MODULOS 1 2 3 STUDENTS GUIDE

MODULO 1 EKT UFPS Students’ guide july 2011

ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT

THE EKT-U.F.P.S. (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)
C. A.: ruling 200 06/11/2007; C. A. : agreement 11/05/2010
Dear student: Joven estudiante:

Res. 200/06/2007 issued by C.A. stated that in order El C.A. por resolución 200/06/2007 ordenó que para
to get a degree one of the requirements is to pass a poderse graduar uno de los requisitos exigidos es
proficiency test in English (or other language). This is pasar una prueba de suficiencia en inglés (otro
been done by now only on Written Competences: idioma). Esta se hace en el momento para
grammatical, textual, textual coherence and reading Competencias por escrito: grammatical, textual,
comprehension. coherencia textual and comprension de lectura.
On the other hand C.D. stated the vocational courses Igualmente el C. D. ordenó la realización de cursos
for preparing for the test on proficiency in English. vacacionales de preparación para la prueba de
Fir that reason, the language area has organized a suficiencia en inglés.
course of 60 class-hours plus virtual ones and the Por tal razón se ha organizado en el area de idiomas la
student’s work. realización de un curso de 60 horas presenciales más
This course is designed for preparing in vocabulary, horas virtuales y de trabajo del estudiante.
grammar usage and reading comprehension. Este curso está diseñado para prepararse en
It’s divided in three sections: part 1, part 2 and part 3. vocabulario, uso gramatical y comprensión lectora.
These guide the learning or feed back on pronouns, Dividido en tres secciones: parte 1, parte 2 y parte 3.
determinants, use of there+be, tenses, passive voice, Estas orientan el aprendizaje o refuerzo de
questions and answers, use of special verbs, parts of pronombres, determinantes, uso de there+be, tiempos,
the sentence, conditionals, phrasal verbs (idioms). voz pasiva, preguntas y respuestas, usos de ciertos
At the end of it, it is annexed a series of vocabularies verbos especiales, palabras parte de la oración,
and common expressions in English. condicionales, verbos modales (modismos).
En a parte final se anexa una serie de vocabularios y
There arre two more helps, a module of examples of expresiones comunes del inglés.
questions and answers on ICFES/ECAES tests, and, Hay dos ayudas más, un módulo de modelos de
adtional module from Mr. Sheraton in which you can preguntas tipo ICFES/ECAES y un módulo adicional
look up and widen your knowledges. del lingüista Sheraton en el cual se pueden hacer
consultas y ampliación de conocimientos.
You can find it in a blog: Consulte en el blog:
www.bepenglishworks.Wordpress.com www.bepenglishworks.Wordpress.com
This module is written in tables and some of them Este módulo esta desarrollado en cuadros y varios de
have the translation into Spanish for better help and estos tienen la traducción al castellano para mayor
comprehension. ayuda y comprensión.
Es importante recordar que usted aprende lo que
It is important to remember that you learn what you realmente quiere aprender y que tiene que trabajar
really want to learn and that you have to work hard to duro para lograrlo.
do it. Su profesor es un orientador, una ayuda y un
Your teacher is a leader, collaborator and consultant. consultor.
The evaluation of the learning will be performed as La evaluación del aprendizaje se realizará como de
usual: first previous, second previous, third previous costumbre: primer previo, segundo previo, tercer
and final test. previo y examen final.

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N° CONTENTS HS/C ∑/H Page
Information about the course 1 1
Placement test 2 3
1 PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS 3 6 3 OK
2 THERE +BE 2 8 4 OK
3 INTRODUCTION TO TENSES (SHORT FORMS) 2 10 5 OK
4 GOING TO 2 12 7 OK
5 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 2 14 7 OK
6 PRESENT CONTINUOUS 2 16 8 OK
7 PAST CONTINUOUS 2 18 9 OK
8 SIMPLE PAST TENSE 2 20 9 OK
9 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS & REGULAR VERBS 2 22 10 OK
1ST PREVIOUS 2 24
10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE 1 25 13 OK
11 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 2 27 14 OK
12 PAST PERFECT TENSE 1 28 14 OK
13 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1 29 14 OK
14 PASSIVE VOICE 2 31 15 OK
15 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USE OF WH WORDS 4 35 16 OK
16 BE AND HAVE 1 36 22 OK
2ND PREVIOUS 2 38
17 ADJECTIVES 2 40 23 OK
18 ADVERBS 1 41 24 OK
19 CONJUNCTIONS & OTHER FUNCTION WORDS 2 43 27 OK
20 PREPOSITIONS 3 46 30 OK
21 DO/MAKE 1 47 32 OK
22 MODAL VERBS 2 49 33 OK
23 CONDITIONAL 2 51 35 OK
24 PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS) 3 54 36 OK
25 VOCABULARIES & COMMON EXPRESIONS 3 58 38 OK
FINAL TEST 2 60

1ST 2ND THIRD FINAL AVERAGE

PREVIOUS PREVIOUS PREVIOUS TEST
Percentage 23,3% 23,3% 23,4% 30% 100%
Grading 1,15 1,15 1,20 1,50 5,00
Units 1-9 10-16 17-25 1-25

THIRD PREVIOUS Units 1-31 Participation, classworks, homeworks, short tests, etc.

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 ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE
EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)
Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10

N° FIRST PART - CONTENTS HS/C ∑/H

Information about the course 1 1

Placement test 2 3
1 PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS 3 6 OK
2 THERE +BE 2 8 OK
3 INTRODUCTION TO TENSES 2 10 OK
4 GOING TO 2 12 OK
5 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 2 14 OK
6 PRESENT CONTINUOUS 2 16 OK
7 PAST CONTINUOUS 2 18 OK
8 SIMPLE PAST TENSE 2 20 OK
9 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBOS 2 22 OK
1ST PREVIOUS 2 24

1 PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS 3 6 OK

I me myself my mine everybody somebody who

You you yourself your yours everyone someone which
He him himself his his everything something that
She her herself her hers nobody anybody whom
It it itself its its no one anyone whose
We us ourselves our ours nothing anything
You you yourselves your yours
They them themselves their theis

1B. (TEXTS) USING PRONOUNS AND DETERMINANTS

I like to write novels for my students. They read them with enthusiasm. Mary is a good writer too.
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She likes to read poems. She sent me a poem about the flowers of her garden. She said: “These
novels are yours but these poems are mine. Every student should do his/her own tasks. So he
himself will learn a lot or she herself will have success.
When a girl found a small calculator she started asking “was it lost by you, or by her, or by us, or by
them” Somebody, a boy replied that it must be his, or hers, or yours, or ours or theirs.
The homeworks were well written by the students but the teacher began to doubt about it so he
questioned every one with these words: -Did you do it yourself? -Yes, I did it myself. –Did Peter
do it himself -No he didn’t do it himself, somebody did it for him. Did Lucy did it herself? -
Yes, she did it by herself, even her mother helped her a little.
Did you know that everybody here has a motorcycle but nobody has a bus. Somebody said that it
was possible to get something for the lunch but no one had a single dollar. Anthony asked if
anybody had anything to be sold, but there was nothing. Mary asked: -Did you see anybody at
the restaurant? -No, I didn’t see anybody there, answered John. I saw somebody near the door
replied Lou
Who is that tall boy over there? -Which one, the one whose shirt is blue? Yes, please tell him to
come here. Excuse me whom did you say to come here?
Do you see the man with a blue shirt that is holding a vase? That one is the one I need to talk too,
please ask him to come here.

2 THERE +BE 2 8 OK

There is (singular) Hay There is a house

There are (plural) Hay There are two houses
There was (s) Hubo, había There was a party last night
There were (p) Hubo, había There were many people
There has been (s) Ha habido There has been a hurricane
There have been (p) Ha habido There have been two hurricanes
There had been Había habido There had been many problems
There will be Habrá There will be a party tonight
There is going to be (s) Va a haber There is going to be a celebration
There are going to be (p) Va a haber There are going to be many guests
There was going to be (s) Iba a haber There was going to be a party yesterday
There were going to be (p) Iba a haber There were going to be many guests

2B. THERE BE (TEXTS) USING THE EXPRESSION THERE + BE

There is a house near the hospital, but there isn’t any near the Red Cross. There are two small
orange trees in the middle of the yard and for that there wasn’t the party for new students. There
were many people waiting to know where the party was going to be. Somebody said that there has

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been a storm and therefore everybody should go back home. The police said that there have been
two storms lately and because of that the security of the people was first. For that decision there had
been many problems with young people who wished to dance rock and roll. The organizers informed
that there will be a party next Saturday because there was going to be the city celebration of
hundreds of years. The major also communicated that there were going to be many guests.

3 INTRODUCTION TO TENSES 2 10 OK

Tense Example Translation Explanation

Present continuous Are you drinking tea? Está tomando té? Esta ocurriendo
Presente progresivo
Simple past tense Do you drink tea? Tomas té? Costumbre
Presente simple
Past continuous Were you drinking tea? Estabas tomando Se estuvo haciendo
Pasado progresivo té?
Simple past tense Did you drink tea? Tomaste té? Actividad realizada
Pasado simple
Future continuous Will you be drinking tea? Estarás tomando té Lo que se planea hacer
Futuro progresivo
Simple future tense Will you drink tea? Tomarás té Deseo, predicción, futuro
Futuro simple
Near future Are you going to drink tea? Vas a tomar té? Lo que se planea hacer
Futuro próximo
Present perfect continuous Have you been drinking Has estado Ocurrió y ocurre
Presente perfect progresivo tea? tomando té?
Present perfect Have you drunk tea? Has tomado té Ocurrió, ocurre aún
Presente perfecto
Past perfect continuous Had you been drinking tea? Habías estado Ocurrió
Pasado perfecto progresivo tomando té?
Past perfect Had you drunk tea? Habías tomado té? Ocurría cuando …
Pasado perfecto
Future perfect progressive Will you have been Habrás estado Predicción o futuro
Futuro perfecto progresivo drinking tea? tomando té?
Future perfect Will you have drunk tea? Habrás tomado té? Predicción por future
Futuro perfecto

3B SHORT FORMS (& TAG QUESTIONS)

01 You can work here, can’t you?

Yes, I can. (No, I can´t).
02 You couldn´t play everywhere, could you?
(Yes, I could). No, I couldn’t.
03 He may type it, may he not?
Yes, he may. (No, he may not)
04 She might not watch it, might she?

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 (Yes, she might). No, she might not.
05 We shall laugh, shan’t we?
Yes, we shall. ( No, we shan’t)
06 They shouldn’t play, should they?
(Yes, they should). No, they shouldn´t
07 He will learn English, won’t he?
Yes, he will. (No, he won’t).
08 John wouldn’t mow the lawn, would he?
(Yes, he would). No, he wouldn’t)
09 Mary closes the door, doesn’t she?
Yes, she does. (No, she doesn’t)
10 Doctors earn a lot of money, don’t they?
Yes, they do. (No, they don’t)
11 They didn’t visit it, did they?
(Yes, they did). No they didn’t.
12 We must begin to do it, musn’t we?
Yes, we do. (No, we musn´t)
13 You dare say it, don’t you?
Yes, I do. (No I don’t).
14 She is catching the ball, isn’t she?
So is he. (He is too)
15 The dog is digging in the yard.
So is Kaiser. (Kaiser is too)
16 They are wearing old clothes.
So are we. (We are too)
17 It was falling down
So was the pencil. (The pencil was too)
18 They were cutting the best woods
So were we. (We were too)
19 He drinks cheap beer.
So does Pete. (Pete does too)
20 I drive the biggest truck
So do they. (They do too)
21 They ate sea food
So did we. (We did too)

4 GOING TO (IMMEDIATE FUTURE) 2 12 7 OK

I am going to travel to Paris. (Voy a viajar a París)

I am going to visit my grandmother. (Voy a visitar a mi abuela)
She is going to make a cake for me. (Ella va a hacer una torta para mi)
They are not going to remember that . (Ellos no se van a acordar de eso)
We are not going to go anywhere. (Nosotros no vamos a ir a ninguna parte)
Who is going to come today? (¿Quién va a venir hoy?)
Are you going to buy a new car? (¿Vas comprar un nuevo auto?)
Are they going to help you? (¿Ellos te van a ayudar?)

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What are you going to bring? (¿Qué vas a traer?)
When is she going to arrive? (¿Cuándo va a llegar ella?)

4B. (TEXTS) USING GOING TO

I am going to travel to Paris next year. I am going to visit my grandmother who lives in that
beautiful city. As soon as I get there I know she is going to make a cake for me. She is going to
make an apple cake which is my preferred cake. My sisters and parents are not going to
remember that I used to ride on horseback on weekends but as they are not going to go to the
hippodrome, we will be going anywhere else as a Museum of fine arts. My mother always like to
ask “Who is going to walk today?” or “What are you going to buy at the Mall?” -“Daddy are
you going to buy that new Renault Logan at the Car Center?” -Yes, will say my Daddy, -“But
are all of you going to help me choose the color?” I don’t know what I am going to bring back
to Colombia by July. Anyhow we are going to arrive at Paris airport in January and we are
going to come back in July or August.

5 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 2 14 7 OK

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I drink I don't drink Do I drink?

You drink You don't drink Do you drink?
He drinks He doesn't drink Does he drink?
She drinks She doesn't drink Does she drink?
It drinks It doesn't drink Does it drink?
We drink We don't drink Do we drink?
You drink You don't drink Do you drink?
They drink They don't drink Do they drink?

