QGIS 2.8 UserGuide Es
QGIS 2.8 UserGuide Es
QGIS 2.8 UserGuide Es
QGIS Project
06 de July de 2015
Contents
Prembulo
Convenciones
2.1 Convenciones de la Interfaz Grfica o GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Convenciones de Texto o Teclado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Instrucciones especficas de cada plataforma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5
6
Prlogo
Caractersticas
4.1 Ver datos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Explorar datos y componer mapas . . . . .
4.3 Crear, editar, gestionar y exportar datos . .
4.4 Analizar datos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Publicar mapas en Internet . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Extend QGIS functionality through plugins
4.7 Consola de Python . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Problemas Conocidos . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
Comenzar
6.1 Instalacin . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Datos de ejemplo . . . . . . . .
6.3 Sesin de ejemplo . . . . . . .
6.4 Iniciar y cerrar QGIS . . . . . .
6.5 Opciones de la lnea de rdenes
6.6 Proyectos . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 Salida . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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QGIS GUI
7.1 Barra de Men . . .
7.2 Barra de herramietas
7.3 Leyenda del mapa .
7.4 Vista del mapa . . .
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7.5
8
Barra de Estado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Configuracin QGIS
9.1 Paneles y Barras de Herramientas
9.2 Propiedades del proyecto . . . . .
9.3 Opciones . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4 Personalizacin . . . . . . . . . .
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63
Herramientas generales
8.1 Teclas de acceso rpido . .
8.2 Ayuda de contexto . . . . .
8.3 Renderizado . . . . . . . .
8.4 Mediciones . . . . . . . . .
8.5 Identificar objetos espaciales
8.6 Elementos decorativos . . .
8.7 Herramientas de anotaciones
8.8 Marcadores espaciales . . .
8.9 Anidar proyectos . . . . . .
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11 QGIS Browser
12 Trabajar con catos vectoriales
12.1 Supported Data Formats . . .
12.2 The Symbol Library . . . . .
12.3 The Vector Properties Dialog
12.4 Expressions . . . . . . . . . .
12.5 Editing . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6 Constructor de consultas . . .
12.7 Field Calculator . . . . . . .
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195
195
196
205
211
213
218
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221
221
221
222
222
222
222
229
18 Diseadores de impresin
18.1 Primeros pasos . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2 Modo de representacin . . . . . . . .
18.3 Elementos de diseo . . . . . . . . . .
18.4 Administrar elementos . . . . . . . . .
18.5 Revertir y Restaurar herramientas . . .
18.6 Generacin de Atlas . . . . . . . . . .
18.7 Hide and show panels . . . . . . . . .
18.8 Crear salida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.9 Administrar el diseador de impresin .
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231
233
237
238
261
263
263
265
266
267
19 Complementos
19.1 QGIS Complementos . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.2 Usar complementos ncleo de QGIS . . . .
19.3 Complemento Captura de coordenadas . . .
19.4 Complemento administrador de BBDD . . .
19.5 Complemento Conversor DxfaShp . . . . . .
19.6 Complemento Visualizacin de Eventos . . .
19.7 Complemento fTools . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.8 Complemento Herramientas de GDAL . . .
19.9 Complemento Georreferenciador . . . . . .
19.10 Complemento Mapa de calor . . . . . . . . .
19.11 Complemento de interpolacin . . . . . . . .
19.12 MetaSearch Catalogue Client . . . . . . . .
19.13 Complemento Edicin fuera de linea . . . .
19.14 Complemento GeoRaster espacial de Oracle
19.15 Complemento Anlisis de Terreno . . . . . .
19.16 Complemento Grafo de rutas . . . . . . . . .
19.17 Complemento Consulta espacial . . . . . . .
19.18 Complemento SPIT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.19 Complemento Comprobador de topologa. .
19.20 Complemento de Estadsticas de zona . . . .
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269
269
275
276
276
278
279
289
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297
302
305
307
310
311
313
314
315
317
317
320
20 Ayuda y apoyo
20.1 Listas de correos . . .
20.2 IRC . . . . . . . . . .
20.3 Rastreador de Errores
20.4 Blog . . . . . . . . .
20.5 Plugins . . . . . . . .
20.6 Wiki . . . . . . . . .
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321
321
322
322
323
323
323
21 Apndice
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325
iii
335
ndice
337
iv
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.
