El presente simple

El tiempo Present (presente) responde a la pregunta: What happens? = ¿Qué

pasa?

Se forma: Sujeto + verbo en presente (I work).

 The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

El sol sale por el este y se pone por el oeste.
 Mr. Jackson goes to work by taxi every day.
El Sr. Jackson va en taxi a trabajar todos los días.
 We sometimes dine at Peter's.
A veces cenamos en lo de Peter.
 I always wake up before 7 a.m.
Me despierto siempre a las 7:00 a.m.
 When it rains, animals find shelter under trees.
Cuando llueve, los animales se refugian debajo de los árboles
 Rex does not live in Chicago.
Rex no vive en Chicago.
 They are vegetarians so they do not eat meat.
Son vegetarianos por lo que no comen carne.
 How often do you take your dog for a walk?
¿Cada cuánto sacas a pasear a tu perro?
 Does Betsy speak English?
¿Betsy habla inglés?

Presente continuo

What is happening? = ¿Qué está pasando?.

Se forma :Sujeto + am/are/is + verbo en progresivo (I am working).

 You are reading a sentence now.

Usted está leyendo una oración ahora.
 Someone is listening to the radio at this moment.
Alguien está escuchando la radio en este momento.
 Bill is writing a new novel.
Bill está escribiendo una nueva novela.
 My children are not playing the guitar right now.
Mis hijos no están tocando la guitarra en este preciso momento.
 Is Mary studying now?
¿Mary está estudiando ahora?

Present Perfect
El tiempo Present Perfect responde a la pregunta: What has happened? = ¿Qué ha pasado?

Se forma: Sujeto + have/has + verbo en participio (I have worked).

What has happened? - ¿Qué ha pasado?

I have worked - He trabajado


 I have just prepared some coffee, would you like some?
¿Quieres un poco de café? Recién lo he preparado.
 My brother has had that old car for a long time.
Mi hermano ha tenido ese coche viejo por un largo tiempo.
 Mr. Miller has lived in that house since 1995.
El Sr. Miller ha vivido en aquella casa desde 1995.
 Daisy and her brother have taken English lessons for five years.
Daisy y su hermano han tomado clases de inglés durante cinco años.
 Mrs. Taylor has already finished her work.
La Sra. Taylor ya ha terminado su trabajo.
 Dave has not seen Sabrina lately.
Dave no ha visto a Sabrina recientemente.
 Paul and Betty have not visited Jamaica yet.
Paul y Betty no han visitado Jamaica todavía.
 Have you ever seen a UFO?
¿Has visto un OVNI alguna vez?
 Has Tom already left?
¿Tom ya se ha ido?

Past simple

El tiempo Past (pasado) responde a la pregunta: What happened? = ¿Qué pasó/pasaba?

Se forma: Sujeto + verbo en pasado (I worked).

What happened? - ¿Qué pasó?

I worked - Trabajé / Trabajaba

 I lost my keys yesterday.
Ayer perdí las llaves.
 It rained last night.
Anoche llovió.
 My neighbors bought a new car.
Mis vecinos se compraron un auto nuevo.
 Mr. Smith died two weeks ago.
El Sr. Smith falleció hace dos semanas.
 Susan sold her house last month.
Susan vendió su casa el mes pasado.
 Her kids did not go to school the day before yesterday.
Sus hijos no concurrieron a la escuela antes de ayer.
 Ted did not pass the exam.
Ted no pasó el examen.
 Did you see Jane yesterday?
¿Viste a Jane ayer?
 Where did they go on vacation?
¿Dónde fueron de vacaciones?

Past continuous

What was happening? = ¿Qué estuvo/estaba pasando?.

Se forma: Sujeto + was/were + verbo en progresivo (I was working).

What was happening? - ¿Qué estuvo/estaba pasando?

