Ejercicios Metálicas Flexión y Cortante

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F-1
capítulo F
El cálculo de elementos de flexión
INTRODUCCIÓN
Este capítulo contiene disposiciones Especificación para el cálculo de la resistencia a la flexión de los miembros
sujetos a flexión simple alrededor de un eje principal. Se incluyen disposiciones específicas para los miembros en
forma de I, canales, HSS, secciones de caja, de camisetas, ángulos dobles, ángulos individuales, barras rectangulares,
redondos y formas asimétricas. También se incluye una sección con los requisitos para la dosificación de vigas y
viguetas.
Hay mesas de selección en el Manual de AISC para vigas estándar en los límites de elasticidad comúnmente
disponibles. Las tablas de propiedades de sección para la mayoría de las secciones transversales proporcionan
información que puede ser utilizada para identificar convenientemente secciones de elementos no compactos y
delgados. LRFD y ASD información se presenta de lado a lado.
La mayoría de las fórmulas de este capítulo se ilustran mediante los ejemplos siguientes. Las técnicas de diseño y
selección ilustrados en los ejemplos, tanto para LRFD y ASD resultará en diseños similares.
F1. PROVISIONES GENERALES
Selección y evaluación de todos los miembros se basa en los requisitos de deflexión y fuerza, que se determina como
la resistencia de diseño a la flexión, bMn, o la resistencia a la flexión admisible, Mn / b,
dónde
Mn= La resistencia a la flexión nominal más bajo basado en el límite de los estados de rendimiento, lateral torsional-
pandeo y pandeo local, en su caso


Este enfoque de diseño es seguido en todos los ejemplos.
El término Lb se utiliza en este capítulo para describir la longitud entre los puntos que se apoyan ya sea contra el
desplazamiento lateral de la brida de compresión o apoyado contra torsión de la sección transversal. Requisitos para
los sistemas y la resistencia requerida y la rigidez en los puntos de tirantes de arriostramiento se dan en la
Especificación AISC Apéndice 6.
El uso de Cb se ilustra en varios de los ejemplos siguientes. Manual AISC Tabla 3-1 proporciona tabulados Cb
valores para algunas situaciones comunes.
F2. DOBLEMENTE SIMÉTRICA COMPACT en forma de I MIEMBROS Y CANALES DE DOBLADO

sobre su eje mayor
AISC Especificación Sección F2 se aplica al diseño de vigas compactas y canales. Como se indica en la Nota de
usuario en la sección F2 de la Especificación AISC, la gran mayoría de laminados vigas y canales en forma de I entran
en esta categoría. La curva presenta como una línea sólida en la Figura F-1 es un gráfico genérico de la resistencia a
la flexión nominal, Mn, como una función de la longitud no soportada, Lb. El segmento horizontal de la curva en el
extremo izquierdo, entre Lb = 0 ft y Lp, es el rango en el que la fuerza está limitada por produciendo la flexión. En
esta región, la resistencia nominal se toma como la fuerza momento plástico de la sección dada por AISC
Especificación Ecuación F2.1. En el rango de la curva en el extremo derecho, a partir de Lr, la fuerza está limitada
por pandeo elástico. La fuerza en esta región está dada por AISC Especificación Ecuación F2-3. Entre estas regiones,
dentro de la región lineal de la curva entre Mn = Mp en Lp a la izquierda, y Mn = 0.7My = 0.7FySx en Lr a la derecha,
la fuerza está limitada por pandeo inelástico. La fuerza en esta región se proporciona en AISC Especificación Ecuación
F2-2.
La curva trazada como una línea continua gruesa representa el caso en que Cb = 1,0, mientras que la línea gruesa
discontinua representa el caso en el que Cb excede 1,0. Las resistencias nominales calculados en tanto AISC
Especificación Ecuaciones F2-2 y F2-3 son linealmente proporcional a Cb, pero se limitan a Mp como se muestra en
la figura.
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F-2
Fig. F-1. resistencia a la flexión nominal frente a longitud no

soportada.
(Spec. Eq. F2.1)
(Spec. Eq. F2-2)



(Spec. Eq. F2-3)
dónde
(Spec. Eq. F2-4)
Las disposiciones de esta sección se ilustran en el Ejemplo F.1 (haz en forma de W) y el Ejemplo F.2 (canal).
disposiciones de diseño inelásticos se dan en la Especificación AISC Apéndice 1. LPD, la longitud máxima no
soportada para segmentos miembro prismáticas que contienen bisagras de plástico es menor que Lp.
F3. MIEMBROS CON COMPACT WEBS Y no compacta OR DELGADA alas plegadas DOBLEMENTE
SYMMETRIC en forma de I sobre su eje mayor
La fuerza de formas diseñadas de acuerdo con esta sección está limitada por pandeo local de la brida de compresión.
Sólo unas pocas formas de ancho-brida estándar tienen bridas no compactos. Por estas secciones, la reducción de la
resistencia para el acero ksi Fy = 50 varía. Los porcentajes aproximados de Mp alrededor del eje fuerte que se pueden
desarrollar por los miembros no compactas cuando se preparó de tal manera que Lb Lp se muestran como sigue:
W2148 = 99% W1499 = 99% W1490 = 97% W1265 = 98%

W1012 = 99% W831 = 99% W810 = 99% W615 = 94%
W68.5 = 97%
La curva de fuerza para la brida local de estado límite de pandeo, que se muestra en la Figura F-2, es de naturaleza
similar a la de la curva de pandeo lateral. El parámetro de eje horizontal es  = bf / 2tf. La parte plana de la curva a la
izquierda de  pf es la fuerza de plástico produciendo, Mp. La porción curvada a la derecha de  rf es la fuerza limitada
por elástica
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F-3
pandeo de la brida. La transición lineal entre estas dos regiones es la fuerza limitada por pandeo brida inelástica.
Fig. F-2. La brida resistencia al pandeo local.
(S
Donde p
4
kc y no se tendrán menos de 0,35 ni mayor que 0,76 para los propósitos de cálculo.
h/tw
Las reducciones de resistencia debido a la brida pandeo local de las pocas formas estándar laminado con bridas no
compactas se incorporan en las tablas de diseño en la parte 3 y la parte 6 del AISC Manual.
No hay miembros estándar en forma de I con bridas delgadas. Las disposiciones de la brida no compactas de esta sección
se ilustran en el Ejemplo F.3.
F4. OTROS elementos en forma de I con compactos o no compactos WEBS DOBLADO sobre su eje mayor
Esta sección de la especificación AISC aplica a los miembros en forma de I doblemente simétricas con telas no
compactas y miembros en forma de I individualmente simétricas (aquellos que tienen diferentes bridas) con bandas
compactos o no compactos.
F5. DOBLEMENTE simétrica y simplemente simétricas MIEMBROS CON DELGADA WEBS DOBLADO
en forma de I sobre su eje mayor
Esta sección se aplica a los miembros doblemente simétricas y de forma simple simétricas en forma de I con bandas
delgadas, designados anteriormente como “vigas de placa”.
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F-4
F6. En forma de I MIEMBROS Y CANALES DE DOBLADO sobre su eje menor
I-en forma de miembros y canales doblados alrededor de su eje menor no están sujetas a pandeo lateral. formas
edificadas con bridas no compactas o esbeltas laminado o, como se determina por la especificación AISC Tabla B4.1b,
debe ser comprobado para la fuerza basada en el estado límite de brida pandeo local usando las Ecuaciones F6-2 o F6-
3 según corresponda.
La gran mayoría de las formas W, M, C y MC tienen bridas compactas, y por lo tanto se puede desarrollar el momento
plástico, Pf, alrededor del eje menor. Las disposiciones de esta sección se ilustran en el Ejemplo F.5.
F7. Cuadradas y rectangulares y secciones más HSS
Cuadradas y rectangulares necesidad HSS a ser revisadas para los estados límites de rendimiento, y el ala y el alma
pandeo local. pandeo lateral también es posible que las secciones de HSS o caja rectangular dobladas alrededor del
eje fuerte; Sin embargo, como se indica en la Nota de usuario en AISC Especificación Sección F7, deflexión por lo
general controlar el diseño antes de que haya una reducción significativa en resistencia a la flexión debido a pandeo
lateral.
Las tablas de diseño y de la sección de propiedad en el Manual AISC se calcularon usando un espesor de pared de
diseño de 93% del espesor nominal de la pared (véase Especificación AISC Sección B4.2). disminuciones de la fuerza
debido a pandeo local han tenido en cuenta en las tablas de diseño Manual AISC. La selección de un HSS cuadrado
con bridas compactas se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.6. Las disposiciones para un HSS rectangular con bridas no compactas
se ilustra en el Ejemplo
F.7. Las disposiciones para un HSS cuadrado con bridas delgadas se ilustran en el Ejemplo F.8. Disponible resistencias
a la flexión de HSS rectangular y cuadrada se enumeran en las Tablas 3-12 y 3-13, respectivamente. Si los miembros
de FSS se especifican utilizando A1065 ASTM o material A1085 ASTM, el espesor de pared de diseño puede tomarse
igual al espesor de pared nominal.
F8. REDONDO HSS
La definición de HSS abarca tanto los productos de tubos y tuberías. El estado límite de pandeo lateral no se aplica,
pero ronda HSS están sujetos a reducciones de resistencia de pandeo local. fortalezas disponibles de todo el HSS y
tuberías se indica en el manual AISC Tablas 3-14 y 3-15, respectivamente. Las propiedades tabulados y resistencias a
la flexión disponibles de estas formas en el Manual AISC se calculan usando un espesor de pared de diseño de 93%
del espesor de pared nominal. El diseño de un tubo se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.9. Si los miembros de FSS redondas se
especifican utilizando material de A1085 ASTM, el espesor de pared de diseño puede tomarse igual al espesor de
pared nominal.
F9. TEES y dobles ángulos cargados en el plano de simetría
La Especificación AISC proporciona una comprobación de brida pandeo local, que se aplica sólo cuando una brida no
compacto o delgado está en compresión debido a la flexión. Este estado límite rara vez gobernar. Se añadió una cheque
por pandeo local de la T del vástago en la compresión de la flexión en la edición de 2010 de la especificación. Las
disposiciones se ampliaron para incluir el pandeo local de las piernas web de doble ángulo en compresión a la flexión
en la edición de 2016. Se debe prestar atención para poner fin a condiciones de tees para evitar inadvertidas momentos
de empotramiento que inducen la compresión en la web a menos que se comprueba este estado límite. El diseño de un
WT-forma en flexión se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.10.
F10. SOLO ÁNGULOS
Sección F10 de la Especificación AISC permite el diseño a la flexión de ángulos simples utilizando cualquiera de los
ejes principales o ejes geométricos (X e Y ejes). En el diseño de ángulos simples y sin refuerzo continuo utilizando
las especificaciones de diseño de los ejes geométricos, Mi se debe multiplicar por 0,80 para su uso en las Ecuaciones
F10-1, F10-2 y F10-3. El diseño de un solo ángulo en flexión se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.11.
F11. BARRAS Y RONDAS RECTANGULAR
El Manual AISC no incluye tablas de diseño para estas formas. El estado límite de pandeo local no se aplica a las
barras. Con la excepción de barras rectangulares dobladas alrededor del eje fuerte, cuadrado sólido, barras
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rectangulares y circulares no están sujetas a pandeo lateral y se rigen por el estado límite produciendo solamente.
barras rectangulares dobladas
alrededor del eje de fuertes están sujetos a pandeo lateral y se comprueban para este estado límite con las ecuaciones
F11- 2 y F11-3, según corresponda.
Estas disposiciones se pueden utilizar para comprobar placas y napa de tees en conexiones. Un ejemplo de diseño de
una barra rectangular en flexión se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.12. Un ejemplo de diseño de una barra redonda en flexión
se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.13.
F12. FORMAS asimétrica
Debido a la amplia gama de posibles secciones transversales asimétricas, disposiciones específicas de pandeo-laterales
de torsión y locales no se proporcionan en esta sección de la especificación. Se proporciona una plantilla general, pero
se requiere investigación literatura apropiada y el juicio de ingeniería para la aplicación de esta sección. Un ejemplo
de diseño de una sección en forma Z- en la flexión se ilustra en el Ejemplo F.14.
F13. Proporciones de las vigas y vigas
Esta sección de la especificación incluye una comprobación de estado límite de rotura a la tracción debido a agujeros
en la brida de la tensión de las vigas, la dosificación de los límites para los miembros en forma de I, requisitos de
detalle para las placas de cubierta y los requisitos de conexión para urbanizada vigas de lado a lado conectado .
También se incluyen los requisitos de longitud sin soporte lateral para vigas diseñadas usando las disposiciones
momento de redistribución de Especificación AISC Sección B3.3.
Ejemplo F.1-1A W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR eje de flexión, de forma continua
arriostrados
Dado:
Seleccionar un haz en forma de W para el tramo y cargas muertas y vivas uniformes tal como se muestra en la Figura
F.1-1A. Limitar el miembro a una profundidad nominal máximo de 18 en. Limitar la flexión bajo carga en vivo a
L/360. La viga está simplemente apoyada y se preparó continuamente. El haz es de material A992 ASTM.
Fig. F.1-1A. Beam carga y diagrama de arriostramiento.