Contents
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Prembulo
Este documento es la gua de usuario original del software QGIS que se describe. El software y el hardware
descritos en este documento son el la mayora de los casos marcas registradas y por lo tanto estn sujetos a
requisitos legales. QGIS est sujeto a la Licencia Pblica General GNU. Encontrar ms informacin en la pgina
de QGIS, http://www.qgis.org.
Los detalles, datos y resultados en este documento han sido escritos y verificados con el mejor de los conocimientos y responsabilidad de los autores y editores. Sin embargo, son posibles errores en el contenido.
Por lo tanto, los datos no estn sujetos a ningn derecho o garanta. Los autores y editores no aceptan ninguna
responsabilidad u obligacin por fallos y sus consecuencias. Siempre ser bienvenido a informar posibles errores.
Este documento ha sido compuesto con reStructuredText. Est disponible como cdigo fuente reST va github y
en lnea como HTML y PDF en http://www.qgis.org/en/docs/. Tambin se pueden descargar versiones traducidas
de este documento en varios formatos en el rea de documentacin del proyecto QGIS. Para mayor informacin
sobre contribuir a este documento y acerca de la traduccin, por favor visite http://www.qgis.org/wiki/.
Enlaces en este documento
Este documento contiene enlaces internos y externos. Pulsando un enlace interno navega dentro del documento,
mientras que pulsando un enlace externo abre una direccin de Internet. En formato PDF, los enlaces internos y
externos son mostrados en azul y son manejados por el navegador del sistema. En formato HTML, el navegador
muestra y maneja ambos de manera idntica.
Autores y Editores de las Guas de Usuario, Instalacin y Programacin:
Tara Athan
Peter Ersts
Werner Macho
Claudia A. Engel
Larissa Junek
Tim Sutton
Astrid Emde
Radim Blazek
Anne Ghisla
Carson J.Q. Farmer
Brendan Morely
Diethard Jansen
Alex Bruy
Yves Jacolin
Godofredo Contreras
Stephan Holl
Tyler Mitchell
David Willis
Paolo Corti
Raymond Nijssen
Alexandre Neto
Otto Dassau
N. Horning
K. Koy
Jrgen E. Fischer
Gavin Macaulay
Richard Duivenvoorde
Andy Schmid
Martin Dobias
Magnus Homann
Lars Luthman
Marco Hugentobler
Gary E. Sherman
Andreas Neumann
Hien Tran-Quang
Chapter 1. Prembulo
CHAPTER 2
Convenciones
Esta seccin describe los estilos homogneos que se utilizarn a lo largo de este manual.
Herramienta:
Renderizar
Botn de seleccin:
Postgis SRID
EPSG ID
Seleccionar un nmero:
Seleccionar una cadena:
Buscar un archivo:
Seleccione un color:
Barra de desplazamiento:
Texto de Entrada:
El sombreado muestra un componente de la interfaz que el usuario puede pulsar.
Hacer esto
Hacer aquello
o como prrafos:
Hacer esto y esto y esto. Entonces hacer esto y esto y esto, y esto y esto y esto, y esto y esto y esto.
Hacer eso. Entonces hacer eso y eso y eso, y eso y eso y eso y eso, y eso y eso y eso, y eso y eso y eso, y eso y
eso y eso.
Las capturas de pantalls que aparecen a lo largo de la gua de usuario han sido creadas en diferentes plataformas;
stas se indicarn por el icono especfico para cada una al final del pie de imagen.
.
Chapter 2. Convenciones
CHAPTER 3
Prlogo
Chapter 3. Prlogo
CHAPTER 4
Caractersticas
QGIS offers many common GIS functionalities provided by core features and plugins. A short summary of six
general categories of features and plugins is presented below, followed by first insights into the integrated Python
console.
10
Chapter 4. Caractersticas
11
You can see the current allowed number of opened files per proccess with the following command on a console
user@host:~$ ulimit -Sn
To change the limits for an existing session, you may be able to use something like
user@host:~$ ulimit -Sn #number_of_allowed_open_files
user@host:~$ ulimit -Sn
user@host:~$ qgis
To fix it forever
On most Linux systems, resource limits are set on login by the pam_limits module according to the settings
contained in /etc/security/limits.conf or /etc/security/limits.d/*.conf. You should be
able to edit those files if you have root privilege (also via sudo), but you will need to log in again before any
changes take effect.
Ms informacin:
http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-increase-the-maximum-number-of-open-files/ http://linuxaria.com/article/openfiles-in-linux?lang=en
.
