'

: i

C I L L A T I C ÞN şI .

In b ro d u c tio n

P e r io d ic M o tio n

O sc illa to r y M o tio n

D iffe re n c e b e tw e e n n r io d ic M o tio n a n d O sc illa to r y M o tio n

H a rm o n ic O sc illa tio n

N o n H a rm o n ic O sc illa tio n

So m e Im p o r ta n tD e fin itio n s R e la te d to P e r io d ic M o ü o n

P e ń o d ic M n c tio n s

Pha se

Şe « -- ' . " if" " Ckcul M o tio n o r G e o m e tr ic a l

'

C ha r a c te r is tic s o f S im p le H a r m o n ic M o tio n ( ? t ī ï iŢ

G r a p h ic a l R e p r e s e n ta ü o n o f D is p la ce m e n t, V e lo c ity a n d A c c e le r a ü o n in

T o ta l E n e rgy in S F IM
M rc e L a w fo S im p le H
r a r m o n ic M o tio n a n d E x p r e s s io n fo r T im e P e r io d
S im p le P e n d u lu m
Ę-

. ' " , łb N & Ę i \ w ' m W

O sc illa tio n s o f a Ħ. atingcy '"

!w \ae
O sc illa tio n s o f a L o a d e d s p r in g
\.Al & ł ßi ! t l 4 ( h * ik
O sc illa tio n s o f L o a de d S pńn g C o m b in a tio ns

ped d D p e d s im p ı ° n ic Osci】细心 OnsĮ fiti￠ }r

u da
X
n m an am e

ĺ Tee ,
F ree d an d R eso n an tO s c illa tį o n s
\ ł Į h
ı Nłwış'llLC\ J à
f Fre e Fo rc e d a n d R e so tO s c ūı
a tio n s
3-E
Illu s tra tio n o n a n

10 (a ) 1 IN T R O D U C T I O N n . ￠ n

In our d a ily life , w e c o m e a c ro s s v a r io u s ty p e s o fm o tio n s ; s u c h a s

(i) th e m o tio n o f a c ar o n a s tr a ig h t r o a d (i e ,
rec tilln ea r m o tio n )an d C m o tio n o f a b o d y re ı
eased
h o m th e don do ith tim e a n d a r e
w in d o w o f a m o v in g bu s (i e , pro je c tlıe m o tio n ) su ch m o s n o t rep e a t w
c alle d
non re p e titiv e n ıo lio n s
(ii) A u n ifo r m c ir c u la r m o tio n an d o r b ita l m o tio n o f a p la n e t a ro u n d th e Bu n S u c h īn o d «m s M pe a t
afte r
a d e fin ite in te r v l f tim e an d a re c a o d lc
lle d p e r ı m o tio n s
a o

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c §x
・ ・E ı
ił[￠1 F u

(iii) W n en a c h ild c lim bs u p a s te p , c o m e s do w d

n an r e p e a ts th e x 4 w
lo o k lik e in F ig io ja ) 1 It is a r e e titi
a s sh o w n
p v e a n d p e r io d ic m o tio n
(iv ) Wn e n w e p la
y ga a m e o f b o u n c in g a b a ll o 厅 th e
g r o u n d b e tw e e n
o u r p a lm s a n d
g r o u n d th e v a r ia tio n o f th e h e i h t x w ith tim e t w o u ld
,
g be
o f th e ty \ a s s h o w n in F i
g 1 0 (a ) 2 T his m o tio n is a ls o a r e e titiv e rı
a n d p e r io d ic m o tio n
p

(v ) T h e m o tio n o f a p e n d u lu m o f a w a ll c lo c k a n d a i l
g r
L I
sw in g in g o n a s w in g a r e to a n d fr ・
o m o tio n a b o u t a fix e d o in t
an d p e r io d ic T h e s e m o tio n s a r e p
c a lle d o s c illa to r
y m o tio n s In x +
th e s tu dy
f o s c illa to r y m o tio n is o f re a t im
o
g p o r ta n c e a s its
c o n c e p ts a r e r e u ir e d fo r th e
q u n d e r s ta n d in
g o f m a n y p h y s ic a l
p h e n o m e n a F o r e x a m p le (i) th e v ib r a tin ,
g s tr in g s p r o d u c e
p le a s a n t s o u n d s in m u s ic a l in s tru m e n ts lik e th e s ita r u ita r
_

, g an d
th e v io lin (ii) th e v ib r a tio n s o f i
a r m o le c u le s m a k e ib l th e
p
,
o s s e
p ro p a g a tio n o f s o u n d in a ir , (iii) th e o s c illa tio n s o f th e a to m s i
n
S O lid s a b o u t th e ir m e a n
p o s itio n s c o n v e y th e s e n s a tio n o f
te m p e r a tu r e (iv ) th e o s c illa tio n
, s o f e le c tr o n s in th e a n te n n a o f
T
r a d io , T v a n d s a te llite tr a n s m itte r s c o n v
, e y in fo rm a tio n fr o m
o n e p la c e to a n o th e r e tc