Solución:
De Manual AISC Tabla 2-4, las propiedades del material son las siguientes:
A992 ASTM
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
Desde el capítulo 2 de la ASCE / SEI 7, la resistencia a la flexión requerida es:

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Momento de inercia requerido para la carga viva Desviación Criterio de L / 360
Selección de haz
Seleccione un W1850 desde Manual AISC Tabla 3-3.
Okay
Por la Nota usuario Especificación AISC en la sección F2, la sección es compacto. Debido a que el haz se preparó y
compacto de forma continua, sólo se aplica el estado límite de rendimiento.
De Manual AISC Tabla 3-2, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

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Ejemplo F.1-1B W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR eje de flexión, de forma continua
arriostrados
Dado:
Verificar la resistencia a la flexión disponible de la ASTM A992 W18 50 haz seleccionado en el Ejemplo F.1-1A
aplicando directamente los requisitos de la especificación AISC.
Solución:
De Manual AISC Tabla 2-4, las propiedades del material son las
siguientes: A992 ASTM

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
De Manual AISC Tabla 1-1, las propiedades geométricas son las siguientes:
W1850
Zx= 101 in.3
La resistencia a la flexión necesaria del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:
Resistencia a la flexión nominal
Por la Nota usuario Especificación AISC en la sección F2, la sección es compacto. Debido a que el haz se preparó y
compacto de forma continua, sólo se aplica el estado límite de rendimiento.
Disponible Resistencia a la flexión
De Especificación AISC Sección F1, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

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F-8
Ejemplo F.1-2A W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR eje de flexión, los puntos se preparó
en tercera
Dado:
Usa los AISC tablas Manual para verificar la resistencia a la flexión disponible del tamaño del haz W18 50
seleccionado en el Ejemplo F.1-1A para el tramo y cargas muertas y vivas uniformes tal como se muestra en la Figura
F.1-2A. La viga está simplemente apoyada y se preparó en los extremos y los terceros puntos. El haz es de material
A992 ASTM.
Solución:
La resistencia a la flexión requerido en el tramo medio del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:
Longitud no arriostrada
Por inspección, el segmento medio gobernará. De Manual AISC la Tabla 3-1, para una viga cargada uniformemente
arriostradas en los extremos y los terceros puntos, Cb = 1,01 en el segmento medio. Conservadora descuidar este
pequeño ajuste en este caso.
Introduzca Manual AISC Tabla 3-10 y encontrar la intersección de la curva para la W18x50 con una longitud no soportada
de
11.7 pies. Obtener la resistencia a disposición de la escala vertical apropiada a la izquierda.
De Manual AISC Tabla 3-10, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

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Ejemplo F.1-2B W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR eje de flexión, los puntos se preparó
en tercera
Dado:
Verificar la resistencia a la flexión disponible del haz W18 50 seleccionado en el Ejemplo F.1-1A con el haz
arriostradas en los extremos y los terceros puntos aplicando directamente los requisitos de la especificación AISC. El
haz es de material A992 ASTM.
Solución:
De Manual AISC Tabla 2-4, las propiedades del material son las siguientes:
A992 ASTM
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
De Manual AISC Tabla 1-1, las propiedades geométricas son las siguientes:
W1850
ry= 1,65 in.
Sx = 88,9 in.3
J = 1,24 in4
rts= 1,98 en.
ho= 17.4 in.
La resistencia a la flexión necesaria del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:
Resistencia a la flexión nominal
Calcular Cb. Para el estado límite de pandeo lateral, el factor de modificación de momento no uniforme se puede
calcular utilizando AISC Especificación Ecuación F1-1. Para el segmento central de la viga, los momentos requeridos
para AISC Especificación Ecuación F1-1 pueden calcularse como un porcentaje del momento midspan máxima como:
Mmax = 1,00, MA = 0,972, MB = 1,00, y MC = 0,972.
Para los segmentos de viga de tramo final, los

momentos requeridos para AISC Especificación
Ecuación F1-1 pueden calcularse como un porcentaje
del momento midspan máxima como: Mmax =
0,889, MA = 0,306, MB = 0,556, y MC = 0,750.
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De este modo, el tramo central, con la mayor resistencia requerida y menor Cb, gobernará. La limitación de la longitud no
soportada lateralmente para el estado límite de ceder es decir:
La longitud no soportada limitante para el estado límite de inelástica pandeo lateral, con c = 1 de AISC
Especificación Ecuación F2-8a para los miembros doblemente simétricas en forma de I, es:
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F-11

Para un haz compacto con una longitud no soportada de la Lp Lb Lr, el menor de o bien el estado límite de
rendimiento de flexión o de los controles del estado límite de pandeo lateral de la fuerza nominal inelástica.
De Especificación AISC Sección F1, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:
Ejemplo F.1-3A W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR eje de flexión, se preparó AT
MIDSPAN
Dado:
Usa los AISC tablas Manual para verificar la resistencia a la flexión disponible del tamaño del haz W18 50
seleccionado en el Ejemplo F.1-1A para el tramo y cargas muertas y vivas uniformes tal como se muestra en la Figura
F.1-3A. La viga está simplemente apoyada y se preparó en los extremos y el punto medio. El haz es de material A992
ASTM.

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Solución:
La resistencia a la flexión requerido en el tramo medio del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:
Longitud no arriostrada
35 ft
Lb
2
ft
De Manual AISC la Tabla 3-1, para una viga cargada uniformemente arriostradas en los extremos y en el punto
central, Cb = 1,30. Hay varias maneras de hacer ajustes al Manual AISC Tabla 3-10 para dar cuenta de Cb superior
a 1,0.
Procedimiento A
momentos disponibles desde las porciones inclinadas y curvadas de las parcelas de Manual AISC Tabla 3-10
pueden ser multiplicados por Cb, pero no puede exceder el valor de la porción horizontal ( Mp para LRFD, Mp /
para ASD).
Obtener la fuerza disponible de un W18x50 con una longitud no soportada de 17,5 ft desde Manual AISC Tabla 3-10.
Introduzca Manual AISC Tabla 3-10 y encontrar la intersección de la curva para la W18 50 con una longitud no soportada
de
17,5 pies. Obtener la resistencia a disposición de la escala vertical apropiada a la izquierda.
procedimiento B
Para la selección preliminar, la fuerza requerida se puede dividir por Cb y directamente en comparación con las
fortalezas en el Manual AISC Tabla 3-10. Miembros seleccionados de esta manera deben ser evaluados para verificar
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F-13
que la resistencia requerida no sea superior a la fuerza momento plástico disponibles de la sección.
Calcular la resistencia requerida ajustado.
Obtener la fuerza disponible para un W18x50 con una longitud no soportada de 17,5 ft desde Manual AISC Tabla 3-10.
Ejemplo F.1-3B W-SHAPE a flexión del elemento DISEÑO EN MAJOR-eje de flexión, se preparó AT
MIDSPAN
Dado:
Verify the available flexural strength of the W18 50 beam selected in Example F.1-1A with the beam braced at
the ends and center point by directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification. The beam is ASTM
A992 material.
Solution:
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
From AISC Manual Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows:
W1850
rts= 1.98 in.
Sx = 88.9 in.3
J = 1.24 in.4
ho= 17.4 in.
The required flexural strength from Example F.1-1A is:
Nominal Flexural Strength
Calculate Cb. The required moments for AISC Specification Equation F1-1 can be calculated as a percentage of the
maximum midspan moment as: Mmax = 1.00, MA = 0.438, MB = 0.750, and MC = 0.938.

Cb  (Spec. Eq. F1-1)
2.5Mmax 3MA 4MB 3MC
1.00

2.51.000.4380.7500.938

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From AISC Manual Table 3-2:
Lp= 5.83 ft
Lr= 16.9 ft
From Example F.1-3A:
Lb = 17.5 ft
For a compact beam with an unbraced length Lb > Lr, the limit state of elastic lateral-torsional buckling applies.
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Calculate Fcr, where c = 1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shapes.
Cb  
Fcr  Jc 
b
(Spec. Eq. F2-4)
1  
2
0.078 Sx ho ts 

 
 ts 
1.30 229,000 ksi 
1.24 in.4 1.0 17.5ft 12in./ft   2
 2 

1 0.078  1.98 in. 
 
 1.98 in. 

Mp
Mn (Spec. Eq. F2-3)

 



Available Flexural Strength
From AISC Specification Section F1, the available flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
 
320 kip-ft  Mn 320 kip-ft


  1.67
 o.k.
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F-16
EXAMPLE F.2-1A COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a channel to serve as a roof edge beam for span and uniform dead and live loads
as shown in Figure F.2-1A. The beam is simply supported and continuously braced. Limit the live load deflection to
L/360. The channel is ASTM A36 material.
Fig. F.2-1A. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
wu0.23 kip/ft 0.69 kip/ft  wa
 
From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1: From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1:
w L2 wa L2
M u Ma
u
8 8
1.38 kip/ft25 ft 
2 0.920 kip/ft25 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Beam Selection
Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 channels are compact. Because the beam is
compact and continuously braced, the yielding limit state governs and Mn = Mp. Try C15 33.9 from AISC Manual
Table 3-8.
LRFD ASD
 Mn

  
 o.k.
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F-17
Live Load Deflection
Limit the live load deflection at the center of the beam to L/360.
L
max 
360



  360

For C15 33.9, Ix = 315 in.4 from AISC Manual Table 1-
5. The maximum calculated deflection is:

(from AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1)
5wL L4
 max 
384EI
50.69 kip/ft 25 ft 12 in./ft
4 3

384 
 o.k.

