Cálculo de Un Reactor Catalítico de Lecho Fluidizado
Cálculo de Un Reactor Catalítico de Lecho Fluidizado
Cálculo de Un Reactor Catalítico de Lecho Fluidizado
En el presente artculo, presentamos el diseo preliminar de un reactor de lecho fluidizado para la produccin de 10.000 Tm. De Cl mediante oxidacin cataltica de HCl con oxgeno, empleando un catalizador de Cu (proceso Deacon). El proceso Deacon era un proceso secundario utilizado durante la fabricacin de lcalis (el producto final inicial fue de carbonato de sodio ) por el proceso de Leblanc . Cloruro de hidrgeno gas se convierte en cloro gas que se utiliz para fabricar un valor comercial polvo de blanqueo , y en el mismo tiempo la emisin de residuos de cido clorhdrico se redujo. Hasta cierto punto, este sofisticado proceso tcnico sustituy al anterior de dixido de manganeso proceso.
4HCl + O 2
2Cl 2 + 2 H 2 O
La reaccin tiene lugar a 450 C 400 sobre la presencia de cloruro de cobre (CuCl 2) del catalizador El artculo es una parte del proyecto para una planta de produccin de Cl mediante el proceso Deacon.
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Planteamiento y datos de partida. Clculo del dimetro de partcula del catalizador. Clculo del dimetro de burbuja. Clculo de umf y uf. Clculo del dimetro del reactor. Clculo de la altura del lecho. Clculo del distribuidor de gas. Clculo del soplante. Clculo de la superficie de intercambio de calor. Clculo del cicln. Diseo mecnico preliminar.
Se pretende disear un reactor de lecho fluidizado para produccin de Cl mediante oxidacin cataltica de HCl, segn la reaccin:
HCl O 2 Cl H 2 O p
El proceso no es completo, debiendo recircularse el HCl que no ha reaccionado. La reaccin es exotrmica, debiendo trabajar, por motivos de rendimiento, en rgimen
Se emplea aire a 20rC que, al igual que la corriente de HCl, se supone que entra seco al proceso. Al reactor entra una corriente de HCl y aire, mezclada con una recirculacin, que contiene HCl no reaccionado, aire, Cl y agua. La corriente entra a 2 Atm y se precalienta hasta una temperatura prxima a la de reaccin.
Datos de partida Produccin de Cl Tiempo de trabajo Conversin alcanzada Calor de reaccin Temperatura de trabajo del reactor Presin de trabajo en el reactor Constante cintica del proceso Tiempo de residencia 10.000 Tm/ao 8.000 h/ao 70% por paso
(H=-29,340 kJ/mol-g
Cps
Vs Imf
Distribucin de medidas en el catalizador Rango de medidas (Q m) 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 Porcentaje en peso (acumulativo) 0,39 15,0 58,0 85,0 96,6 99,86
Corriente de entrada HCl O2 N Cl H2O Caudal Temperatura Presin 1909,8 kg/h 320,5 kg/h 1042,9 kg/h 19,7 kg/h 372,9 kg/h 3648,5 kg/h 247,92 C 2,6 Atm
Kg
Qg
Cpg Cp/CV
Debido a la atmsfera altamente corrosiva en la que va a trabajar el equipo, el sistema de intercambio de calor se construir con tubos de titanio, puesto que es el nico material que, siendo resistente al cloro hmedo, es capaz de soportar la temperatura de trabajo. Los otros materiales que soportan cloro hmedo son: acero revestido con caucho, gres, y determinados plsticos (PVC y PE alta densidad), siendo recomendable consultar al fabricante y realizar pruebas previas.
Datos para el sistema de intercambio de calor Material de los tubos Conductividad trmica (k) Espesor de la pared del tubo Titanio 16 W/mrC 4 mm
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Una vez que ya tenemos los datos necesarios, iniciamos el clculo. Para ello, calculamos el dimetro medio de partcula del catalizador:
dP !
1 x d p i
Dimetro medio de partcula Rango de medidas Q 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
7(x/dp)i
dP !
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Para calcular el dimetro efectivo de las burbujas, hemos de tener en cuenta que podemos controlar las dimensiones de las mismas, sin ms que colocar los dispositivos (bafles, tubos o rejillas) adecuados en el interior del reactor. En nuestro caso, y teniendo en cuenta que estamos ante un proceso exotrmico, lo que implica que hemos de emplear un cambiador
de calor para mantener una temperatura adecuada en el interior del reactor, emplearemos los propios tubos del cambiador para controlar el tamao de burbuja.
Empleamos tubos de 5 cm de dimetro externo, colocados verticalmente en el reactor, en disposicin triangular, y separados (de centro a centro) 16 cm. Esta disposicin nos permite obtener un dimetro efectivo de burbuja de 8 cm.