1 0 (a ) 2 P E R IO D IC M O T IO N

P e r io d ic tn o tio n o f a b o d y is th a t m o tio m p h ic h is r e p e a te d id e n tic a lly a p e r a ł ix d i te r v a l

of
tim e The e d in te r v a ıo f tim e a fte r w h ic h th e m o tio n is r e e a te d is c a ll d
p e p r io d o f m o ı
e i on
E x a m pı
es o f p e r io d ic m o tio n
1 T he r e v o lu tio n o f e a r th a r o u d th e is
n su n a p e ń o d ic
m o tio n Its p e r io d o f r e v o lı
itio n is o n e e ai
y
2 Th e r o ta tio n o f e a r th a b oits p o la r a x is is a p e r io d ic m o tio n Its e r io d o f r o ta tio i
u t
p n s o n e da
y
3 T he m o tio n o f h a n d s o f a c lo c k is a
p e r io d ic m o tio n T h e p e ń o d o f m o tio n o f h o u r s h a n d o f a c lo k '

c
is 12 h o u r s , o f m in u te s h a n d o f a c lo c k is 1 h o u r a n d o f s e c o n ď s h a n d o f a c l k i
'

o c s o n e m in u te
4 M e m o tio n o f m o o n a ro u n d th e e a r th is a p e ń o d ic m o tio n Its p e ń o d o f m o tio n is 2 7 3 d a y s
1 0 (a ) 3 0 S C O R Y M O T IO N

O S C r y o r ibralory m a h o n is th a t m o ñio n in w h i. Fı a b o d y m . ' " to ' "Tro o, b" and

fo r th r e p e a ￠e d ı
y a b o u t a fıx e d p o in t (c a lle d m e a n p o s itio n o r e q u ilib r iu m p o s i« o n
) in a d e finH ilwł
￠
in łe r v a l o f tim e
, l
{

In s u c h a m o tio n th e b o d y is c o n fin e d ith in ll d e fin e d lim its (c a lle d

, w w e e x tr e m e p o s itio n s ) o n c iı
her
s id e o f m e an p o s itio n
ıh u p e r io d ic d bo ded m o tio n o fa bo dy bo Tix e d ibr a to ry
p o in t is lı
ed
s, a a n u n a u ta iı
ı
ca a n o sc a to r y o rv
m o t io n

O u t o f a ll th e tr ig n o m e tric a l fu n c tio n s o n ly th e s in e s a n d c o s in e s fu n c tio n s a r e s im le e ń o dic as

,
p p
w e ll a s b o u n d e d T h e s e fu n c tio n s h a v e a p e r io d o f 2 n r a d ia n s a n d a r e c a lle d h a r ın o n ic fu n c tio n s T b e r e
th e o s c illa to r y m o tio n c a n b e e x p r e s s e d in te r m s o f s in e a n d c o s in e fu n c tio s du e
n o r th e ir c o m b in a tio n s It is
to th is r e a s o n a t e o s c illa to r y n ło lio n is c a lle d a h a r m o lıfc n ł o ￠io n
E x am p le s o fO s c llla to r y M o tio n
r r fr a Z u t ] = l il J
1 T he m o tio n o f th e p e n d u lu m o fa w a ll c lo c k is oscilı
atom o tio n

le ft to its e lf is ,
o sc illa to r y m o tio n
iß
3 Th e m o tio n o f a lo a d e d s p r in g w h e n th e lo a d , a tta c h e d to th e s p r in g is p u lle d o n ce a little fr o m
m ean p o s itio n an d le ft to its e lf, is o s c illa to r y m o tio n

严ヲ昭
「
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 e m o tio n o
f liq u id c o n ta in e d in U tu b e
Tm w h e n it is com p re s s e d o n ce a little in lim b d le ft to
i on e an
c illa to r y m o t o n
f is o s Ļ 3
itse l ,
T NO TE
MP O P TA N
ı
i if t d ifĺ e r e n c e b e tw e
T 1ıe r e is n o s g n ıc a n en illa tio
n s a n d v ib r a tio n s W
o sc
f d n e n th e to a n d fro m o tio n o f
a b o d y a b o u t a ix e p o s itio n h a s s m a ll f q u e n c y w e c a ll it o s c illa tio n s u c h a s th e o s c illa tio n s o f a
re
,
d ı W he n to a n d fr o m o tio n
p le p e n u
u m ,
s im o f a bo d
y a b o u t a fix e d p o s itio n h a s M g h fr e q u e n c y w e
i
v ib r a o n ,
t h th e v ib r a tio n s o f
c a ll it
su c as ,
a s tr in g o f a m u s ic l i
a n s tr u m e n t

D IF F E R E N C E B E T W E E N
1 0 P E R I O D I C M O T IO N
AN D O S C IL L A T O R Y M O T IO N
tio n s a r e p e r io d ic m o ti
A ll o s c illa to r y n ıo
o n s b e c a u se e a c h o
s c illa to r y m o tio n is c o m
l f tim e B t ll ń d i i p le te d in a d e fin ite
in te rv a o u a p e o c m o t o n s m a
y n o t b e o s c illa to r y F o r e x a m le th e r e v o ı
p , u tio n o f e a r th
aro u n
d th e s u n is a p e r io d ic m o tio n b u t n o t a n o s c illa to r m o ti
y o n , b e c a u s e th e b a s ic c o n c e t o f to a n d fr o o r
f r th m o tio n a b o u t s o m e m e a n o s itio n f p
ba c k a n d o p o r o s c illa to r
y m o tio n is n o t r e s e n t in th is m o tio n p
10 [a 15 H A R M O N IC O S C IL L A T I O N

R an ic o s c
n o rı illa tio n is th a t o s c illa tio n w h i h
c be p r e s s e d in te r m f s in g le h a
ca n ex s o r n ıo n ic
fu n c tio n (i e ,
s in e fu n c tio n o r c o s in e
fu n c tio n )
In su c h o s c illa tio n
b o d y is d is p la c e d a little fr
s, w he n a
o m its
e qu ilib r iu m p o s itio n (i e
m e a n p o s itio n ) a n d th e
n le ft to its e lf it
,
,

be gin s to o s c illa te to a n d fr o a b o u t its m e a n p o s itio n u n d e r a r e s to ń n

g
fo rc e w H c h is a lw a y s d ir e c te d to w a r d s th e m e a n p o s itio n a n d w h o s e
,

m a gn itu d e a t a n y in s ta n t is p r o p o r tio n a l to th e d is la c e m e n t o f th
p e
bo d y fro m th e m e a n p o s itio n a t th a t in s ta n t In th e a b s e n c e o f fr ic tio n a l
fo rc e s th e h a r m o n ic o s c iı 1a tio n p o s s e s s e s c o n s ta n t a m litu d e A
,
p
ha n ï w n ic o s c ilį a tio n o f c o n s ta n t a m p lih łd e a n d o f s in le re u e n
g f q cy
is c a lle d s im p le h a n n o n ic o s c illa tio n