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F-18
EXAMPLE F.2-1B COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED
Given:
Verify the available flexural strength of the C15 33.9 beam selected in Example F.2-1A by directly applying the
requirements of the AISC Specification. The channel is ASTM A36 material.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
C1533.9
Zx= 50.8 in.3
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 C- and MC-shapes are compact.
A channel that is continuously braced and compact is governed by the yielding limit state.
Mn (Spec. Eq. F2-1)
 

LRFD ASD
 
152 kip-ft  Mn 152 kip-ft


  1.67
 o.k.
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F-19
EXAMPLE F.2-2A COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS AND
FIFTH POINTS
Given:
Use the AISC Manual tables to verify the available flexural strength of the C15 33.9 beam selected in Example F.2-
1A for span and uniform dead and live loads as shown in Figure F.2-2A. The beam is simply supported and braced at
the ends and fifth points. The channel is ASTM A36 material.
Fig. F.2-2A. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
The center segment will govern by inspection.
The required flexural strength at midspan from Example F.2-1A is:
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
From AISC Manual Table 3-1, with an almost uniform moment across the center segment, Cb = 1.00; therefore, no
adjustment is required.
Unbraced Length
25 ft
Lb 
5

Obtain the strength of the C15 33.9 with an unbraced length of 5.00 ft from AISC Manual Table 3-11.
Enter AISC Manual Table 3-11 and find the intersection of the curve for the C15 33.9 with an unbraced length of
5.00 ft. Obtain the available strength from the appropriate vertical scale to the left.
LRFD ASD
Mn
 

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F-20
EXAMPLE F.2-2B COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS AND
FIFTH POINTS
Given:
Verify the results from Example F.2-2A by directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
C1533.9
Sx= 42.0 in.3
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 C- and MC-shapes are compact.
From AISC Manual Table 3-1, for the center segment of a uniformly loaded beam braced at the ends and the fifth
points:
Cb= 1.00
From AISC Manual Table 3-8, for a C1533.9:
Lp= 3.75 ft
Lr= 14.5 ft
From Example F2.2A:
Lb= 5.00 ft
For a compact channel with Lp < Lb ≤ Lr, the lesser of the flexural yielding limit state or the inelastic lateral-
torsional buckling limit state controls the available flexural strength.
The nominal flexural strength based on the flexural yielding limit state, from Example F.2-1B, is:
Mn

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F-21
The nominal flexural strength based on the lateral-torsional buckling limit state is:
  Lb Lp 
M
n Cb Mp  M p    (Spec. Eq. F2-2)
L
  r  
p 
  3 
 
  
  
=1,740 kip-in. 1,830 kip-
in.
=1,740 kip-in. or 145 kip-ft
LRFD ASD
 
145 kip-ft  Mn 145 kip-ft


 o.k.  1.67
 o.k.
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F-22
EXAMPLE F.3A W-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES IN MAJOR

AXIS BENDING
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a W-shape beam for span, uniform dead load, and concentrated live loads as
shown in Figure F.3A. The beam is simply supported and continuously braced. Also calculate the deflection. The
beam is ASTM A992 material.
Fig. F.3A. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Note: A beam with noncompact flanges will be selected to demonstrate that the tabulated values of the AISC
Manual account for flange compactness.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength at midspan is:
LRFD ASD
wu0.05 kip/ft  wa

Pu18 kips Pa


From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Cases 1 and 9: From AISC Manual Table 3-23, Cases 1 and 9:
wu L2 wa L2
Mu  Ma 
8 8
0.0600 kip/ft40ft2 40 ft  0.05 kip/ft40ft2 40 ft 
 28.8 kips    18 kips  
8 3  8 3 
 
Beam Selection
For a continuously braced W-shape, the available flexural strength equals the available plastic flexural strength.
TOC Back
F-23
Select the lightest section providing the required strength from the bold entries in AISC Manual Table 3-2.
Try a W21 48.
This beam has a noncompact compression flange at Fy = 50 ksi as indicated by footnote “f” in AISC Manual Table
3-2. This shape is also footnoted in AISC Manual Table 1-1.
From AISC Manual Table 3-2, the available flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
 Mn
px
  

Note: The value Mpx in AISC Manual Table 3-2 includes the strength reductions due to the shape being noncompact.
Deflection
From AISC Manual Table 1-1:
Ix= 959 in.4
The maximum deflection occurs at the center of the beam.
5wDL4 23PLL3
max  384EI  648EI (AISC Manual Table 3-23, Cases 1 and 9)
50.05 kip/ft 40 ft  12 2318 kips40 ft 12

4 3
 
 in./ft 64829,000
3
in./ft 38429,000 ksi
3
959
in.4   
ksi 959 in.4


This deflection can be compared with the appropriate deflection limit for the application. Deflection will often be
more critical than strength in beam design.
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F-24
EXAMPLE F.3B W-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES IN MAJOR

AXIS BENDING
Given:
Verify the results from Example F.3A by directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
W2148
Sx = 93.0 in.3
Zx = 107 in.3
bf
= 9.47
2t f
The required flexural strength from Example F.3A is:
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
Flange Slenderness
f

2t f

The limiting width-to-thickness ratios for the compression flange are:
pf  (Spec. Table B4.1b, Case 10)

Fy
29,000 ksi

50 ksi

rf  (Spec. Table B4.1b, Case 10)

Fy
29,000 ksi

50 ksi



TOC Back
F-25
Because the beam is continuously braced, and therefore not subject to lateral-torsional buckling, the available
strength is based on the limit state of compression flange local buckling. From AISC Specification Section F3.2:
M p  (Spec. Eq. F2-1)

 



M   M 
  pf  
 (Spec. Eq. F3-1)
n  p p y x   


 rf 
pf 

 3 

 
 




LRFD ASD
 
442 kip-ft  Mn 442 kip-ft


 1.67

 o.k.
Note that these available strengths are identical to the tabulated values in AISC Manual Table 3-2, as shown in
Example F.3A, which account for the noncompact flange.
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F-26
EXAMPLE F.4 W-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER, SELECTION BY MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR

MAJOR AXIS BENDING
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a W-shape using the moment of inertia required to limit the live load
deflection to 1.00 in. for span and uniform dead and live loads as shown in Figure F.4. The beam is simply supported
and continuously braced. The beam is ASTM A992 material.
Fig. F.4. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.8 kip/ft 2 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
 4.16 kip/ft30 ft 
2 2.80 kip/ft30 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Minimum Required Moment of Inertia
The maximum live load deflection, max, occurs at midspan and is calculated as:
5wLL4
max  384EI (AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1)
Rearranging and substituting max = 1.00 in.,

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F-27
5wL L4
Imin 
384E m
 ax
 52 kip/ft30 ft4 12 in./ft 3
38429, 000 ksi1.00 in.

Beam Selection
Select the lightest section with the required moment of inertia from the bold entries in AISC Manual Table 3-3.
Try a W24 55.
Ix= 1,350 in.4 > 1,260 in.4 o.k.
Because the W24 55 is continuously braced and compact, its strength is governed by the yielding limit state and
AISC Specification Section F2.1.
LRFD ASD
 Mn
px
  

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F-28
EXAMPLE F.5 I-SHAPED FLEXURAL MEMBER IN MINOR AXIS BENDING
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a W-shape beam loaded on its minor axis for span and uniform dead and live
loads as shown in Figure F.5. Limit the live load deflection to L/240. The beam is simply supported and braced only
at the ends. The beam is ASTM A992 material.
Note: Although not a common design case, this example is being used to illustrate AISC Specification Section F6 (I-
shaped members and channels bent about their minor axis).
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.667 kip/ft 2 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
4.00 kip/ft15 ft 2 2.67 kip/ft 15 ft 2
 
8 8
 
The maximum live load deflection permitted is:
L
max 
240


in./ft
 240

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F-29

5wL L4
I y,reqd (modified AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1)
384E
 max
 5 2 kip/ft 15ft412 in./ft3
38429, 000 ksi  0.750 in. 

Beam Selection
Select the lightest section from the bold entries in AISC Manual Table 3-5.
Try a W12 58.
W1258
Sy= 21.4 in.3
Zy= 32.5 in.3
Iy= 107 in.4 > 105 in.4 o.k. (for deflection requirement)
AISC Specification Section F6 applies. Because the W12 58 has compact flanges per the User Note in this Section,
the yielding limit state governs the design.
Mn (Spec. Eq. F6-1)





LRFD ASD
 
136 kip-ft  Mn 136 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-30
EXAMPLE F.6 SQUARE HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH COMPACT FLANGES
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a square HSS beam for span and uniform dead and live loads as shown in Figure
F.6. Limit the live load deflection to L/240. The beam is simply supported and continuously braced. The HSS is ASTM
A500 Grade C material.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade C, rectangular HSS

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.145 kip/ft 0.435 kip/ft wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u Ma
u
8 8
0.870 kip/ft7.5 ft 2 0.580 kip/ft7.5 ft 2
 
8 8
 
L
max 
240



  240

Determine the minimum required moment of inertia as follows.

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F-31
5wL L4
Ireq  (from AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1)
384E
 max
 5 0.435 kip/ft 7.5 ft 4 12 in./ft 3
384 29, 000 ksi0.375 in.

Beam Selection
Select an HSS with a minimum Ix of 2.85 in.4, using AISC Manual Table 1-12, and having adequate available
strength, using AISC Manual Table 3-13.
Try an HSS3232
From AISC Manual Table 1-12,
Ix o.k.
LRFD ASD
Mn
 

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F-32
EXAMPLE F.7A RECTANGULAR HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES
Given:
Using the AISC Manual tables, select a rectangular HSS beam for span and uniform dead and live loads as shown in
Figure F.7A. Limit the live load deflection to L/240. The beam is simply supported and braced at the end points only.
A noncompact member was selected here to illustrate the relative ease of selecting noncompact shapes from the AISC
Manual, as compared to designing a similar shape by applying the AISC Specification requirements directly, as shown
in Example F.7B. The HSS is ASTM A500 Grade C material.
Solution:

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.15 kip/ft 0.4 kip/ft wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u Ma
u
8 8
0.820 kip/ft21 ft 2 0.550 kip/ft21 ft 2
 
8 8
 
L
max 
240



  240

Determine the minimum required moment of inertia as follows:

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F-33
5wL L4 
Imin  (from AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1)
384E m
ax
5 0.4kip/ft 21ft 12in./ft
4 3

384000
ksi

Beam Selection
Select a rectangular HSS with a minimum Ix of 57.5 in.4, using AISC Manual Table 1-11, and having adequate
available strength, using AISC Manual Table 3-12.
Try an HSS10 6 x oriented in the strong direction. This rectangular HSS section was purposely selected for illustration
purposes because it has a noncompact flange. See AISC Manual Table 1-12A for compactness criteria.
Ix o.k.
LRFD ASD
Mn
 

Note: Because AISC Manual Table 3-12 does not account for lateral-torsional buckling, it needs to be checked using
AISC Specification Section F7.4.
As discussed in the User Note to AISC Specification Section F7.4, lateral-torsional buckling will not occur in square
sections or sections bending about their minor axis. In HSS sizes, deflection will often occur before there is a
significant reduction in flexural strength due to lateral-torsional buckling. See Example F.7B for the calculation
accounting for lateral-torsional buckling for the HSS10 6 x.
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F-34
EXAMPLE F.7B RECTANGULAR HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES
Given:
In Example F.7A the required information was easily determined by consulting the tables of the AISC Manual. The
purpose of the following calculation is to demonstrate the use of the AISC Specification to calculate the flexural
strength of an HSS member with a noncompact compression flange. The HSS is ASTM A500 Grade C material.
Solution:

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
HSS106x
Ag= 5.37 in.2
Zx = 18.0 in.3
Sx = 14.9 in.3
ry= 2.52 in.
J = 73.8 in.4
b/t = 31.5
h/t = 54.5
Flange Compactness
b

tf
b

t

From AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 17, the limiting width-to-thickness ratios for the flange are:

Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi


Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi


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F-35
Web Compactness

t

From AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 19, the limiting width-to-thickness ratio for the web is:

Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi



Flange Local Buckling
From AISC Specification Section F7.2(b), the limit state of flange local buckling applies for HSS with noncompact
flanges and compact webs.
M p  from Spec. Eq. F7-1






  M F S 3.57 
M  Fy  (Spec. Eq. F7-2)
 E
p  y
n p
 t  p
b  f 
ksi 
 50 ksi
29, 000 ksi

 
 
 


Yielding and Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Determine the limiting laterally unbraced lengths for the limit state of yielding and the limit state of inelastic lateral-
torsional buckling using AISC Specification Section F7.4.
Lb21 ft 12 in./ft 


JA
Lp (Spec. Eq. F7-12)
 gM
TOC Back
p F-36
73.8 in.45.37
29, 000 ksi2.52 in.
 kip-in.
900

TOC Back
F-37
L  JAg (Spec. Eq. F7-13)

r y
0.7FSy x


 
For the lateral-torsional buckling limit state, the lateral-torsional buckling modification factor can be calculated using
AISC Specification Equation F1-1. For the beam, the required moments for AISC Specification Equation F1-1 can be
calculated as a percentage of the maximum midspan moment as: Mmax = 1.00, MA = 0.750, MB = 1.00, and MC
= 0.750.