5B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT (simple)

“What do you do every day and what you don’t like to do?” was the announcement in a local
newspaper. The investigators wanted to know what were the interests and actions of the citizens. And
there was a nice prize: A tour on a sea boat around the world. I answered: “I drink beer every evening
and I don’t like to eat pizzas”. John said he likes to ride on bicycle in the morning but he doesn’t
like to have breakfast”. Mary answered that she loves sleeping with her cat but that she doesn’t
wake up late”. I know that my cat runs in the yard but doesn’t go to the kitchen.” “We prepare
hotdogs in the morning but we don’t eat sandwiches”. My parents practice jogging in the early
morning but they don’t get on buses to travel.
-What does your mother do in the morning? -She washes dishes in the kitchen and cleans the house

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but she doesn’t like to wash clothes. -What does your father do? -He works in a factory every
afternoon but he doesn’t like to pack the merchandise. –What does the pet do at night? -it sleeps
on a sofa but it doesn’t eat anything at night.
All the answers of the search were sent in an envelope to the newspaper office and there was an answer
thanking them for the collaboration and a week later there was a receipt with a number for the lottery
wishing good luck. The number reads 23.453 out of 100.000 participants.

6 PRESENT CONTINUOUS 2 16 8 OK

I am drinking I am not drinking Am I drinking?

You are drinking You aren’t drinking Are you drinking?
He is drinking He isn't drinking Is he drinking?
She is drinking She isn't drinking Is she drinking?
It is drinking It isn't drinking Is it drinking?
We are drinking We aren't drinking Are we drinking?
You are drinking You aren't drinking Are you drinking?
They are drinking They aren't drinking Are Do they drinking?
6B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT (CONTINOUS)

The inspector asked the teacher what the students were doing in class. Here are some of the answers
she gave him. Right now I am controlling the work they are doing. Lou is painting a tree on
piece of paper. He isn’t using his notebook for the task. Fanny is drawing a house in her notebook.
She isn’t coloring it. Pete and Nancy are building up a small project of a mini-city. They aren’t
using clay but wet paper. The fan is flowing high currents of air but it isn’t moving to the sides.
The inspector very seriously asked again: “And what is that boy over there doing now? –He isn’t
doing anything because he is sick. He has a terrible toothache. –“And what about that girl over
here?”. Oh she is my daughter, she is keeping my company as long as her teacher comes to class. A
little angry said: -“ and what the hell are those kids doing out of class, are they playing?” - Oh I’m
sorry but they are preparing themselves for the next sport competitions.

7 PAST CONTINUOUS 2 18 OK

I was drinking Was I drinking I wasn´t drinking (Yo) no estaba bebiendo

You were smoking Were you smoking You weren’t smoking (Ud.) no estaba fumando
He was writing Was he writing He wasn’t writing (El) no estaba escribiendo
She was sleeping Was she sleeping She wasn’t sleeping (Ella) no estaba entendiendo
It was eating Was it eating It wasn’t eating (El) no estaba comiendo
We were playing Were we playing We weren’t playing. (Nos.) no estabamos jugando
You were studying Were you studying You weren’t studying (Uds.) no estaban estudiando
They were working Were they working They weren’t working (Ellos) no estaban trabajando
Estuvo, estuvieron

7B (TEXTS) USING PAST (CONTINOUS)

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Why were you drinking beer yesterday, ¡Little and unconscientiously boy! Last week we were
telling you how dangerous it is to drink at your age. You weren’t studying for your tests. Your
mother was asking you to be responsible. She wasn’t cooking that cake for us because of you. The
teachers at school were saying that if the boys and girls weren’t preparing for their final tests they
were going to repeat the semester. We were working hard for giving you a high education but if you
don´t pay attention you will be flunked. I think I told you and your sisters and brothers to go ahead by
working hard. Were you paying attention or weren’t you paying attention? I think you were
sleeping on your dreams of rock and dance. When I was as young as you are I wasn’t losing my
time, I was working day and night. Please,Little boy¡ grow up, you are sixteen now. Oh, my dear
daddy I promise I will be good at the tests. You weren’t looking at me when I was concentrated on
my studies and responsibilities. I was studying both Math and Chemistry. I wasn’t being
irresponsible I was just having a rest. You’ll see my evaluations.

8 SIMPLE PAST TENSE 2 20 OK

I drank Did I drink? I didn´t drink (Yo) no bebí

You smoke Did you smoke? You didn’t smoke (Ud.) no fumó
He wrote Did he write? He didn’t write (El) no escribió
She slept Did she sleep? She didn’t sleep (Ella) no durmió
It ate It it eat It didn’t eat (El) no comió
We played Did we play We didn’t play. (Nos.) no jugamos
You studied Did you study You didn’t study (Uds.) no estudiaron
They worked Did they work They didn’t work (Ellos) no trabajaron

8B (TEXTS) USING SIMPLE PAST TENSE

There were lots of tasks for the secretaries to be done before the boss came back from his business
trips. As soon as he arrived at the office he called the coordinator and asked her about each
employee for his/her work. He said, well tell me what did each person exactly do while I was on my
business trip. –Boss I controlled the work of each one and wrote in the control book every detail. For
example: -Andrew copied all the records and made out a file with the name of “pending
informations” -Katherine typed about 30 letter offering our services and sent them to the different
companies. – She kept control of it by receipts from the companies. Mark and Lucy cleaned the
office and repaired two computers. –The other one must be sent to a special technician. –The other
two secretaries attended all clerks and sold a lot of articles. – The employees didn’t lose their time
and kept on working. They learned from your responsibility and hard work and for that reason we
are having success in business

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 9 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS (& REGULAR) 2 22 OK

Simple form Past form Past participle form Spanish

awake (auéik) awoke (auóuk) awoke (auóuk) Despertarse
become (bicám) became (bikéim) become (bicám) convertise en
begin (biguín) began (bigán) begun (bigán) Comenzar
bend (bend) bent (bent) bent (bent) Doblar
bet (bet) bet (bet) bet (bet) Apostar
bind (báind) bound (báund) bound (báund) Atar
bite (báit) bit (bit) bitten (bíten) Morder
bleed (blíid) bled (bled) bled (bled) Sangrar
blow (blóu) blew (blu) blown (blóun) Soplar
break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróuken) Romper
bring (bring) brought(brot) brought (brot) Traer
build (bild) built (bilt) built (bilt) Construir
buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) Comprar
catch (cátch) caught(cot) caught (cot) agarrar, coger
choose (chúus) chose (chóus) chosen (chóusen) Elegir
come (cam) came (kéim) come (cam) Venir
do (du) did (did) done (doon) Hacer
draw (dro) drew (dru) drawn (droon) dibujar, atraer
drink (drink) drank (draank) drunk (drank) Beber
drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (dríven) Conducir
eat (íit) ate (éit) eaten (íten) Comer
fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) Caer
feed (fíid) fed (fed) fed (fed) dar de comer
feel (fíil) felt (felt) felt (felt) Sentir
fight (fáit) fought (fot) fought (fot) Pelear
find (fáind) found (fáund) found (fáund) encontrar, hallar

fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flóun) Volar

forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgóten) Olvidar
get (guét) got (got) got(ten) (góten) Conseguir
give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (guíven) Dar
go (góu) went (uént) gone (gón) Ir
grow (gróu) grew (gru) grown (gróun) Crecer
hang (jang) hung (jaang) hung (jaang) Colgar
have (jav) had (jad) had (jad) Tener
hit (jit) hit (jit) hit (jit) Golpear
hold (jóuld) held (jeld) held (jeld) sostener asir
keep (kíip) kept (kept) kept (kept) guardar, mantener
know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer
lead (líid) led (led) led (led) Guiar
leave (líiv) left (left) left (left) dejar irse
lend (lend) lent (lent) lent (lent) Prestar
lose (lúus) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder
make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) Hacer
mean (míin) meant (ment) meant (ment) Significar
meet (míit) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con
pay (péi) paid (péid) paid (péid) Pagar
put (put) put (put) put (put) Poner
read (ríid) read (red) read (red) Leer
ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (ríden) montar, andar en
run (ran) ran (raan) run (ran) Correr

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say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) Decir
see (síi) saw (so) seen (síin) Ver
sell (sel) sold (sóuld) sold (sóuld) Vender
show (shóu) showed (shóud) shown (shóun) Mostrar
sing (sing) sang (sang) sung (saang) cantar
sink (sink) sank (saank) sunk (sank) Hundir
sit (sit) sat (sat) sat (sat) Sentarse
sleep (slíip) slept (slept) slept (slept) Dormir
speak (spíik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóuken) Hablar
spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) Gastar
swim (suím) swam (suáam) swum (suám) Nadar
take (téik) took (túk) taken (téiken) llevar tomar
teach (tíich) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar
tear (ter) tore (tor) torn (torn) Desgarrar
tell (tel) told (tóuld) told (tóuld) Decir
think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) Pensar
throw (zróu) threw (zru) thrown (zróun) Arrojar
understand(-stáand) understood (-stúd) understood (-stúd) Entender
wear (wer) wore (wor) worn (worn) usar (ropa)
win (win) won (won) won (won) Ganar
write (ráit) wrote (róut) written (ríten) Escribir

9B LIST OF REGULAR VERBS

Simple form Simple past tense Past participle Spanish meaning

D or ED (Pronounce /t/ )
work worked worked trabajar
wash washed washed lavar
type typed typed digitar
laugh laughed laughed reir
watch watched watched vigilar
push pushed pushed empujar
pick picked picked recoger
brush brushed brushed cepillar
like liked liked gustar
crash crashed crashed chocar
mark marked marked marcar
pass passed passed pasar
D or ED (Pronounced /d/)
play played played jugar
learn learned learned aprender
mow mowed mowed podar
close closed closed cerrar
earn earned earned ganar
open opened opened abrir
plan planned planned planear
live lived lived vivir
love loved loved amar
water watered watered regar
program programmed programmed programar
flower flowered flowered florecer

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D or ED (Pronounced / i d/
visit visited visited visitar
need needed needed necesitar
mount mounted mounted montar
fit fitted fitted encajar
seed seeded seeded sembrar
adjust adjusted adjusted ajustar
omit omitted admitted omitir
admit admitted admitted admitir
load loaded loaded cargar
grant granted granted conceder
list listed listed enlistar
dot dotted dotted graficar

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 MODULO 2 EKT UFPS Students’ guide july 2010

ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE

EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)
Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10

N° SECOND PART - CONTENTS HS/C ∑/H

10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE 1 25 OK

11 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 2 27 OK
12 PAST PERFECT TENSE 1 28 OK
13 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1 29 OK
14 PASSIVE VOICE 2 31 OK
15 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USE OF WH WORDS 4 35 OK
16 BE AND HAVE 1 36 OK
2ND PREVIOUS 2 38

10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: (will-shall; won’t shan’t) 1 25 OK

I will drink Will (shall) I drink? I won’t (shan’t) drink (Yo) no beberé
You will smoke Will you smoke? You won’t smoke (Ud.) no fumará
He will write Will he write? He won’t write (El) no escribirá
She will sleep Will she sleep? She won’t sleep (Ella) no dormirá
It will eat Will it eat? It won’t eat (El) no comerá
We will play Will (shall) we play? We won’t (shan’t) play (Nos.) no jugaremos
You will study Will you study? You won’t study (Uds.) no estudiarán
They will work Will they work? They won’t work (Ellos) no trabajarán

10B (TEXTS) USING SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

What will you plan for your future? Will you be a lawyer or a Technician? Man likes to dream about the
future. What will you do if you won a million dollars? What will you do if you were in the United States?
Let’s see what our dear students and teachers will do. Let’s know what they and their relatives will do.
Margaret: I will buy a new house in Miami and will start a business on hair styling”. My mother will have a
full make up. Nancy: “I will travel around the world in a modern ship and my father will go to get a degree
at MIT in Boston”. Ralph: “I will go to study medicine in London and my sister Julie will get married and
buy a mansion”. George: “I will learn to dive and my cousin will help me at the sea. Mr. and Mrs. Smith:
“We will go on our second honey moon to Mexico and will stay at the best hotel downtown, our sons will be
having vacations in Argentina. They will meet the best soccer player of Argentina, Maradona.

13
 11 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 2 27 OK

I Have found Have I found? I Haven’t found No he encontrado

You Have drunk Have You drunk? You Haven’t drunk No has bebido
He Has driven Has He driven? He Hasn’t driven No ha conducido
She Has eaten Has She eaten? She Hasn’t eaten No ha comido
It Has fallen Has It fallen? It Hasn’t fallen No se ha caído
We Have fed Have We fed? We Haven’t fed No hemos alimentado
You Have felt Have You felt? You Haven’t felt No han sentido
They have fought have they fought? they haven’t fought No han peleado

11B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I have eaten too much meat lately. What have you drunk with your foods? – I haven’t drunk anything
because I prefer dry things for my stomach. -Did you know that Fanny has fed her cat everyday but it isn’t fat,
it’s too skinny? -She has fought with her brothers because they hit it at every moment. So she has felt very
uncomfortable at home. She hasn’t found a new place for it. Their brothers have forgotten to obey their
parents’ orders of respecting each other. They have received the guidance but nothing has changed. Mary has
gone to many homes in search of a new home for her pet. As people have seen that it is thin they have said that
they are not interested in keeping the pet. Well, tell her that I might have that little cat and that she can go to my
house whenever she wishes to. Now she has found a new shelter for it.

12 PAST PERFECT TENSE 1 28 OK

I Had flown Had I flown I Hadn’t flown No había volado

You Had forgot Had You forgot You Hadn’t forgot No habías olvidado
He Had got Had He got He Hadn’t got No había conseguido
She Had given Had She given She Hadn’t given No había dado
It Had gone Had It gone It Hadn’t gone Nohabía ido
We Had grown Had We grown We Hadn’t grown No habíamos crecido
You Had hung Had You hung You Hadn’t hung No habían colgado
they Had had Had they had they Hadn’t had No habían tenido
12B (TEXTS) USING PAST PERFECT TENSE
They said they had forgotten to do their tasks, but I know they had played instead of studying. My
father had spoken to them but they didn’t listen to him. I think they had grown up as kids and not as
responsible young men. I also knew that they had spent all the money they had received from their
mother. Teachers had taught them to be good guys and do what should be done at the right moment
and not to spend time or money in nonsense things. Their grandma had sung a beautiful picture of fruit
trees on the wall but a little later they had taken it away and had sold it for a few cents. At last when
they had gone to the park and had ragged some banks they were caught by a policewoman who took
them to the police station. There they said that they had thought the banks were for waste.

