Manual de Optica Geometrica

Título: MANUAL DE ÓPTICA GEOMÉTRICA
©AUTOR: Julio V. SANTOS BENITO

Edita: Editorial Club Universitario
www:editorial -club-universitario.es
I.S.B.N. : 84-89522-99-5
Depósito legal: A-160-1997
Printed in Spain
Imprime: Imprenta Gamma. Telf.: 965 671987
Mail: [email protected]
C/ Cotolengo, 25. San Vicente del Raspeig. (Alicante).
PRESENTACIÓN.
Tradicionalmente, la enseñanza de la Física en el bachillerato ha marginado aquella parte de los

programas dedicados a la Óptica, de manera que son muy pocos los alumnos que al ingresar en la
Universidad afirman haber recibido nociones de esta materia por lo que, lógicamente, encuentran serias
dificultades para superar un programa de Óptica Geométrica en la Universidad.
Conscientes de esta dificultad y teniendo como principal destinatario al alumno, hemos escrito
este Manual con el deseo de que le proporcione una eficaz ayuda en la comprensión de los fenómenos
de reflexión, refracción y dispersión de la luz que conforman el programa de la asignatura en las Escuelas
Universitarias de Óptica.
A través de este Manual, el alumno puede acceder al conocimiento de estos fenómenos

mediante el estudio de los temas y de los problemas resueltos que presentamos en cada capítulo.
Precisamente, todos estos problemas constituyen un amplísimo compendio de los que han sido
propuestos en los exámenes realizados en la Escuela Universitaria de Óptica de la Universidad de
Alicante. La profusión de comentarios y de gráficos volcada en la elaboración de los problemas ha de
facilitar al alumno la comprensión de los planteamientos que conducen a su resolución.
Además, con objeto de que el alumno pueda poner a prueba su dominio de la asignatura, al final
de cada tema se ha incluido un listado de problemas no resueltos, acompañados, eso sí, de su solución.
El contenido de la obra que presentamos, que se ajusta en gran medida al programa de Óptica
Geométrica de las Escuelas Universitarias de Óptica, es el siguiente:
Tema I Índice de refracción.

Tema II Reflexión y refracción de la luz.
Tema III Dioptrios y lentes.
Tema IV Espejos.
Tema V Láminas y prismas.
Tema VI Fibras ópticas.
Tema VII Teoría general de los sistemas ópticos.
Tema VIII Trazado de rayos.
Tema IX Método matricial.
Tema X Limitación de los haces de rayos.
Tema XI Aberraciones monocromáticas.
Tema XII Aberraciones cromáticas.
Por último queremos agradecer de antemano las sugerencias que en relación a este trabajo se
nos hagan llegar por parte de alumnos y/o profesores.
Alicante, septiembre, 1998.
El autor
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-# 2 %,;'$ , &% 1',%!% H-% 1, !%$%# $%& 1-#/ 9D %#$ 9 &' (')%# $%
1-#/ . - (')%# I ! # / /-.%# -# 1', $% ' /,';4 $%& /%(' "1/ ! '
!','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (6)%#% ,%'&% . ; ,/-'&% % ! #!,%/'# %# &' /'2&' )- %#/%
# #;%,/ $' ,% 1%!/ $%& 23%/ # $%,%!:' ,% 1%!/ $%& 23%/
% + ,('# $ #$% % !,-G'# & ,'. % + ,('# $ #$% % !,-G'# &' 1, & #)'! #% $% & ,'.
% ;%# $ ,%!/'(%#/% 0 %# 1'#/'&&' % ;%# $ ,%!/'(%#/% % 1-%$%# ,%! )%, %# 1'#/'&&'
-#H-% ' & &',) $%& % /-$ $% &' (6)%#% H-% + ,('# & $ ;%, /%(' "1/ ! # %#! #/,',%(
! # -# . /, / 1 $% (6)%#% D 1 $%( '#/ ! 1', %# ',' $% -#' (%3 , ! (1,%# "# $%& !-'$, '#/%, ,D H-% -#
%3%(1& $% (')%# ,%'& % &' H-% + ,(' -# 1, .%!/ , $% $ '1 / ;' D ( %#/,' H-% -#' (')%# ; ,/-'& % D 1 ,
%3%(1& D &' H-% + ,(' -# % 1%3 1&'#
& ,'. H-% 1, !%$%# $% -# 1-#/ 23%/ D $% 1-4 $% '/,';% ', -# /%(' "1/ ! ! #;%,)%# B%&&
- 1, & #)'! #% E %# -# 1-#/ (')%# 9 B+ ) ED % $ !% H-% %& /%(' % %& !' $%
& % 1%3 1&'# B+ ) E
# !-,,% ' 0D %& /%(' % ( %3%(1& ! /%( %& /%(' $% &' + ) + ,('$ 1 , $
(%$ $% $ +%,%#/% 0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "# B# . #9E %1','$ 1 , -#' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !'* & ,'. ! #;%,)%#
%# -# 1-#/ ( %#/,' H-% & ,'. & :'!%# %# /, $ / #/
+) /%(' % / )(6/ ! +) /%(' ' / )(6/ !
-'#$ & ,'. H-% #! $%# 2,% -# /%(' &&%;'# $ ,%!! #% 1,"7 (' '& %3% B ED % $%! ,D
D & /%(' "1/ ! % ! (1 ,/'# 1,6!/ !'(%#/% ! (
% / )(6/ !
' 1/ !' $% 1, (%, ,$%# % /-$ ' &' !','!/%,J / !' B1 ! "# . /'('C E $% &' (6)%#% 1','7 '&% D % $%! ,D
&' + ,('$' 1 , & ,'. H-% &&%)'# '& /%(' ! # 6#)-& $% #! $%#! ' 1%H-%C , %&& D %# 1/ !'
1','7 '&D '& % /'2&%!%, &' ,%&'! #% %#/,% &' ;', '2&% B0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "#D ,'$ $% !-,;'/-,'D 1 ! #% .
/'('C $%& 23%/ . $% &' (')%#ED % -/ & G' &' '1, 7 ('! "# $% '- *
α≈ α ≈α B E
!-. !-(1& ( %#/ D 1',' ;'& ,% 1%H-%C $% % 1 #% $% ('# + % / %# &' )- %#/% /'2&'
K ),'$ %# K /) K K ,'$ '#%