I was working - Estuve/estaba trabajando


 Grace was taking a shower when the phone rang.
Grace estaba duchándose cuando sonó el teléfono.
 While we were walking down the street, we saw Mrs. Pierce.
Mientras estaban caminando por la calle, vieron a la Sra. Pierce.
 The baby was crying while her mother was preparing breakfast.
El bebé estaba llorando mientras su mamá estaba preparando el desayuno.
 The employee was not doing his job when his boss arrived.
El empleado no estaba haciendo su trabajo cuando llegó su jefe.
 They were not driving carefully when they had the accident.
Ellos no estaban manejando con cuidado cuando tuvieron el accidente.
 What was Henry doing at midday?
¿Qué estaba haciendo Henry al mediodía?
 Were your friends playing in the park when it began to drizzle?
¿Tus amigos estaban jugando en el parque cuando comenzó a lloviznar?

Futuro idiomático

Se usa para expresar una intención o un plan definitivo en el futuro inmediato se usa siempre la
acción "to be going to".

Se forma: Sujeto + am/is/are + going to + verbo en presente (I am going to work).

What is going to happen? - ¿Qué va a pasar?

I am going to work - Voy a trabajar


 I am going to leave for Asia next month.
Voy a partir a Asia el mes que viene.
 We are going to watch a movie on TV tonight.
Vamos a ver una película en la televisión a la noche.
 The company is going to raise its prices next summer.
La compañía va a subir los precios el próximo mes.
 Mrs. Black is going to teach pottery next year.
La Sra. Black va a enseñar alfarería el año que viene.
 I am going to go to the grocery store tomorrow morning.
Voy a ir al almacén mañana por la mañana.
 Paul is not going to solve the problem before the end of the year.
Paul no va a resolver el problema antes de fin de año.
 We are not going to run the marathon next June.
No vamos a correr la maratón el próximo junio.
 Are you going to read Paul Auster’s latest novel?
¿Vas a leer la última novela de Paul Auster?
 The floor is full of dry leaves. Are you going to sweep it?
El piso está lleno de hojas secas. ¿Lo vas a barrer?

Las expresiones que comúnmente se pueden utilizar con este tiempo son:

This day. This month.

This week. This weekend.
In 2 days. Tomorrow (tumowrou) (mañana).
Y cualquier otra oracion que exprese un futuro inmediato.
 Futuro simple

El tiempo Future responde a la pregunta: What will happen? = ¿Qué pasará?

Expresa un plan o una acción que probablemente se realizara en un futuro lejano, es decir, no es
seguro que pase o suceda.

Se forma: Sujeto + will + verbo presente (I will work).

What will happen? - ¿Qué pasará?

I will work - Trabajaré


 I will see you tomorrow. Good-bye!
Te veré mañana. ¡Adiós!
 I promise I will call you next week.
Prometo que te llamaré la semana próxima.
 I think I will stay home the whole day because it is snowing.
Creo que me quedaré en casa todo el día porque está nevando.
 "What would you like to have?" "I'll have some coffee, please."
"¿Qué desearía tomar?" "Tomaré un café, por favor."
 If it is a sunny day, my wife and I will go to the beach.
Si es un día soleado, mi esposa y yo iremos a la playa.
 Tommy, I am sorry I will not help you with your homework. I am too busy right
now.
Tommy, lamentablemente no te ayudaré con la tarea. Estoy demasiado ocupado en este
momento.
 We won't accept the terms of this contract.
No aceptaremos los términos de este contrato.
 When will they come?
¿Cuándo vendrán?
 Will you open the door for me, please?
¿Quieres abrirme la puerta, por favor?

Imperativo

El imperativo en inglés se usa para dar órdenes, brindar sugerencias o hacer invitaciones.