M a th e m a tic a lly , a s im p le h a r m o n ic illa tio be

o sc n can ex p re s se d
as

y = a s in (D t = a s in 2 7c ıFT (1 )
or y = a c o s (D t = a co s 2 1 c I/T (2 )
H e re , y = d is p la c e m en t o f b o d y fr o m m e an p o s itio n at an y
in s ta n t t

a = m a x im u m d is p la c e m en to r am p litu d e o f d is p la c e m en t
o f tiıe b o d y

o) = an g u la r fr e q u e n cy ( 2= It v ) = (2 n /T )
v, T . fr e q u en c y an d tim e pe ń o d o f h a rm o n ic o s c illa ūo n
O n p lo ttin
g g r a p h b e tw e e n y a n d t a s g iv e n b y (1 ), w e g e t a
a
sin e c u r v e
a s sho w n in F ig 10 (a ) 3 (a ) S im ila r ı y , o n p lo ttin g a g r a p h
be tw ee n d t g iv e n b y (2 ), w e g e t a c o s in e c u r v e a s s h o w n in F ig
y an

) . 6 n o n h a r m o n ic o s c il l a t io n
. ,
į: l l 3 w w
W
― ― = 1

i
h M . ' ' " . H ch t be "
-
T ' "
o n w ca n n o '" r ' '

A no n h a rm ic illa tio n is a c o m b in a tio n o f tw o o r m o re th a n tw o h * rm o n ic o ıc ilk io m

o n o sc
M a uthIc
m a tic a ll la tio n m a y b e e x p re s s e d a s > í
_
h a rm o n ic o s c iı
. .
y, n o n

■圈圈
' "
Ĵ 、
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E J M F N Ħ F u N D A M E N T A L P ıı
Y s Ic s
r= M (x lf m
s ii

' " (3 )

illa tio be n tc tl, by a c u rv e o f th e ty p e s h o w n in P ig ]o (a

G p h ic a lı
y, han n o n ic o s c n ca n re p re s e ) 3 (c
ra no n )
D E F IN IT I O N S R E L A T E D TO P E R IO D IC M O T IO N
10 (a ) 7 S O M E IM P O R T A N T

f tim q lī e r ıic lr tı
ł łe p e r io d ic tio n f a bo d)
(Q ) T im e p e r \o d t It is llłe le a s t in te r v a l o e w m o o

r e p e a ts its e u
d iffe r e n t
It is d e n o te d b y T If tw o s in u s o id a l fu n c tio n s w ith tw o
h o w n in Ħ g 1 0 (a ) 4 , th e n th e p e r io d o f
p e r io d s a re o f th e ty p e a s s
is T a n d th a t o f B is T (= T 72 ) S I u n it
'

m o tio n r e p r e s e n te d b y c u r v e A

o f T is se c o n d

(b l F r e q u en c y I t is d e firıe d a s tł ïe n u m be r o î p e r io d ic
d b b d n d
m o tio n s e x e c u te y o y p e r s e c o

1 N
1 o te
h e re 1 H 1 illa tio pe r se c o n d - 1 c ps s
-
by H z ), w z - o sc n

th a t th e Ĥ \e q u e n c y v is n o t n e c e s s a r ily a n in te g e r

tin g p e ń o d ic m o tio n is qu a l to th e p r o d u c t o ffr e q ııt n e y

(c ) A ııg u ıa r fr e q u e n cy o fa b o d y ex e cu e

o f th e b o dy w ith Ja c to r 2 n ,
Ĺe ,

2 2 2 m T SIu n it o f (D is ra d /s
A g u la r ti e q u v x rr n v
o»= -
n e n c y, -

n e taı
h a n g e in p h y s ic a l q u a n tity
d is p la cem e n t is g iv e n to a c
(Q ) Disacenıen し h \ ,
tï ıe n a m e

c o n s id e r a tio n w ith tim e in a p e r io d ic m o t o n

i T h u s d is p la c e m e n ts r e p r e s e n t c h a n g e s in p h y s ic a l q u a 】ıtiti￠s
,

l
w ith tim e s u c h a s p o s itio n a n g le , p r e s s u r e e e c tr c
i a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s e tc
, ,

E x a m p le s (i) I n a lo a d e d s p r in g W h e n a b o d y is o s c illa tin g u n d e r th e a c tio n o f a s p r in g e

, ,

d is p la c e m e n t v a r ia b le is its d e v ia tio n fr o m th e m e a n p o s itio n o f th e o s c illa ū o n w ith t m e

i ,

th e ? s p la c e m e n t v a r ia b le is its a n g u la r d e v ia tio n fr o m th e v e r ū c a ıd u r in
(iı) In a s im p le p e n d u lu m , g
o sc illa tio n s, w ith tim e