D 8 D 8 D 8
D = D = D =
D D D
D 5=< D 5== D 5=<
D <8 D <8 D <8
D 8 5 D 85 D 8
& $% ',, && %# %, % $%& %# $% -# 6#)-& % *

α α α8
α =α − + − +
8
. ! ( D %)F# % :' #$ !'$ D &' 1/ !' 1','7 '& '& :'!%, %# $% 1,%! ' & /4,( # $% /%,!%,D H- #/ D D ),'$ D
% 1 , & H-% ,%! 2% /'(2 4# & # (2,% $% . 1/ !' '- '#'
!"# $
# &' ,%&'! #% ('/%(6/ !' H-% ;'# ' 1%,( / , 2/%#%, &' !','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (6)%#% + ,('$' 1 , &
/%(' "1/ ! '1',%!%# %&%(%#/ ! ( &' $ /'#! ' $% $% -# 23%/ -#' (')%# ' -# % 1%3 ' -#' &%#/%D %&
,'$ $% !-,;'/-,' $% -# % 1%3 D %/! 1,%; '(%#/% # % % /'2&%!% -# ! #;%# $% )# D % /' ,%&'! #%
('/%(6/ !' # 1, 1 ,! #'# -#' #+ ,('! "# ! (1&%/' $% &' !','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (6)%#% , %3%(1& D # #
$ ,6# &' (6)%# % #;%,/ $'D # % + ,(' ' -# - /, &'$ $%& % 1%3 $% &' &%#/%
, %&& D % #%!% ', % /'2&%!%, 1,%; '(%#/% -# ! #;%# $% )# H-% 1%,( /' %& ! (1&%/ ! # ! ( %#/ $%
&' !','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (6)%#% ' /,';4 $% &' ,%&'! #% ('/%(6/ !' 2/%# $' # & & 2, $% 0 !' %#%,'&
% #!&- %# & ('#-'&% % 1%!0+ ! $% 1/ !' % %(1&%'# $ / #/ ! #;%# $% )# H-% ! #$-!%# ' %71,% #%
$ +%,%#/% '-#H-%D &") !'(%#/%D / $' %&&' '1& !'$' '$%!-'$'(%#/% 1, 1 ,! #'# -#' #+ ,('! "# ! ,,%!/' 2,%
&' !','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (6)%#%
& ! #;%# H-% '$ 1/',%( %# % /% % /-$ $% &' 1/ !' % (4/, !'D H-% %# #-% /,' 1 # "# % %& $% (6
%#! &&' '1& !'! "#D % %& )- %#/%*
LE 2-3',%( &' + )-,' $% ('#%,' H-% &' &-G #! $%#/% %# %& /%(' "1/ ! 1, !%$% $% &' GH- %,$'
1, 1')6#$ % :'! ' &' $%,%!:' D & H-% % & ( ( D /-',%( %(1,% & 23%/ .&
/%(' "1/ !
LE # $%,',%( '& /%(' "1/ ! /-'$ %# %& , )%# $% -# /%(' $% %3% $% ! ,$%#'$' 1 , & H-% &' $ /'#! '
(%$ $' $% $% %& , )%# :'! ' &' GH- %,$' %,6# #%)'/ ;' . &' (%$ $' :'! ' &' $%,%!:' %,6# 1 / ;' !:
$% /,' + ,('* &' $ /'#! ' %,6# 1 / ;' % ( $%# %# %& %#/ $ $% ';'#!% $% &' &-G . #%)'/ ;' % ( $%#
%# %#/ $ ! #/,',
3%(1& *
'E %& ,'$ $% -# $ 1/, D $% -# % 1%3 % +4, ! $% -#' !',' $% -#' &%#/% % % %#$ - ;4,/ !% . -
!%#/, $% !-,;'/-,' % /,'/' $% -#' -1%,+ ! % !"#!';' B+ ) 'E %& ,'$ % #%)'/ ; ( %#/,' H-% %
1 / ; %# %& !' $% -1%,+ ! % ! #;%7' B+ ) 2E
+)
2E &' 1 ! #% $%& 23%/ . $% &' (')%# & ; %#%# $'$' 1 , &' $ /'#! ' % . &% & %# %& !' $%
&' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' D .' %'# $ 1/, % 1%3 D . 1 , % . &% & % /,'/' $% &%#/% $%&)'$' #
&' + )-,' . % ! #!,%/' %& )# $% % /' $ /'#! '
+) 5'
+) 52
LE ' $ /'#! ' 1%,1%#$ !-&',% '& %3% # 1 / ;' !-'#$ % ( $%# $% $% %& %3% :'! ' ',, 2' . #%)'/ ;' !-'#$
% ( $%# :'! ' '2'3 0D %& /'('C $% -# 23%/ ; %#% $'$ 1 , &' $ /'#! ' % H-% % 1 / ;' ( %#/,' H-%
%& $% &' (')%# % & & % #%)'/ ; B+ ) E
+) 5!
LE 6#)-& H-% + ,('# & ,'. ! # %& %3% $%& /%(' "1/ ! % ! # $%,'# 1 / ; ) ,'#$ '& ,'. 1 , %&
!'( # (6 ! ,/ 1',' :'!%,& ! #! $ , ! # %& %3%D %& %#/ $ $%& ) , % %& '#/ : ,', . %,6# #%)'/ ; %# !'
! #/,', B+ ) E
+) 8'
LE 6#)-& $% #! $%#! ' D $% ,%+&%7 "# . $% ,%+,'!! "# & % ! # $%,'# 1 / ; ) ,'#$ '& ,'. 1 , %& !'( #
(6 ! ,/ 1',' :'!%,& ! #! $ , ! # &' # ,('& D %& %#/ $ $%& ) , % %& : ,', . %,6# #%)'/ ; %# !'
! #/,', B+ ) 5E
+) 82
' ()
%& /%(' + ,('$ 1 , $ (%$ $% $ / #/ 0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "# %1','$ 1 , -#' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !'
+) <
! "
%' -# 1-#/ 23%/ $%& !-'& 1',/%# ,'. 1','7 '&% B+ ) <E %)F# % :' ; / D & /%(' "1/ ! #
% / )(6/ ! 1',' % /% / 1 $% ,'. . %# ! # %!-%#! ' / $ %&& ! #;%,)%# %# -# 1-#/ (')%# I % /,'/' $%