12
Chapter 4. Caractersticas
CHAPTER 5
Esta versin contiene nuevas caractersticas y se extiende la interfaz de programacin con respecto a versiones
anteriores. Le recomendamos que utilice esta versin sobre las versiones anteriores.
This release includes hundreds of bug fixes and many new features and enhancements
that will be described in this manual.
You may also review the visual changelog at
http://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/visualchangelog28/index.html.
5.1 Application
Map rotation: A map rotation can be set in degrees from the status bar
Bookmarks: You can share and transfer your bookmarks
Expressions:
when editing attributes in the attribute table or forms, you can now enter expressions directly into spin
boxes
the expression widget is extended to include a function editor where you are able to create your own
Python custom functions in a comfortable way
in any spinbox of the style menu you can enter expressions and evaluate them immediately
a get and transform geometry function was added for using expressions
a comment functionality was inserted if for example you want to work with data defined labeling
Joins: You can specify a custom prefix for joins
Layer Legend: Show rule-based renderers legend as a tree
DB Manager: Run only the selected part of a SQL query
Attribute Table: support for calculations on selected rows through a Update Selected button
Measure Tools: change measurement units possible
13
5.3 Digitizing
Advanced Digitizing:
digitise lines exactly parallel or at right angles, lock lines to specific angles and so on with the advanced
digitizing panel (CAD-like features)
simplify tool: specify with exact tolerance, simplify multiple features at once ...
Snapping Options: new snapping mode Snap to all layers
5.5 Plugins
Python Console: You can now drag and drop python scripts into the QGIS window
5.7 Simbologa
live heatmap renderer creates dynamic heatmaps from point layers
raster image symbol fill type
more data-defined symbology settings: the data-defined option was moved next to each data definable
property
support for multiple styles per map layer, optionally store layer styles
14
CHAPTER 6
Comenzar
Este captulo da una vista general rpida sobre la instalacin de QGIS, algunos datos de ejemplo de la web de
QGIS y ejecutar una primera sesin sencilla visualizando capas rster y vectoriales.
6.1 Instalacin
La instalacin de QGIS es muy sencilla. Hay disponibles paquetes de instalacin estndar para MS Windows y
Mac OS X. Se proporcionan paquetes binarios (rpm y deb) o repositorios de software para aadir a su gestor de
paquetes para muchos sabores de GNU/Linux. Consiga la ltima informacin sobre paquetes binarios en la web
de QGIS en http://download.qgis.org.
15
Para GNU/Linux y Mac OS X, an no hay disponibles paquetes de instalacin del conjunto de datos en
forma de rpm, deb o dmg. Para usar el conjunto de datos de muestra descargue el archivo qgis_sample_data
como un archivo ZIP de http://download.osgeo.org/qgis/data/qgis_sample_data.zip y descomprima el archivo en
su equipo.
El conjunto de datos de Alaska incluye todos los datos SIG que se usan para los ejemplos y capturas de pantalla
de la gua de usuario; tambin incluye una pequea base de datos de GRASS. La proyeccin del conjunto de datos
de QGIS es Alaska Albers Equal Area con unidades en pies. El cdigo EPSG es 2964.
PROJCS["Albers Equal Area",
GEOGCS["NAD27",
DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927",
SPHEROID["Clarke 1866",6378206.4,294.978698213898,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","7008"]],
TOWGS84[-3,142,183,0,0,0,0],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","6267"]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],
UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","9108"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","4267"]],
PROJECTION["Albers_Conic_Equal_Area"],
PARAMETER["standard_parallel_1",55],
PARAMETER["standard_parallel_2",65],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_center",50],
PARAMETER["longitude_of_center",-154],
PARAMETER["false_easting",0],
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
UNIT["us_survey_feet",0.3048006096012192]]
Si pretende usar QGIS como un visor grfico para GRASS, puede encontrar una seleccin de localizaciones de ejemplo (ej.., Spearfish o Dakota de Sur) en la web oficial de GRASS GIS,
http://grass.osgeo.org/download/sample-data/.
Arranque QGIS tecleando QGIS en la lnea de rdenes o si usa un binario precompilado, usando el
men Aplicaciones.
Iniciar QGIS usando el men Inicio o accesos directos en el escritorio o haciendo doble clic en un archivo
de proyecto de QGIS.
16
Chapter 6. Comenzar
Archivo debera estar seleccionado como Tipo de origien en el nuevo dilogo Aadir capa vectorial.