13 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1 29 OK

I WILL HAVE HIT WILL I HAVE HIT? I WON’T HAVE HIT No habré golpeado
YOU WILL HAVE HELD WILL YOU HAVE HELD YOU WON’T HAVE HELD No habrás sotenido

14
HE WILL HAVE KEPT WILL HE HAVE KEPT HE WON’T HAVE KEPT Nop habrá cuardado
SHE WILL HAVE SEEN WILL SHE HAVE SEEN SHE WON’T HAVE SEEN No habrá visto
IT WILL HAVE LED WILL IT HAVE LED IT WON’T HAVE LED No habrá conducido
WE WILL HAVE LEFT WILL WE HAVE LEFT WE WON’T HAVE LEFT No habremos dejado
YOU WILL HAVE LOST WILL YOU HAVE LOST YOU WON’T HAVE LOST No habrás perdido
THEY WILL HAVE READ WILL THEY HAVE READ THEY WON’T HAVE READ No habrán leído

13B (TEXTS) USING FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

By the time when I be settled in my new home in Boston and this will be within five years I will have seen many
modern plays. I will also have lost weigh, and I will have led an art exposition. I also know that I will have kept
many collections of coins and whisky bottles. On the other hand my uncle will have won lots of money with his
new invention. My mother will have visited all of our friends in USA. My father will have made sculptures of
Indian groups. My sister will have read at least 100 books. And, of course, we all will have met hundreds of
artisans, artists and actors. -Can you imagine what I will have done by then?

14 PASSIVE VOICE 2 31 OK

Active voice Passive voice

I am drinking coffee Coffe is drunk by me. El café es tomado por mí
You are eating bread Bread is being eaten by you El pan está siendo comido por usted.
He is driving a bus A bus is being driven by him Un bus está siendo conducido por él
She was selling a skirt A skirt was being sold by her Una falda estaba siendo vendida por ella
We were buying shoes Shoes were being bought by us Los zapatos estaban siendo comprados por nos.
They (do) play soccer Soccer is played by them El balonpié es jugado por ellos
He (does) teach Italian Italian is taught by him El Italiano es enseñado por él.
She (did) visit the doctor The doctor was visited by her El doctor fue fisitado por ella.
You will type letters Letters will be typed by you Las cartas serán digitadas por usted
They would paint the house The house would be painted by them La casa sería pintada por ellos
She can swim 100 mts. 100 mts can be swum by her Los 100 ms. pueden ser nadados por ella
He could steal the papers The papers could be stolen by him Los documentos podrían ser robados por él
We may watch the game The game may be watched by us El partido puede ser visto por nosotros
They might do the homeworks The homeworks might be done by them Las tareas podrían ser hechas por ellos
I shall repeat the course The course shall be repeated by me El curso será repetido por mí
They should brush the metal The metal should be brushed by them El metal debería ser pulido por ellos
She must learn the vocabulary The vocabulary must be learned by her El vocabulario debe ser aprendido por ella
I have brought the books The books have been brought by me Los libros han sido traídos por mí
She has written the word The word has been written by her La palabra ha sido escrita por ella.
We had seen a policeman A policeman had been seen by us Un policía había sido visto por nosotros

14B (TEXTS) USING PASSIVE VOICE

English is spoken in many countries all around the world. It is used by many businessmen and artists. Negotiations could
be done in this language. English is taught in many institutes everywhere. English was brought by English men at the
time of the american conquest. The MIT was visited by some teachers. Three famous museums were attended by some
elder men. There was a boat race near Logan airport which could be run by anyone.
There was a suspicions man near Boston Bank. The bank has been robbed by some one twice and the policemen think that
that man is the responsable of it. The man has been caught by the police many times but nothing has been proved against
him. The pictures have been taken by him said some one. His brother appeared and said that his brother was a
photographer. The city has been photographed by him, specially the rout of freedom downtown in Boston.
The pictures have been seen by many people and they agree that they are wonderful. Art compositions have been digited
by a strange photographer.

15
 15 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -USE OF WH WORDS 4 35 OK

General English practice: A] Answer each question. B] Create your own questions and answers

There are “wh” questions and an answer in each group: you can replace the underlined words and have your
own questions and answers (There is some help in your language)
What do you do? ¿Qué haces?
What do you [play]? ¿Qué tocas?
Where do you [play tennis]? ¿Dónde juegas tenis?
When do you [play tennis at school]? ¿Cuándo juegas tenis en el colegio?
Why do you [play tennis on Sundays]? ¿Por qué juegas tenis los domingos?
(I play tennis at school on Sundays because I
like this sport)

What does she do? ¿Qué hace ella?

What does she teach? ¿Qué enseña ella?
Where does she teach French? ¿Dónde enseña ella Francés?
When does she teach French at home? ¿Cuándo enseña ella Francés en casa?
Why does she teach French every day? ¿Por qué ella enseña Francés todos los días?
(She teaches French at home every day
because she needs money)

What did you do? ¿Qué hiciste?

What did you study? ¿Qué estudiaste?
Where did you study English? ¿Dónde estudiaste Inglés?
When did you study English in Europe? ¿Cuándo estudiaste Inglés en Europa?
Why did you study English last month? ¿Por qué estudiaste Inglés el mes pasado?
(I studied English in Europe last month
because I won a scholarship)

What will you do? ¿Qué harás?

What will you write? ¿Qué escribirás?
Where will you write letters? ¿Dónde escribirás cartas?
When will you write letters in the hall? ¿Cuándo escribirás cartas en el may?
Why will you write letters every week? ¿Por qué escribirás cartas todas las semanas?
(I will write letters in the hall every week
because there is no other place to do it.)
What can you do? ¿Qué puedes hacer?
What can you drive? ¿Qué puedes conducir?
Where can you drive a taxi? ¿Dónde puedes conducir un taxi?
When can you drive a taxi in the city? ¿Cuándo puedes conducir un taxi en la ciud?
Why can you drive a taxi on Saturdays? ¿Por qué puedes conducir un taxi los sábado?
(I can drive a taxi in the city on Saturdays
because there isn’t too much traffic)
What should he do? ¿Qué debería hacer él?
What should he visit? ¿Qué debería visitar él?
Where should he visit a clinic? ¿Dónde debería el visitar una clínica?
When should he visit a clinic at Btá? ¿Cuándo debería visitar una clínica en Btá?

16
Why should he visit a clinic now? ¿Por qué él debería visitar una clínica ahora?
(He should visit a clinic at Bogotá now
because he is very sick)
What are you doing? ¿Qué estás haciendo?
What are you preparing? ¿Qué estás preparando?
Where are you preparing your tests? ¿Dónde estás preparando tus exámenes?
When are you preparing your tests? ¿Cuándo está preparando tus exámenes?
Why are you preparing your tests? ¿Por qué está preparando tus exámenes?
(I am preparing my tests at the office in the
mornings)
What were you doing? ¿Qué estabas haciendo?
What were you drinking? ¿Qué estabas tomando?
Where were you drinking coffee? ¿Dónde estabas tomando café?
When were you drinking coffee? ¿Cuándo estabas tomando café?
Why were you drinking coffee? ¿Por qué estabas tomando café?
(I was drinking coffee at the restaurant
yesterday morning because I was tired)

15B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDS

Study guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your
own questions and answers

01) What’s your name? 01) My name is Albert White Johnson.

02) Where were you born? 02) I was born in Cúcuta.
03) How old are you? 03) I’m 20 years old.
04) What’s your address? 04) It’s 4-30 6th Street.
05) What’s your phone number? 05) My phone number is 7567503.
06) What are your parents’ names? 06) They are Pete Johnson and Mary White?
07) What does your father do? 07) He works in a factory.
08) What does your mother do? 08) She works at home. She’s a housewife.
09) How many brothers and sisters do you have? 09) I have two brothers and one sister.
10) What do they do? 10) They are studying
11) Where do you study? 11) I study at the university.
12) What level are you in? 12) I’m in the sixth semester.
13) How much do you pay for your study? 13) I pay a minimum salary a year.
14) What subjects do you like best? 14) I like Math, English and Communication
15) What subject don’t you like? 15) I don’t like Physics.
16) Which sport(s) do you practice? 16) I practice soccer and basketball.
17) What are your favorite hobbies? 17) My favorite hobbies are reading and dancing
18) What do you like best?: (reading, writing, or) … 18) I like swimming
19) Who is your favorite personage? 19) My favorite personage is Leonardo D’Avinci.
20) Why do you think English will be for? 20) It will be for getting better jobs.
21) What would you do if you had ten million bucks? 21) If I had $10.000 I would travel around the world
22) What career are you studying at this institution? 22) I’m studying Systems engineering here.
23) How do you define yourself? (quiet, passive, or…) 23) I’m a quiet, well spoken and honest person.
24) Would you like to be diligent or lazy?. 24) I would like to be diligent.
25) What were you doing last Sunday night? 25) I was dancing at a party last Sunday night.

17
 15C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDS

Study guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your
own questions.

26) What does the new queen look like? 26) She is the most beautiful and nice girl in the world.
27) Why did(n’t) you agree with the election? 27) I agreed because she has a great personality.
28) Where will the queen go to next December? 28) She will go to her hometown next December.
29) What would you tell her if she were here? 29) I would tell her that she is lovely and charming.
30) Why will you need more information? 30) I will need it because I don’t know what to do.
31) When should we begin to practice English? 31) We should begin to practice English immediately
32) Where can(n’t) you go on weekends now? 32) I can’t go out of town on weekends now.
33) Why could(n’t) you travel to Ocaña? 33) I couldn’t travel to Ocaña because it is dangerous.
34) Where may I ask you to do it? 34) You may I ask me to do it anywhere.
35) What might your classmates be doing now? 35) They might be chattering because there is no teacher.
36) Who must teach you how to be polite? 36) The family must teach us how to be polite.
37) Why are the people menaced by the war? 37) Because it is impossible to make the peace.
38) What have you been studying these days? 38) I have been studying grammar and vocabulary.
39) Where has your father worked lately? 39) He has worked at a tile factory lately
40) Why had we met in class every week? 40) We had done it because we have to discuss a task.
41) What is there at this institute next month? 41) I don’t know. I’m new here
42) Why aren’t there any fruit trees here? 42) There aren’t any fruit trees because they were cut.
43) Why are you sleepy in the morning? 43) I’m sleepy because I have to go to study.
44) Why are you hungry at midday? 44) I’m hungry at midday because I work hard.
45) Where were you angry at your teachers? 45) I was angry at my teachers in the auditorium.
46) How were you after the game? 46) I was too thirsty after the game.
47) Who is older than you? 47) My sister is older than me.
48) What do you wear on Sundays? 48) I wear tennis shoes, a flannel, and Bermudas.
49) What do you like to do in vacations? 49) I like to watch T.V. and visit my friends.
50) What can we do to get the peace? 50) We can try to help others to get the peace.

18
15D QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDS

Study guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your
own questions.

51) What am I teaching you? 51) You are teaching me how to learn by myself.
52) Where is Park Victory? 52) Park Victory is on second Av. and twelfth St.
53) Where are the children playing? 53) They are playing in the park.
54) Why was Montoya out of the run? 54) Because his car had the motor broken.
55) What were you doing last weekend? 55) I was preparing for my tests last weekend.
56) Where do women go shopping in Cúcuta? 56) Women go shopping to Ventura Plaza.
57) When does a child ask for help? 57) A child asks for help when he can’t do something
58) Why did Colombians begin to suffer? 58) Colombians began to suffer a long time ago.
59) What can you do for your country? 59) I can vote correctly.
60) Where could you learn how to drive? 60) I could learn how to drive at a car school
61) When will vacations take place? 61) Vacations will take place in June and December.
62) Why would people take care on the streets? 62) Because streets are dangerous because of the cars.
63) What shall I inform you about English? 63) You will I inform me on how I can write it well.
64) Where should policemen be at night? 64) They should be on the dark streets at night
65) When may I ask you to answer this test? 65) You may ask me to answer this test right now.
66) Why might all Colombians be together? 66) All of them might be together in order to have peace.
67) What do you have to do to pass this test? 67) I have to study hard in order to pass it.
68) Where have the teachers had a party? 68) They have had a party at their club.
69) When has the director spoken to the students? 69) He has spoken to the students on Mondays.
70) Why had they elected a new president? 70) They had elected him because of the Constitution.
71) What did you use to do when you were ten? 71) I used to play and laugh when I was ten years old.
72) Why isn’t German taught at this institute? 72) It isn’t taught here because there aren’t teachers.
73) Where were trolleys driven in Colombia? 73) They were driven in Bogotá.
74) When was the vocabulary learned by you? 74) The vocabulary was learned by us last week.
75) Why were all the games seen on T.V.? 75) They were seen on it because of the rain.

19
 15E QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDS

Study guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your
own questions.