2.5Mmax 3MA 4MB 3MC
1.00

2.51.000.7501.000.750

Since
Lp

M   Lb Lp 
n M p   (Spec. Eq. F7-10)
L 

  
r 
p 
 252 in. 210 in. 

3 
1.14 900 


 kip-in. 900 kip-in. 0.7

  





The nominal strength is controlled by flange local buckling and therefore:
Mn
LRFD ASD
 
66.4 kip-ft Mn 66.4 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-38
EXAMPLE F.8A SQUARE HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH SLENDER FLANGES
Given:
Using AISC Manual tables, verify the strength of an HSS8 8 x beam for span and uniform dead and live loads as
shown in Figure F.8A. Limit the live load deflection to L/240. The beam is simply supported and continuously braced.
The HSS is ASTM A500 Grade C material.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade C

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
HSS88x
Ix= Iy = 54.4 in.4
LRFD ASD
wu0.125 kip/ft 0.375 kip/ft wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u Ma
u
8 8
0.750 kip/ft21.0 ft 2 0.500 kip/ft21.0 ft 2
 
8 8
 
LRFD ASD
Mn
 

Note that the strengths given in AISC Manual Table 3-13 incorporate the effects of noncompact and slender elements.
TOC Back
F-39
Deflection
L
max 
240



  240

The calculated deflection is:
5wL L4
 (modified AISC Manual Table 3-23 Case 1)
384EI
5 0.375 kip/ft 21.0ft 12in./ft
4 3

384000 ksi in.4 
 o.k.

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F-40
EXAMPLE F.8B SQUARE HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH SLENDER FLANGES
Given:
In Example F.8A the available strengths were easily determined from the tables of the AISC Manual. The purpose of
the following calculation is to demonstrate the use of the AISC Specification to calculate the flexural strength of the
HSS beam given in Example F.8A. The HSS is ASTM A500 Grade C material.
Solution:

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
HSS88x
I = 54.4 in.4
Z = 15.7 in.3
S = 13.6 in.3
B = 8.00 in.
H = 8.00 in. t
= 0.174 in.
b/t = 43.0
h/t = 43.0
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
Flange Slenderness
The outside corner radii of HSS shapes are taken as 1.5t and the design thickness is used in accordance with AISC
Specification Section B4.1b to check compactness.
Determine the limiting ratio for a slender HSS flange in flexure from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 17.

Fy
29, 000 ksi

 50 ksi



t
b

tf

TOC Back
F-41
Web Slenderness
Determine the limiting ratio for a compact web in flexure from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 19.

Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi


t

For HSS sections with slender flanges and compact webs, AISC Specification Section F7.2(c) applies.
Mn (Spec. Eq. F7-3)


From AISC Specification Section B4.1b(d), the width of the compression flange is determined as follows:
b 

Where the effective section modulus, Se, is determined using the effective width of the compression flange as
follows:
 0.38 E 
be 1  (Spec. Eq. F7-4)
Fy  b/ t F
y 
 f

 
 29, 000 ksi   29, 000 ksi 7.48 in.
50 ksi   
 
43.0  50 ksi 

The ineffective width of the compression flange is:
b 

An exact calculation of the effective moment of inertia and section modulus could be performed taking into account
the ineffective width of the compression flange and the resulting neutral axis shift. Alternatively, a simpler but slightly
conservative calculation can be performed by removing the ineffective width symmetrically from both the top and
bottom flanges.
TOC Back
F-42
 bt3 2
 ad 

Ieff
 12 
1.15 in.0.174 in.3 
 1.15 in.0.174 in. 

 12  2 

The effective section modulus is calculated as follows:
Ieff
Se

  
 2 
 48.3 in.4
 
 
 
2
 

Mn (Spec. Eq. F7-3)

 



LRFD ASD
 
50.4 kip-ft  Mn 50.4 kip-ft


  1.67

Note that the calculated available strengths are somewhat lower than those in AISC Manual Table 3-13 due to the
use of the conservative calculation of the effective section modulus. Also, note that per the User Note in AISC
Specification Section F7.4, lateral-torsional buckling is not applicable to square HSS.
TOC Back
F-43
EXAMPLE F.9A PIPE FLEXURAL MEMBER
Given:
Using AISC Manual tables, select a Pipe shape with an 8-in. nominal depth for span and uniform dead and live loads
as shown in Figure F.9A. There is no deflection limit for this beam. The beam is simply supported and braced at end
points only. The Pipe is ASTM A53 Grade B material.
Solution:
ASTM A53 Grade B

Fy= 35 ksi
Fu= 60 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.32 kip/ft 0.96 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
1.92 kip/ft16 ft 2 1.28 kip/ft16 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Pipe Selection
Select a member from AISC Manual Table 3-15 having the required strength.
Select Pipe 8 x-Strong.
LRFD ASD
Mn
 

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F-44
EXAMPLE F.9B PIPE FLEXURAL MEMBER
Given:
The available strength in Example F.9A was easily determined using AISC Manual Table 3-15. The following
example demonstrates the calculation of the available strength by directly applying the AISC Specification.
Solution:
ASTM A53 Grade B

Fy= 35 ksi
Fu= 60 ksi
Pipe 8 x-Strong
Z = 31.0 in.3
D/t = 18.5
LRFD ASD
Mu Ma
Slenderness Check
Determine the limiting diameter-to-thickness ratio for a compact section from AISC Specification Table B4.1b Case
20.

Fy
 

 35 ksi 
 


t


0.45E

 000 ksi
Fy 35 ksi

Based on the limit state of yielding given in AISC Specification Section F8.1:
TOC Back
F-45
Mn (Spec. Eq. F8-1)

35 ksi 31.0 in.3 


LRFD ASD
 
90.4 kip-ft  Mn 90.4 kip-ft


  1.67

TOC Back
F-46
EXAMPLE F.10 WT-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, select a WT beam with a 5-in. nominal depth for span
and uniform dead and live loads as shown in Figure F.10. The toe of the stem of the WT is in tension. There is no
deflection limit for this member. The beam is simply supported and continuously braced. The WT is ASTM A992
material.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.08 kip/ft 0.24 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
0.480 kip/ft 6 ft 2 0.320 kip/ft 6 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Try a WT56.
WT56
d = 4.94 in.
Ix = 4.35 in.4
Zx = 2.20 in.3
Sx = 1.22 in.3
bf = 3.96 in.
tf = 0.210 in.
y = 1.36 in.
TOC Back
F-47
bf/2tf = 9.43
Sxcx
y
4.35 in.4

1.36 in.

Yielding
From AISC Specification Section F9.1, for the limit state of yielding:
M n  (Spec. Eq. F9-1)
M y  (Spec. Eq. F9-3)

50 ksi 1.22 in.3 

Mp (Spec. Eq. F9-2)


 
50 ksi 2.20in.3 61.0kip-in.


Lateral-Torsional Buckling
From AISC Specification Section F9.2, because the WT is continuously braced, the limit state of lateral-torsional
buckling does not apply.
The limit state of flange local buckling is checked using AISC Specification Section F9.3.
Flange Slenderness
f

2t f

From AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 10, the limiting width-to-thickness ratio for the flange is:
pf 
Fy
29,000 ksi

50 ksi

TOC Back
F-48
rf 
Fy
29,000 ksi

50 ksi

Because pf rf , the flange is noncompact and the limit state of flange local buckling will apply.
From AISC Specification Section F9.3, the nominal flexural strength of a tee with a noncompact flange is:
M   M 
  pf 
 (Spec. Eq. F9-14)
n  p p y xc   y
  rf pf 

110 kip-in. 




9 . 1 5
24.1
 


Flexural yielding controls:
Mn
LRFD ASD
 
8.13 kip-ft  Mn 8.13 kip-ft


  1.67
 o.k.
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F-49
EXAMPLE F.11A SINGLE-ANGLE FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS ONLY
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, select a single angle for span and uniform dead and live
loads as shown in Figure F.11A. The vertical leg of the single angle is up and the toe is in compression. There are no
horizontal loads. There is no deflection limit for this angle. The beam is simply supported and braced at the end points
only. Assume bending about the geometric x-x axis and that there is no lateral-torsional restraint. The angle is ASTM
A36 material.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
LRFD ASD
wux0.05 kip/ft 0.15 kip/ft  wax
 
L2 wax L2
Mux 
w
ux M ax 
8 8
0.300 kip/ft6 ft 2 0.200 kip/ft6 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Try a L444.
L444
Sx =1.03 in.3
Yielding
TOC Back
F-50
From AISC Specification Section F10.1, the nominal flexural strength due to the limit state of flexural yielding is:
Mn (Spec. Eq. F10-1)



36 ksi 1.03in.3 

From AISC Specification Section F10.2, for single angles bending about a geometric axis with no lateral-torsional
restraint, My is taken as 0.80 times the yield moment calculated using the geometric section modulus.
M y 

36 ksi 1.03 in.3 

Determine Mcr.
For bending moment about one of the geometric axes of an equal-leg angle with no axial compression, with no
lateral-torsional restraint, and with maximum compression at the toe, use AISC Specification Equation F10-5a.
Cb= 1.14 from AISC Manual Table 3-1


0.58Eb4tCb 
Mcr   (Spec. Eq. F10-5a)
2


L  
 
b
   
0.58 29, 000 ksi 4.00 in. 4 in.  1.14
4

 f in./f 
 6ft12 in./ft
2   
  4.00 in.2  
 
  

M 29.7 kip-in.
y 
107 kip-in. ;
Mcr 


M  My 
n  y y
 (Spec. Eq. F10-2)

 M cr
29.7 kip-in.
 

107 kip-in. 

 


Leg Local Buckling

TOC Back
F-51
AISC Specification Section F10.3 applies when the toe of the leg is in compression.
TOC Back
F-52
Check slenderness of the leg in compression.

t
4.00 in.
=
4 in.

Determine the limiting compact slenderness ratios from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 12.

Fy
= 0.54

Determine the limiting noncompact slenderness ratios from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 12.

Fy
29,000 ksi
= 0.91
36 ksi


Sc
 

 
1.72 Fy 
M  2.43
(Spec. Eq. F10-6)
n yc   
 t 
36 ksi 
36  29, 000 ksi 


ksi 0.824in.3  16.0
 

The lateral-torsional buckling limit state controls.
Mn= 38.7 kip-in. or 3.23 kip-ft
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F-53
LRFD ASD
 
3.23 kip-ft  Mn 3.23 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-54
EXAMPLE F.11B SINGLE-ANGLE FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS AND MIDSPAN
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, select a single angle for span and uniform dead and live
loads as shown in Figure F.11B. The vertical leg of the single angle is up and the toe is in compression. There are no
horizontal loads. There is no deflection limit for this angle. The beam is simply supported and braced at the end points
and midspan. Assume bending about the geometric x-x axis and that there is lateral-torsional restraint at the midspan
and ends only. The angle is ASTM A36 material.
Fig. F.11B. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
LRFD ASD
wux0.05 kip/ft 0.15 kip/ft  wax
 
L2 wax L2
Mux 
w
ux M ax 
8 8
0.300 kip/ft6 ft 2 0.200 kip/ft6 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Try a L444.
L444
Sx =1.03 in.3
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F-55
Flexural Yielding
Mn (Spec. Eq. F10-1)



36 ksi 1.03in.3 

From AISC Specification Section F10.2(b)(2)(ii), for single angles with lateral-torsional restraint at the point of
maximum moment, My is taken as the yield moment calculated using the geometric section modulus.
M y 

36 ksi 1.03 in.3 

Determine Mcr.
For bending moment about one of the geometric axes of an equal-leg angle with no axial compression, with lateral-
torsional restraint at the point of maximum moment only (at midspan in this case), and with maximum compression
at the toe, Mcr shall be taken as 1.25 times Mcr computed using AISC Specification Equation F10-5a.
Cb= 1.30 from AISC Manual Table 3-1
0.58Eb4tCb 

Mcr 2  1 bt  (from Spec. Eq. F10-5a)
2 2 
0.88  
 Lb  

 0.58 29, 000 ksi 4.00 in. 4 in. 1.30   

   4
   

1 
 3 ft12 in./ft  in.  
2
f in./f

   
   4.00 in.2 


 
My

Mcr 176 kip-in.