%#! #/,', -#' ,%&'! "# %#/,% &' $ /'#! ' 23%/ B %#$ M E . &' $ /'#! ' (')%# I B %#$ IM I IE %# &' H-%D
#'/-,'&(%#/%D :'# $% % /', 1,% %#/% &' )% (%/,0' $%& $ "1/, B,E . - #'/-,'&%G' B# . #IE
1& !'#$ &' &%. $% #%&& ' &' ,%+,'!! "# %# %& 1-#/ *
%# N %# I M # $
. /%# %#$ %# !-%#/' H-% & 6#)-& # 1%H-%C BG #' 1','7 '&E % 1-%$% :'!%, &' '1, 7 ('! "# $%& %# $% &
6#)-& ' & 1, 1 6#)-& B%# ,'$ '#% E*
N IM #$ O M I # B E
# %& /, 6#)-& % $%$-!% H-%* M K P D . %# %& I M K PI D! # & H-% '& - / /- , %# &' %71,% "#
B E H-%$'*
BK PE M # BK PIE B E
'&!-&'#$ &' /'#)%#/% $% !'$' -# $% & 6#)-& ' 1',/ , $% &' + ) <D /%# %#$ %# !-%#/' H-% 1',' ,'. 1','7 '&%
%& 1-#/ % ! #+-#$% ! # %& ;4,/ !% . H-% 1 , /'#/ * D '& :'!%, &' '1, 7 ('! "# $% '- D
H-%$'*
/) B PE M : N
/) P I M : N #
/) K M : N
. - / /-.%#$ % / ;'& ,% $% PD P I . K %# &' %71,% "# B ED '& 1%,', H-%$'*
′ B ′− E
− = B E
′
5
71,% "# H-%D ! # ! $' ! ( ! " D 1%,( /% !'&!-&', &' 1 ! "# I $% &' (')%# ! # ! $' &' 1 ! "#
$%& 23%/ D & 0#$ !% # . #I . %& ,'$ , $% &' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' # % /' %71,% "# %& ;'& , $% !'$' ;', '2&% :' $%
%#/,', ! # - )# ! ,,% 1 #$ %#/% %)F# %& !, /%, % /'2&%! $
,$%#'#$ /4,( # D &' %!-'! "# B E % 1-%$% % !, 2 , %# + ,(' $% #;', '#/%D ,%! 2 %#$ %& # (2,% $%
%&& *
− = ′ − B E
′
' !( !
# $%,%( B+ ) =E $ / #/' 1 ! #% $% -# 1-#/ 23%/ /-'$ 2,% %& %3% $%& /%(' (%$ $' H-% %&
1-#/ 23%/ % '&%3'D & ,'. / %#%# -#' #!& #'! "# !'$' ;%G (%# , %& 23%/ 1-#/-'& % /6 (-. &%3'# B ED
%& 6#)-& / %#$% ' !%, . / $ & ,'. H-% 1',/%# $% 4& #! $%# %# %& $ "1/, 1','&%& '& %3%D -# 4#$ %D $% 1-4
$% ,%+,'!/', % %# &' -1%,+ ! %D %# -# 1-#/ I %# %& H-% % + ,(' &' (')%# % /% 1-#/ ID ! #3-)'$ $%& #+ # / %
&% &&'(' + ! (')%# . ' &' $ /'#! ' +I $% $% %& ;4,/ !% $%& $ "1/, '& + ! (')%# ID $ /'#! ' + !'& (')%# B + I M
IE
+) =
%& 1-#/ 23%/ % /-; %,' %# %& #+ # / 1%, # 2,%
%& %3%D & ,'. #! $ ,0'# 1','&%& %#/,% 0 1%, # '& %3%
. $% 1-4 $% ,%+,'!/', % ! #;%,)%,0'# %# -# 1-#/ $%&
1&'# + !'& (')%# 9 B+ ) E
',' &' $%/%,( #'! "# $% &' 1 ! "# $% ID % $%! ,D $%
&' $ /'#! ' + !'& +ID /%#)'( %# !-%#/' H-% I . %& #
! #3-)'$ .' H-% I % &' (')%# $% -# 23%/ 1-#/-'&
/-'$ %# %& %3% . %# %& #+ # / D 1 , & H-% '& :'!%, M
. I M +I %# &' +",(-&' $% '- B E H-%$'*
′ B ′− E
− =
!′ ∞
+)
′
!′= B E
′−
% /'#$ I /-'$ ' &' GH- %,$' $% &' -1%,+ ! % +I ,% -&/' #%)'/ ; . ' &' $%,%!:' % 1 / ;
, /,' 1',/%D :'. -# 1-#/ ! ( %& $% &' + ) H-% / %#% &' 1, 1 %$'$ $% H-% &' (')%# $% -# 23%/ 1-#/-'&
/-'$ %# 4& % + ,(' %# %& #+ # / D % $%! ,D & ,'. '& ,%+,'!/', % %# %& $ "1/, & :'!%# 1','&%&'(%#/% '& %3%
1, #! 1'& /% 1-#/ D ! #3-)'$ /'(2 4# $%& #+ # / D % %& + ! 23%/ . &' $ /'#! ' $% $% ' % &' $ /'#! ' + !'&
23%/ B + M E
8
+) +)
,'. H-% 1',/ %,'# $% -# 1-#/ 23%/ /-'$ %# %& 1&'# + !'& 23%/ %(%,)%,0'# 1','&%& %#/,% 0 1%,
# '& %3% B+ ) E ',' $%/%,( #', &' 1 ! "# $%& + ! 23%/ /%#)'( %# !-%#/' H-% &' (')%# $% -# 23%/ /-'$
%# B M +E % + ,(',0' %# %& #+ # / B I M E & - / /- , % / ;'& ,% %# &' %71,% "# B E H-%$'*
′ B ′− E −
− = ! = B5E
∞ ! ′−
% &' %71,% #% B E . B5E % $%$-!% H-% &' 1 ! "# $% & + ! $%1%#$% $% - )% (%/,0' B,E . $% - #'/-,'&%G'
B# . #IE . /'(2 4# H-% & + ! . I # % /6# %H- $ /'#/% ,% 1%!/ $%& $ 1/,
# &' /'2&' B16) )- %#/%E % ,%! )% -# % /-$ 2,% &' 1 ! "# $% . $% I %# +-#! "# $% - )% (%/,0' . $%
& 0#$ !% # . #I
) ! * !
; $ %#$ ( %(2, ' ( %(2, &' %71,% #% B E . B5E*
! − B ′− E − B8E
= =
!′ ′ B ′− E ′
) ! &
; $ %#$ !'$' ( %(2, $% &' +",(-&' $% '- B E 1 , %& %)-#$ *