En forma afirmativa
 En forma negativa

Come here Don't cross the street

Ven aquí No cruces la calle

Go there Don't say that

Ve allí No digas eso

Open the door Don't be so mean

Abre la puerta No seas tan malo

Leave me alone Don't fight

Déjame solo No pelées

Turn on the TV Don't drink so much

Enciende el televisor No tomes tanto

Turn off the radio Don't invite so many people

Apága la radio No invites a tantas personas

Be careful Don't make noise

Sé cuidadoso No hagas ruido

Let me see that Don't interrupt

Déjame ver eso No interrumpas

Call me up Don't drive so fast

Llámame por teléfono No conduzcas tan rápido

Finish that report Don't be late

Termina ese informe No llegues tarde

Sit down Don't come so early

Siéntate No vengas tan temprano
Stand up Don't buy so many things
Levántate No compres tantas cosas

El "Let´s" = "Let us" se usa para dar una orden en la cual uno mismo se incluye.

Let's

Let's not

Let's work Let's not hurry

Trabajemos No nos apuremos

Let's make a party Let's not do that

Hagamos una fiesta No hagamos eso

Let's buy some beers Let's not waste time

Compremos algunas cervezas No desperdiciemos tiempo

Let's play basketball Let's not wait any more

Juguemos al básketbol No esperemos más

Let's go to the movies Let's not go so fast

Vayamos al cine No vayamos tan rápido

Let's eat some ice creams Let's not drink so much

Comamos algunos helados No tomemos tanto

Let's take a walk Let's not talk about that

Tomemos un paseo No hablemos de eso

Let's consider this problem Let's not bother them

Consideremos este problema No los molestemos

Let's see what we can do Let's not interrupt

Veamos que podemos hacer No interrumpamos

Let's try to do it Let's not say anything

 Tratemos de hacerlo No digamos nada

Let's start with this Let's not argue again

Comencemos con esto No discutamos de nuevo

Let's finish that Let's not be upset about it

Terminemos eso No estemos molestos por ello

Infinitive

Un infinitivo es la forma básica de un verbo precedido por "to". Puede ser

usado como sustantivo, adjetivo, o adverbio.

Los participios y gerundios son dos tipos verbales diferentes. El infinitivo es un

tercer tipo. Un infinitivo es formado con la palabra "to" y la forma básica del
verbo.

 Many people love to ski.

 To skate is also fun.

Un infinitivo usado como sustantivo puede ser un sujeto, objeto directo,

predicado nominal, u objeto de preposición.

 Sujeto: To ski takes some training.

 Objeto Directo: I want to skate this winter
 Objeto de Preposición: He wanted nothing except to eat.

Un infinitivo usado como adjetivo modifica un sustantivo o pronombre

 A good place to visit is a ski resort.

 I do not know anyone to race.

Un infinitivo usado como adverbio modifica un verbo o un adjetivo

 To learn, listen to the instructor

 This game will be easy to beat

En un infinitivo, "to" es seguido por la forma básica del verbo. En una frase
preposicional, "to" es seguido por un sustantivo o pronombre que es el objeto
de preposición.

 Infinitivo: Is this the way to ski?

 Frase Preposicional: Is this the way to the ski slope?

Gerunds

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important

to understand that they are not the same.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:

 Fishing is fun.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a
present participle:

 Anthony is fishing.
 I have a boring teacher.

Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.

Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:

 Smoking costs a lot of money.

 I don't like writing.
 My favourite occupation is reading.

But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole
expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the
sentence.

 Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.

 I don't like writing letters.
 My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.

Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other
determiners):

 pointless questioning
 a settling of debts
  the making of Titanic
 his drinking of alcohol

But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:

 a settling of debts (not a settling debts)

 Making "Titanic" was expensive.
 The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

Gerunds after Prepositions

This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!

If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to

use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:

 I will call you after arriving at the office.

 Please have a drink before leaving.
 I am looking forward to meeting you.
 Do you object to working late?
 Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

 I will call you after my arrival at the office.

 Please have a drink before your departure.
 I am looking forward to our lunch.
 Do you object to this job?
 Tara always dreams about holidays.