76) Why will it be written in English? 76) Because it is for English speakers
77) Why can’t old stories be told to kids? 77) Because the television is absorbing them.
78) What could be said after elections? 78) It could be said “most people made a hard election”.
79) Where had votes been deposited in elections? 79) They have been deposited in the election boxes.
80) What thin has been said about politicians? 80) It is said that they look for their interests only.
81) Where had tequila been drunk? 81) It had been drunk in the Mexican pubs.
82) Why is there a new president in Colombia? 82) Because the Constitution states the new election.
83) Where were there many problems? 83) There were only a few problems during elections.
84) When were there too many accidents? 84) There were many accidents last Sunday.
85) How long does a car race last? 85) A car race lasts about four hours.
86) How much did a new taxi cost in 1970? 86) I cost about two million pesos in 1970.
87) How many kinds of trees are there in Cúcuta? 87) There are 2.000 kinds of trees in Cúcuta.
88) How far is it from Cúcuta to San Antonio? 88) It is about ten kilometers.
89) Which candidate did you like best? 89) I liked (NN).
90) Who won the presidency of Colombia? 90) (NN) won the presidency of Colombia, 2010-2014.
91) Whose shoes are you wearing now? 91) I’m wearing my own shoes.
92) How do you feel today? 92) I feel very well today.
93) What are you looking for? 93) I’m looking for a new job.
94) Why have you called me up lately? 94) Because I need some information from you.
95) How about some more study to learn it? 95) Sure, I’m interested in learning English.
96) What do you think about your classmates? 96) I think they are very good people.
97) Why have you had your car washed lately? 97) I have had it washed lately because it was dirty.
98) Why has your moher visited the doctor? 98) My mom has visited him because she is been sick.
99) How many words do you know in English? 99) I know (5000) words in English.
100)Why have you got tired of studying English? 100) I have got tired of it because I haven’t had a break.

20
 16 BE AND HAVE 1 36 OK

BE (SER, ESTAR, TENER) HAVE (TENER)

I am a farmer I have a farm
Soy un granjero Tengo una granja
You are tired You have to rest
Estás cansado Tienes que descansar
He/She/It is sick He/She/It has fever
Está enfermo Tiene fiebre
We are musicians We have instruments
Somos músicos Tenemos instrumentos
You are shouting You have to shut up
(Uds) están gritando (Uds) tienen que callarse
They are rich They have money
Son ricos Tienen dinero
I am not a farmer I don't have a farm
No soy un granjero No tengo una granja
You are not tired You don't have to rest
No estás cansado No tienes que descansar
He/She/It is not sick He/She/It doesn't have fever
No está enfermo no tiene fiebre
We are not musicians We don't have instruments
No somos músicos No tenemos instrumentos
You are not shouting You don't have to shut up
Uds no están gritando Uds no tienen que callarse
They are not rich They don't have money
No son ricos No tienen dinero
Am I a farmer? Do I have a farm?
¿Soy un granjero? ¿Tengo una granja?
Are you tired? Do you have to rest?
¿Estás cansado? ¿Tienes que descansar?
Is he/she/it sick? Does he/she/it have fever?
¿Está enfermo/a? ¿Tiene fiebre?
Are we musicians? Do we have instruments?
¿Somos músicos? ¿Tenemos instrumentos?
Are you shouting? Do you have to shut up?
¿Están (Uds) gritando? ¿Tienen (Uds) que callarse?
Are they rich? Do they have money?
¿Son ricos (ellos)? ¿Tienen (ellos) dinero?

21
 MODULO 3 EKT UFPS Students’ guide
ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE
EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)
Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10

N° THIRD PART - CONTENTS HS/C ∑/H

17 ADJECTIVES 2 40 OK
18 ADVERBS 1 41 OK
19 CONJUNCTIONS 2 43 OK
20 PREPOSITIONS 3 46 OK
21 DO/MAKE 1 47 OK
22 MODAL VERBS 2 49 OK
23 CONDITIONAL 2 51 OK
24 PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS) 3 54 OK
25 VOCABULARIES 3 58 OK
FINAL TEST 2 60

17 ADJECTIVES 2 40 OK

17A. COMPARISONS
01 Cali is a beautiful Colombian city.
02 Medellin is larger than Cali
03 Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia
04 Barranquilla is as large as Medellin
05 Bucaramanga is a commercial city
06 Medellin is more commercial than Bucaramanga
07 Bogotá is the most commercial city of them all.
08 Medellin is beautiful
09 Cali is as beautiful as Medellin
10 Barranquilla isn’t as beautiful as Cali.
11 Cali isn’t so cool as Medellin.
12 It’s [………] It’s […….…] than It’s the [……….]
good better Best
bad worse Worst
little less least
far farther farthest
much more most
many more most

22
good/well - bueno, bien better - mejor (the) best - el mejor
bad/badly - mal worse - peor (the) worst - el peor
much/many - mucho/muchos more - más (the) most - el/los más
little - poco less - menos (the) least - el menos
far - lejos farther/further - más lejos (the) farthest/furthest - el más lejano

17B. ADJECTIVE FORMATION: They seemed to be (...)

agreeable political eventful different

disagreeable nonpolitical uneventful pleasant
similar faithful formal comfortable
dissimilar unfaithful informal sensible
afraid continuous respectful active
unafraid discontinuous disrespectful imaginative
clear active pure crowded
unclear inactive impure surprising
fair natural wealthy wonderful
unfair unnatural unwealthy marvelous
healthy perfect friendly ordinary
unhealthy imperfect unfriendly easy
direct selfish beautiful hard
indirect unselfish worthless complicated
complete educational dangerous good
incomplete noneducational accidental nice
existent fortunate basic salty
nonexistent unfortunate childish hot

17C. BASIC ADJECTIVES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

afraid fair little rich three
bad famous long sad twelve
big fat loud safe twenty
black first low second two
blind five mad seven warm
blue foreing middle short weak
bright four necessary sick white
broad fresh nervous simple wide
brown full new single wild
busy gentle nice six wise
certain glad old slow worth
clean good one small wrong
clear great pleasant soft yellow
cold green poor sorry young
cool happy possible special next
dark hard pretty straight sure
dear heavy probable strange half
deep high proud strong important

23
different hot public sweet forward
direct humble pure talk human
distant hungry quick tall dead
double ill quiet ten due
easy kind ready thick equal
eight large real thin past
electric left red third perfect

17D. BASIC ADJECTIVES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Awake – despierto Asleep - dormido Fat - gordo Thin - flaco
Beautiful – hermoso Ugly - feo Full - lleno Empty - vacío
Big - grande Small - pequeño Glad - contento Sad - triste
Bitter - amargo Sweet - dulce Good - bueno Bad - malo
Black - negro White - blanco Happy - feliz Sorry - apenado
Careful - cuidadoso Careless - descuidado Hard - duro Soft - blando
Dark - oscuro Light - claro Healthy - saludable Sick - enfermo
Dead - muerto Alive - vivo Heavy - pesado Light - liviano
Deep - profundo Shallow - superficial High - alto Low - bajo
Difficult - difícil Easy - fácil Hot - caliente Cold - frío
Dirty - sucio Clean - limpio Interesting - interesante Boring - aburrido
Drunk - borracho Sober - sobrio Late - tarde Early - temprano
Expensive - caro Cheap - barato Long - largo Short - corto
Far - lejano Near - cercano Simple - simple Complex - complejo
New - nuevo Old - viejo Single - soltero Married - casado
On - encendido Off - apagado Straight - derecho Crooked - torcido
Past - pasado Future - futuro Strong - fuerte Weak - débil
Polite - cortés, atento Rude - grosero Tall - alto Short - bajo
Rich - rico Poor - pobre Thick - grueso Thin - delgado
Right - derecho Left - izquierdo True - verdadero False - falso
Right - correcto Wrong - equivocado Useful - útil Useless - inútil
Rough - áspero Smooth - suave, liso Warm - cálido Cool - fresco
Safe - seguro Dangerous - peligroso Wet - mojado Dry - seco
Same - mismo Different - diferente Wide - ancho Narrow - angosto
Fast - rápido Slow - lento Young - joven Old - viejo

24
18 ADVERBS 1 41 OK
COMMON ENGLISH ADVERBS

He’s working [.............]

Place: here, there, near, far, far from, inside, out, out of, up, down, ahead, in back of,
over, under, behind

Time: I work [...] I worked [...] I will work[...] I’m working[...]

today, yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow, last night, now, before,
after, then late, early, soon, always, never, seldom, rarely, frequently, usually,
ever, sometimes, often, recently, already, yet, every month, every week, every
year, last month, next week, next time, now and then, in an hour, every other day.

Mood He works [...] He worked [...] He will work [...] He’s working [...]

well, badly, better, slowly, promptly, correctly, gladly, foolishly, weekly, monthly,
perfectly, sadly, softly, suddenly, plainly, happily, formally, daily, instantly, yearly

Quantity How much paper did you buy? How many papers did you buy?

much, a little, a few, more, less, enough, nothing, some everything, something,
many, a lot of, lots of, plenty, a great deal.

Order first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth,
successively, respectively, lately, (the) former, (the) latter

yes, also, certainly, sure, surely, effectively, no, nor, clearly, neither, either, never,
maybe, perhaps

18B. STRUCTURE OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH

bad, badly/ quick, quickly/ luxurious, luxuriously/ public, publicly/ faithful, faithfully/ cheap,
cheaply/ easy, easily/ true, truly/ sad, sadly/ probable, probably/ honest, honestly/ happy,
happily/ nice, nicely/ beautiful, beautifully/ changeable, changeably/ perfect, perfectly/

19 CONJUNCTIONS AND OTHER FUNCTION WORDS 2 43 OK

19. CONJUNCTIONS

and They were drinking and laughing.

but He likes to do everything but study.
for He went there for he was thirsty.
or Would you like to speak about Lucy or Fanny?
nor I’d neither speak about Lucy nor Fanny.
so He didn’t call me up, so I called him up.
yet We haven’t finished our study yet.

25
 19B. DETERMINANTS
the These are the basic function words in English.
a This is a very important exercise.
an That is an interesting practice.
my Those are my university books.
your Where’s your teacher’s signature?
his Which are his technical works?
her Why is her decision unimportant?
its When is its library open?
our How are our letters delivered?
their How long are their kids going to be here)
this This experiment is very hard.
that Which structure shows that engineer?
these Did you plan these operations?
those Could you attend those organizations?
each Would each one produce a larger amount?
every Does every company build up a bridge?
no We have no time to lose.
both Have both subjects been studied?
some Some people do not like to take trips.
any Should any technician be invited to the forum?
all All of them like to investigate in their field
many Many electricians work in the country.
much Do you eat much food at night?
few Very few people go to the university in Colombia.
several Several nurses teach special programs in Cúcuta.
either Don’t forget to take either this map or the other.
neither Neither this lawyer nor the other were right.
more Shall we need more experiments?
most Most people lose lots of time doing nothing.

19C. INTENSIFIERS

very It is very important that you know yourself.

quite We were quite tired after such a work.
somewhat It is somewhat difficult to be used.
rather It is rather easy to learn a language.
pretty It could be pretty well understood.
mighty They were mighty important for everyone.
little Do you feel a little better now?
so They have so little time to study that subject.
too Life in Cúcuta is too expensive.
more We have to get more money for living.
most It is the most beautiful place in the world.
less Indians and farmers shouldn’t be less important.
least Tallness is the least important thing.
enough This climate is good enough for living things.

26
 19D. SUBORDINATES

After You shouldn’t play after lunch.

although He came although he didn’t want to.
as Does every man speak as he thinks?
As if Some people pretend to live as if they were rich.
because You are here because you want to succeed.
before You have to get money before you plan to go.
how Do you know how to speak in French?
if Would you travel if you had money?
provided You will get a degree provided you pass the test.
since He hadn’t studied English since he was sixteen.
than It is bigger than you think.
that The books that he bought weren’t new.
though He got the money, though he didn’t work for it.
until Do not leave until you are told to.
what It wasn’t what I told you to do.
when They were reading when she arrived.
whenever You can drive it whenever you wish to.
where There is where it was done.
which This is the university which he preferred.
whereas He’s responsible, whereas his sister isn’t.
whichever Select the car whichever you like best.
while I was flying while they were sailing.
who That is the man who plays the guitar.
whoever It isn’t true whoever said so.
whom Those are for whom he was working.
whose That is the boy whose father won a lottery.

19E. SENTENCE CONNECTORS

therefore They went to the movies; therefore, John couldn’t see them.
accordingly It was locked. They, accordingly, with it left at once.
also Gasoline was increased. They also increased all other prices.
at least It’s difficult to be obtained. At least we must get one.
besides He doesn’t come on time, besides, he forgets everything.
consequently He was a bad employee, consequently, he was fired.
for example It is easy to be understood if, for example, you speak slowly.
furthermore They couldn’t paint the wall and, furthermore, they shouldn’t.
hence The computer was out of order; hence, the answers were wrong.
however He was a tennis player; however, he couldn’t play table tennis.
indeed They were in the farm, indeed, they forced to work there
in addition They lost a lot of money, in addition to it, there was an accident.
in fact They were published. They were, in fact, very good.
moreover She is a fast typist, moreover, she is diligent.
nevertheless The tests were given; nevertheless, nobody answered them.
then They were stated, and then they could take right decisions.
thus It was settled so, thus, no one can change it.

27
 19F. INTERROGATIVE WORDS

what What is the importance of the university?

where Where was the meeting taking place?
when When is the party going to be over?
why Why would you like to go there?
How How could you do it again?
which Which career do you like best?
whose Whose house are you going to buy?
who(m) Who(m) did you visit yesterday?
who Who visited you?

20 PREPOSITIONS 3 46 OK

about Acerca de This guide is about English structures.

above Por encima de The university is above high school.
across A través de We walked across the International Bridge.
after Después de Study one word after another.
against Contra Prepare yourself against any adversity.
along A lo largo de Be yourself along your pass over this planet
among En medio de There are many thinkers among Colombians
around Alrededor de Let’s take a trip around our country.
at En We are at the university.

before Antes Make plans before you start anything.

behind Detrás de You can’t stay behind others, go ahead.
below Por debajo de The temperature in Cúcuta isn’t below 30°C.
beneath Por debajo de Your words must not be beneath your thought.
beside Al lado de The Erasmos Meoz Hospital is beside the I.S.S.
besides Además de Did you study another career besides this one?
between Entre La Don Juana is between Cúcuta and Pamplona
beyond Más allá de Is the moon beyond man’s reach now?
by Por Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare.
despite A pesar de You will learn English despite its problems.
down Abajo Let’s go down the river.
during Durante Have a break during your work
for Por, para You should be learning for yourself
from De, desde Where are you from?
in En, dentro de Business used to be the main occupation here.
inside Dentro de Have you ever been inside a theater for plays?
into Dentro de Change your sorrows into happiness by working
like Como Life is like a chess game, isn’t it?
near Cerca de There is a hospital near U.F.P.S.
of De We all are part of the education system.
off Fuera In december you are off your studies and work.
on En St. Joseph Cathedral is on fifth avenue.