′
−
′ ′
= − =
′− B ′− E ′ B ′− E
− ′
.! ( * = ! = !′
′− ′−
!′ !
H-%$'* − = B<E
′
! !(
% $%+ #% (%$ '#/% &' ,%&'! "#* M # $ !# + , $ ! B=E

%# &' H-% &' + !'&% + . + I :'# $% %71,% ', % %# (%/, 1',' H-% &' 1 /%#! ' ;%#)' %# * '$ H-% /'#/ +
! ( + I 1-%$%# / (', ;'& ,% 1 / ; #%)'/ ; D &' 1 /%#! ' $% -# $ 1/, -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' /'(2 4# 1 $,6 %,
1 / ;' #%)'/ ;'
<
@ A> @
@ @ J Q J
! "# $% . I
@ #I # , + +I B & (%$ (2,%'$ % %&
$% ('. , 0#$ !%E
+ + +
# R #I
+ +
+ +
# S #I
+
=
-. ' ! !(
# 1/ !' 1','7 '& / $ & /%(' % ! (1 ,/'# ! ( % / )(6/ ! 1 , & H-% / $ & ,'. H-% 1',/%# $%
-# 1-#/ 23%/ ! #;%,)%#D $% 1-4 $% '/,';% ', %& /%('D %# -# ( ( 1-#/ (')%# # ! # %!-%#! 'D F# !'(%#/%
% 1,%! ! # !%, &' /,'.%!/ , ' $% $ ,'. 1',' $%/%,( #', &' 1 ! "# $% &' (')%# .' H-% $ #$% ! #;%,3'# %&&
$ /'(2 4# & :',0'# / $ & $%(6 # -# $ 1/, -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' '2%( H-% & ,'. H-% #! $%# 1','&%&
'& %3%D $% 1-4 $% ,%+,'!/', % 1' '# 1 , 9 . H-% & ,'. H-% #! $%# 2,% %& /%(' 1' '#$ 1 , %(%,)%# 1','&%&
'& %3%
/' ! # $%,'! #% # -+ ! %#/% 1',' 1 $%, ,%'& G', &' ! # /,-!! "# $% &' (')%#D /'#/ &' -1%,+ ! % %
! #;%7' B+ ) E ! ( % !"#!';' B+ ) E
' !','!/%,0 / !' $% &' (')%# # "& $%1%#$%# $% &' )% (%/,0' $%& $ 1/, B,E . $% & 0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "#
B# . #IE # H-% /'(2 4# $%1%#$%# $% &' 1 ! "# B E $%& 23%/ D $% ('#%,' H-% -#' ( (' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' 1-%$%
+ ,(', (6)%#% ,%'&% ; ,/-'&% $% -# ( ( 23%/ %)F# - 1 ! "#
+) ,('! "# $% (6)%#% %# -1%,+ ! % ! #;%7'
+) ,('! "# $% (6)%#% %# -1%,+ ! % !"#!';'