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Clculo de umf y uf
Umf es la velocidad superficial para condiciones mnimas de fluidizacin. Para partculas pequeas, de poco peso especfico Rep<20, suponemos que estamos en este caso, y aplicamos la ecuacin correspondiente.
umf
J d
V !
2 p
Vg Q
150
I3 mf g 1 Imf
Sustituyendo valores:
150
umf
Rep !
umf dp V g
Q
Para calcular ut hemos de suponer, tambin, un valor para Re. Suponemos que Rep>0,4, lo que nos permite emplear la ecuacin:
4 s Vg
g V ut ! Vg Q 225
2
dp
1 3
ut es la velocidad terminal de las partculas, por lo que en la ecuacin emplearemos el tamao de las partculas ms pequeas. Sustituyendo:
umf
6 2
ep !
u t dp Vg Q
La velocidad de trabajo deber estar comprendida entre estos dos valores lmite, ya que una velocidad demasiado alta, o demasiado baja, originara una distribucin de slidos no homognea, sobre todo cuando se trata de partculas de diferentes tamaos. Por ello, elegimos una velocidad, u0 de 30 cm/s.
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Donde la fraccin no ocupada por los tubos ser el rea del tringulo formado por cada tres tubos, menos el rea de medio tubo, que sera la que estara dentro del tringulo, dividido, todo, por el rea del tringulo.
Haciendo nmeros:
seccin tr ansversal fraccin no ocupada flujo volumtri co ! v velocidad del gas del reactor por los tubos
16 v 10 2 16 v 10 2 sin60 T 5 v 10 2 T 2 2 4 dt 16 v 10 2 16 v 10 2 sin60 4 2
1
2
2
rea trans versal del reactor ! rea corre spondiente a un tubo T 1,874 4 ! ! 124 ,41 } 125 tubos 16 v 10 2 16 v 10 2 sin60 2 2 n tubos !
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La altura del lecho depende de las caractersticas del propio lecho, y de la reaccin que tiene lugar. Por ello, hemos de calcular las propiedades del lecho:
En esta ecuacin, y en la siguiente, emplearemos valores de Imf para Im, ya que no disponemos de valores de Im. En realidad, Im es algo menor que Imf, al ser esta ltima la porosidad del lecho fluidizado, mientras que Im es la porosidad del lecho fijo. Este detalle puede influir en la altura del lecho, resultando un lecho algo ms largo.
Lf !
u u 1 0 b Km 1 I mf ubr K r
Sustituyendo:
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A la altura del lecho fluidificado hemos de aadir H, la altura de la seccin de lecho entre la superficie de la fase densa y la salida de los productos gaseosos, y TDH, la altura necesaria para que las partculas de catalizador caigan de nuevo al lecho.
TDH se obtiene a partir de la siguiente grfica, en la que entramos con un valor de dt=1,87 m y u0=30 cm/s.
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Para ello, necesitamos calcular a, lo que hacemos estimando el valor de avu0, sabiendo que u0=30 cm/s.
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Por otra parte, sabemos que F/Fo<<1, por lo que tomamos F/Fo=0,01, con lo que:
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El nmero de orificios de que consta el distribuidor del gas va a depender, entre otras cosas, de la prdida de presin en el lecho, que puede estimarse mediante la siguiente expresin:
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Sustituyendo valores:
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La prdida de presin mnima en el distribuidor de gas, se estima en un 10% de la prdida de presin en el lecho, por lo que ser:
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Ya conocemos la cada de presin en el distribuidor. Calculamos la velocidad del gas en los orificios, velocidad que calculamos mediante la expresin:
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Para calcular uor, necesitamos el valor de C d que obtenemos a partir de la siguiente grfica.
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Para este valor de Ret, resulta un valor de C d=0,6 por tanto, la velocidad de paso del gas por los orificios es de:
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La fraccin de rea abierta se calcula mediante la relacin entre las velocidades u0 y uor:
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El clculo del nmero de orificios necesarios, lo hacemos mediante una tabla que construimos mediante la ecuacin:
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Supondremos varios tamaos de orificio, y calcularemos el nmero de orificios necesarios para obtener la relacin u0/uor calculada:
Elegimos dor=0,2 cm, lo que supone que tendremos 4413 orificios en el distribuidor.
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Donde P1 es la presin a la entrada del soplante, y P2 es la presin a la salida del soplante, antes del distribuidor de gas.
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Ya habamos calculado la prdida de carga en el lecho, prdida que corresponde a la diferencia de presin existente entre la salida del distribuidor de gas (P3) y la presin existente en la parte superior del lecho, (P4).