28
 onto Sobre The seed were spread onto the dessert.
over Por encima de Jets fly over this beautiful city Cúcuta.
since Desde U.F.P.S. has been functioning since 1962.
through A través de UFPS has grown through the work of people.
throughout En todo It is well known throughout the country.
till-until Hasta Read carefully till (until) you understand.
toward Hacia You are going toward a better future.
under Debajo de Your percentage can’t be under 64%
up Arriva Climb up any stairs, step by step.
upon Sobre Don’t climb upon the clouds of your dreams.
with Con Do you live in peace with yourself?
within Dentro de San Antonio is within 10 kms from Cúcuta.
without sin You cannot go ahead without others.

21 DO/MAKE 1 47 OK

21A. DO/MAKE Mrs. Jones is a housewife - La señora Jones es una ama de casa

She has to do the housework She has to make the beds

Ella tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casa Ella tiene que hacer las camas
She has to do the cooking She has to make breakfast
Ella tiene que cocinar Ella tiene que hacer el desayuno
She has to do the washing up She has to make lunch
Ella tiene que fregar los platos Ella tiene que hacer el almuerzo
She has to do the washing/the laundry She has to make dinner
Ella tiene que lavar la ropa sucia Ella tiene que hacer la cena
She has to do the shopping She has to make coffee/tea
Ella tiene que hacer las compras Ella tiene que hacer café/té
She has to do the ironing She has to make a cake
Ella tiene que planchar la ropa Ella tiene que hacer un torta
She has to do the dusting She has to make sure that the house is in order
Ella tiene que quitar el polvo a las cosas Ella tiene que asegurarse que la casa esté en orden

21B. DO/MAKE Mr. Jones is a businessman - El señor Jones es un empresario

He is doing business with important companies He would like to make a long trip/journey
Él está haciendo negocios con firmas importantes Le gustaría hacer un largo viaje
He is doing well in his job His employees make fun of him
Va bien en su trabajo Sus empleados se burlan de él
He does his best to improve his company He has to make a speech for a meeting
Hace lo mejor que puede para mejorar su empresa Tiene que hacer un discurso para una reunión
He is making a lot of money His secretary makes appointments for him
Está haciendo un montón de dinero Su secretaria arregla citas para él
He is making a fortune She also makes telephone calls and reservations
Está haciendo una fortuna También hace llamadas telefónicas y reservas
He doesn't like to make mistakes He says that his employees make trouble

29
 No le gusta equivocarse Él dice que sus empleados causan problemas
Sometimes he makes a fuss when something goes He also says that women make a lot of noise
wrong También dice que las mujeres hacen mucho ruido
Algunas veces arma un lío cuando algo sale mal
He rarely makes jokes He often makes a fool of himself
Casi nunca hace chistes A menudo se pone en ridículo
He doesn't have much time to make friends He makes use of his authority to threaten people
No tiene mucho tiempo para hacer amigos Utiliza su autoridad para amenazar a las personas
He is making an effort to increase sales Some of his decisions don't make sense
Está haciendo un esfuerzo para aumentar las ventas Algunas de sus decisiones no tienen sentido

21C DO/MAKE other examples

John is doing badly at school (he is not doing well)

John no va bien en la escuela
He doesn't like to do his homework - No le gusta hacer su tarea
The hurricane did a lot of damage in the area
El huracán causó mucho daño en la zona
The policeman was doing his duty when he arrested the thief
El policía estaba cumpliendo con su deber cuando arrestó al ladrón
Mary did her hair and her face and left for the party
Mary se peinó, se maquilló y salió para la fiesta
"Can you do me a favor ?" - ¿Me puedes hacer un favor?
"I want to make a complaint about the service in this hotel"
Quiero presentar una queja sobre el servicio en este hotel
The man and the woman were making love in the back seat of their car
El hombre y la mujer estaban haciendo el amor en el asiento trasero de su auto
Johnny made a mess in his room - Johnny hizo un desorden en su cuarto
Bill made his way to the university - Bill se dirigió a la Universidad
Jane made an excuse and left - Jane se disculpó y se marchó
"What are you doing here?" - ¿Qué estás haciendo aquí?

22 MODAL VERBS (helping verbs with another verb) 2 49 OK

MODALS (A) USO Ejemplos Traducción y explicación

Expresar She can read in French Ella lee en Francés

habilidad Ella sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro años
She could read when she was four
She was able to read French stories Ella podía leer cuentos en Francés
Pedir y dar Can I go out, teacher? Puedo salir, profe? (Uso común)
Permiso Puedes encender la T.V? (Uso popular)
Could you turn on the T.V.?
You may leave now Puedes salir ahora. (Uso popular)
Preguntar Can you erase the board, please? Puede borrar el tablero (Poco cortés)
Could you erase the board, please? Podrías borrar el tablero (Más cortés)
Expresar You have to go to bed now Debes irte a dormir
Necesidad Tienes que irte a dormir
You have got to go to bed now.

30
 He had to go to bed early Tuvo que acostarse temprano
You must go to bed now Debes acostarte ya
You must run or you’ll be late Debes apresurarte o llegarás tarde
(con poder sobre otro=must)
Expresar You don’t have to leave until 8:00 No tienes que irte sino hasta las 8:00
carencia Ella no tuvo que escribir cartas.
She didn’t have to write letters
Dar You should study every day. Deberías estudiar todos los días
consejo Tu tienes que estudiar todos los días.
You ought to study every day
He shouldn’t have brought that El no debería haber traído eso.
El no tenía que haber traído eso.
He ought not to have brought that.
(Se usan para acciones (in/correctas)

Dar You mustn’t smoke so much. No debes fumar tanto.

Ordenes Debes cuidar tu salud.
You must take care of your health
You are not to be out No debes estar afuera.
Debes estar aquí
You are to be here
Expresar He has played all day. El ha jugado todo el día.
certidumbre Debe estar cansado.
He must be tired
E imposibilidad El no ha jugado. No puede estar cansado.
He has not played. He can’t be tired.
Ella no esta en el colegio.
She is not at school.
Debe haberse ido a casa.
She must have gone home.
Must y can’t son opuestos en significado.
Hablando del It will rain tonight. Lloverá esta anoche.
Futuro Te invitaré cuando hayamos ganado más dinero.
I shall invite you when we have made some
money (Will es más común que shall. Shall es usado familiarmente solo
con (I y WE)
Expresar It may rain tonight Puede que llueva esta noche. (+)
Posibilidad Podría llover esta noche. (-)
It might rain tonight
Hablar del I used to play pebbles when I was a boy. Yo jugaba canicas cuando era niño.
pasado Rara vez estaríamos afuera de noche
We would rarely stay out at night

MODALS (B) (not) --- (n’t) Preguntas Describiendo lo que

alguien dijo
Can He can not speak German Can he speak German? He said he could speak German
He can’t speak German
Could I couldn’t swim Could you swim She said she could swim when she was a
when I was a little girl When you were a little girl? little girl
May You may not go to the river May I go to the river? I said you may not go
today.
Might We might not be at home Where might they be? They said they might stay at the hotel.

Shall We shall not work on Shall we go to work on He said we should go to the park on
Saturday Saturday? Saturday.
Must They must not walk Must they walk now? She said they must walk now.

Have to You don’t have to study Do you have to study? I said you have to study

Are to You aren’t to leave your Are you to leave your He said they were to leave their work
work work?
Should He should visit the doctor Should he visit the doctor? I said you should visit the doctor.

Ought to You ought not to teach Ought you to teach there? They said you ought to teach there

31
 there.
Will It won’t be a sunny day Will it a sunny day? I said it wouldn’t be a sunny day

Used to I didn’t use to smoke at the Did you use to smoke at She said she used to smoke at home.
office the office?
Would I would not come back Would you come back He said I wouldn’t come back tomorrow
tomorrow tomorrow?

23 CONDITIONAL 2 51 OK

Type I Present Will / can / may / must + V1

If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana
If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon Si tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tarde
If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach Si está caluroso mañana, iremos a la playa
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes Si está frío, debes usar ropa abrigada

Type II Past Would / could / might + V1

If I were in Brazil, I would go to Río de Janeiro Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro
If I were you, I would buy that car Si yo fuera vos, compraría ese auto
If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto
If I had more money, I would buy a nice Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo
appartment apartamento

Type III Past Perfect Would / could / might + have V3

If I had seen him, I would have told him about you Si lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca de ti
If I had known the answer, I would have raised my Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi
hand mano
If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen Si ella hubiese venido el sábado, la habría visto
her
If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on Si ellos hubiesen salido más temprano, habrían
time llegado a tiempo

Habitual Present Present

If I have time, I usually go to the movies Si tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cine
If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy Si ella come hamburguesas, le da alergia.
If they come here, they always bring a present Si ellos vienen aquí, siempre traen un regalo
If she doesn't know the answer, she keeps silent Si ella no sabe la respuesta, se mantiene en silencio

Imperative Present Imperative

If they are busy, don't disturb them Si ellos están ocupados, no los molestes
If it is raining, please bring me my umbrella Si está lloviendo, por favor, traéme mi paraguas
If she phones, don't tell her I was here Si ella llama, no le digas que estuve aquí
If you don't want to go, don't go Si no querés ir, no vayas

32
24 PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS) 3 54 OK

24A. SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

(Meanings can change)
Above all por encima de todo Get in entrar
As to con respecto a Get lost perderse
As usual como de costumbre Get off bajarse de (bus)
As yet todavía Get on subirse a (bus)
At all del todo Get out salir
At first al comienzo Get over terminar
At last al final Get ready estar listo
At least por lo menos Get rid of deshacerse
At once inmediatamente Get through terminar
At times a veces Get together reunirse
Be up hallarse Get up levantarse
Be used up estar desgastado Get used to soler
Blow up explotar Give away regalar
Break down romper Give in ceder
Break off interrumpir Give out repartir
Bring about ocurrir Give place dar lugar
Bring out producir Give up darse por vencido
Call for solicitar Go on continuar
Call off cancelar Go wrong equivocarse
Call up telefonear Hand in entregar
Check up revisar Have got conseguir
Come about ocurrir Have in hand tener a mano
Come away desprenderse Have on tener
Come back regresr Right away inmediatament
Come in siga I had a suit made. tenia un traje
Come on vamos I have a suit made. tengo un traje
Cross out tachar I have to go tengo que ir
Cut off cortar In a hurry de prisa
Cut out eliminar In time a tiempo
Do over hacer It’s cold. hace frio
Fall through fracasar It’s early es temprano
Find out hallar It’s hot. hace calor
For good para siempre It’s late. es tarde
Get along llevarsela bien It’s one o’clock la una en punto
Get back regresar It’s up to you depende de ud.

33
 24B. SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(Meanings can change)
Keep back retener Right away inmediatamente
Keep in mind tener en mente See about ver
Keep on seguir Set forth exponer
Keep out mantenerse afuera So far hasta la presente
Keep out of prohibir entrada Take a walk caminar
Look for buscar Take advantage tomar ventaja
Look into examinar Take after parecerse a
Look over revisar Take apart separar
Look up mejorar Take care of cuidar
Make clear aclarar Take off quitarse
Make good cumplir Take on asumir
Make out distiinguir Take out sacar
Make up hacer Take over ocupar
Make up your mind haga su voluntad Take part participar
Mix up mesclar Take part in participar
Now and again una y otra vez Take place tener lugar
Now and then de vez en cuando Take turns turnarse
Off and on de vez en cuando Take up tomar
On purpose a propósito Take up with llevarsela con
On the whole del todo Talk over discutir
On time a tiempo There are hay
Once in a while de vez en cuando There is hay
Out of order fuera de uso There was había
Over and over una y otra vez There were había
Pick out seleccionar Throw away botar
Pick up recoger Throw out sacar
Point out señalar Time is over se acabo el tiempo
Put away botar Time is up se acabo el tiempo
Put off cancelar To be (x) years old. tener (x) años
Put off apagar To be angry. estar enojado
Put on ponerse To be hungry tener hambre
Put out apagar To be over acabar
Put together reunir To be thirsty tener sed
Put up terminar Try on probarse
Quite a few unos pocos Turn off apagar
Wear out desgastar Up to date hasta la presente

34
 24C. (TEXTS) USING SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Meanings can change)

The use of phrasal verbs (or idioms) (or two or more word verbs) is above all a very common way of expressing
in English. The idioms have different meanins. You can say “Please take off your hat” or “The plane can’t take
off because of the rain”. In the first case it referes to uncover the head and the second one about a plane that
can’t start its flight. At first it is a little difficult but with at least a couple of hours of practice you will be
ready to use them properly. I think you are getting ready for this practice. I advice you not to break down
your studies easily. If you give up you won’t learn a lot. Don’t be afraid of going wrong, nobody is perfect. If
you have a list of words or sentences for study you can cross out those you are understanding.

Any how it’s up to you to learn. You got to get along well with your mates. You have to be in time for your
practices. Don’t say it’s too hot or it’s too cold for not doing what you should do. Keep in mind the
importance of getting the knowledges in grammar competences. If there are words you don´t know you better
look for them in a good dictionary. You can make up many things if you have the decision for it. Make up
your mind but don’t offend any one. Remember that your rights end where those of your neighbor begins.

On purpose, you should practice more hours at home by yourself, take part in the role of playing dramas with
your classmates and friends. You should take up with every one, that is a good rule of politeness. Point out the
significance of knowing a second language. Don’t put out the flame of you interest, put on the suit of hard
work.