', "-". ./ "* #0 !12 . ./3 "* "45636"
&' $ ,%!! "# $% #! $%#! ' $% -# ,'. 2,% -# /%(' %# )%#%,'&D 2,% -#' -1%,+ ! % % +4, !' %#
1',/ !-&',D # % 1','&%&' '& %3% # 1' ' 1 , %& + ! 23%/ D # % 1 2&% ! # !%, ' 1, , &' $ ,%!! "# $%& ,'. ,%+,'!/'$
',' /,'G', ),6+ !'(%#/% % /' $ ,%!! "# % 1,%! ,%!-,, , ' -# ,'. '-7 & ',
# &' + )-,' . 5 %& ,'. B E % 'H-4& !-.' $ ,%!! "#D $% 1-4 $% ,%+,'!/', %D H-%,%( ! # !%, . %& ,'.
B E % %& ,'. '-7 & ',
, (%, (4/ $ B+ ) E* % /,'G' %& ,'. '-7 & ', B E 1','&%& '& ,'. 1, 2&%(' B E %# $ ,%!! "# + ! 23%/
& ,'. '-7 & ', B ED 1 , #! $ , %# $ ,%!! "# + ! 23%/ D % ,%+,'!/' %# $ ,%!! "# 1','&%&' '& %3% ! ,/'#$ '& 1&'#
+ !'& 9%# -# 1-#/ %)F# % :' #$ !'$ %# %& 1-#/ D '(2 ,'. ,%+,'!/'$ % :'# $% ! ,/', %# % /% 1-#/ 1 ,
#! $ , 1','&%& %#/,% 0D & H-% 1%,( /% %& /,'G'$ $%& ,'. B E ,%+,'!/'$
%)-#$ (4/ $ B+ ) 5E* &' $ ,%!! "# $% #! $%#! ' $%& ,'. 1, 2&%(' B E ! ,/' '& 1&'# + !'& %# %& 1-#/
% /,'G' %& ,'. '-7 & ', B E H-% #! $ %#$ 1','&%&'(%#/% '& %3% 1 , % ,%+,'!/' %# $ ,%!! "# ' 9 %)F# &
#$ !'$ %# %& 1-#/ D '(2 ,'. ,%+,'!/'$ %(%,)%# 1','&%& %#/,% 0D & H-% 1%,( /% %& /,'G'$ $%& ,'. B E
,%+,'!/'$
+) ,'G'$ $% ,'. * ,'. '-7 & ',
+) 5 ,'G'$ $% ,'. * ,'. '-7 & ',

8 %
& '-(%#/ &'/%,'&D 1',' !-'&H- %, /%(' "1/ ! D % &' ,%&'! "# %#/,% %& /'('C $% &' (')%# B.IE . %& $%& 23%/
′
B.E* β′ =
+) 8
1& !'#$ &' &%. $% #%&& %# %& 1-#/ B+ ) 8ED . :'! %#$ &' '1, 7 ('! "# 1','7 '&*
%#ε = ′ %#ε ′ → ε = ′ ε′ B E
'&!-&'#$ &' /'#)%#/% $% '(2 6#)-& . :'! %#$ &' '1, 7 ('! "# 1','7 '&*
/%
(− ε) = = → ε=
/0 −
%′/ ′ − ′ ′
( − ε ′) = = → ε′ =
0/ ′ ′ ′
. - / /-.%#$ % / ;'& ,% $% . 9 %# &' %71,% "# B E*
′
= ′
′
′ ′
! # & H-% %& '-(%#/ H-%$'* β′ = = B E
′
!- "#* " T9 % 1 / ; D %& /'('C $% &' (')%# B.9E . %& $%& 23%/ B.E / %#%# %& ( ( )# . %#
! # %!-%#! ' &' (')%# % &
7 T9 % #%)'/ ; D & /'('C $% 23%/ % (')%# / %#%# )# ! #/,', %#$ &' (')%#
&
8 UT9U S D &' (')%# % H-% %& 23%/
. UT9U R D &' (')%# % H-% %& 23%/