(iii) D u r ing th e p r o p a g a tio n o f so u n d w a ve in a ir , tlıe d is p la c e m e n t v a r ia b le is th e lo c al chan g e irı

p re s s u r e ,
w ith tim e
e c tr o m a g tıe tic w a v e s , th e d is p la c e m e n t v a r ia b le s a l e e le c u ic an d
(iv ) D g th e p r o p a g a tio n o f e ı
u r in

m a g n e tic lie ld s w h ic h v a r y p e r io d ic a lly w ith tim e ,

D is p la c e m e n t v a r ia b le is m e a s u r e d a s a fu n c tio n o f tim e , a n d it c a n h a v e b o th p o s itiv e a n d n e M

th e p h y s ic a l q u a n tity c han ges a lo n g X a r is o r h a r is

D is p la c e m en t c a n b e r e p re s e n d by a m a th e m a ti a l fu n c tio n f tim e In a s im p le p e ń o d ic n io l im P
d is p la c e m en t c an b e g iv e ri b y y = f (r) = a s in m t or x -
f (t) = a c o s o ]r

w h e re a is ca lle d am pı
itu d e o f o s c ilı
a tio n o r m a x im u m d is p ı
a cem en k
IM P O R T A N T N O T E
1 T he m a x im u m v a lu e o f d is p la c e m ot
. en t o f a p a r tic le w h ile o sc illa tin g is c a lle d am p llm d e
o sc illa tio n .
'

2 T ħe d is p la c e m e n t o f a n o s c illa tin g p a r titie c a n b e lin e a r o r a b

.
n g u la r M d linear d is p l .

d e n o te d b y x o r y a n d a n g u la r d is p la c e m e n t b y e o r 中
3 A b o d y e x e c u tin g o s c illa to r y m o tio n iB c a lle d a h o a c ı
.
ıı
a to r i t İ 3iłfha c » m A
.

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 P E R IO D IC F U N C T I O N S
10 ţ a t ş
P e r io d ic Ju n c tio n s a r e tı
ıo s e ıu n c tio n s w ł
ıic h a re ı
łs e d ￠
o re p r e s e n t
p « r io d ic m o tio n
A fu n c tio n f (t) is s a id to b e P e r io d ic if
, f (r) = F (r + T ) = f (r + 2 T
) (4 )
d ic m o tio n m u s t ıe tu m
a p e r io its in itia l o s itio
to
p n fte r
Odic m o tio n th e n fo r
a o ne pe ń o d o f th e m o tio n If T is th e e r io d
, p e r io d ic m o tio n p o f th is
y = a s in o ūı' in 0 ) (t +
" T )
or ţ = a C O S oH (S )
= (ıc o s oo (t + T )
w c lm u w ıl u ı
u 1ł e v a lu e o f s in e o r c o s in e fu n c tio n re
" (b )
p e a ts a fte r a p e r io d o f2 n ta d ia n
m (t + T ) = o )r + 2 n T
o r o) = 2 n
2 tc ' " (7 )
or
T L V " I - " J
(8 )
h e re o ū is c a lle d
w
g u la r fre q u e n c y
an

T h e lin e a r c o m b in a tio n o f s in e
a n d c o s in e fu n c ti
o n s is a ıs o a p e r io d ic fu n c ū o n
L e t a lin e a r c o m b in a tio n o f s i as d is c u sse d b e lo w
n e a n d c o s in e fh
n c tio n s b e
g iv e n b y
x - f (t) = a s in
o v + b c o s oo t
Tlcing, a = R co s 中 an d b . R s in 中 "(9 )
T he n , r - R co s
中s in (o r + R s in 中c o s úo t = R s in ((o r + (1 0 )
It re p r e s e n ts a p e ń o d ic fu n ti 中) (1 1)
c o n o f tin ı
' "
e pe ńo d T an d am
p litu d e R , w h e r e

R - Ą2 a . Bi
an d . (1 2 )
ta n 中 b /a =

. . (13 )
IS q u a r in g an d a d d in g (1 0 ) w e hav R 2 (c o s 2 2
, e , 中+ s in 中) = a
2
+ b2 or R D iv id in g th e m
w e h a v e , ta n 中= b /a ]
-
,

T h e c o m b in a tio n o f a n n u m b f p e rio d ic fu n c tio n s w ill a l

y er o
s o b e a p e r io d ic
tim e p e r io d w ill b e th e o ue w ho se
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th e a c c e le r a tio n in s ta n t is th e p ro je c tio n o f th e a c c e le r a ū o n v e c to r o f th e p a r tic le o f

in S H M at an

re fe r e n c e o n y a x is o r x a x is a t th a t in s ta n t
W e k n o w th a t if a p a r tic le o f r e fe r e n c e is p e r fo r m in g a u n ifo r m

c irc u la r m
l r a tio n Z d ir e c te d to w & ils th e c e n u e A t th e tim e t w h e n th e
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ie ,
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; T h u s , a c c e e ra
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= O (M in ) ıi
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tr e m e ı u on ; F ro m (2 1) A = (o ? a (M ax )
ex , y - a ,

T ħu s in S H M th e a c c e le r a tio n is a ls o n o t u n ifo r m th r o ug h o u t th e m o tio n It is n im U m

,

p o s itio n a n d is m a x im u m a t th e e x tre m e p o s itio n

T he m a x im u m v a lu e o f a c c e le i
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M ei
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ł
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if its tio n a t a n y in s ￠
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T h ıłs , a p a r tic le is s a id to b e e x e c u tin g S H M p r tio n o l '

i
nd s a l d i te d to w a r d s th e m e a p s itio n
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l ro o r tio n a l to th e d i s p
R E T A ıN 1 In S H M th e
. ,
p a r tic le is d ir e c t y p p
a c c e le r a tio n o f a bo t
i i l te d b y th e s q u a r e o f th e a n g u la r
ıN o p p o s ite in s ig n an d h
t e t w o q u a n t t e s a r e r e a

f o n th e p a r tic le a t a n in s ta n t is \
2 A p a r tic le w ill b e e x e c u t n g S H M if th e o r c e
i
ii
e fr o m th e e q u ilib ń u m p o s t o n b u t o p p o ıite
t o f th e p a r tic ı
p r o p o r tio n a l to th e d is p la c e m e n
in s ig n to th a t o f ? s p la c e m e n t

k e n b y th e p a r tic ı
e ex ecu tin g S H M to co 呷 钮te o n e 》ib r a io L
(ıı) H m e \ ń o d It is d e jin e d a s th e tim e ta