What things do you do in a common day? You wake up at five in the morning, then yo get up and go to take a
shower. You brush your teeth, and then you get dressed. Go down the stairs to the dining room and have
breakfast in a hurry because you´re late and have to get on a bus to go to your work. Near your office you get
off the bus and walk in a hurry to your office. There you sit down at your desk and jot down the objectives of
the day. You call up your secretay and ask her to digit some letters and have them sent by mail as soon as
possible. You are working hard the entire morning and by midday you are to come back home for eating and
resting. You get home and take off your clothes, watch news on T.V. and go to the dining room for having
lunch. Before two in the afternoon you go back to your work to finish the journey. At the office you pick up the
correspondence and read it all. Put apart the important ones and throw away the others. By five in the
afternoon you have a break and go to the self-service restaurant for having some tea or cold drink. Buy the
newspaper and read the profit-making news bulletin.

It doesn't matter by if you haven’t understood yet this practice. Never mind, you will be able to get it. Of
course! You have to work hard or you are wrong with your decitions. Don’t forget to check in and out your
activities in the schedule. You are heading for abetter comprehension of this language. Do you mind if I open
up your spirit for working? If you don't care for any of these experiences you won´t go ahead. Hold on! Don't
hang up the interest of your imagination. If you've got a terrible headache you should have a break and have
a pill.

35
 25 VOCABULARIES 3 58 OK

25A. GENERAL VOCABULARY BRUSH UP (1a)

CARDINAL NUMBERS: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen,
fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty; twenty one, twenty two, twenty three, twenty
four, twenty five, twenty six, twenty seven, twenty eight, twenty nine, thirty: Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty,
sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, [one] hundred; [one] thousand; [one] hundred thousand; [one] million

ORDINAL NUMBERS: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh,
twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth; twenty first,
twenty second, twenty third, twenty fourth, twenty fifth, twenty sixth, twenty seventh, twenty eighth, twenty
ninth, thirtieth; Tenth, twentieth, thirties, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth, [one]
hundredth; [one] thousandth, [one] millionth,

TIME: Clock, hour hand, minute hand, face, watch, o’clock, 9 to 10 , nine five, five past nine; Morning,
afternoon, midday, midnight, night, quarter, half, noon, [3:45] what time is it? (It’s three forty five) (It’s a
quarter to four) Now, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last month, next year, last weekend, on Sunday, in the
winter, in December, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow; Frequency: ever, never, always,
seldom, rarely, usually; Weather: (Freezing, cold, temperate, hot); winter, autumn, spring, summer

PLACES: at home, in the office, at the restaurant, at the hotel, in the hospital, in the garage, at the university,
at the drugstore, in the supermarket, at the mall, in the church, at the cinema, at the theater, in the parking place,
at the bus station, at the airport, at the bus terminal, downtown, in the swimming pool, in the river, in the
library, in the room, in the classroom, in the school coliseum, in the kitchen, in the living room, in the
bathroom, in the bedroom, in the yard, in the patio, in the kitchen, on the street, in the avenue, in the park.

CALENDAR: Days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

Months; January, February, March, June, July, August, September, October, November, December; Holidays:
1st of May (Labor day), 25th of December (Christmas day), 1st of November (All saints day), 20th of July
(Independence day), 12th of October (Discovery of America), 7th of August (Boyaca’s battle), 6th of January
(Kings day), April (Holly week)

SHAPES: Cube, square, triangle, rectangle, circle, oval, ellipse, cylinder sphere, Long, depth, height, side,
width, length, diagonal, circumference, diameter, radius, parallel, spiral, perpendicular, hypotenuse,

MONEY: Dollar, dime, quarter, cent, penny, nickel, traveler’s check, money order, credit card, debit card,
teller, bank, bank vault, deposit, cash machine, withdrawal slip; euro, dollar.

GEOGRAPHY DESCRIPTIONS: Forest, lake, meadow, mountain, valley, waterfall, rapids, hill, field,
stream, pond, plateau, cliff, canyon, river, dam, desert, dune, jungle, seashore, bay, ocean, island, road, street,
avenue, diagonal, gulf, map, globe, atlas, state, city, town, village, peak, snow crested, oasis, sea, ocean,

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY: America, south America, Europe, north America, Asia, Africa, England,
United States, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Canada, Japan, China, India,

36
WORKERS, ARTISTS, AND PROFESSIONALS: Actor, actress, artist, model, painter, cartoonist, pianist, singer,
Architect, computer programmer, lawyer, accountant, pilot, teacher, translator, Pharmacist, veterinarian,
scientist, doctor, pediatrician, nurse, dentist, journalist, Assembler, baker, barber, bookkeeper, bricklayer,
bus driver, butcher, carpenter, cashier, chef, cook, construction worker, messenger, custodian, data
processor, delivery person, electrician, farmer, firefighter, fireman, fisherman, foreman, gardener, mechanic,
newscaster, photographer, plumber, police officer, real estate agent, receptionist, repairman, salesman,
seamstress, secretary, security guard, clerk, tailor, taxi driver, travel agent, waiter, welder, car dealer, typist,
hunter, window washer, sanitation worker, truck driver, welder, florist, secretary, teller, hairdresser, barber,
tailor, customer, shopper, cashier, cash register

EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL STATES: Tired, sleepy, exhausted, active, hot, cold, hungry, thirsty, full, sick, ill,
happy, sad, unhappy, pleased, displeased, disappointed, upset, annoyed, frustrated, angry, mad furious,
disgusted, surprised, shocked, nervous, worried, scared, afraid, bored, proud, embarrassed, ashamed,
jealous, confused, miserable, determined, shy, suspicious, introverted, extroverted,

RELATIVES (family): Great grand father (mother), grand father(mother), father, mother, brother, grand
(children/son/daughter/), sister, uncle, aunt, son, daughter, cousin, nephew, husband, wife,
father/mother/son/daughter-in-law

THE BODY: Face, hair, eye, ear, nose, mouth, lip, chin, chest, stomach, arm, forearm, writs, hand, finger,
thumb, nail, leg, thigh, knee, shin, foot, toe, head, neck, back, shoulder, upper arm, elbow, waist, hip,
buttocks, palm calf, ankle, heel, forehead, temple, eyebrow eyelid, eyelash, pupil cheek,. Mustache, tooth,
beard, tongue, brain, artery, vein, throat, lung, heart, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, tissue, bone

SUPERMARKET: Check-out area, , checkbook, groceries, packer, bag, sack, frozen (vegetables-dinner, juice-
meat-chicken), yogurt, cheese, eggs, margarine, butter, milk, canned goods, bacon, roast, pork chops,
chicken, roaster, ground meat, steak, lamb chops, fish, shrimp, bread, cereal cookies, crackers, macaroni, rice,
peas; Steak, baked potatoes, roast beef, stuffed tomatoes, pork chops, spaghettis, meatballs, roast chicken,
baked beans, hero sandwich, roast beef sandwich, pizza, fried squid, fried chicken, potato chips, tortilla chips,
pretzels, popcorn, peanuts, candy bar, chewing gum donut, milk shake, hamburger, hot dog, French fries,
onion rings, mustard, ketchup relish, pickles; (Tomato-orange-papaya-custard apple-strawberries-pineapple-
cucumber-watermelon)juice; Apple, pear, grapes, kiwis, mango, coconuts, avocado, banana, nectarines,
plums, cherries, apricots, lemons, limes, grapefruits, oranges, pineapples, papayas, peaches, strawberries,
raspberries, watermelon, custard apple, pineapple, peaches, apple pie, chocolate cake, ice cream, jelly;
Lettuce, green onions, radish, watercress, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, (yellow-green-red) pepper, potatoes,
(red-pearl) onions, cauliflower, spinach, garlic, (green-string) beans, eggplants, asparagus, broccoli, ginger,
cabbage; Coffee, Chocolate, tea, milk, juice, soft drink, soda, lemonade, beer, whisky, syrup, water

37
ADJECTIVES: Afraid, bad, big, black, blind, blue, bright, broad, brown, busy, certain, clean, clear, cold, cool, dark,
dear, deep, different, direct, distant, double, easy, eight, electric, fair, famous, fat, first, five, foreign, four, fresh, full,
gentle, glad, good, great, green, happy, hard, heavy, height, high, hot, humble, hungry, ill, kind, large, left, little, long,
loud, low, mad, middle, necessary, nervous, new, nice, old, one, pleasant, poor, possible, pretty, probable, proud, public,
pure, quick, quiet, ready, real, red, rich, sad, safe, second, seven, short, sick, simple, single, six, slow, small, soft, sorry,
special, straight, strange, strong, sweet, talk, tall, ten, thick, thin, third, three, twelve, twenty, two, warm, weak, white,
wide, wild, wise, worth, wrong, yellow, young, next, sure, half, important, forward, human, dead, due, equal, past, perfect

NOUNS: Account, age, air, amount, anger, animal, apple, arm, army, art, article, baby, bag, ball, bandit, bank,
basket, battle, bay, bean, bear, beauty, bed, bell, bill, bird, bit, blood, board, boat, body, bone, book, bottom,
box, boy, branch, bread, bridge, brother, bug, building, bus, business, butter, cake, captain, car, case, cent,
center, century, chain, chair, chance, Character, chief, child, children, church, circle, city, class, clock, cloth,
clothes, cloud, club, coal, coat, college, color, command, company, condition, corn, corner, country, course,
cup, daughter, day, deal, decision, degree, dinner, doctor, dog, dollar, door, duty, ear, earth, east, edge, effort,
egg, enemy, evening, experience, eye, face, fact, fall, family, farm, father, favor, feet, fellow, fence, field, finger,
floor, flower, food, fool, foot, force, forest, friend, front, fruit, future, game, garden, gate, general, gentlemen, gift,
girl, glass, god, good-bye, grain, grave, gravy, group, gun, hair, hall, hat, head, health, heart, heaven, hill,
history, hole, home, honor, horse, hour, house, hundred, husband, ice, idea, inch, income, industry, interest,
iron, island, job, journey, joy, king, kiss, kitchen, knee, lady, lake, land, law, leg, length, letter, life, line, lip, lord,
loss, lot, machine, mail, man, manner, march, market, master, material, matter, measure, meat, meeting,
member, men, method, mile, milk, mill, million, mind, minute, modern, moment, money, month, moon, morning,
mother, mountain, mouth, Mr., Mrs., mud, music, name, nation, nature, neck, neighbor, news, night, nine, noise,
noon, north, nose, note, number, object, ocean, office, oil, opinion, order, page, pain, pair, paper, part, party,
peace, people, period, person, picture, piece, plain, pleasure, point, position, post, president, price, problem,
purpose, quarter, queen, question, race, reason, result, rifle, rim, river, road, rock, room, rose, round, row, salt,
scene, school, sea, season, seat, seed, sense, service, shade, shape, ship, shirt, shoe, shop, shore, shot,
shoulder, side, sight, sign, silver, sister, size, skin, sky, soil, soldier, son, song, soul, south, space, spirit, spot,
square, St., star, station, stock, stone, storm, story, stream, street, strength, sugar, suit, summer, sun, system,
table, tail, taste, thing, thousand, time, top, town, trade, train, tree, trip, trouble, true, trust, uncle, valley, value,
view, village, voice, wagon, wall, war, water, way, weather, week, weight, west, wheat, wheel, wife, wind,
window, wing, winter, woman, women, wood, word, world, yard, year, care, fancy, fine, today, tomorrow,
yesterday, self, cause, change, charge, cook, date, delight, demand, desire, device, doubt, dream, dress, dust,
end, fear, fight, figure, fish, fly, hand, heat, hope, join, judge, lie, light, list, mark, miss, need, notice, pass, place,
plan, plant, power, pray, present, press, rain, rule, shout, show, sort, sound, spring, state, step, store, strike,
subject, success, supply, surprise, tie, travel, visit, wave.

ADVERBS: able, almost, already, also, always, away, beat, best, better, early, especially, fast, likely, lonely,
often, once, only, perhaps, soon, alone, ever, never, always, rarely, seldom, usually, frequently, late, well, bad,
happily, sadly, honestly, proudly, properly

38
VERBS: abort, accept, act, add, admit, advance, agree, allow, am, answer, appear, are, arrive, ask, attempt, be,
became, become, been, began, begin, being, believe, belong, bless, blow, born, break, breath, bring, broken,
brought, build, built, burn, buy, call, came, can, can’t, carry, catch, caught, choose, come, complete, consider,
contain, continue, cost, could, cut, dance, dare, decide, declare, destroy, did, die, discover, divide, do , does,
done, dry, eat, enjoy, enter, escape, expect, explain, express, fail, feed, feel, fell, fill, find, finish, fix, follow,
forget, found, free, gain, gather, gave, get, give, given, go, gone, got, govern, grew, ground, grow, guard, guess,
had, hang, happen, has, have, hear, heard, held, hold, hunt, hurry, hurt, include, is, jump, keep, kept, kill, knew,
know, known, laugh, lay, lead, learn, lease, leave, led, let, listen, live, look, lose, lost, made, make, marry, may,
mean, meet, met, might, move, pick, prepare, prove, pull, put, raise, ran, reach, read, realize, receive, remain,
remember, reply, require, roll, run, rush, sat, save, saw, say, see, seek, seem, seen, sell, send, sent, separate,
serve, set, settle, shake, shall, share, shine, should, sing, sit, sleep, sold, speak, spend, spoke, spread, start,
stick, stood, stop, suffer, suppose, take, taken, teach, tear, tell, thank, think, threw, throw, told, took, try,
understand, vary, wait, walk, want, was, wash, watch, wear, went, were, will, won’t, wonder, would, write, pay,
close, please, control, count, cover, cross, crowd, cry, drink, drive, drop, felt, fire, firm, fit, form, guide, help, hit,
increase, lift, love, must, offer, open, ought, paint, play, produce, promise, report, rest, return, rise, sail, smile,
smoke, snow, stand, stay, study, thought, touch, turn, use, wish, work