,
%& /%(' + ,('$ 1 , $ (%$ $% $ / #/ 0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "# %1','$ 1 , -#' -1%,+ ! % 1&'#'
@# $ 1/, 1&'# 1-%$% ! # $%,', % ! ( +-%,' -# % +4, ! $% ,'$ #+ # / %)F# % / D '& :'!%, , M %#
&' +",(-&' $% '- $%& $ 1/, % +4, ! B E H-%$' $% &' + ,('*
′ B ′− E ′
− = = → = B E
′ ∞ ′
%71,% "# H-% 1%,( /% ! # ! , &' 1 ! "# 9 $% &' (')%# + ,('$' 1 , -# $ 1/, 1&'# ! # ! %#$ &' $%& 23%/ B E
. & 0#$ !% % %&&' % $%$-!%*
LE H-% &' $ /'#! ' (')%# ;' ' /%#%, %& ( ( )# H-% &' $ /'#! ' 23%/ 1 , & H-% 23%/ % (')%# ;'# ' % /',
$% &' -1%,+ ! %
LE H-% &' &-G 1' ' $% -# (%$ ' /, $% ('. , 0#$ !% $% ,%+,'!! "# B# R #IE &' $ /'#! ' (')%# % ('. , H-% &'
$ /'#! ' 23%/ B I S E /' /-'! "# % :' ,%1,% %#/'$ %# &' + ) <* -# 23%/ %( /% ,'. H-% % ,%+,'!/'#
'!%,!6#$ % ' &' # ,('& -# 2 %,;'/ , /-'$ %# %& %)-#$ (%$ B#IE H-% & ,'. 1, !%$%# $%&
1-#/ (')%# 9O % %& !' $% -# 23%/ /-'$ %# %& ' ,% ; / 1 , -# 2 %,;'$ , $% $% $%#/, $%& ')-'
+) <
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TEMA - VI
FIBRAS ÓPTICAS.
1. ÁNGULO MÁXIMO DE ACEPTACIÓN.
2. APERTURA NUMÉRICA.
3. CÁLCULO DEL NÚMERO DE REFLEXIONES.
4. CÁLCULO DEL CAMINO ÓPTICO.
5. DISPERSIÓN TEMPORAL.
6. PROBLEMAS RESUELTOS.
7. LISTADO DE PROBLEMAS CON SOLUCIÓN.

FIBRAS ÓPTICAS.
Son hilos cilíndricos de gran longitud y de diámetro comprendido entre 10 y 80 µm

construídos con materiales dieléctricos. En ellas, la luz que incide sobre una de sus bases se
propaga hasta el otro extremo por sucesivas reflexiones totales.
En sus aplicaciones se utilizan haces de fibras y para

evitar que la luz pase de una fibra a las que le rodean, se
recubren de otro material dieléctrico de menor índice de
refracción con objeto de que se pueda producir la reflexión
total necesaria para la propagación de la luz en su interior,
de manera que:
nf > nC
siendo: nf = índice de refracción de la fibra.

nC = índice de refracción de su recubrimiento.
1. Ángulo máximo de aceptación.
Si el ángulo de incidencia 1 es
grande (rayo - - de la fig. 2) la luz
llegará a un punto como el P de la
superficie que separa a la fibra de su
recubrimiento con un ángulo 2
pequeño, menor que el ángulo límite
L y el rayo se escaparía de la fibra. Al
disminuir 1 aumenta 2 hasta que

para un cierto valor m del ángulo de
incidencia es 2 = L (rayo - -), de
manera que todos los rayos que
incidieran con ángulos menores que
m (rayo - -) sufrirían reflexión total
y se propagarían por el interior de la
fibra.
En consecuencia m es el ángulo máximo de aceptación. Resumiendo esta idea:
Si 1 > m no hay reflexión total y no hay propagación.

Si 1 m hay reflexión total y propagación de la luz.
Sea n0 el índice del primer medio. Aplicando la ley de Snell al rayo - -:
n0.sen m = nf.sen m´
y como sen m´ = cos L por ser ambos ángulos complementarios:
y recordando que sen L = n´/ n, aplicada a este caso queda: sen L = nC / nf

y sustituyendo: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
de donde: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
expresión que permite calcular el ángulo máximo de aceptación de una fibra óptica que depende,
únicamente, de los índices de refracción del sistema.
Casos particulares:
a. Si el primer medio es aire (n0 = 1): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
b. Si, además, la fibra no está recubierta (n0 = nC = 1): . . . . . . . . . . (4)
y, en este caso, para garantizar que todos los rayos que incidan sobre la fibra se propagen en
su interior, cualesquiera que sea su ángulo de incidencia, debe ser m = 90o y el índice de la fibra
tendría que tener un valor:
2. Apertura numérica de una fibra óptica.
En la expresión (1) el producto n0.sen m recibe el nombre de apertura numérica de la fibra:
A.N. = n0.sen m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
Si el primer medio es el aire (n0 = 1), el máximo valor que puede tomar A.N. está condicionado
por el máximo valor que puede tomar el seno de un ángulo, que es la unidad cuando m = 90o ,
en cuyo caso la fibra aceptaría a todos los rayos que llegasen a ella. Si n0 > 1, A.N. puede tomar
valores mayores que la unidad.
3. Cálculo del número de reflexiones.
Por cada reflexión

que sufre, el rayo de luz
recorre un espacio 2y
(fig. 3) avanzando un
espacio 2x, por lo que el
número total de reflexiones
en el interior de la fibra
vendrá dado por la relación
entre la longitud s de la
fibra y lo que avanza en
una reflexión:
N = s / 2x . . . . (6)
y como: tg ' = ( / 2) / x 2x = / tg '
con lo que: N = (s.tg ') / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7)
siendo = diámetro de la fibra.

