -

9 x ( t) =
18 -

P ( λ) =λ=
-

9 =
(λ -

3 ) ( λ+ 3 )

ydistinto
λ= 3 2 . reales 0 ,
= ⼊ =

SFS {
t
}
t

= 3 ,
d -

3)

t )
XH (t) =
( 3 + C2 -3
(

t
αtpit
)
b ( t) =
18 .
3

α= 3 ,
λ= 3 es raiz , s =
1

'

t t
xp (t ) = t 3 A = t 3 tA -
=
t A -
-
3

t
) 9
t+ 2
( t+ ) ( tt 2 ) 3 A ( t +2 A 3
xp
2 = = ,
.
.

(t + 2 ) -

)
9 - t
9 . -

A -

3
t -

- A

.
3
t = 18
☆

At + 2 A -

At -
2

2A 2= A =
1
 t
) t 3
xp (t =
-

t t t
Xa C, 3 21 ( 3) + t 3
X xp
+
+ C
-

=
-

) )
t
el) x (t +2 -

x ( t +1 + x ( t) =
2

P ( λ) =
λ
2
-

λ + 1

去线
⼀

你⼼死的
⼩ 4
=
什
λ

⼗癌和
-

⼆
, ⇌ ≈
“
2
—

“ b

r =π+ 和 5
=+= 年 1 ,
tan θ= 品 =
3 , θ=π
snt πt } ew π t
t t
SFS =
{ 1 , sen =
{ ∞πt ,
}

Xn (t ) = C , cos ( πt ) +C 2eu ( π t)
t
b (t) =
2

α= 2 , w es raiz

、 xp (t ) = 2 tA
" (t+) 2
t"
A 2 2tA
xp
=
= -

t
xp ( + A
t ) 2
t
A 4 2 2 =
+=
= .

sustituir

/ 1 必
/
4 -

2 tA -
2 2tA -

+ 2tA = 2

4A 2A + A
1

=
-

3A =
1 A =
3
xp ( t ) = 2
t
Ʃ
t

xa (t ) =λ u ( t ) +
Xp ( t) =
C, ∞ ( π t) + CGsenπ t
(
) +
3 . EDO

( t) 5 (t ) 6 x (t)
"
() x
-

x + =
18

P ( λ ) =λ -

5 λ+ 6 (
=λ -

2
D (x
-

3 )
) ) λ 2 3 distintay
( λ 3 λ2
Reelesy
2
(λ
= =
=
-
-

0 . , ,

}
2t 3 t
δ Fs =
{ e ,
e

2t 3t
XH =
C, e t
, ze

b( t
) = 18 ,
λ= 0 wo es raiz

A 6A
Xp ( t) 5 18

了
=
0
-
.

0 + =

" t)
Xp A
0
3
=
=

xp ( t) xp ( t) 3
= 0 =

t
tr t 3
e

a =λ - 1 +
xp = c ,
.

+ 3

"

X (t)
^

b) X / t) -
-

2 x / t) = -

2t -

2t + 1

P ( λ ) =λ= -

λ -

2 = ( λ -

2 ) ( λ+ 1 )

( λ -

2 ) (λt 1 ) = 0 λ .
= 2 , a aistints
2
kalesy ,

2t
SFs {
t
}
-

=
e , e

⼀七

XH = cieit
,+ cze

b ( t) 1
2
2t 2t + λ= 0 raiz
es
-
=
no
-

A
Xp | t) i
A + A tt
+ =
0 .