FUNCTION WORDS: a, about, above, according to, across, after, again, against, ago, all, along, although,
among, an, and, another, any, around, as, at, back, because, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond,
both, but, by, down, during, each, either, else, enough, even,. Ever, every, few, from, further, he, her, here, him,
his, how, however, I, if, in, indeed, instead, into, it, its, just, last, late, least, less, many, e, mine, more, most,
much, my, near, neither, never, no, none, nor, not, nothing, now, oh, or, other, our, quite, rather, same, several,
she, since, so, some, still, such, sudden, than, that, the, their, them, then, there, therefore, these, they, this,
those, though, through, till, together, too, toward, until, us, usual, very, we, what, when, where, whether, which,
while, who, whole, whom, whose, why, with, within, without, you, your, far, well, yes, yet, hello, except, for, of,
off, on, out, outside, over, to, under, up, upon, own,

PRONOUNS: I, you, he she, it, we, you, they; me, you, him her, it, us, you, them; mine, yours, his hers, Its,
ours, yours, theirs; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves;
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

39
 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [a]

English Español

Good morning Buen día, buenos días

Good afternoon Buenas tardes
Good evening Buenas noches (saludar)
Good night Buenas noches (al despedirse)
Good bye Chau
So long! Hasta luego!
Hi (Hello)! Hola!
How are you? ¿Cómo estás?
How are you doing? ¿Cómo te va?
I am well (fine), thank you Estoy bien, gracias
Where are you from? ¿De dónde es Ud?
What do you do? ¿Qué hace Ud? ¿A qué se dedica?
Do you speak Spanish? ¿Habla Ud español?
What's your name? ¿Cuál es su nombre? ¿Cómo se llama Ud?
It doesn't matter No importa
Never mind No importa
Congratulations! ¡Felicitaciones!
May I introduce myself? ¿Puedo presentarme?
Thank you. -You are welcome Gracias. -De nada
Excuse me, please Disculpe, por favor
I am sorry Lo siento
Really? ¿En serio?
Of course! ¡Por supuesto!
Sure Seguro
That's too bad ¡Qué lástima!
What happened? ¿Qué pasó?
What does that mean? ¿Qué significa eso?
You are right Ud. tiene razón
You are wrong Ud. está equivocado
I guess so Creo que sí
I don't think so Creo que no
I want a one-way (round-trip) ticket to Dallas Quiero un boleto de ida (de ida y vuelta) a Dallas
I would like to reserve a flight for Chicago Quisiera reservar un vuelo a Chicago
When should I confim the flight ? ¿Cuándo debería confirmar el vuelo?
Is it a direct flight? ¿Es un vuelo directo?
Is there a stopover? ¿Hay una escala?
When does the plane leave (arrive)? ¿Cuándo sale (llega) el avión?
Do I have to change planes? ¿Tengo que cambiar aviones?
How long before the flight must I check in? ¿Cuánto tiempo antes del vuelo debo registrarme?
To the airport, please Al aeropuerto, por favor.
Which gate must I go to? ¿A qué puerta debo ir?
What's my flight number? ¿Cuál es el número de mi vuelo?
Is the plane delayed (on time)? ¿Está demorado (en tiempo) el avión?
Look at the timetable Mire el horario de vuelos
Do you have your boarding pass? ¿Tiene Ud. su pase de abordar?
Where is my seat (baggage)? ¿Dónde está mi asiento (equipaje)?
Fasten your belts please! Abróchense los cinturones, por favor!
The plane is landing (taking off) El avión está aterrizando (despegando)
I have nothing to declare No tengo nada que declarar

40
 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [b]

Is it necessary to make a reservation? ¿Es necesario hacer una reserva?

Do you have any rooms available? ¿Tiene Ud. habitaciones disponibles?
What's the daily (weekly) rate? ¿Cuál es la tarifa diaria (semanal)?
Is there air conditioning (heating) in the room? ¿Hay aire acondicionado (calefección) en la habitación?
I would like a single (double) room Quisiera un cuarto sencillo (cama doble)
I'd like a room with twin beds Quisiera un cuarto con camas gemelas
Is breakfast included in the price? ¿El desayuno está incluído en el precio?
Where can I park my car? ¿Donde puedo estacionar mi auto?
Could I see the room? ¿Podría ver la habitación?
OK, I'll take it OK. La tomaré
My room key please La llave de mi cuarto, por favor
This room is too small (noisy/dark) La habitación es demasiado pequeña (ruidosa, oscura)
Could you wake me up at 7 a.m.? ¿Podría despertarme a las 7 de la mañana?
Where can I leave my valuables? ¿Dónde puedo dejar mis objetos de valor?
What time do I have to check out? ¿A qué hora tengo que irme del hotel?
Can I pay with traveler's checks (credit c.)? ¿Puedo pagar con cheques de viajero (tarjeta de crédito)
Could she bring some towels up to my room? ¿Podría ella traer algunas toallas a mi cuarto?
Is there a laundry (dry-cleaning) service? ¿Hay un servicio de lavandería (tintorería)?
I’d like to make a reservation for this evening Quisiera hacer una reserva para esta noche
I would like a table near the window Quisiera una mesa cerca de la ventana
Could you call the waiter (waitress) please? ¿Podría llamar al camarero (camarera) por favor?
Could you bring me the menu, please? ¿Podría traerme el menú, por favor?
Where are the rest rooms? ¿Donde están los baños?
I would like to order now Quisiera ordenar ahora
What do you recommend? ¿Qué recomienda Ud?
May I have a bottle of wine (beer, soda)? ¿Podría traerme una botella de vino (cerveza, gaseosa)?
Excuse me, I have no spoon (knife,fork) Disculpe. No tengo cuchara (cuchillo, tenedor)
These napkins are dirty Las servilletas están sucias
May you bring more rolls (toasts) please? ¿Podría traerme más panecillos (tostadas) por favor?
I'll have a steak with French fries Comeré un bife con papas fritas
Would you like anything to drink? ¿Desea Ud. algo para tomar?
What kind of desserts do you have? ¿Qué clase de postres tienen?
Waiter, the check please Camarero, la cuenta por favor
Can we pay separately? ¿Podemos pagar separadamente?
Thank you. Keep the change Gracias. Guárdese el cambio
How much is the round-trip (one-way) ticket? ¿Cuánto cuesta un boleto de ida y vuelta (de ida)?
What's the fare to Chicago? ¿Cuánto cuesta el boleto a Chicago?
What time does the bus (train) leave (arrive)? ¿A qué hora sale (llega) el autobús (tren)?
From what platform does the (bus) leave? ¿De qué plataforma sale el (bus) ?
How long does it take from here to Chicago? ¿Cuánto tiempo toma desde aquí hasta Chicago?
Is this the bus to New York? ¿És este el autobús a New York?
Will I have to change buses (trains)? ¿Tendré que cambiar autobuses (trenes)?
Could you show me the schedule please? ¿Podría mostrarme el itinerario, por favor?
Is the bus (train) delayed (on schedule)? ¿Está el autobús (tren) retrasado (en tiempo)?
Can I buy a map here? ¿Puedo comprar un mapa aquí?
I missed the bus (train) Perdí el autobús (tren)
Excuse me, but you are sitting in my seat Disculpe, pero Ud. está sentado en mi asiento
Where are you heading for? ¿Hacia dónde se está dirigiendo Ud.?
Must we change buses at this terminal? ¿Debemos cambiar de bus en esta terminal?
How long does the bus (train) stop here? ¿Cuánto tiempo se detiene el bus (tren) aquí?

41
 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [c]

What's the next stop? ¿Cuál es la próxima parada?

How many more stops before we arrive? ¿Cuántas paradas más antes de que lleguemos?
I can't find my baggage! It is missing No puedo encontrar mi equipaje! Está faltando
Do I have to get off here? ¿Tengo que bajarme aquí?
Is there a bus stop around here? ¿Hay una parada de autobús por aquí?
Where can I get a taxi (cab)? ¿Dónde puedo conseguir un taxi?
Is there a subway entrance nearby? ¿Hay alguna entrada al subterráneo por aquí cerca?
How often do the buses run? ¿Con qué frecuencia pasan los autobuses?
I think every 10 minutes Creo que cada 10 minutos
I need to take the subway (a bus, a taxi-cab) Necesito tomar el subterráneo (un autobús, un taxi)
How much is the bus fare? ¿Cuánto está el precio del boleto del bus?
Can you give me a transfer please? ¿Podría darme un pase para transbordar, por favor?
How many passengers can you take in this cab? ¿Cuántos pasajeros puede llevar en este taxi?
I want to go to... Quiero ir a...
Please take me to... Por favor, lléveme a...
I need to get to the airport as quick as possible Necesito llegar al aeropuerto lo antes posible
Could you drive faster please? ¿Podría conducir más rápido por favor?
Do you mind if I open the window? ¿Le importa si abro la ventanilla?
I get off here Me bajo aquí
What is the next stop? ¿Cuál es la próxima parada?
How much is it? ¿Cuánto es?
Thanks. Keep the change Gracias. Guarde el cambio
Where is the nearest shopping center ¿Dónde queda el shopping center (supermercado) más
(supermarket)? cercano?
How do I get there? ¿Cómo llego hasta allí?
What time does the market open (close)? ¿A qué hora abre (cierra) el mercado?
Where is the men's (ladies') clothing ¿Dónde queda el departamento de ropa de hombres (de
department? mujeres)?
(Furniture/ baggage/ footware/ cosmetics/ Departamento de (muebles, equipaje, calzados,
lingerie) department cosméticos, lencería)
Take the elevator to the third floor Tome la el ascensor al tercer piso
I want to buy a gift for my girlfriend Quiero comprar un regalo para mi novia
How much is this article? ¿Cuánto cuesta este artículo?
Ask the saleswoman (salesman) Pregúntele a la vendedora (vendedor)
How much is it? ¿Cuánto es?
How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto cuesta?
How much do you charge for this? ¿Cuánto cobran por esto?
This is too expensive. Don't you have something Esto es demasiado caro. ¿No tiene algo más barato?
cheaper?
Could you show me a bigger (smaller/nicer) ¿Podría mostrarme uno más grande (más pequeño/ más
one? lindo)?
May I try this dress on? ¿Podría probarme este vestido?
Where are the trying rooms? ¿Dónde están los probadores?
This doesn't fit me. I want a bigger one Este no me queda. Quiero uno más grande
Are these articles on sale ? ¿Estos artículos están en oferta?
I don't care for any of these No me gusta ninguno de estos
Please, can you wrap it up? Por favor. ¿Puede envolverlo?
Can I pay by credit card? ¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crédito?
Is there a post office nearby? ¿Hay una oficina postal cerca de aquí?

42
 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [d]

What time does it open? ¿A qué hora abre?

I need some stamps for this letter Necesito algunas estampillas para esta carta
Is there any mail for me? ¿Hay alguna correspondencia para mí?
I want to send it via air-mail please Quiero enviarla por correo aéreo, por favor
Could you weigh this package for me please? ¿Podría Ud. pesarme este paquete por favor?
How long does it take to get to Argentina? ¿Cuánto tiempo tarda en llegar a Argentina?
Where is the mailbox? ¿Dónde está el buzón?
I don't know the Zip-Code of this city No sé el código postal de esta ciudad
I want to register these letters Quiero certificar estas cartas
Can I send a money order from here? ¿Puedo enviar un giro postal desde aquí?
Can you help me fill out this form please? ¿Puede Ud ayudarme a rellenar este formulario por favor?
Where can I buy envelopes? ¿Dónde puedo comprar sobres para cartas?
How can I send this the quickest? ¿Cómo puedo enviar esto, lo más rápido posible?
Operator, I wish to make a long distance call. Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada de larga distancia
Operator, I wish to make a collect call. Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada por cobrar
I'd like to speak to Mr. Simpson please. Quisiera hablar con el señor Simpson por favor
Could you speak louder please? ¿Podría Ud. hablar más fuerte por favor?
Could you speak more slowly please? ¿Podría Ud. hablar más lento por favor?
Could you spell that for me please? ¿Podría deletrearme eso por favor?
Could you call back later please? ¿Podría Ud. llamar de nuevo más tarde por favor?
Could I leave a message? ¿Podría dejar un mensaje?
I need a phone directory Necesito una guía de teléfonos
I need to know the area-code for Miami Necesito saber el código de área de Miami
Where can I find a pay phone? ¿Dónde puedo encontrar un teléfono público?
Hold on! Don't hang up! ¡Aguarde! ¡No corte!
Who is calling? ¿Quién está llamando?
Wrong number Número equivocado
The line is busy La línea está ocupada
You must dial this number... Ud. debe marcar este número...
I would like to make an appointment to see Quisiera un turno para ver al doctor
the doctor
I am not feeling well No me estoy sintiendo bien
I am feeling very sick (ill) Me estoy sintiendo muy enfermo
What are the symptoms? ¿Cuáles son los síntomas?
I've got a terrible (earache, stomach ache, Tengo un terrible dolor (de oído, de estómago, de cabeza,
headache, toothache) de muelas)
I've got a terrible (flu, cold, cough) Tengo una terrible (gripe, resfriado, tos)
I've got a broken (fractured ) arm (leg) Tengo un brazo (pierna) rota (fracturada)
My whole body hurts Me duele todo mi cuerpo
I have a pain in my back (chest) Tengo un dolor en mi espalda (pecho)
I have been feeling dizzy and sweating a lot Me he estado sintiendo mareado y sudando mucho
I will check your blood pressure Revisaré su presión sanguínea
I have chills (nausea, diarrhea, fever, allergy) Tengo escalofríos (náuseas, diarrea, fiebre, alergia)
I have a burn (a cut, an insect bite) Tengo una quemadura (un corte, una picadura de insecto)
Is it serious? ¿Es grave?
Must I follow a diet? ¿Debo seguir una dieta?
Must I stay in bed? ¿Debo quedarme en cama?
Will you give me a prescription? ¿Me dará una receta para la farmacia?