4. Cálculo del camino óptico.
El camino óptico recorrido por la luz por cada reflexión, de acuerdo con la nomenclatura
empleada en la fig. 3, es:
L1 = nf.2y
y el camino óptico al cabo de las N reflexiones que sufre la luz para recorrer toda la fibra es N
veces el camino óptico relativo a una reflexión:
L = N.L1 = N.nf.2y = (s / 2x).nf.2y = s.nf.y / x = s.nf /cos ´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8)
Según se ha visto en el punto 1, la fibra acepta a los rayos que inciden con ángulos
comprendidos entre 0 y m. A estos rayos les corresponde, respectivamente, un camino óptico
mínimo (para = 0) por no sufrir ninguna reflexión y máximo (para = m) por ser el que más
reflexiones sufre:
a. si =0 ´=0 cos ´ = 1
y según la expresión (8): Lmín = s.nf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)
b. si = m ´= ' = 90 -
m L cos ´ = sen L = nc / nf
y según (8): = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
5. Tiempo empleado en recorrer una fibra: dispersión temporal.
El camino óptico expresado en función del tiempo t que tarda la luz en recorrer un medio
es (pág. I. 3) L = c.t siendo c la velocidad de la luz en el vacío, por lo que, sustituyendo el valor
de L dado por la expresión (8), el tiempo empleado por un rayo de luz en recorrer una fibra es:
= = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11)
ε′
Para una misma longitud de onda, la velocidad con que se propagan los rayos de luz en
el interior de la fibra es la misma, independientemente del ángulo de incidencia. No obstante, el
rayo que tarda menos tiempo en recorrerla es el que incide normalmente ( = 0) por no sufrir
ninguna reflexión interna:
si = 0 ´=0 cos ´ = 1
y según (11): tR = s.nf / c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12)
El rayo que emplea más tiempo es el que incide con el ángulo máximo de aceptación m
por ser el que más reflexiones sufre en el interior de la fibra:
si = m ´= ' = 90 -
m L cos ´ = cos m´ = sen L = nc / nf
con lo que, según (11), el tiempo empleado por este rayo queda: = . . . . . . . (13)
La diferencia entre el tiempo empleado por el rayo "más lento" ( tL ) y el empleado por el
"más rápido" ( tR ) es la dispersión temporal :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14)
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ÍNDICE - 1
ÍNDICE
A
Abbe, número de (I - 1) Condición de acromatismo (XII - 3)

Abbe, invariante de (III - 5) Condición de Herschel (XI - 20)
Abbe, condición del seno de (XI - 19) Conoide de Sturm (XI - 22), (XI - 23)
Aberración cromática de aumento (XII - 2) Condición del seno de Abbe (XI - 19)
Aberración cromática longitudinal (XII - 1) Construcción gráfica de imágenes (VII - 8)
Aberración esférica en una lente delgada (XI - 7) Convenio de signos (III - 3)
Aberración esférica longitudinal (XI - 2) Córnea (III - 24)
Aberración esférica mínima (XI - 12) Corsé, Distorsión en (XI - 27)
Aberración esférica transversal (XI - 6) Cristalino (III - 24)
Aberraciones monocromáticas (XI - 1) Curvatura de campo (XI - 25)
Acomodación (III - 24)
Acromatismo, condición de (XII - 3) D
Acromatismo en prismas (V - 7)
Amplitud de acomodación (III - 24) Desplazamiento axial en láminas (V - 1)
Ángulo límite (II - 3) Desplazamiento transversal en láminas (V - 2)
Ángulo límite, determinación gráfica (VIII - 4) Desviación en un prisma (V - 4)
Ángulo máximo de aceptación (VI - 1) Desviación mínima en prismas (V - 4)
Anti-imágenes (III - 23) Diafragma de apertura (X - 2)
Apertura relativa (X - 21) Diafragma de campo (X - 6)
Apertura numérica de una fibra óptica (VI - 2) Dioptrio esférico (III - 4)
Aplanático (XI - 19) Dioptrio plano (III - 10)
Apocromático, sistema (XII - 3) Dispersión de la luz (I - 1, V - 5)
Aproximación de Gauss (III - 2) Dispersión de los planos principales (XII - 3)
Aproximación paraxial (III - 2) Dispersión temporal (VI - 3)
Asociación de lentes (III - 22) Distancia focal imagen de un sistema (VII - 10)
Astigmatismo (III - 27), (XI - 21) Distancia focal objeto de un sistema (VII - 12)
Aumento angular: cálculo matricial (IX - 8) Distancias focales de un dioptrio (III - 5)
Aumento angular en un sistema (VII - 7) Distancias focales de un sistema (VII - 4)
Aumento axial en el dioptrio plano (III - 12) Distancias focales de una lente (III - 15)
Aumento axial en un sistema (VII - 8) Distorsión (XI - 26)
Aumento lateral: cálculo matricial (IX - 8) Distorsión en barril (XI - 27)
Aumento lateral en el dioptrio esférico (III - 10) Distorsión en corsé (XI - 27)
Aumento lateral en espejos esféricos (IV - 3)
Aumento lateral en lentes delgadas (III - 22) E
Aumento lateral en sistemas (VII - 5), (VII - 7)
Aumentos, relación entre los (VII - 8) Emétrope, Ojo (III - 24)
Espejismo (III - 11)
B Espejo equivalente (VII - 16)
Espejos cóncavos (IV - 2)
Barril, Distorsión en (XI - 26) Espejos convexos (IV - 3)
Espejos esféricos (IV - 1)
C Espejos planos (IV - 3)
Estigmáticos, Sistemas (III - 1)
Camino óptico (I - 3)
Campo, limitación correcta del (X - 21) F
Campo angular (X - 14)
Campo aparente (X - 20) Factor de forma (XI - 8)
Campo de contorno (X - 21) Factor de posición (XI - 9)
Campo imagen (X - 10) Fermat, Principio de (I - 4)
Campo objeto (X - 7) Fibras ópticas (VI - 1)
Campo real (X - 20) Focal sagital (XI - 22)
Catarata (III - 27) Focal tangencial (XI - 22)
Centro óptico de un sistema (VII - 4) Foco imagen de un sistema (VII - 11)
Centro óptico de una lente delgada (III - 19) Foco objeto de un sistema (VII - 13)
Círculo comático (XI - 15) Focos de un dioptrio (III - 5)
Círculo de mínima confusión (XI - 22), (XII - 1) Formación de imágenes en dioptrios (III - 8)
Coma (XI - 15) Formación de imágenes en lentes (III - 17)
Coma sagital (XI - 17) Fórmula de Gauss (III - 4)
Coma tangencial (XI - 17) Fórmula de Newton (VII - 5)
ÍNDICE - 2
G Planos principales de una lente delgada (VII - 4)