" xpit = +
Ai Ait

) " t) 2A2
xp
=

sustituir
'

t = -

2A 2 =
-

2 Ar =
1

t =
-
2 A = + A ,
= -
2 -
2 +A 1 =
-
2 A ,
=
O

- : 2 A =
-

A .
-
2 Ao =
1 → 2 2A
-
=
1 → B =
%

xp =
Ʃ + t
 +
xa =
XH +λ C ert + Cret ⽴ + t 2
p
=
,

" " 2
¢) x π) -

x (t ) =
12 t + 6t

D
2
3 2

P ( λ ) =λ -

λ =λ (λ
-

λ= (λ -

1
) =
0 λ , = 1 ,
λ2 =λ 3
=
0 oble

SFs =
{ et , 1 , t }

XH =
C 1 + at + C3 et
bit ) 6t
2
=
12 t + , λ= 0 es raiz ,
s = 2
^
4 ' 2

t) t ( A÷ A t + A )
2

Xp ( =
, 2 t =
Art + A ,
t + Aot
3 '

' (t) 4 Art 3 Ait + 2 Aot

Xp +
=

6A t
=

( t) Art 2A
"
12 + +
xp
=
. 。

xp OA
(t )
"

24 Art + =

sustituir
-

24At + 6 A. - 12 A 2 ' t
6

A, t - 2

A0 =
12 t =+ 6t

12 A A

个
-
2
= 12 2 =
-

24 A 2
-
OA ,
=
6 -

24 -

OH ,
=
6 A1 =
-

6A 2 Ao 2Ao
,
-

=
0
-

30 =
A 0
= -
15
4 β 2

( t) t 5t 15 t
xp
-
-

=
-

4 3
Xa XH+ Xp 1 Cat + C3 et t 5t
3
15 t
=
C - -

= +
-

3t
( t)
2u
)
"
d x ( t) + x = 9 e

P 4
)
2 2
( λ) = λ + λ =
λ ( λ=+ 1

( λ=+ )
2
λ 1
= 0 λ r =Λ 2
= 0 ,
doble

λ2 = i ,
λ 4 = -

j ,
a = 0 , b =
1

{ esont sostisat " }

0
sFs = e ost ,
tes ,
,
t

XH =
C, tcrt + C, cot + C4 sert
 3t
b (t) = 9 -

e , α =
3 ,
noes raiz
3 t

xp
( t) = e A sustituin

tA tA
3 3 3t
tA 9
3
8 le
xpit ) 3 e + e 9 e
= =

tA
( t)
9 e
3
81 A +
9A 9
xp
=
=

xp tA
3
A
"

SA
1
( t) 7 e = + =

xpv ( t) 8 le
3
tA = 1OA =
1 A =
0 .
1
3t
et e

xpit ) =
0 . 1 = —

3 t
λ XH C 1 tat + Csostt 4 seut e
a +
Xp
= =

"
"

el) x ( t) -

3x (t) + 3x (t)
-

s
( t) =t4

3
P ( λ) =λ -

3 λ= + 3λ
-

1
3
λ
' -

3 λ=+ 3λ -

1 = 0 (λ -

) =
1

λ2 λs 1
λ1
triple
= =
= .

SFS =
{ et tet , , tet }

XH = Ciet + Catet + Cstret

b | t) = 4 ast , λ= 0 no es raiz

xpit
) =
Acast+ Bsent
Bast
'
it ) Asint +
xp
= -

"
( t) Aast Bsint
xp
-

=
-

Bast
"

xp
( t) =
Asint -

sustituir =
4 ast
Asint -

Bast + 3 Ast + 3 Bsint - 3 Asint + 3 Bast - Aast - Bst

B +3 A +3 B A 4 B + 2A 4 A 1

{ 个
= 2 = =
-
-

A +3 B
-

3A -

B = O - 2 A + 2B =
O B =
1

sint
xpit) =
ast +

+
Catet ett
'

Cs t ast
Xa =
XH + Xp = Cet + + sint
 = 5et
x
4 3x 0 )
"

. a) x (t ) -

'( t ) + 2 x (t )
, x ( )
= 1 , 10 = -

2
P 1 λ ) =λ -

3 λ+ 2

2
λ -

3 λ+ 2 = 0
)
λ -

(λλ )
= 0 →λ 、 =
1, 2

't

SFs =
{ et ,
e 3
t
XH = Cet + cier

b ( t) =
5 et , α= 1 , esraiz ,
s =
1

tet A
Xpit)
.