2 ū»=
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dv
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￥ .
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Att = T /4 , fio m (2 4 ) ,
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ucs o ft
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d is p la c e m e n t (y ) a n d tim e (t) a s
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l » a x is n n d d is p ia c e m e n t a lo n g Y
g iv e n b y (2 4 ), ta k in g tim e a o n g
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i 1 0 (a ) 15 (a ), w h ic h is c a lle d
,

Um e d is p la c e m en t cu rve.

d a c c e te r a tio n lim e i th e
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r e la tio n s (2 5 ) a n d (2 6 ) a r e s h o w n in F ig 10 (a ) 15 (b ) a n d 10 ( ) 15 (c )
a

re spe c tiv e ly
(i) A ll th e th r e e q u a n titie s d is p la c e m en t, v e lo c ity a n d a c c e le r a tio n

(ii) T h e v e lo c ity a m p litu d e o ) tim e s th e d is p la c e m e n t a m p litu d e

v
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am p litu d e
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th e v e lo c ity is a he a d o f d is p la c e m en t by a ph a se
― ―

g le f /2
an o

(v ) In S H M
n

,
th e a c c e le r a tio n is a h e a d o f v e lo c ity b y a p h a se an g le .
I Į
o f n 12
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1 In lin p le h a r m o n ic m o tio n th e p a r tic le m o v e s fa s te r n e a r e

e a r s im

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v e lo c ity o f th e p a r tic le is m in im u m a n d its a c c e le r a tio n is m a x in u rm

K N O W ? A t tlıe m e a n p o s ı tio n th e v e lo c ity o f th e p a r tic le is m a x im u m a n d

,

its a c c e le r a tio n is m in im u m

3 Th e v e lo c ity in s in ı
p lc h a rm o n ic m o tio n is in p h a s e w ith a c c e le r a tio n w h e n p a r tic le is m o v in g fro m
,

e x tr e m e p o s itio n to m e a n p o s itio n a n d is in o p p o s ite p h a s e w ith a c c e le r a tio n w h e n p a r tic le is m o v in

g
fr o m m ean p o s itio n to e x tr e m e p o s itio n

10 (a ) 1 4 T O T A L E N E R G Y IN SH M

A p a r tic le e x ec u ūn g SH M po sse sse s tw o ty p e s o f e n e r g y

(i) P o te n tia l e n e r g y T his is o n a c c o u n t o f th e d is p la c e m e n t o f th e p a r tic le fr o m its

. ıp o s itio n
m e a】

(ii) K in e « c e n e r g y T h is is o n a c c o u n t o f th e v e lo c ity o f th e p a r tic le

N g le c tin g th e fr ic tio n a l fo r c e s th e to ta l e n e rg y
e , o f th e p a r tic le a t an y in s ta n t is e q u a l to th e su m o f the
tw o ty p e s o f e n e rg ie s a t th a t in s ta n t L e t u s c a lc u la te e ach o n e o f th e m
P o te n tia l E n e r gy

C o n s id e r ap a r tic le o f m a s s m , e x e c u tin g lin e a r S H M w ith a m p litu d e a an d c o n s ta n t a n g u la r fr e q u e n c y

(D S u p p o se t s e c o n d a fte r s ta r tin g fr o m th e m e a n
p o s itio n th e d is p la c e m , en t o f th e p a r tic le is y w H c h is
,
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g e n by
v

y = a s in (ū t 】! w (27)

V e lo c ity o f th e p a r tic le at in s ta n t ı,

a t u n o r m e p a r u c le t th is in s ta n t 2
(29)
t ı_ Ļ c ıc l
a A - . A o) s in m r «o
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w o rk d o n e fo r th e a d 圆心o n a l v e r y s m iı
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( ı ky d y =

T o ta l w o rk d o n e fo r d is p la c in 吕th e p a r tic le fr o m th e m e an p o s itio n to a p o a ltio n o f dļ a p la c e n ıe n t y

: .

w iu
bc

W - ky d y = ky 2
2
0

ņ lis w o rk do n e a p p e a rs as p o te n tia l en e r8 y U o f th e p a r tic le a t th e g iv e n in s ta n t T h u s ,

U = ky 2 . . . (3 0 )
2

m td " " gy o f " arūct . A t th . In , ta n t 1 w jjj b c

. (3 3 a )

2 2
2m n a
2 2
2 2 2 2
E = 班 (2 1c v ) a . m n v a _

T 2 T

For a g iv e n p a r tic le in S H M , m (D , a a r e c o n s ta n ts T h e r e fo re ,
th e to ta l e n e r g y o f th e p a r tic le e x æ u tin g
SH M re m a in s c o n s ta n t a t a ll tim es