Planos principales de una lente gruesa (VII - 2)
Gauss, Aproximación de (III - 2) Poder dispersivo (I - 1)
Gauss, Fórmula de (III - 4) Posición de la imagen en dioptrios (III - 4)
Posición de la imagen en lentes (III - 13)
H Potencia de un dioptrio esférico (III - 6)
Potencia de un prisma delgado (V - 6)
Potencia de un sistema (VII - 8), (VII - 13)
Helmholtz, Invariante de (VII - 5)
Potencia de una lente (III - 16)
Herschel, Condición de (XI - 20)
Presbicia (III - 26)
Hipermetropía (III - 26)
Prisma de Porro (V - 9)
Prisma óptico (V - 3)
I Prisma óptico: trazado de rayos (VIII - 5)
Prismas acromáticos (V - 7)
Imagen real (III - 1) Prismas de visión directa (V - 8)
Imagen virtual (III - 1) Prismas delgados (V - 6)
Imágenes en sistemas (VII - 8) Punto próximo (III - 24)
Índice de refracción (I - 1) Punto remoto (III - 24)
Invariante de Abbe (III - 5) Puntos conjugados (III - 1)
Invariante de Helmholtz (VII - 5) Puntos nodales (VII - 4), (VII - 6)
Iris (III - 24) Puntos principales (VII - 1)
Pupila de entrada (X - 2)
L Pupila de salida (X - 2)
Lámina equivalente (V - 9) R
Láminas plano-paralelas (V - 1)
Lente gruesa: trazado de rayos (VIII - 6) Rayo auxiliar (III - 9), (III - 18), (VII - 9)
Lentes convergentes (III - 17) Rayos marginales (X - 5)
Lentes delgadas (III - 13) Rayos paraxiales (III - 2)
Lentes divergentes (III - 18) Rayos principales (X - 5)
Limitación correcta del campo (X - 21) Reflexión de la luz (II - 1)
Lucarna de entrada (X - 6) Reflexión de la luz: método gráfico (VIII - 5)
Lucarna de salida (X - 6) Reflexión total (II - 3)
Lupa (III - 17) Refracción de la luz (II - 2)
Refracción de la luz: método gráfico (VIII - 1)
M Retina (III - 24)
Matriz asociada a dos puntos conjugados (IX - 6) S

Matriz de una lente (IX - 4)
Matriz reflexión (IX - 4) Sagital, Plano (XI - 21)
Matriz refracción (IX - 2), (IX - 11) Sistema acromático (XII - 3)
Matriz traslación (IX - 1) Sistema apocromático (XII - 3)
Microscopio simple (III - 17) Sistemas afocales (VII - 15)
Miopía (III - 25) Sistemas aplanáticos (XI - 19)
Sistemas estigmáticos (III - 1)
N Sistemas ortoscópicos (XI - 26), (XI - 28)
Snell, Ley de (II - 3)
Newton, Fórmula de (VII - 5) Sturm, Conoide de (XI - 22)
Número de Abbe (I - 1) Superficie de Petzval (XI - 25)
O T
Objetos virtuales (III - 20) Tangencial, Plano (XI - 21)
Ojo humano (III - 24) Teoría de tercer orden (XI - 1)
Ortoscopia (XI - 26) Trazado de rayos en dioptrios (III - 9)
Ortoscópicos, Sistemas (XI - 28)
V
P
Viñeteado (X - 8), (X - 21)
Paraxiales, Rayos (III - 2) Vista cansada (III - 26)
Pentaprisma (V - 10)
Petzval, Superficie de (XI - 25) W
Plano principal imagen (VII - 11)
Plano principal objeto (VII - 12) Weierstrass, Puntos de (XI - 5), (XI - 10)
Planos principales (VII - 1)

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Título: MANUAL DE ÓPTICA GEOMÉTRICA

©AUTOR: Julio V. SANTOS BENITO

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