M  My 
n  y y
 (Spec. Eq. F10-2)

 M cr
37.1 kip-in.
 

176 kip-in. 

 

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F-56

TOC Back
F-57
Leg Local Buckling
Mn= 43.3 kip-in. from Example F.11A.
The leg local buckling limit state controls.
LRFD ASD
 
3.61 kip-ft  Mn 3.61 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-58
EXAMPLE F.11C SINGLE-ANGLE FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

LOADING
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, select a single angle for span and uniform vertical dead
and live loads as shown in Figure F.11C-1. The horizontal load is a uniform wind load. There is no deflection limit
for this angle. The angle is simply supported and braced at the end points only and there is no lateral-torsional restraint.
Use load combination 4 from Section 2.3.1 of ASCE/SEI 7 for LRFD and load combination 6 from Section
2.4.1 of ASCE/SEI 7 for ASD. The angle is ASTM A36 material.
(a) Beam bracing diagram (b) Beam loading
Fig. F.11C-1. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
LRFD ASD
wux0.05 kip/ft  wax0.15 kip/ft
 

wuy0.12 kip/ft 
 way  0.75 0.6  0.12 kip/ft 

wux L2
Mux
8 wax L2
M ax 
0.210 kip/ft6 ft 2 8

8 0.163 kip/ft6 ft 2

 8

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F-59
LRFD ASD
wuy L2 way L2
Muy M ay 
8 8
0.120 kip/ft6 ft  0.0540 kip/ft6 ft 
2 2
 
8 8
 
Try a L444.
Sign convention for geometric axes moments are:
LRFD ASD
Mux= 0.945 kip-ft Max= 0.734 kip-ft
Muy= 0.540 kip-ft May= 0.243 kip-ft
As shown in Figure F.11C-2, the principal axes moments are:
LRFD ASD
Muw M aw 
cos45  cos45 
0.540 kip-ftsin45  0.243 kip-ftsin45 
 
Muz M az 
kip-ftsin45  kip-ftsin45 
0.540 kip-ftcos45  0.243 kip-ftcos45 
 
(a) Positive geometric and principal axes (b) Principal axis moments
Fig. F.11C-2. Example F.11C single angle geometric and principal axes moments.
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F-60
L444
A = 1.93 in.2
Sx= Sy= 1.03
in.3 Ix = Iy =
3.00 in.4 Iz =
1.19 in.4
rz =0.783 in.
Additional principal axes properties from the AISC Shapes Database are as follows:
wB= 1.53 in.

wC = 1.39 in.
zC = 2.74 in.
Iw = 4.82 in.4
SzB = 0.778
in.3 SzC =
0.856 in.3
SwC = 1.76
in.3
Z-Axis Nominal Flexural Strength
Note that Muz and Maz are positive; therefore, the toes of the angle are in compression.
Flexural Yielding
Mnz (from Spec. Eq. F10-1)



36 ksi 0.778in.3 

From the User Note in AISC Specification Section F10, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply
for bending about the minor axis.
Leg Local Buckling
Check slenderness of outstanding leg in compression.

t
4.00 in.
=
4 in.

From AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 12, the limiting width-to-thickness ratios are:
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F-61

Fy
= 0.54

= 0.91
Fy
29,000 ksi
= 0.91
36 ksi

Because the leg is noncompact in flexure.
Sc

 
1.72 Fy 
M=FS 2.43
(Spec. Eq. F10-6)
nz yc   
 t 


= 36 ksi 0.856 in.3   16.0 36 ksi 
29, 000 ksi 
 

The flexural yielding limit state controls.
Mnz= 42.0 kip-in. or 3.50 kip-ft
Z-Axis Available Flexural Strength
LRFD ASD
 
3.50 kip-ft M nz 3.50 kip-ft


  1.67

W-Axis Nominal Flexural Strength
Flexural Yielding
Mnw (from Spec. Eq. F10-1)



36 ksi 1.76in.3 

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F-62
Determine Mcr.
For bending about the major principal axis of an equal-leg angle without continuous lateral-torsional restraint, use
AISC Specification Equation F10-4.
Cb= 1.14 from Manual Table 3-1
From AISC Specification Section F10.2(b)(1), w 0 for equal leg angles.
9EAr tC 
 
Mcr  z b 
 1 4.4 w   (Spec. Eq. F10-4)
 z 
Lbt
8Lb Lbt
 
9  , 000 ksi 3 in. 3 in. 4 in.
2

8  in./ft

 00.783in. 
2
 0.783in. 
 4.4 
 
 
  6 ft  12 in./ft  4 in.    6 ft  12 in./ft  4 in.  
     
 

M y 
 

M 63.4 kip-in.
y 
195 kip-in.
Mcr 
M 
 My 
 y y
nw
 Mcr  (Spec. Eq. F10-2)


63.4 kip-in.
 195 kip-in. 
 
 


Leg Local Buckling
From the preceding calculations, the leg is noncompact in flexure.
Sc

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F-63
  Fy  
Mnw Fy Sc2.43    (Spec. Eq. F10-6)
  


 
= 36 ksi 1.76 in.3  16.0 36 ksi 
29, 000 ksi 
 

Mnw= 79.4 kip-in. or 6.62 kip-ft
W-Axis Available Flexural Strength
LRFD ASD
 
6.62 kip-ft  Mnw 6.62 kip-ft


  1.67

Combined Loading
The moment resultant has components about both principal axes; therefore, the combined stress ratio must be
checked using the provisions of AISC Specification Section H2.
fra
rbw rbz  (Spec. Eq. H2-1)
Fca Fcbw Fcbz
Note: Rather than convert moments into stresses, it is acceptable to simply use the moments in the interaction equation
because the section properties that would be used to convert the moments to stresses are the same in the numerator
and denominator of each term. It is also important for the designer to keep track of the signs of the stresses at each
point so that the proper sign is applied when the terms are combined. The sign of the moments used to convert
geometric axis moments to principal axis moments will indicate which points are in tension and which are in
compression but those signs will not be used in the interaction equations directly.
Based on Figure F.11C-2, the required flexural strength and available flexural strength for this beam can be
summarized as:
LRFD ASD
Muw Maw
Mnw
 

Muz Maz
 M nz


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F-64
At point B:
Mwcauses no stress at point B; therefore, the stress ratio is set to zero. Mz causes tension at point B; therefore it will
be taken as negative.
LRFD ASD
1.05 kip-ft  o.k. 0.691 kip-ft
0 0 
3.15 kip-ft 2.10 kip-ft
At point C:
Mwcauses tension at point C; therefore, it will be taken as negative. Mz causes compression at point C; therefore, it
will be taken as positive.
LRFD ASD
0.286 kip-ft 1.05 kip-ft  0.347 kip-ft 0.691 kip-ft
   o.k.
5.96 kip-ft 3.15 kip-ft 3.96 kip-ft 2.10 kip-ft
At point A:
Mwand Mz cause compression at point A; therefore, both will be taken as positive.
LRFD ASD
 o.k. 
Thus, the interaction of stresses at each point is seen to be less than 1.0 and this member is adequate to carry the
required load. Although all three points were checked, it was expected that point A would be the controlling point
because compressive stresses add at this point.
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F-65
EXAMPLE F.12 RECTANGULAR BAR IN MAJOR AXIS BENDING
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, select a rectangular bar for span and uniform vertical
dead and live loads as shown in Figure F.12. The beam is simply supported and braced at the end points and midspan.
Conservatively use Cb = 1.0. Limit the depth of the member to 5 in. The bar is ASTM A36 material.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
LRFD ASD
wu0.44 kip/ft 1.32 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
2.64 kip/ft12 ft 2 1.76 kip/ft 12 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Try a BAR 5 in. 3 in.
bd 2
Sx
6
 3.00 in.5.00 in.2

6

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F-66
bd 2
Zx
4
 3.00 in.5.00 in.
2

4

Flexural Yielding
Check limit from AISC Specification Section F11.1.
Lbd 6 ft 12 in./ft 5.00 in.


2
t 3.00 in.2

0.08E

 000 ksi
Fy 36 ksi

Mn (Spec. Eq. F11-1)


1.6Fy S 1.6Fy Sx

36 ksi 12.5 in.3 

Fy Z

36 ksi 18.8 in.3 

Use Mn = 677 kip-in. or 56.4 kip-ft.
Lbd
From AISC Specification Section F11.2(a), 
because

t2 Fy
apply.
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F-67
LRFD ASD
 
56.4 kip-ft  Mn 56.4 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-68
EXAMPLE F.13 ROUND BAR IN BENDING
Given:
Select a round bar for span and concentrated dead and live loads, at midspan, as shown in Figure F.13. The beam is
simply supported and braced at the end points only. Conservatively use Cb = 1.0. Limit the diameter of the member
to 2 in. The weight of the bar is negligible. The bar is ASTM A36 material.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7 the required flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
Pu0.10 kip0.25 kip Pa
 
Pa L
M u
Pu L M a
4 4
 0.520 kip2.5 ft  
 0.350 kip2.5 ft 

4 4
 
Try a BAR 1-in.-diameter.

S 
32
1.00 in.
3

32

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F-69
d3
Z 
6
1.00 in.3

6

Flexural Yielding
From AISC Specification Section F11.1, the nominal flexural strength based on the limit state of flexural yielding is:
M n   (Spec. Eq. F11-1)



1.6Fy S 
1.636 ksi 0.0982 in.3  
 


Fy Z36 ksi 0.167 in.3  
 5.66 kip-in.

From AISC Specification Section F11.2, the limit state lateral-torsional buckling need not be considered for
rounds. The flexural yielding limit state controls.
LRFD ASD
 
0.472 kip-ft  Mn 0.472 kip-ft


  1.67

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F-70
EXAMPLE F.14 POINT-SYMMETRICAL Z-SHAPE IN MAJOR AXIS BENDING
Given:
Directly applying the requirements of the AISC Specification, determine the available flexural strength of a Z- shaped
flexural member for the span and loading shown in Figure F.14-1. The beam is simply supported and braced at the
third and end points. Assume Cb = 1.0. Assume the beam is loaded through the shear center. The geometry for the
member is shown in Figure F.14-2. The member is ASTM A36 material.
Fig. F.14-1. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Fig. F.14-2. Beam geometry for Example F.14.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy =36 ksi
Fu =58 ksi
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F-71
The geometric properties are as follows:
tw

A  2 2.50 in. 4 in.   2 4 in. 4 in.   11.5 in. 4 in. 


 4 in. 4 in.3 2 2
   2.50 in. 4 in.3 
2 
Ix  4 in. 5.63    2.50 in. 4 in. 5.88 in. 

in.
  
12 12

4 in.  11.5 in.3

+
12

y 
Sxx
y
78.9 in.4

6.00 in.

 43in.  4  4 in.  2.50 in.3
2 2 
in. 
2
Iy  4 in. 2.25    2.50 in.  4 in.  1.13 in. 

 in.