A t tlıe in s ta ıı\ t = O , th e p a r tic le is A t th e m e a n p o s iū o n ,

th e n y - O

1
FE o f th e p a r tic le ,
U 一 m 铲 (0 )2 . 0
2
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2 1

T o ta l e n e rgy , E = U + K = O + m u la -
.
2 2
h t ta l e n e r g y f th e p a r tic le in S H M is in th e fo f k in t tic
p o s itio n , t e o
T hu o n n o
s, a t m ea n ee nnee r g多
ti
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- "
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00? a
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.
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T he v a r ia tio n o f R E
G U R E 1 0【
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an d K E ith tim E n e rg y
w e t as
4 T o ta l E n e rg y
g iv e n b y r e la tio n s (3 1) a n d
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t t
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c o n s ta n t a t a ll i
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tim e ha s be e n sho w n by
th ic k s o lid s tr a ig h t lin e e 2 T h e fr e q u e n c y o f k i
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F ro m th e g r a p h , w e n o te G U R E 1 0 (ı) 1 6
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p a r tic le in lin e a r S H M
th a t R E or K E com p le te s tw o 3 T h e fre q u e n c y o f to t l
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th a t o f SH M c o m p le te o s c illa tio n - K
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an d 3 3 (a ) h a v e b e e n s h o w n in in SH M in
, o n e c o m p le te
F ig 10 (a ) 16 (b )
A vera g e k in e tic e n n d A
o sc illa tio n - E =
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er gy a 】 vera ge P o te n tia l en er gy o f a m
2
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e x e cu
,

se co n d o f s ta r tlııg f o m tlıe m e a ııp o s itio n If its d m e p e r io d 8 6 s e c o n d , lin d its .

P E a iıd to ta l e n e r g y
1
So l H e re ,
m = 10 k g ; V = 6 0 m s ; t = ıs ; T = ó s

2 n 2 rc
V V = a ü) c o s tly = a ü)C O S t so 6 = a úù c o s x 1 - a 《
D x = or a úo = ı2
T 6 2

1 1
2
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2 720 J PE T E K E 720 18 0 54 0 J
T E - m . × 10 × (1 2 ) . = = =

2 2

1 0 (a ) 1 5 . F O R C E L A W F O R S IM P L E H A R M O N IC
M O T IO N A N D E X I? R E S S IO N F O R P E R IO D

S u p p o s e in itia lly a b o d y is in e q u ilib ń u m , a n d th e fo r c e s on th e b o d y b a la n c e W hen a s m a ll

,

e n t is g iv e n to th e b o d y , th r e e p o s s ib ilitie s a f is e
o ıs p la c e m

1 c o m e to re s t in p o s itio n In th is c a se th e b o d y is
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new ,

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Onw in th e d ir e c tio n o f fo r c e In th is c a s e , th e b o d y is in u n s ￠ a b te t q u illb r iı łm

d i l e m e n t, th e n ū ıe b o d y
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u lb r iıım
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th a t T in c re a s e s u p to a c e r ta in lim it o n ly
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T 2n 2 rr = 60 m in
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,

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3 A s T = 1/ , ,
w

h ti i d f i l
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h h

pe n du ı u m in c r e a s e s a t h iu s o r in s id e th e m in e s D u e to it, th e p e n d u lu m c lo c k w ill b e s h w e d d o w n It
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E

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,

e ffe c tiv e le n g th ó f w ir e b e c o m e s ,

:. T '
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sim p
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ra v ity a c ū n g o n t e b o b w ill b e
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th e e a r th th e v a lu e o f g d e c r e a s e s ,

S o th e tim e p e ń o d o f p e n d u ı u m
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1 S e c o n d s P e n đu ı
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l
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g r a v ity is in fin ity
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it b e a ts s e c o n d s
2 b H a bo b of d e n s ity p in a s in ı
p le
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= 2 s an d g - 9 8 m s in (4 1 ) ,
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pe n du ı u m o s c illa te s in a
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2 2 1= 0 993 m 99 3 cn ı
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v a lu e o f a c c e le r a tio n d u e to g r a v ity ir o m p la c e to p la c e

8 W h e n a s im p le p e n d u ı te d o n a tr o ı e y w h ic h is
ı th e te n N o f s im p lq p e n d u ı
u ın is m o m
u m

m o v in g d o w n o n a n in c lir ıe d f i li ti e t h th e e fï e c tiv e
p la n e o n c n a o n ,
e n 7 W hen th e bob o f s in ıp le
a c c ◆e r a tio n d u e to
g r a v ity p e r p e n d ic u ıa r to th e p a n e
l -
g c o s e , th e n pe n d u lu m d is c r ib e s a h o ń z o n ta ı
the tim e e r io d o f o s c illa tio n s is iv e n b y c ir c le d le n g th
p g an o f s im p le

nduı
uiń m a loe s a n an de e w id ı
th e v e r tic a l, th e n tı
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T = 2 tc
g co s e e ro ta tin g m o ū o n is

9 U a s im t o s c iı ı a te ı n a s a te ı
lite o r
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r iıe in te m p e m ħn qe a e Tim e e r io d
p .

in a in

H s th a t th e p e n d u lu m w iı
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o 1 ıı4 4 i4 4 F U N
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T im e p e r io d o f o s c illa tio n o f a s im p le p e n d u lu m o f le n g th 1 is g iv e n b y
Lr *

T - 2n

W n e n th e te m p e r a tu r e o f th e w ir e w ith w h ic h th e b o b o f s im p le p e n d u lu m is s u s e n d e d
p ,
in c re a se
s
th e n le n g th o f s im p le p e n d u lu m in c r e a s e s s a y b e c o m e s t' T h e n tim e p e r io d o f s im le e n d u l
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IĦa r

a ı

If A e is th e ń s e in te m p e r a tu r e an d a is th e c o e ffic ie n t o f lin e a r ex p a n s io n o f w ir e , th e n »h ? į
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ľ = 2n - T Sū T '
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,
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M a ss o f th e liq u id in U tu b e , m - L A p

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th e d iffe r e n c e o f le v e ls o f liq u id in tw o lim b s o f U tu b e is QQ 1 - 2:y

T h e w e ig h t o f th e liq u id c o lu m n o f le n 吕th 2 y in U tu b e w ill p r o v id e a
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i U tu b e w ith e q u ilib r iu m
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J )E Æ w n i a ) R ıl ł T
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ij p l ( l!o J
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H e re in e r tia fa c to r m - ın a s s o f 1liq u id - L A P
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人月\ i