43
 25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [e]

What medicine should I take? ¿Qué remedio debo tomar?

May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarlo?
I would like something for a sunburn (a sore Quisiera algo para una quemadura (un dolor de garganta,
throat, a cold, a fever, an indigestion, a un resfriado, fiebre, una indigestión, una gripa, un dolor de
constipation, a headache) cabeza)
Could I have some sleeping pills? ¿Me podría dar pastillas para dormir?
May I have a bottle of vitamin C? ¿Me podría dar una botella de vitamina C?
I would like some aspirins and a laxative Quisiera algunas aspirinas y un laxante
Do you want a large or small bottle (package, ¿Quiere Ud. un frasco (paquete, caja, pomo) grande o
box, tube)? chico?
I want a tube of shaving cream (toothpaste) Quiero un tubo de crema de afeitar (dentífrico) por favor
please
I would like a box of cough drops Quisiera una cajita de pastillas para la tos
I'd like a box of condoms Quisiera una cajita de condones
Here you are. That'll be $12.50 Aquí tiene Ud. Son $12.50
Where is the nearest bank? ¿Dónde queda el banco más cercano?
Where can I find an ATM? ¿Dónde puedo encontrar un cajero electrónico?
Can I cash these traveler's checks here? ¿Puedo cobrar aquí estos cheques de viajero?
Can I cash personal checks here? ¿Puedo cobrar aquí cheques personales?
I would like to open up a current account Quisiera abrir una cuenta corriente
Could you give me some change? ¿Me podría dar algo de cambio?
I need some coins (small bills) Necesito algunas monedas (billetes chicos)
I want to withdraw (deposit) some money Quiero retirar (depositar) algo de dinero
How much is the rate of exchange? ¿Cuál es el tipo de cambio?
Do I have to endorse (sign) this check? ¿Tengo que endosar (firmar) este cheque?
I need to make a bank draft Necesito hacer un giro bancario
I would like to send money to Argentina Quisiera enviar dinero a Argentina
Which window should I go to? ¿A qué ventanilla debería ir?
Do you have some painkillers? ¿Tiene algunos calmantes?
Do I need a prescription for this medicine? ¿Necesito una receta médica para este remedio?
I need a bandage, alcohol and iodine please Necesito un vendaje, alcohol y yodo, por favor
I would like to apply for a loan Quisiera solicitar un préstamo
What are the interest rates? ¿Cuáles son las tasas de interés?
Where can I get an entertainment guide of ¿Dónde puedo obtener una guía de entretenimientos de
this city? esta ciudad?
Where is the ticket-office? ¿Dónde está la oficina de boletería?
Are there any seats left? ¿Quedan asientos?
I want two tickets please Quiero dos boletos, por favor
Do we have to wait in line to buy the tickets? ¿Tenemos que hacer cola para comprar los boletos?
Where are our seats? ¿Dónde están nuestros asientos?
Must we tip the usher? ¿Debemos dar propina al acomodador?
Which orchestra (band) is playing? ¿Qué orquesta (banda) está tocando?
What's on at the movies tonight? ¿Qué hay en el cine esta noche?
What time does the (show) (start)? ¿A qué hora (comienza) (el espectáculo)?
How long does it last? ¿Cuánto tiempo dura?
What kind of film is it? ¿Qué clase de película es?
It is a horror (science fiction, war) film Es una película de terror (de ciencia ficción, de guerra)
It is a thriller (western, cartoon, comedy, Es una película de acción (una del oeste, una de dibujos
musical) animados, una comedia, un musical)
What is it about? ¿De qué se trata?
The plot (script) is very good La trama (el guión) es muy bueno
Who is the main actor (actress)? ¿Quién es el actor (actriz) principal?

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 25C. GENERAL ENGLISH PRACTICE[a]
Is this an [umbrella]? 1 Esta es una sombrilla
Is that a [long ruler]? 2 Esa es una regla larga
Are these [green windows]? 3 Estas son ventanas verdes
Are those [cheap apples]? 4 Aquellas son manzanas baratas
Is it an [ugly dog]? 5 Es un perro feo
Is it a [main door]? 6 Es una puerta principal
Are they the [old notebooks]? 7 Son los cuadernos viejos
Is there a [paper on the desk]? 8 Hay un documento sobre el escritorio
Are there [two red pens on the floor]? 9 Hay dos lapiceros rojos en el piso
Was there a [new pencil in the drawer? 10 Había un lápiz nuevo en la gaveta
Were there [three machines there]? 11 Había tres máquina acá
Will there be a [teacher at home]? 12 Habrá un profesor en casa
Could there be a [doctor at the office]? 13 Podría haber un doctor en la oficina
Are you [drinking] your [coffee]? 14 Te estás tomando tu café?
Is he [painting] his [house]? 15 El está pintando su casa?
Am I [doing] my [homework]? 16 Estoy haciendo mi tarea?
Was he [writing] a [letter]? 17 El estaba escribiendo una carta?
Were you [reading] a [book]? 18 Usted estaba leyendo un libro?
Do you [see] your [tests]? 19 Ves tus exámenes?
Does she [watch] her [kids]? 20 Ella vigila a sus hijos?
Did they [eat] their [bananas]? 21 Ellos se comieron sus bananas?
Will he [jump] our [desk]? 22 El saltará nuestro escritorio?
Are you going to [travel next month]? 23 Vas a viajar el próximo mes?
Was he going to [draw a map]? 24 El iba a dibujar un mapa?
Were you going to [see a movie]? 25 Usted iba a ver una película?
Would she [fly] to their [cities]? 26 Ella volaría a sus ciudades?
Can you [do] it yourself? 27 Puedes hacerlo tu mismo?
Could they [do] it themselves? 28 Ellos mismos pudieron hacerlo?
May I [try] it myself? 29 Puedo intentarlo por mí mismo?
Might he [make] it himself? 30 El mismo podría hacerlo?
Shall I [type] them? 31 Yo los escribiré?
Should he [visit a doctor] now? 32 El debería visitar a un doctor ahora?
Must she [prepare] them herself? 33 Ella misma debe prepararlos?
Have you [sung the hymn]? 34 Has cantando el himno?
Has she [done the homeworks]? 35 Ella ha hecho las tareas?
Had they [played tennis] here? 36 Ellos había jugado tenis aquí?
Will they have [learned the words]? 37 Ellos habrán aprendido las palabras?
Have you been [working]? 38 Usted ha estado trabajando?
Has he been [walking] there? 39 El ha estado caminando allí?
Had she been [selling newspapers]? 40 Ella había estado vendiendo periódicos?
Will they have been [studying] hard? 41 Ellos habrán estado estudiando duro

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 25C. GENERAL ENGLISH PRACTICE [b]
Are those [pink desks] his? Aquellos escritorios rosados son de él.
Is that [fancy bag] yours? Ese bolso de fantasía es tuyo.
Is this [mouse] hers? Este ratón es de ella.
Are the [bad tests] ours? Los exámenes malos son nuestros.
Are the [good scores] theirs? Los puntajes buenos son de ellos.
Is the [clean water] its? El agua limpia es de este.
Is John’s watch [beside the notebook]? El reloj de John está al lado del cuaderno
Is Pete’s clock [next to the sofa]? El reloj de Pedro está al lado del sofá
Are Mary’s cats [under the tree]? Los gatos de María están bajo el árbol
How many [dollars] do you [have]? Cuántos dólares tienes?
I [have] a [million dollars]. Tengo un millón de dólares
How much [sugar] do you [need]? Cuánta azúcar necesitas?
I [need] a [kilo of sugar] Necesito un kilo de azúcar
Is there any [coffee in the kitchen]? Hay café en la cocina?
Yes, there is a [pound of coffee]. Sí, hay una libra de café
What time is it? Qué hora es?
It’s [six] o’clock. Son las seis en punto.
How old [are you]? Cuantos años tienes?
[I’m] 14 years old Tengo catorce años
Where were you born? Donde naciste?
I was born in [Cucuta]. Nací en Cúcuta
What’s your addres? Cuál es tu dirección?
It´s [4-55 7th street, Caobos] Es calle 7ª, N° 4-55, Los Caobos
What do you [do at home]? Qué haces en casa?
I [play chess at home] Juego ajedrez en casa
Where did you [learn French]? Dónde aprendiste Francés?
I [learned French in France]. Aprendí Francés en Francia
When will you [go to USA]? Cuándo irás a EE UU
I will [go to USA next year] Iré a EE UU el próximo año
Why have you worn [old shoes]? Por qué has usado zapatos viejos?
Because they’re [smooth] Porque son suaves
Who [performs the act]? Quién hace el acto?
[Fanny performs the act] Fanny hace el acto.
Which [singer do you prefer]? Cuál cantante prefieres?
I [prefer Shakira] Prefiero a Shakira
Whose [jacket] do you like best? Cuál chaqueta te gusta más?
I like [Henry’s Jacket] Me gusta la chaqueta de Henry
How long ago did you [visit Athens] Cuánto hace que visitaste Atenas?
I [visited] it [four years ago] La visité hace cuatro años
You like to [read], don’t you? Te gusta leer, no es verdad?
Yes, I like to [read] Sí, me gusta leer
You don’t like to [write], do you? No te gusta escribir, cierto?
No, I don’t like to [write] No, no me gusta escribir.

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 25D TIME EXPRESSIONS
Afternoon January Saturday
April July Second
August June September
Century March Summer
Day May Sunday
Decade Midnight Sunrise
December Millennium Sunset
early morning Minute Thursday
Era Monday Tuesday
Eternity Month Wednesday
Evening Morning Week
fall / autumn Night Winter
February Noon Year
Friday November At dawn
Hour October At dusk
At night next Friday three weeks ago
At noon next week today
Every week next year tomorrow
In a week\'s time the day after tomorrow afternoon
In the afternoon the day after tomorrow tomorrow evening
In the early morning the day before tomorrow morning
In the evening the day before yesterday tonight
in the morning this evening two days ago
last Friday this Friday two days earlier
last month this month two days later
last night this week yesterday
last week this year yesterday evening
last year yesterday morning

25E-1. SHORT ADJECTIVES

small - pequeño smaller - más pequeño (the) smallest – el más pequeño
tall - alto taller - más alto (the) tallest- el más alto
young - joven younger - más joven (the) youngest – el más joven
long - largo longer - más largo (the) longest – el más largo
big - grande bigger - más grande (the) biggest- el más grande
fat - gordo fatter - más gordo (the) fattest- el más gordo
lazy - perezoso, vago lazier - más vago the laziest- el más vago
funny - gracioso, divertido funnier - más divertido the funniest- el más divertido
happy - feliz, alegre happier - más feliz the happiest- el más feliz
crazy - loco crazier - más loco the craziest- el más loco
noisy - ruidoso noisier - más ruidoso the noisiest- el más ruidoso

25E-2. LONG ADJECTIVES

expensive - caro more expensive the most expensive- el más caro
modern - moderno more modern the most modern
beautiful - hermoso more beautiful the most beautiful
elegant - elegante more elegant the most elegant
interesting - interesante more interesting the most interesting

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dangerous - peligroso more dangerous the most dangerous

25E-3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVE VERB ADJECTIVE VERB

Alive - vivo To live- vivir Empty - vacío To empty - vaciar
Asleep - dormido To sleep - dormir Hard - duro To harden - endurecer
Beauty- hermoso To beautify - embellecer Soft - blando To soften - ablandar
Sweet - dulce To sweeten - endulzar Sick - enfermo To Sicken - enfermar
Black - negro To blacken - ennegrecer Low - bajo To lower - bajar
White - blanco To whiten - blanquear Hot - caliente To heat - calentar
Dark - oscuro To darken - oscurecer Long - largo To lengthen - alargar
Dead - muerto To die - morir Short - corto To shorten - acortar
Deep - profundo To deepen - profundizar Rich - rico To enrich - enriquecer
Difficult - difícil To complicate - dificultar Poor - pobre To impoverish – empobrecer
Dirty - sucio To dirty - ensuciar Simple - simple To simplify - simplificar
Clean - limpio To clean - limpiar Straight - derecho To straighten - enderezar
Fat - gordo To fatten - engordar b - fuerte To strenghen - débil
Full - lleno To fill - llenar Wide - ancho To widen - ensanchar

25E-4. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Careful - ciudadoso Carefully - cuidadoso Clear - claro Clearly - claramente
Slow - lento Slowly - lentamente Possible - posible Possibly - posiblemente
Strong - fuerte Strongly - fuertemente Probable - probable Probably - probablemente
Simple - simple Simply - simplemente Deep - profundo Deeply - profundamente
Bad - mal Badly - malamente Quick - rápido Quickly - rápidamente
Frecuent - frecuente Frecuently - frecuentemente Normal - normal Normally - normalmente

Good - bueno Well - bien Fast - rápido Fast - rápidamente

Hard - duro Hard - duramente

25E-5. ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS

ADJECTIVES NOUNS ADJECTIVES NOUNS

Long - largo Length – longitud Difficult - difícil Difficulty - dificultad

Short - corto
Big - grande Size – tamaño Sad - triste Sadness – tristeza
/ Small - pequeño
Heavy - pesado / Weight – peso Beautiful - hermoso Beauty – belleza
Light - liviano

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Deep - profundo / Depth - profundidad Strong - fuerte Strength – fuerza
Shallow - poco profundo
Wide - ancho / Width – anchura Weak - débil Weakness - debilidad
Narrow - angosto
Fast - rápido / Speed – velocidad Dirty - sucio Dirt – suciedad
Slow - lento
Tall - alto / Height – altura Clean - limpio Cleanliness - limpieza
Short - bajo
White - blanco / Color – color Safe - seguro Safety - seguridad
Black - negro
Far - lejano / Distance - distancia Dangerous - peligroso Danger – peligro
Near - cercano
Bitter - amargo / Taste – sabor True - verdadero Truth – verdad
Sweet - dulce
Careful - cuidadoso / Care – cuidado
Careless - descuidado

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