  
12 12
11.5 in. 4 in. 3

+
12

Iy
ry

2.90 in.4

4.25 in.2

The effective radius of gyration, rts, may be conservatively approximated from the User Note in AISC Specification
Section F2.2. A more exact method may be derived as discussed in AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of
Structural Steel Members (Seaburg and Carter, 1997), for a Z-shape that excludes lips.
From AISC Specification Section F2.2 User Note:

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F-72
bf
rts 
  1 ht 
12 1  6 b tw 
  f f 
2.50 in.

12  1  1   5 in. 4 in.  
6  0 in. in. 
   

LRFD ASD
wu0.025 kip/ft 0.10 kip/ft  wa
 
w L2 wa L2
M u M a 
u
8 8
0.190 kip/ft18 ft 2 0.125 kip/ft 18 ft 2
 
8 8
 
Flexural Yielding
From AISC Specification Section F12.1, the nominal flexural strength based on the limit state of flexural yielding is,
Fn (Spec. Eq. F12-2)


Mn n Smin (Spec. Eq. F12-1)

 


Local Buckling
There are no specific local buckling provisions for Z-shapes in the AISC Specification. Use provisions for rolled
channels from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Cases 10 and 15.
Flange Slenderness
Conservatively neglecting the end return,

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F-73
b

tf
2.50 in.

4 in.

 (Spec. Table B4.1b, Case 10)

Fy



Web Slenderness
h

tw
11.5 in.

4 in.

 (Spec. Table B4.1b, Case 15)

Fy
29, 000 ksi

36 ksi

; therefore, the web is compact
Therefore, the local buckling limit state does not apply.
Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F12, take the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress as half that of
the equivalent channel. This is a conservative approximation of the lateral-torsional buckling strength which accounts
for the rotation between the geometric and principal axes of a Z-shaped cross section, and is adopted from the North
American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI, 2016).
Calculate limiting unbraced lengths.
For bracing at 6 ft on center,
Lb6 ft 12 in./ft 


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F-74
Lp  (Spec. Eq. F2-5)

Fy

29, 000 ksi

36 ksi


Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, the square root term in AISC Specification Equation F2-4 can
conservatively be taken equal to one. Therefore, Equation F2-6 can also be simplified. Substituting 0.7Fy for Fcr
(where Fcr is half of the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress of the equivalent channel) in Equation F2-4 and
solving for Lb = Lr, AISC Specification Equation F2-6 becomes:
Lr
0.7Fy
0.529, 000 ksi

0.543 in.
0.7 36 ksi

Calculate one half of the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress of the equivalent channel.
Lb> Lr, therefore,
2
 
Fcr0.5 
bC b
1   (from Spec. Eq. F2-4)
0.078  x o ts 
2 h

 
 ts 

Conservatively taking the square root term as 1.0,

Cb
 Fcr0.5  1.0
 2 
 
  
 ts 
 
0.5 1.0 
   
 0.543 in.  
  




(Spec. Eq. F12-3)
Fn

 o.k.
Mn n Smin (Spec. Eq. F12-1)
 

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F-75
Mn= 107 kip-in. or 8.92 kip-ft

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T O Back
B a
F-76
LRFD ASD
 
8.92 kip-ft  Mn 8.92 kip-ft


  1.67

Because the beam is loaded through the shear center, consideration of a torsional moment is unnecessary. If the loading
produced torsion, the torsional effects should be evaluated using AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of
Structural Steel Members (Seaburg and Carter, 1997).
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F-77
EXAMPLE F.15 PLATE GIRDER FLEXURAL MEMBER
Given:
Verify the built-up plate girder for the span and loads as shown in Figure F.15-1 with a cross section as shown in
Figure F.15-2. The beam has a concentrated dead and live load at midspan and a uniformly distributed self weight.
The plate girder is simply supported and is laterally braced at quarter and end points. The deflection of the girder is
limited to 1 in. The plate girder is ASTM A572 Grade 50 material. The flange-to-web welds will be designed for both
continuous and intermittent fillet welds using 70-ksi electrodes.
Fig. F.15-1. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Fig. F.15-2. Plate girder geometry.
Solution:
ASTM A572 Grade 50

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
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F-78
From ASCE/SEI 7, Chapter 2, the required shear and flexural strengths are:
LRFD ASD
Pu240 kips160 kips Pa
 
wu0.296 kip/ft  wa


Pu wu L Pa wa L
Vu   Va  
2 2 2 2
0.355 kip/ft 50ft 0.296 kip/ft 50ft 
 
2 2 2 2
 
Pu L wu L2 Pa L wa L2
Mu  Ma 
4 8 4 8
544 kips50ft 0.355 kip/ft50ft2 400 kips50ft 0.296 kip/ft50ft2
   
4 8 4 8
 
Proportioning Limits
The proportioning limits from AISC Specification Section F13.2 are evaluated as follows, where a is the clear
distance between transverse stiffeners.
a 25 ft 12 in./ft 


h 62 in.

Because a h 1.5, use AISC Specification Equation F13-4.
 (Spec. Eq. F13-3)


 
 t max Fy
w

 000
ksi 50 ksi

h 62 in.

tw 2 in.
 o.k.

From AISC Specification Section F13.2, the following limit applies to all built-up I-shaped members:
hc t w  62 in. 2 in.
 
bft f 14 in.2in.
 o.k.

TOC Back
F-79
Section Properties
bh3 2
Ix Ad
12
2 in. 62 in.
3  14 in. 2 in.3 2

     2 in.  14 in.  32.0 in.  
12  12


Sxt xc
Ix

d 2
67, 300 in.4

in. 2

ZxAy
  2  2 in. 31.0 in. 31.0 in. 2    2  2 in.  14 in.  32.0 in. 

J 
bt3
3
14 in. 2 in. 3

     62 in.2 in.3
 3  3

ho


Deflection
The maximum deflection is:
PDL 5wD L4
 3 
384EI
48EI
kips 160 50.296kip/ft 50ft 12in./ft

4 3
 
kipsft in./ft  
3 3
38429,000 ksi 67,300 in.4
48
000 ksi 300 in.4 
 o.k.

Web Slenderness
TOC Back
F-80

tw
62 in.

2 in.

The limiting width-to-thickness ratios for the web are:
E
 from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 15
Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi

E
 from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 15
Fy
29, 000 ksi

50 ksi


Flange Slenderness

t
bf

2t f
14 in.
 2 2
in. 

pf  from AISC Specification Table B4.1b, Case 11
Fy
29, 000 ksi

 50 ksi

Compression Flange Yielding
The web plastification factor is determined using AISC Specification Section F4.2(c)(6).
TOC Back
F-81
t f bf
I yc 3

12
 2 in.14 in.
3

12
 
f bf 3  htw3
I y  12
  
2 in. 14 in. 3
     62 in.2 in.3
 12  12

I yc

Iy 915 in.4

Because Iyc/Iy > 0.23, AISC Specification Section F4.2(c)(6)(i) applies.
M p 
 


M yc y Sxc (Spec. Eq. F4-4)

040 kip-
in.

hc


c
tw
62 in.

2 in.

Mp Mp   M p (Spec. Eq. F4-9b)

R   
    M
pc
M M
yc  yc  rw pw  yc
   124 90.6

8,500 kip-ft 8,500 kip-ft 137 90.6 8, 500 kip-ft
  

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F-82

The nominal flexural strength is calculated as:

TOC Back
F-83
Mn pc M yc (Spec. Eq. F4-1)

500 kip-
ft

From AISC Specification Section F4.1, the available flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
 
8, 760 kip-ft  Mn 8, 760 kip-ft


  1.67

The middle unbraced lengths control by inspection. For bracing at quarter points,
Lb12.5 ft 12 in./ft 


hctw
aw  (Spec. Eq. F4-12)
bfct fc

 62 in.2 in.
14 in. 2in.

bfc
rt (Spec. Eq. F4-11)
12 
1 
1 a 
 6 
14.0 in.
  
12 
1  6
  


From AISC Specification Equation F4-7:
Lp (Spec. Eq. F4-7)

Fy
29, 000 ksi


50 ksi

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F-84

From AISC Specification Section F4.2(c)(3):

TOC Back
F-85
Sxt 2, 040 in.3


S xc 2, 040 in.3

FL (Spec. Eq. F4-6a)




From AISC Specification Equation F4-8:
2
E J  J  L
Lr     (Spec. Eq. F4-8)
 F Sxcho xc o 
h 
L

  
2 2
77.3 77.3  
   
in. 35.0 ksi   2, 040in.4 
in.364.0 in.  in.4 
 2,040 in. 64.0in.  29, 000 ksi
 
 

Lp
The lateral-torsional buckling modification factor is determined by solving for the moment in the beam using statics.
Note: The following solution uses LRFD load combinations. Using ASD load combinations will give approximately
the same solution for Cb.
Mmax
M A





2.5Mmax 3M A 4MB 3MC

 910 kip-ft
2.5 910 kip-ft 350 kip-
ft

The nominal flexural strength is calculated as:
M  R M   R M  F S Lb 

 (Spec. Eq. F4-2)
n b  pc yc pc yc L xc
L  pc yc
 r 
p 
  
 3

TOC Back
 
1.25 8,760 kip-ft 8,760 kip-ft
 
F-86




From AISC Specification Section F4.2, the available flexural strength is:
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F-87
LRFD ASD
 
8, 760 kip-ft  Mn 8, 760 kip-ft


  1.67

Compression Flange Local Buckling
From AISC Specification Section F4.3(a), this limit state does not apply because the flanges are compact.
Tension Flange Yielding
From AISC Specification Section F4.4(a), because Sxt Sxc , this limit state does not apply.
Nominal Shear Strength
Determine the nominal shear strength without tension field action, using AISC Specification Section G2.1. For built-
up I-shaped members, determine Cv1 and kv from AISC Specification Section G2.1(b).
a 25.0 ft12 in./ft


h 62 in.

From AISC Specification Section G2.1(b)(2):
kv= 5.34
kv E 5.34  000

1.10 
Fy  ksi 50 ksi


1.10 kv E Fy
Cv1  (Spec. Eq. G2-4)
 h tw
61.2

124

The nominal shear strength is calculated as follows:
Vn (Spec. Eq. G2-1)


 50 ksi 66 in. 2 in. 0.494

From AISC Specification Section G.1, the available shear strength is:
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F-88
LRFD ASD
 
489 kips Vn 489 kips


  1.67
 o.k.
Flange-to-Web Fillet Weld—Continuous Weld
Calculate the required shear flow using VQ/Ix because the stress distribution is linearly elastic away from midspan.
Q 
f

f f
 
 

 2 
 2 

LRFD ASD
VuQ VaQ
Ru  Ra 
Ix Ix
281 kips896 in.3 207 kips896 in.3
 
67, 300 in.4 67, 300 in.4
 
From AISC Specification Table J2.4, the minimum fillet weld size that can be used on the 2-in.-thick web is:
wmin
From AISC Manual Part 8, the required fillet weld size is:
LRFD ASD
u a
Dreq (from Manual Eq. 8-2a) Dreq (from Manual Eq. 8-2b)
1.392 2 sides 0.928 2sides
3.74 kip/in. 2.76 kip/in.
 
1.392 2 sides 0.9282sides
 
Use w x in. Use w x in.
From AISC Specification Equation J2-2, the available shear rupture strength of the web in kip/in. is:
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B a
F-89
LRFD ASD
 
 Rn A
nBM BM
  
0.60Futw
 0.75 0.60 65 ksi2 in. 

 0.60 65 ksi 2 in.

2.00

Flange-to-Web Fillet Weld—Intermittent Weld
The two sided intermittent weld is designed using the minimum fillet weld size determined previously,
wmin
LRFD ASD
Ru (from Manual Eq. 8-2a) Ru n
(from Manual Eq. 8-2b)
lreq
 2 sides   
  lreq 
  2 sides  

 
Solving for lreq, Solving for lreq,
 
lreq  lreq 
1.392D2 sides 0.928D2 sides
3.74 kip-in.12 in. 2.76kip-in.12 in.