Alet et ) Alt + ) et
'

) t
xp (t +
=
-

"

( t) A et A ( t + 1 ) et ( t + 2) et
Xp = + =
A

sustitcir

A ( t + 2) 111
et
( ) et tetA =
e -

3 A t+1 +2 5

At +2 A -

3 At -

3A + 2At =
5

A =
5 A =
-

xp =
-

5 tet
X ++ et + crert 5 tet
Xa
Xp c,
-

= =

Xi = ciet + C2 .
2 et -

set -

5 tet

了
1 C 1
+ C2
{
=

X11
-

0
= C1 = 1

C2 2
x 10)
=

2 C . + 22
C 5 2 C1 +2C2 3
-

=
= -
-

et tzet 5 tet
→
Xpor =

- -

b) X (t + 2 ) -

x (t ) =
4t , x 10) =
1 ,
x ( 1 ) =
1

P (λ ) =λ= -

1
λ= -

1 =
0 λ =
1 λ 2 =
-

1 reeles dostintas
y
, , , ,

{ }
t
SFS = 1 , ( -
1 )
t
XH = C , + C2 l - 1 )

b (t) =
4t ,
λ= 1 s raiz ,
s = 1
 xp ( t) =
t (A 0 + A t) ,
= Aot + At ,

( t + 2)
^

A (t ) + A ( t + 2)
Xp + 2
=
0 ,

= Aot + 2 Hot Ait ' + 4A , t 4A,t

sustituir

Aott 2Ho 4A + 4A , t A tr
'
+ A t + Aot 4t
-

, , -

, =

2 A0 + 4 A . + 4A .t 4A 4

{
4t 0 2

{
= = = -

ZA 0
+ 4A 、 =
0 A, =
1

2
( t)
xp = -

2t + t

t
Xw XH +λ C. + G( 1 ) 2t + t
p
= = -
-

+ 2 →{
X ( 0 ) =
1 C 1 + Cr =
1 1 C
}

x () = 1 C 1

-C 2

- 2 + 1

= crer =

≡
t
⽴ ( ) t
Xpu = 2t +
-

2
-
-

"

d) ( t) t,
( " "
X x t) = ( 0 )= 0
, ' 10 ) =
2 x (0 ) =
2
-
2

-
X x
,

P ( λ) =λ
"
-

λ
"
λ (λ
2
λ -

λ= 0 -
1 ) =
0 λ1 = 0 , Λ2 = 1 ,
λs = -

et } et }
0

SFs =
{ e , ,
et =
{ 1 ,
et ,

XH = C1 + Czet + C3 et

b (t) 2t λ= 0 es raiz s 1
-

=
=
,
,

Xp (t ) =
t ( Ao + A t) , = tA . + A ,t

= Ao +2 At
xp ( t )

2A
"

( t)
Xp
=
,

" "
(t ) 0
xp
=

21
sustituir - -2 . -
A
0

A
t
=

Ao
{
=
0

2A 、
=
-

2 ⽇ 1
=
1
 2
→
xp (t) =
t
t
cret
2
Xa C,
-

= + + C3 e +t

Xi = Czet -

3 et + 2t

"

Xa = Cret + C3 et +2

) C 2 + C3

}
x ( 0 = 0 C1 + = 0 Cc = 0

λ 10) = 2 C2 -

C3 = 2 C2 = 1

)
"

X ( 0 = 2 C 2
+ C3 +2 = 2 C3 = -

ettt
→
Xpor et =
-

dl ) x ( tt 3 ) + X (t + 2) -

x (t + 1 ) -

x ( t) =
4 ,
X0 =
1 ,
x 1
=
2 , X2 =
3

P ( λ ) =λ
3
+ λ= -

λ -

λ+ 1) ( λ+ 1 )
' =
λ +λ -

λ -

1 =
0 → ( ( -

= 0
—

" = 1
-
λ+ ( λ 1
) 0 λ =λ 2= - 1

, dobe
, λ3 =
1

{
t
}
t

SFS = 1 , ( -

1 ) , t ( -

1)

t t
XH = C . + C2 ( -

1 ) + C3 t ( -

1 )