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Necesitamos calcular V2, para ello debemos conocer u0 a la presin P3, asumiendo una transicin isotrmica en el distribuidor, podemos hacer una aproximacin:
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Por lo tanto, la potencia mnima del soplante necesaria para compensar la prdida de presin en el lecho ser de 24,29 Kw., esto es 33,04 CV.
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Necesitamos saber cuantos de los tubos que tenemos en el interior del reactor, sern necesarios para mantener la temperatura a 360C (temperatura de operacin). Para ello hemos de calcular los coeficientes de transferencia de calor, tanto en el interior, como en el exterior de los tubos.
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Ecuacin dimensional, que tal y como est escrita, debe ser empleada en el sistema c.g.s.
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Para calcular el coeficiente integral de transmisin de calor, necesitamos calcular, previamente, el coeficiente de transferencia de calor en el interior de los tubos. Esto plantea algunos problemas, puesto que se ha de decidir, previamente, el tipo de fluido refrigerante. En una primera aproximacin, supusimos que el fluido circulante era agua. Los clculos previos dieron como resultado que la velocidad de circulacin del fluido en el interior de los tubos era excesivamente pequea, del orden de cm/s, al tiempo que se necesitaba un bajo nmerode tubos para el intercambio de calor. Los resultados fueron considerados no vlidos, puesto que se podran generar problemas de distribuciones de temperatura no deseadas en el interior del reactor.
Para la segunda aproximacin, decidimos probar como fluido refrigerante el propio gas de reaccin, de forma que ste se alimentaba al sistema de refrigeracin para su precalentamiento, y una vez caliente se alimentaba al reactor. El problema, en este caso, consiste en que el caudal de gas alimentado no es suficiente para evacuar el calor generado en el proceso.
Como los resultados obtenidos con un refrigerante gaseoso eran esperanzadores, en la tercera aproximacin decidimos el empleo de aire como fluido refrigerante. Para los clculos, se admitieron las siguientes hiptesis de partida:
Hiptesis de partida Temperatura de entrada Temperatura de salida Temperatura media Calor intercambiado 24 rC 342 rC 183 rC 186709,583 J/s
k CP
Sabemosque:
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Con lo cual:
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Suponemos que de los 125 tubos que necesitamos para el control del tamao de burbuja, tan slo vamos a emplear 35 en el sistema de intercambio de calor (en realidad a este
valor llegaremos despus de una serie de tanteos, en los que suponemos un nmero detubos, y calculamos la velocidad del aire en cada tubo). Admitiendo 35 tubos, el caudal de aire en cada tubo es:
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La expresin necesaria para el clculo del coeficiente interno de transferencia de calor es:
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Donde C=0,021 pues se trata de un gas, y Q/Q w es despreciable cuando se trata de gases. Consecuentemente, podemos rescribir la ecuacin, quedndonos como:
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Donde hext es el coeficiente de ensuciamiento externo, que para gases industriales vara entre 5000 y 10000, y hi es el coeficiente de ensuciamiento interno, que para aire vara entre los mismos valores (5000-10000). Tomamos un valor intermedio en ambos casos, de forma que hext=hi=7500 W/m2C
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Comprobamos que el nmero de tubos supuesto es correcto, y para ello empleamos la expresin:
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Donde:
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Despejando y sustituyendo:
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Es decir, de los 125 tubos presentes en el interior del reactor (para controlar el tamao de burbuja), tan solo el 28% sern necesarios para mantener la temperatura a 360 C, empleando como fluido refrigerante aire, que entra a 24 C y sale a 342 C.
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con lo que:
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El valor est bastante cercano al tamao del cicln estndar, por lo que, teniendo en cuenta que el cicln de 20 cm. es el que presenta el rendimiento ptimo, es el que emplearemos.
El resto de las dimensiones del cicln, estn relacionadas con dc, de forma que:
De Hc Lc Sc Zc Jc
10 cm 10 cm 40 cm 2,5 cm 40 cm 5 cm
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y y y y
DATOS DE PARTIDA
Los datos de partida para el diseo mecnico del reactor son los siguientes:
Seccin cilndrica Altura total (m) Dimetro nominal (m) Tipo de material 15,43 1,90 Acero inoxidable 18/8 (321)
Cubiertas Tipo de cubierta. Material. Presin de operacin. (Atm) Temperatura de operacin. (C) Esfuerzo de diseo. (N/mm2) Elptica (2:1) Acero al carbono 2,00 342,00 80,00
Tubos de control burbuja Longitud de los tubos. (m) Dimetro externo. (m) Espesor. (mm) Tipo de material. Densidad. (kg/m3) Presin de operacin interna. (Atm) Presin de operacin externa (Atm) Temperatura de operacin. (C) 15,43 50,00 4,00 Acero inoxidable 18/8 (321) 7.817,00 2,00 2,60 360,00
Datos del lecho. Altura del lecho denso. (m) Porosidad. 11,00 0,55
Otros datos Clase de recipiente Factor de soldadura Tipo de soldadura Clase I 0,95 Doble (totalmente radiografiada)
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CLCULO DE ESPESORES.