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T = 2 1c
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d is tu r b e d liq u id in e ach lim b a bo v e th e ba se f U tu b e th e n L 2 h

1f h is th e h e ig h t o f o =
u n ,

T = 2 tc = 2n

f e c ū o n o f th e U tu b e
F ro m (4 4 ) ,
w e n o te th a t ūm e p e r io d d o e s n o t d e p e n d u p o n th e a r e a o c r o s s s ,

d l i d u e to g ra v ity
p o n th e le n g th o f liq u id c o u m n a n a c c e e ra
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a r fr e q u e n c y o f v ib r a tio n g - 1 0 m /5
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-
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T = 2 . - 2 .
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cy
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h o ń z o n ta l s u r fa c e T h e w e ig h t o f th e
N g o n l n c e d b th e r e a c tio n o f th e h o r iz o n ta l s u r fa c e
īs b a a
bo dy / \ っっ
y

Fig 10 ( )
n
a Zł
n

b d is p la c e d to w a r d s ń g h t th r o u g h a s m a ll d is ta n c e y t h e s tr e tc h e d a
l e t th e b o d y e s p r in g g e ts
i to p la y d u e to e ı a s tic n a tu r e o f th e s p ń n g
re s to
ń n g fo rc e F c o m e s n
T he n
F - ky (5 2 )
,

T he in d ic a te s th a t th e r e s to ń n g fo r c e is d ir e c te d to w a r d s th e e q u ilib ń u m p o s itio n o f th e
n e g a tiv e s ig n
5 2 ) w e n o te th a t F = y a n d F is a lw a y s d ir e c te d to w a r d s th e e q u ilib riu m p o s itio n
bo dy F T o m ( ,

if th e b o d y is le ft fr e e it w ill s ta r t e x e c u tin g lin e a r S H M o n th e s m o o th

In th e d is p la c e d p o s itio n , ,

f c e w ith m e a n p o s iū o n a s e q u ilib ń u m p o s iū o n
ho ń z o n ta l s u r a ,
d - m S p rin g fa c to r - fo r c e c o n s ta n t o f s p ń n g - k
H e re , in e r tia fa c to r - m a s s o f b o y

: p e r io d ic tim e ,
T = 2 tc
i - 2 ?c

F re q u e n c y o f o sc illa tio n , - ļ =
,
T 2 tc

V ib r a tio n s o f a v er tic a l s p r in g

lig h t a n d h ig ıū y e la s tic m a s s le s s s p ń n g G u R E 1 o (a )
Fı
C o n s id e r a
d e d fr o m a r ig id "
M o f s p ń n g c o n s ta n t k s u s p e n
2 3 (a ) T h e s p ń n g is u n s tr e tc e
h d a n d is X A A A

a t A F ig 1 0 (a )
b d o f m a s s m b e a tta c h e to
d
Ħ
,

in re la x a ū o n s ta te L e t a o y
r in g T h e s p r in g g e
ts s tr e tc h e d
th e lo w e r e n d B o f th e s p
s io n B C = 1
F ig 1 0 (a ) 2 3 (b )

T
a n d s u ffe r s a n e x te n
,

l
,

f r c e s e t u p in th e s p ń n g
L e t F b e th e r e s to r in g o
,
F,
t
th e n
F1 - kt (5 3 )
s h o w s th a t th e e x te n s io n t is
s ig n
H e re n e g a tiv e
,

d re s to r in g fo r c e F ı is
d ir e c te d
d ir e c te d d o w tıw a r d s a n
in e q u ilib r iu m , th e r e fo r e ,
s y s te m is
u p w a r d s A s th e

l
- kt o r k = m g lı . (5 5 )
H en ce ,
m g
w a r d s th r o u g h a s m a ll
u lle d d o w n
L e t th e b o d y b e p
l< t) F ig
1 0 (a ) 2 2 (C ) N o w th e to ta l
d is ta n c e , C D = y
t + y ) 1f F 2 is th e r e s to ń n g
e x te n s io n in t
h e s p r in g is (
n th e n (5 6 )
fo r c e in th is p o s itio , - .

F2- k (1 + y )
ky (S ı)
k (1 + y ) ( k ı )=
' "

fo r c e w ill b e F - F2 F , -
r e s to r in g
T he e ffe c tiv e
o te th a t
F = y an d F is d ir e c te d to w
l io i H
a f d s e q u lib ń u m p o s t ï :
ei& ł TY \
F ro m (5 7 ) ,
w e n
łd

s p r in g c o n s ta n t = k đà ł
ls e ￠ n rį
ao i massófbodypn
' ł å

H e re sp ń n g fa c to r -
,

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 a 10 0 4
q i
'
P e rio d ic U m e , T = 2 n - 2 rr = 2 n n 2 n
. .