b (t) =
4 , λ= 1 es raiz ,
s = 1

以
xp ( t ) =
tn
A
xp ( t+ 1 )
= (t + 1 ) A
= tA +

) (t + 2) A tA 2A
Xp
以 ( t +2 =
=
+

tA
Xp ( t +3 ) ( t + 3) A ⽇
) = = +3

t : A + A -

A -

A = 0 0 = 0

3 A + 2 A A 4A A 1
4 A ②
-

: = =
-

t
xp (t)
=

t
)
t
Xa XH +λ C, + C2 ( 1 Gt ( 1 ) +t
p +
=
-
-

}
X 0
= 1 C1 -

1
cr 1 c3 -

= C1 = 1
 」
0
x1 = 2 C. -

C2 -

C3 + 1 =
2 C2 =

C1 + C2 + 2 C3 + 2 3 C3
X 2 = 3 = = 0

0 →
Xpv 2
=
1 + t

2v
et
" " "

el) X (t ) -

x (t ) = 8 , x , 0 ) = 0 , x ( 0 ) = 2 , x ( 0 ) =
4 , x ( )
0 =
6

P (λ ) =λ 4 -

λ4 = 1 )
λ0( λ^ ) -

1 =

→ = 1 " " = n " = i

nλ e , =
=
, a
,
b = 1 )
SFs =
{ et ,
et , ast , sevt 3

Ciet
t
XH C2 e C3 cst C4 seut
-

= + + +

bit ) = Set ,
α= 1 ,
λ=α= 1 es raiz . s =
1

) t et A
xp ( t
-

= .

xp " it
)
= = et + taet A ( t +1 ) et

xp
"

(t ) =
Aet + et +
tAtA Aitt 2) et
"
(t ) A ( tt 3 ) et
xp
=

Alt + 4) et
xpv ( t) =

sustituir /
ftt 4 Aet
- )
tAet =
se
At + 4A -

的 t =
8 4A =
8 A = 2

2tet
xp (t ) =

t
Xa XH+ Xp Ciett Cre - + Csast tCusent t2 tet
=
=

xa = Ciet -

Cret
le cs sat
t te
+ cpast + 2 t -

xa = Ciet cret cscst - C 4

sintet
-
e

+ 42

C . et -cret' -cssat- retoe

"

Xa = C 4 ast ++

0= -
ettzet
t
Xa Ciet Cret 3 cst + C 4 sintt 8
C

} )
X 10 ) = 0 C 1 + C 2 + C3 = 0 (a ∞ 0 = 1 ,
sino =
0
 」
x (0 )
= 2 2

,Cr +C 4 + 2 = G、 - a =
00

C
"

x ( 0 ) =
4 C .
+ a -

C3 + 4 =
4
C3 = C4
=σ O
x
"
(0) = 6 → C1 - 2 -

C4 + 6 = 6

Xpu 2 = ztet

6 .
@) c( t ) = CYt ) + b ,
0 < cc 1 ,
b > o

b) I 1 t) = )
K ( Yit + Y " t) ) ,
K 30

() Y 1t) = c( t) + I ( t)

b = 1 , K =
年 ,
C ⼆⽴

C ( t) = 当 Y) + 1

i ( Y " t) )
"

I( t) =
+ Y ( t)

Y 1t = ⽴ Y (t ) + +11
+

)
书
、 {( t ) Y"

定 Yt )++ ( Y ( t) 年
"
-

+ Y ( t) + 1 = 0

⼀年 { { it )
"
Y 年 Y ( t)
1

( t) -

+ =

P ( λ) = -

年的⼀年⼊ + 三

⼀主 λλ -

* λ+Ʃ= 0 N +λ
-

2 =
0 → (λ -

D ( λ+2 ) =
0

1
y distintas
λ .
= , λ2 =
-

2 reales
,

SFS =
{ et ,
et }

XH =
Cret + Czert
b / t) = 1 ,
λ= 0 w es raiz

Xp (t) =
A sustithir

Xp
"
xp )
"
(t)
=

=
0

0
} 当 A

xp
=
1

=
→

2
A =
2

Xa et aert
XH +
xp = C + + 2
=
,