Gerunds after Certain Verbs

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the
infinitive form, for example:

 I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:

 I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a
verb in gerund form:
  admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest,
dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give
up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone,
practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:

 She is considering having a holiday.

 Do you feel like going out?
 I can't help falling in love with you.
 I can't stand not seeing you.

Gerunds in Passive Sense

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the
gerund has a passive sense.

 I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)

 This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)
 The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)

La voz activa y voz pasiva

1. Present   2. Present perfect

The car is washed The car has been washed
The car is being washed The car has been being washed

  3. Past   4. Past perfect

The car was washed The car had been washed
The car was being washed The car had been being washed

  5. Future   6. Future perfect

The car will be washed The car will have been washed
The car will be being washed The car will have been being washed

  7. Future (going to)   8. Future perfect (going to)

The car is going to be washed The car is going to have been washed
The car is going to be being washed The car is going to have been being washed

  9. Future in past 10. Future perfect in past

The car was going to be washed The car was going to have been washed
The car was going to be being washed The car was going to have been being washed

11. Conditional 12. Conditional perfect

The car would be washed The car would have been washed
The car would be being washed The car would have been being washed

13. Modals 14. Modals + have

The car (can, could, ...) be washed The car (can, could, ...) have been washed
The car (can, could, ...) be being The car (can, ...) have been being washed
washed

CARACTERISTICAS
1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es
producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere:
Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires.
(Pedro de Mendoza fundó Buenos Aires).
2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es
recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere:
Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza.
(Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza).
3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se
conjuga.
4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano,
el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente.
5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de
pasiva:
a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith.
b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomática). Esta estructura no es
posible en castellano. 

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA

TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO

PRESENTE PASADO
I am seen, soy visto I was seen, fui visto
you are seen, eres visto you were seen, fuiste visto
he is seen, es visto he was seen, fue visto
we are seen, somos vistos we were seen, fuimos vistos
you are seen, sois vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos
they are seen, son vistos they were seen, fueron vistos

PRETERITO PERFECTO FUTURO

I have been seen, he sido visto I shall be seen, seré visto
you have been seen, has sido visto you will be seen, serás visto
he has been seen, ha sido visto he will be seen, será visto
 we have been seen, hemos sido vistos we shall be seen, seremos vistos
you have been seen, habéis sido vistos you will be seen, seréis vistos
they have been seen, han sido vistos they will be seen, serán vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO:  I had been seen, había sido visto

CONDICIONAL:  I should be seen, sería visto
FUTURO PERFECTO:  I shall have been seen, habré sido visto
CONDICIONAL PERFECTO:  I should have been seen, habría sido visto

VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS

EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado más el participio del

verbo principal. En inglés es mucho más frecuente que en español y, normalmente,
aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una acción sino el hecho en sí. Por
eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto
que en español suena más forzado. Sólo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con
verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).
VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
Tom writes a letter A letter is written by Tom
Tom is writing a letter A letter is being written by Tom
Tom was writing a letter A letter was being written by Tom
Tom wrote a letter A letter was written by Tom
Tom has written a letter A letter has been written by Tom
Tom had written a letter A letter had been written by Tom
Tom will write a letter A letter will be written by Tom
Tom is going to write a letter A letter is going to be written by Tom
Tom can write a letter A letter can be written by Tom
Tom could write a letter A letter could be written by Tom
Tom must write a letter A letter must be written by Tom
Tom may write a letter A letter may be written...
Tom might write a letter A letter might be written...

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones
se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quién exactamente ejecuta la
acción. Si una oración activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de
los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva:
ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog
PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me
PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomática)
La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc.
ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do
PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do
En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la
formación de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be:
get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy típicas de la
 pasiva y difíciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construcción
pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la
estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se
dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se
considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos:

ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.

PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.
PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE

a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van
a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debería cumplir.
You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!!
b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente
no se cumplieron:
The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock)
You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go)
c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibición de
hacer algo:
You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here)
You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)