Calculamos el espesor necesario para soportar la presin de trabajo. Para ello, calculamos la presin de diseo:
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El espesor necesario, en la seccin cilndrica, para soportar la presin de diseo viene dado por la expresin:
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En la que e es el espesor (mm), Pd es la presin de diseo (bar.), Di es el dimetro interno del cilindro (mm), J es el factor de soldadura, y f es el esfuerzo mximo soportado por el material de construccin (N/mm2)
Sustituyendo:
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Este es el espesor mnimo, necesario para soportar la presin. El espesor necesario para asegurar la rigidez estructural est dado por:
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Como el espesor necesario para rigidez es mayor al necesario para soportar la presin, tomamos como espesor el necesario para asegurar la rigidez. Como, adems, el reactor debe trabajar en una atmsfera altamente corrosiva, se recomienda aadir 4 mm como factor de corrosin , por lo que el espesor real del reactor, en la zona cilndrica debe ser de 4,44+4=8,44 mm. Tomamos como espesor del reactor en la zona cilndrica 9 mm.
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en la que los distintos trminos tienen el mismo significado, y unidades, que las de la expresin que nos da el espesor de la zona cilndrica. Por lo que, sustituyendo, tendremos:
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A este espesor, hemos de aadir 4 mm para corrosin, lo que nos da 5,54 mm., pero, de nuevo, escogemos 8 mm como espesor.
Anlisis de esfuerzos.
Una vez calculados los espesores, se trata de comprobar que el espesor elegido es suficiente para los esfuerzos que la carcasa debe soportar.
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Donde Di es el dimetro del cilindro, Cv es un coeficiente que depende del tipo de recipiente , y que para el caso de columnas de destilacin, o columnas con bastantes dispositivos internos, como es el caso, es igual a 1,15, Hv es la altura del cilindro, y t el espesor.
Dando valores:
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Para calcular el peso de los tubos, calculamos el volumen de un tubo, mediante la densidad, calculamos su peso, y con el nmero de tubos, obtenemos el peso del banco de tubos:
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En la que I es la porosidad, d es el dimetro del cilindro, y V la densidad del catalizador. Dando valores:
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En el clculo del volumen del catalizador, tenemos en cuenta que la altura es de 11m, ya que esta es la altura de la fase densa.
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Suponiendo que, como mximo, el viento no superar los 160 km/h, la presin de viento ser:
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siendo, Nx el momento de vuelco (Nm), W la carga de viento (N/m) y x la longitud de la seccin cilndrica (m). Dando valores:
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El esfuerzo es compresivo.
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Esfuerzo que es muy inferior al mximo esfuerzo permisible por el material (125 N/mm2).
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La prueba de presin se realiza a 400 C, temperatura a la que corresponde un esfuerzo de diseo de 120 N/mm2. La temperatura de operacin es de 360 C, a la que corresponde un esfuerzo de diseo de 125 N/mm2.
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Datos generales del reactor. Temperatura. 360 Presin. 2,6 C Atm. -29,34 kJ/mol g 644,4 s-1 s
Tiempo de residencia 25
Altura total
Nmero de tubos.
125 triangular 16 cm cm
Dimetro externo de los tubos. 5 Espesor de los tubos. Material de los tubos. Nmero de tubos con aire. 35 4 mm
titanio
Datos del sistema de refrigeracin. Fluido. aire Calor intercambiado. 186709,583 24 C J/s C
Temperatura de entrada. Temperatura de salida. 342 Caudal de aire 0,562 kg/s hw hi U 146,356 45,5
W/m2 C
W/m2C
29,79 W/m2C
Potencia mnima del soplante. 24,29 kW Tipo de distribuido. Nmero de orificios por cm2. Dimetro de los orificios. Nmero total de orificios. filtros mltiples 0,16 0,2 4413 cm
Caractersticas mecnicas.
Seccin cilndrica: Dimetro interno. Espesor. 9,0 1,9 mm 0,95 125 N/mm2 Acero inoxidable 18/8 (321) Atm. 400 C m
Temperatura de prueba.
Nmero de tubos.
Cubiertas: Tipo de cubierta. Espesor. 8 Elptica (relacin de radios 2:1) mm Acero inoxidable 18/8 Atornillada, junta de elastmero. 125 0,95 N/mm2
Longitud del soporte. 12,2 Material de construccin. Esfuerzo de diseo. Factor de soldadura. 135 0,95
Catalizador: Tipo de catalizador. Carga de catalizador. Cloruro de cobre soportado sobre pumita 88115,3 N
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