 
1.3923sixteenth 2sides 0.9283 sixteenth2sides
 
Use l = 6 in. at 12 in. o.c. Use l = 6 in. at 12 in. o.c.
The limitations for a intermittent fillet weld are checked using AISC Specification Section J2.2b(e):
l 
6 in.  4  .
6 in. 0.75 o.k.
in.
l 
6 in. 12 o.k.
in.
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F-90
CHAPTER F DESIGN EXAMPLE REFERENCES
AISI (2016), North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,
ANSI/AISI Standard S100, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington D.C.
Seaburg, P.A. and Carter, C.J. (1997), Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members, Design Guide 9,
AISC, Chicago, IL.
T O B a
G-1
Chapter G
Design of Members for Shear
INTRODUCTION
This Specification chapter addresses webs of singly or doubly symmetric members subject to shear in the plane of the
web, single angles and HSS subject to shear, and shear in the weak direction of singly or doubly symmetric shapes.
G1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
The design shear strength, vVn, and the allowable shear strength, Vn / v, are determined as follows:
Vn= nominal shear strength based on shear yielding or shear buckling



Exception: For all current ASTM A6, W, S and HP shapes except W44230, W40149, W36135, W33118,
W3090, W2455, W1626 and W1214 for Fy = 50 ksi:


Strong axis shear values are tabulated for W-shapes in AISC Manual Tables 3-2, 3-6 and 6-2, for S-shapes in AISC
Manual Table 3-7, for C-shapes in AISC Manual Table 3-8, and for MC-shapes in AISC Manual Table 3-9. Strong
axis shear values are tabulated for rectangular HSS, round HSS and pipe in Part IV. Weak axis shear values for W-
shapes, S-shapes, C-shapes and MC-shapes, and shear values for angles, rectangular HSS and box members are not
tabulated.
G2. I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS
This section includes provisions for shear strength of webs without the use of tension field action and for interior web
panels considering tension field action. Provisions for the design of transverse stiffeners are also included in Section
G2.
As indicated in the User Note of this section, virtually all W, S and HP shapes are not subject to shear buckling and
are also eligible for the more liberal safety and resistance factors, v = 1.00 (LRFD) and v = 1.50 (ASD). This is
presented in Example G.1 for a W-shape. A channel shear strength design is presented in Example G.2. A built-up
girder with a thin web and transverse stiffeners is presented in Example G.8.
G3. SINGLE ANGLES AND TEES
A single angle example is illustrated in Example G.3.

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G-2
G4. RECTANGULAR HSS, BOX SECTIONS, AND OTHER SINGLY AND DOUBLY SYMMETRIC
MEMBERS
The shear height for HSS, h, is taken as the clear distance between the flanges less the inside corner radius on each
side. If the corner radii are unknown, h shall be taken as the corresponding outside dimension minus 3 times the design
thickness. A rectangular HSS example is provided in Example G.4.
G5. ROUND HSS
For all round HSS of ordinary length listed in the AISC Manual, Fcr can be taken as 0.6Fy in AISC Specification
Equation G5-1. A round HSS example is illustrated in Example G.5.
G6. WEAK AXIS SHEAR IN DOUBLY SYMMETRIC AND SINGLY SYMMETRIC SHAPES
For examples of weak axis shear, see Example G.6 and Example G.7.
G7. BEAMS AND GIRDERS WITH WEB OPENINGS
For a beam and girder with web openings example, see AISC Design Guide 2, Design of Steel and Composite Beams
with Web Openings (Darwin, 1990).
G-3
EXAMPLE G.1A W-SHAPE IN STRONG AXIS SHEAR
Given:
Using AISC Manual tables, determine the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM A992 W24 62 with
end shears of 48 kips from dead load and 145 kips from live load.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
Vu48 kips145 kips Va
 
From AISC Manual Table 3-2, the available shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
Vn
 o.k.  o.k.

G-4
EXAMPLE G.1B W-SHAPE IN STRONG AXIS SHEAR
Given:
The available shear strength of the W-shape in Example G.1A was easily determined using tabulated values in the
AISC Manual. This example demonstrates the calculation of the available strength by directly applying the provisions
of the AISC Specification.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
W2462
d = 23.7 in.
tw= 0.430 in.
Except for very few sections, which are listed in the User Note, AISC Specification Section G2.1(a) is applicable to
the I-shaped beams published in the AISC Manual for Fy 50 ksi. The W-shape sections that do not meet the criteria
of AISC Specification Section G2.1(a) are indicated with footnote “v” in Tables 1-1, 3-2 and 6-2.
Cv1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-2)
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, area of the web, Aw, is determined as follows:
Aw


From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the nominal shear strength is:
Vn (Spec. Eq. G2-1)


 

Available Shear Strength
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the available shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
 
306 kips Vn 306 kips


  1.50

G-5
EXAMPLE G.2A CHANNEL IN STRONG AXIS SHEAR
Given:
Using AISC Manual tables, verify the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM A36 C15 33.9 channel
with end shears of 17.5 kips from dead load and 52.5 kips from live load.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
LRFD ASD
Vu17.5 kips52.5 kips Va
 
From AISC Manual Table 3-8, the available shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
Vn
  o.k.

G-6
EXAMPLE G.2B CHANNEL IN STRONG AXIS SHEAR
Given:
The available shear strength of the channel in Example G.2A was easily determined using tabulated values in the
AISC Manual. This example demonstrates the calculation of the available strength by directly applying the provisions
of the AISC Specification.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
C1533.9
d = 15.0 in.
tw= 0.400 in.
All ASTM A36 channels listed in the AISC Manual have h tw kv E/ Fy ; therefore,
1.10
Cv1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-3)
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the area of the web, Aw, is determined as follows:
Aw


From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the nominal shear strength is:
Vn (Spec. Eq. G2-1)


 

Because AISC Specification Section G2.1(a) does not apply for channels, the values of v = 1.00 (LRFD) and


G-7
LRFD ASD
 
130 kips Vn 130 kips


  1.67

G-8
EXAMPLE G.3 ANGLE IN SHEAR
Given:
Determine the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM A36 L5 3 4 (long leg vertical) with end shears
of 3.5 kips from dead load and 10.5 kips from live load.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
L534
b = 5.00 in.
t = 4 in.
LRFD ASD
Vu3.5 kips10.5 kips Va
 
Note: There are no tables in the AISC Manual for angles in shear, but the nominal shear strength can be calculated
according to AISC Specification Section G3, as follows:
From AISC Specification Section G3:
kv= 1.2
Determine Cv2 from AISC Specification Section G2.2.
h b

tw t
5.00 in.

4 in.

kv E 1.2 29, 000 ksi

1.10 
Fy 36 ksi

Cv2 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-9)
From AISC Specification Section G3, the nominal shear strength is:
G-9
Vn (Spec. Eq. G3-1)

 0.6  36 ksi  5.00 in. 4
in.  1.0

From AISC Specification Section G1, the available shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
 
27.0 kips Vn 27.0 kips


  1.67

G-10
EXAMPLE G.4 RECTANGULAR HSS IN SHEAR
Given:
Determine the available shear strength by directly applying the provisions of the AISC Specification for an ASTM
A500 Grade C HSS6 4 (long leg vertical) beam with end shears of 11 kips from dead load and 33 kips from live
load.
Note: There are tables in Part IV of this document that provide the shear strength of square and rectangular HSS
shapes.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade C, rectangular

Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
HSS64



t = 0.349 in.
LRFD ASD
Vu11 kips33 kips Va
 
The nominal shear strength can be determined from AISC Specification Section G4 as follows:
The web shear buckling strength coefficient, Cv2, is found using AISC Specification Section G2.2 with h/tw = h/t and
kv= 5.
From AISC Specification Section G4, if the exact radius is unknown, h shall be taken as the corresponding outside
dimension minus three times the design thickness.
h 


h 4.95 in.

t 0.349 in.


5 29, 000 ksi

kv E 50 ksi
1.10
Fy

G-11
Cv2 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-9)
Note: Most standard HSS sections listed in the AISC Manual have Cv2 = 1.0 at Fy 50 ksi.
Calculate Aw.
Aw


Calculate Vn.
Vn (Spec. Eq. G4-1)



50 ksi 3.46 in.2 1.0

LRFD ASD
 
104 kips Vn 104 kips


  1.67

G-12
EXAMPLE G.5 ROUND HSS IN SHEAR
Given:
Determine the available shear strength by directly applying the provisions of the AISC Specification for an ASTM
A500 Grade C round HSS16.000 0.375 beam spanning 32 ft with end shears of 30 kips from uniform dead load and
90 kips from uniform live load.
Note: There are tables in Part IV of this document that provide the shear strength of round HSS shapes.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade C, round HSS

Fy= 46 ksi
Fu= 62 ksi
HSS16.0000.375
A = 17.2 in.2
D/t = 45.8
LRFD ASD
Vu30 kips90 kips Va
 
The nominal strength can be determined from AISC Specification Section G5, as follows:
Using AISC Specification Section G5, calculate Fcr as the larger of:
1.60E
Fcr 5
(Spec. Eq. G5-2a)
Lv D 4
 
D  t 
and
Fcr
(Spec. Eq. G5-2b)
 3
2
 
 t 
where Lv is taken as the distance from maximum shear force to zero; in this example, half the span.
Lv32 ft 12 in./ft 


G-13
1.60E
Fcr 5
(Spec. Eq. G5-2a)
Lv D 4
 
D  t 

29, 000 ksi
192 in.
45.85/ 4
16.0 in.

0.78E
Fcr  3
(Spec. Eq. G5-2b)
2
 
 t 

 000 ksi
45.83/ 2

The maximum value of Fcr permitted is,
Fcr

 controls

Note: AISC Specification Equations G5-2a and G5-2b will not normally control for the sections published in the
AISC Manual except when high strength steel is used or the span is unusually long.
Calculate Vn using AISC Specification Section G5.
Fcr Ag
Vn= (Spec. Eq. G5-1)
2



 

LRFD ASD
 
237 kips Vn 237 kips


  1.67

G-14
EXAMPLE G.6 DOUBLY SYMMETRIC SHAPE IN WEAK AXIS SHEAR
Given:
Verify the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM A992 W21 48 beam with end shears of 20.0 kips
from dead load and 60.0 kips from live load in the weak direction.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy= 50 ksi
Fu= 65 ksi
W2148
bf= 8.14 in.
tf= 0.430 in.
LRFD ASD
Vu20.0 kips60.0 kips Va
 
From AISC Specification Section G6, for weak axis shear, use AISC Specification Equation G6-1.
Calculate Cv2 using AISC Specification Section G2.2 with h tw bf 2t f and kv = 1.2.
h

f
tw 2t f
8.14 in. 2
 0.430
in. 


1.2 29, 000 ksi

kv E 50 ksi
1.10 
Fy

Therefore, use AISC Specification Equation G2-9:
Cv2 1.0
Note: From the User Note in AISC Specification Section G6, Cv2 = 1.0 for all ASTM A6 W-, S-, M- and HP-
shapes when Fy < 70 ksi.
Calculate Vn. (Multiply the flange area by two to account for both shear resisting elements.)
G-15
Vn2 (from Spec. Eq. G6-1)

50 ksi8.14 in.0.430 in.1.02

LRFD ASD
 
210 kips Vn 210 kips


  1.67

G-16
EXAMPLE G.7 SINGLY SYMMETRIC SHAPE IN WEAK AXIS SHEAR
Given:
Verify the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM A36 C9 20 channel with end shears of 5 kips from
dead load and 15 kips from live load in the weak direction.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
C920
bf= 2.65 in.
tf= 0.413 in.
LRFD ASD
Vu5 kips15 kips Vu
 
Note: There are no AISC Manual tables for weak-axis shear in channel sections, but the available strength can be
determined from AISC Specification Section G6.
Calculate Cv2 using AISC Specification Section G2.2 with h/tw = bf /tf and kv = 1.2.
h

f
tw t f
2.65 in.