ı \p o r ı
ıı łın ıp o in ts 1 In a tw o p a r tic le s s y s te m a s
s o w n in F ig 1 0 (a ) 24 (a ), if k is th e fo r c e c o n s ta n t o f th e
h
s p r in g , th e n tim e p e r io d o f v ib ra tio n o f th e s s te m is
y

T = 2 n w h e re p -

H = re du ce d m a ss

2 In a s y s te m o f tw o p a r tic le s if o n ly o n e m a ss m l is o s c illa tin g ; F ig

10 (a ) 2 4 (b ), th e n tim e p e r io d ,

T = 2 冗

If a is th e a m p litu d e o f o s c illa tio n o f m a s s ln th e n th e m m im u m re a c tio n

i ,

o f th e ta b le o n th e m a s s n l - (n ï + ln ) + k d th e m in im u m tio f th e
2 l 2 g a a n re a c n o
ta b le o n th e m a s s ln - (n ı + l n ) ka
2 i 2 g

10 (a ) 2 0 0 S C IL L A T IO N S O F L O A D E D S P R IN G C O M B IN A T IO N S
C o n s id e r tw o s p r in g s o f s p r in g c o n s ta n ts k a n d 4 L e t th e re b e th r e e s r in
I 2 p g
c o m b in a t io n s a s s h o w n in F i 1 o ( ) 2 5
g a

C a s e I H e r e a b o d y o f w e ig h t m g is s u s p e n d e d b y th e tw o s p r in g s in p a r a lı el
,

F ig 10 (a ) 2 5 (a ) L e t th e b o d y b e p u lle d d o w n w a r d s th r o u h a s m a ll d is ta n c e E
combina«o
g y a c h s p rin g g e ts s tre
tc hed
b y a le n g th y If F a n d F a r e th e r e s to r in g fo r c e s s e t u d u e to e x te n s io n o f s r in
r 2 p p g s th e n ,

F , = kr J
an d F2 = k2 y

\ 了
'
T o ta li r e s to r in g fo rc e ,
F - F r + = (k r + )y
If K is th e s p r in g c o n s ta n t o f th is co m b in a tio n f

Ħ
o

sp ń n gs ,
th e n r e s to r in g fo rc e ,

封三
F = K y K - k] + k2 ,
k, °
If th e b o d y is le ft fr e e a fte r p u llin g a little d is ta n c e
do w n ,
it w ill s ta r t e x e c u tiń g lin e a r S H M o f p e r io d T
g iv en by

S p e d a ıc a s e If k = Tt2 = k th e n K - k + k 2 k
, =

T = 2 1r

C a s e ï ï H e r e th e b o d y o f w e ig h t ln g is s u s p e n d e d a t th e fr e e e n d o f th e tw o s p r ln * s h i ￠
,

co m b in a tio n , F ig 10 (a ) 2 5 (b ) W h e n th e b o d is tb ￠m
y p u lle d d o w n w a rd s th ro u g h a liı tle d is ta n c e
s p n n g s s u lŤc r d ifï e r e n t e x t
e n s io n s s a y v a n d
l l 2 B u t th e r e s to r in g fo rc e is s a m o in e a c h s p riR g
F = k ıI I a n d F ・ k J I ￠ł
2 2 or y ı= ılt ı ır d I 2 # r -

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,
T o ta l e x te n s io n , y a
y l + y2 -
i - F
Ĺ ) or F ・

Ĺ ) y

in c o n B ta n tof s e r le s c o m b in a tio n o f s p r in g s , th e n F K
If K ls th e s p r g
-

f ?￠ ￠a

K =

k + k . . . (5 9 )
1 2
a fte r p u llin g d o w it ill e x e c u te lin e a r S H M f p e r io d
If th e b o d y is le ft r e e
f n ,
w o

[apnfactor
. 2n - 2 ?c
s p r in g fa c to r

S p e c ia l c a s e If .
kr - k2 - k
ł r lw ? Ħi
ļ

kk k
K - T = 2 n
T he n
=
,
k + k 2

C a se I II H e re f w e ig h t m g is c o n n e c te d in b e tw e e n th e tw o s p r in g s , F ig 1 0 (a ) 2 5 (c )
th e bo dy o
d b y le n g th y a ııd
,

ll d to o n e s id e th r o u g h a s m a ll d is ta n c e y o n e s p ń n g g e ts c o m p re s s e
W n e n th e b o d y is p u e ,

ts s tr e tc h e d b y le n g th y T h e r e s to ń n g fo r c e s F 1 a n
d F 2 s e t u p in b o th th e s p r in g s w ill a c t
o th e r s p ń n g g e
T he n F - kly an d F 2 - k2 y
in th e s a m e d ir e c ū o n t ,

T o ta ır e s to ń n g fo r c e F = F r+ F2 -
.
k , y k2 y - (k r + k 2 ) y
i f s p r in g s th e n F = Ky K = (k t + k 2 )
If K is th e s p ń n g c o n s ta n t o f th is c o m b in a t o n o ,

l 0 fr e e it w ill e x e c u te lin e a r S H M o f p e r io d
If th e b o d y a ħe r p u llin g d o w n a little is e ,

T = 2 0 = 2 冗 (6 0 )

kz k M K k + k 2 k an d T = 2 n
S p e c id c as & If k t - - en = =

デ = 2n - 4r
f Ń ' " Onstantkinto ・ e q . d s a r b . u ,e s p r n g
2 If w e d iv id e . . p r in g o Sp
i t?rsnt°
fh a a ca nh
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M is ・' " e . D e d Ū . . Ea c p
. . k N . . Th . Tim e p ,
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i
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ng
a « a o f . R o ss s e c ū o n A , Y o u n g s
'
.
3 ir a
.
w iï e o r l・. G tt: ı
,

i f s u s p e n d e d M a s s Is ,
th e n th e p e ń o d o f v ib r a t o n o
a m a ss m ,

n g fo r c e ı
o p s a r e s to r ı 0 N A b o dy o f
ń n g c o m p r essed by O 1 m d ev eı
.

p r o b ı
e m A sp
p ıe U th e d e p r e s s io n o f d ıe s p r in g u n d e r
i th e fo r c e c o n s n t o f th e s p r in g ( )
s a m

l d o n i& D e d u c e ( )
4 kg ı c e u d o n , tr th e b o d y is ı e tt
N /k g ) a n d (W th e p e r io d o f o s d a
m a ss s p a

weit . f th e
b o d y (ta k e g - 10
th e

团团■平 飞国 国 国 厂 Ħ
ır 1
˜

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