0.413 in.

kv E 1.2 29, 000 ksi

1.10 
Fy  36 ksi

Cv2 1.0
Calculate Vn. (Multiply the flange area by two to account for both shear resisting elements.)
G-17
Vn2 (from Spec. Eq. G6-1)

36 ksi2.65 in.0.413 in.1.02

LRFD ASD
 
47.3 kips Vn 47.3 kips


  1.67

G-18
EXAMPLE G.8A BUILT-UP GIRDER WITH TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS
Given:
Determine the available shear strength of a built-up I-shaped girder for the span and loading as shown in Figure G.8A.
The girder is ASTM A36 material and 36 in. deep with 16-in. 1½-in. flanges and a c-in.-thick web. The compression
flange is continuously braced. Determine if the member has sufficient available shear strength to support the end shear,
without and with tension field action. Use transverse stiffeners, as required.
Note: This built-up girder was purposely selected with a thin web in order to illustrate the design of transverse
stiffeners. A more conventionally proportioned plate girder may have at least a ½-in.-thick web and slightly smaller
flanges.
Fig. G.8A. Beam loading and bracing diagram.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
The geometric properties are as follows:
Built-up girder
tw= c in.
d = 36.0 in.
bft= bfc = 16.0 in.
tf= 12 in.
h = 33.0 in.
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required shear strength at the support is:
LRFD ASD
wu1.06 kip/ft3.13 kip/ft wa
 
wu L wa L
Vu  Va 
2 2
 6.28 kip/ft 56 ft  
4.19 kip/ft 56 ft 

2 2
 
Stiffener Requirement Check

G-19
From AISC Specification Section G2.1:
Aw
  36.0 in.  c in. 

For webs without transverse stiffeners, kv = 5.34 from AISC Specification Section G2.1(b)(2)(i).
h 33.0 in.

tw c in.

kv E 5.3429, 000 ksi

1.10 
Fy  36 ksi

1.10 kv E Fy
Cv1  (Spec. Eq. G2-4)
 h tw
72.1

106

Calculate Vn.
Vn (Spec. Eq. G2-1)


 


From AISC Specification Section G1, the available shear strength without stiffeners is:
LRFD ASD
 
166 kips Vn 166 kips


  1.67

Therefore, stiffeners are required. Therefore, stiffeners are required.
AISC Manual Tables 3-16a and 3-16b can be used to select the stiffener spacing needed to develop the required
stress in the web.
Stiffener Spacing for End Panel

G-20
Tension field action is not permitted for end panels, therefore use AISC Manual Table 3-16a.
G-21
LRFD ASD
Use Vu = vVn to determine the required stress in the Use Va = Vn / v to determine the required stress in the
web by dividing by the web area. web by dividing by the web area.
 Vu Vn Va
 
Aw Aw  Aw
176 kips 117 kips
 
11.3 in.2 11.3 in.2
 
Use Table 3-16a from the AISC Manual to select the required stiffener ratio a/h based on the h/tw ratio of the girder
and the required stress. Interpolate and follow an available stress curve, vVn/Aw= 15.6 ksi for LRFD, Vn/ vAw =
10.4 ksi for ASD, until it intersects the horizontal line for an h/tw value of 106. Project down from this intersection
and approximate the value for a/h as 1.40 from the axis across the bottom. Because h = 33.0 in., stiffeners are required
at (1.40)(33.0 in.) = 46.2 in. maximum. Conservatively, use a 42-in. spacing.
Stiffener Spacing for the Second Panel
From AISC Specification Section G2.2, tension field action is allowed because the second panel is an interior web
panel. However, a web panel aspect ratio, a/h, must not exceed three. The required shear strength at the start of the
second panel, 42 in. from the end, is:
LRFD ASD
Vu6.28 kip/ft 42.0 in.1 ft/12 in. Va4.19 kip/ft 42.0 in.1 ft/12 in.
 
LRFD ASD
 
From previous calculations, From previous calculations,

Vn

 
Therefore, additional stiffeners are required. Therefore, additional stiffeners are required.
Use Vu = vVn to determine the required stress in the Use Va = Vn / v to determine the required stress in the
web by dividing by the web area. web by dividing by the web area.
 Vu Vn Va
 
Aw Aw  Aw
154 kips 102 kips
 
11.3 in.2 11.3 in.2
 
Table 3-16b from the AISC Manual, including tension field action, may be used to select the required stiffener ratio
a/h based on the h/tw ratio of the girder and the required stress, provided that the limitations of 2Aw / (Afc + Aft) ≤
2.5, h/bfc ≤ 6.0, and h/bft ≤ 6.0 are met.
T O B a
G-22
2 Aw

 2 11.3 in.2 
Afc ft 16.0 in. 12 in.  16.0 in. 12 in.


  o.k.
 
h h

bfc bft
33.0 in.

16.0 in.
 o.k.
The limitations have been met. Table 3-16b may be used.
Interpolate and follow an available stress curve, vVn/Aw = 13.6 ksi for LRFD, Vn/ vAw = 9.03 ksi for ASD, until
it intersects the horizontal line for an h/tw value of 106. Because the available stress does not intersect the h/tw value
of 106, the maximum value of 3.0 for a/h may be used. Because h = 33.0 in., an additional stiffener is required at
(3.0)(33.0 in.) = 99.0 in. maximum from the previous one. Conservatively, 90.0 in. spacing may be used.
Stiffener Spacing for the Third Panel
From AISC Specification Section G2.2, tension field action is allowed because the next panel is not an end panel.
The required shear strength at the start of the third panel, 132 in. from the end is:
LRFD ASD
Vu6.28 kip/ft 132 in.1 ft/12 in. Va4.19 kip/ft 132 in.1 ft/12 in.
 
LRFD ASD
 
From previous calculations, From previous calculations,

Vn

 
Therefore, additional stiffeners are not required. Therefore, additional stiffeners are not required.
The six tables in the AISC Manual, 3-16a, 3-16b, 3-16c, 3-17a, 3-17b and 3-17c, are useful because they permit a
direct solution for the required stiffener spacing. Alternatively, you can select a stiffener spacing and check the
resulting strength, although this process is likely to be iterative. In Example G.8B, the stiffener spacings used are taken
from this example.
TOC Back
G-23
EXAMPLE G.8B BUILT-UP GIRDER WITH TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS
Given:
Verify the available shear strength and adequacy of the stiffener spacings from Example G.8A, which were easily
determined from the tabulated values of the AISC Manual, by directly applying the provisions of the AISC
Specification. Stiffeners are spaced at 42 in. in the first panel and 90 in. in the second panel.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy= 36 ksi
Fu= 58 ksi
From Example G.8A, the required shear strength at the support is:
LRFD ASD
Vu Va
Shear Strength of End Panel
The web plate bucking coefficient, kv, is determined from AISC Specification Equation G2-5.
h 33.0 in.

tw c in.

5
kv (Spec. Eq. G2-5)
a h 2

 5

2

kv E 8.09  000

1.10 
Fy  ksi 36 ksi

Therefore, use AISC Specification Equation G2-4.
1.10 kv E Fy
Cv1  (Spec. Eq. G2-4)
 h tw
88.8

106

Calculate Vn.
G-24
From Example G.8A:
G-25
Aw= 11.3 in.2
Vn (Spec. Eq. G2-1)


 


From AISC Specification Section G1, the available shear strength for the end panel is:
LRFD ASD
 
205 kips Vn 205 kips


  1.67

Shear Strength of the Second Panel
From Example G.8A, the required shear strength at the start of the second panel is:
LRFD ASD
Vu Va
The web plate bucking coefficient, kv, is determined from AISC Specification Equation G2-5.
5
kv (Spec. Eq. G2-5)
a h 2

 5

2

kv E 5.67  000

1.37 
Fy  ksi 36 ksi
 
Therefore, use AISC Specification Equation G2-11 to calculate

Cv2.
1.51kv E
Cv2 
h tw 2Fy

 000
ksi
1062 36 ksi
G-26
(Spec. Eq. G2-11)
The limitations of AISC Specification Section G2.2(b)(1) are checked as follows:

G-27
2 Aw

 2 11.3 in.2 
Afc ft 16.0 in. 12 in.  16.0 in. 12 in.


 

h h

bfc bft
33.0 in.

16.0 in.

Because 2Aw / (Afc + Aft) ≤ 2.5, h/bfc ≤ 6.0, and h/bft ≤ 6.0, use AISC Specification Equation G2-7 with a = 90.0 in..

Vn 1 Cv2



(Spec. Eq. G2-7)


 1.15 
1 a h 
2

  
in.2 0.614 1 0.614
2 



1.15  
1 
 
  33.0 in. 



From AISC Specification Section G1, the available shear strength for the second panel is:
LRFD ASD
 
178 kips Vn 178 kips


  1.67


Ejercicios Metálicas Flexión y Cortante

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F1. PROVISIONES GENERALES

Este enfoque de diseño es seguido en todos los ejemplos.

F2. DOBLEMENTE SIMÉTRICA COMPACT en forma de I MIEMBROS Y CANALES DE DOBLADO

Fig. F-1. resistencia a la flexión nominal frente a longitud no

(Spec. Eq. F2-2)

(Spec. Eq. F2-4)

W2148 = 99% W1499 = 99% W1490 = 97% W1265 = 98%

Fig. F-2. La brida resistencia al pandeo local.

F6. En forma de I MIEMBROS Y CANALES DE DOBLADO sobre su eje menor

F7. Cuadradas y rectangulares y secciones más HSS

F8. REDONDO HSS

F9. TEES y dobles ángulos cargados en el plano de simetría

F10. SOLO ÁNGULOS

F11. BARRAS Y RONDAS RECTANGULAR

F12. FORMAS asimétrica

F13. Proporciones de las vigas y vigas

Fig. F.1-1A. Beam carga y diagrama de arriostramiento.

Desde el capítulo 2 de la ASCE / SEI 7, la resistencia a la flexión requerida es:

Momento de inercia requerido para la carga viva Desviación Criterio de L / 360

Seleccione un W1850 desde Manual AISC Tabla 3-3.

De Manual AISC Tabla 3-2, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

siguientes: A992 ASTM

La resistencia a la flexión necesaria del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:

Resistencia a la flexión nominal

Disponible Resistencia a la flexión

De Especificación AISC Sección F1, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

Fig. F.1-2A. Beam carga y diagrama de arriostramiento.

La resistencia a la flexión requerido en el tramo medio del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:

Disponible Resistencia a la flexión

De Manual AISC Tabla 3-10, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

La resistencia a la flexión necesaria del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:

Resistencia a la flexión nominal

Para los segmentos de viga de tramo final, los

soportada lateralmente para el estado límite de ceder es decir:

Disponible Resistencia a la flexión

De Especificación AISC Sección F1, la resistencia a la flexión disponible es:

Fig. F.1-3A. Beam carga y diagrama de arriostramiento.

La resistencia a la flexión requerido en el tramo medio del Ejemplo F.1-1A es:

Calcular la resistencia requerida ajustado.

The required flexural strength from Example F.1-1A is:

Nominal Flexural Strength

From AISC Manual Table 3-2:

From Example F.1-3A:

Calculate Fcr, where c = 1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shapes.

Mn (Spec. Eq. F2-3)

Available Flexural Strength

320 kip-ft  Mn 320 kip-ft

EXAMPLE F.2-1A COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED

Fig. F.2-1A. Beam loading and bracing diagram.

From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength is:

Live Load Deflection

For C15 33.9, Ix = 315 in.4 from AISC Manual Table 1-

5. The maximum calculated deflection is:

EXAMPLE F.2-1B COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED

The required flexural strength from Example F.2-1A is:

Nominal Flexural Strength

Mn (Spec. Eq. F2-1)

Available Flexural Strength