Ahora haga clic en [Explorar] para seleccionar la capa vectorial.
12. Haga clik en [Aplicar]. Compruebe si el resultado le gusta y finalmente pulse [Aceptar].
Puede ver lo fcil que es visualizar capas rster y vectoriales en QGIS. Vayamos a las secciones que siguen para
aprender ms sobre las funcionalidades, caractersticas y configuracin disponibles y cmo usarlas.
Asumiendo que QGIS est instalado en el PATH, puede iniciar QGIS tecleando qgis en la consola
o haciendo doble clic en el enlace (o acceso directo) a la aplicacin QGIS en el escritorio o en el men
Aplicaciones.
Iniciar QGIS usando el men Inicio o accesos directos en el escritorio o haciendo doble clic en un archivo
de proyecto de QGIS.
Haga doble clic en el icono en su carpeta Aplicaciones. Si necesita iniciar QGIS en una consola, ejecute
/path-to-installation-executable/Contents/MacOS/Qgis.
Archivo
17
[--height height]
height of snapshot to emit
[--lang language]
use language for interface text
[--project projectfile] load the given QGIS project
[--extent xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax] set initial map extent
[--nologo]
hide splash screen
[--noplugins]
dont restore plugins on startup
[--nocustomization]
dont apply GUI customization
[--customizationfile]
use the given ini file as GUI customization
[--optionspath path]
use the given QSettings path
[--configpath path]
use the given path for all user configuration
[--code path]
run the given python file on load
[--defaultui]
start by resetting user ui settings to default
[--help]
this text
FILE:
Files specified on the command line can include rasters,
vectors, and QGIS project files (.qgs):
1. Rasters - supported formats include GeoTiff, DEM
and others supported by GDAL
2. Vectors - supported formats include ESRI Shapefiles
and others supported by OGR and PostgreSQL layers using
the PostGIS extension
18
Chapter 6. Comenzar
Utilizando este argumento de lnea de rdenes puede definir un archivo de personalizacion de la GUI, que se
utilizar al iniciar.
Opcin de la lnea de rdenes --nocustomization
Utilizando este argumento de lnea de rdenes no se aplicar la personalizacin existente de la GUI.
Opcin de la lnea de rdenes --optionspath
Puede tener varias configuraciones y decidir cual utilizar al iniciar QGIS con esta opcin. Vase Opciones para
confirmar donde almacena los archivos de configuracin el sistema operativo. Actualmente, no hay forma de especificar un archivo para escribir la configuracin; por lo tanto puede crear una copia del archivo de configuracin
original y cambiarle el nombre. La opcin especifica la ruta al directorio con los ajustes. Por ejemplo, para utilizar
el archivo de configuracin /path/to/config/QGIS/QGIS2.ini , use la opcin.
--optionspath /path/to/config/
Suponiendo que esta en el directorio donde el archivo load_alaska.py se encuentra, puede iniciar QGIS,
cargue el archivo raster landcover.img y de a la capa el nombre Alaska utilizando el siguiente comando:
qgis --code load_alaska.py
6.6 Proyectos
El estado de su sesin de QGIS es considerado un proyecto. QGIS trabaja en un proyecto cada vez. La configuracin est considerada por proyecto o como predeterminada para nuevos proyectos (ver seccin Opciones).
QGIS puede guardar el estado de su espacio de trabajo dentro de un archivo de proyecto, usando las opciones de
men Proyecto
Guardar o Proyecto
Guardar como....
6.6. Proyectos
19
Siempre que guarde un proyecto en QGIS un respaldo del archivo del proyecto se hace con la extensin ~.
6.7 Salida
Hay muchas maneras de generar una salida desde su sesin QGIS. Ya hemos presentado una en la seccin Proyectos, guardando como un archivo de proyecto. Aqu hay una muestra de otras formas de producir archivos de
salida:
Guardar como imagen
La opcin del men Proyecto
abre un dilogo de archivo donde se selecciona el
nombre, la ruta y el tipo de imagen (PNG,JPG y muchos otros formatos). Un archivo de mundo con la
extensin PNGW o JPGW guardado en la misma carpeta la georreferencia de la imagen.
La opcin del men Proyecto Esportar a DXF ... abre un dilogo donde se puede definir el Modo de
simbologa, la Escala de la simbologa y las capas vectoriales que se desea exportar a DXF. A travs de los
smbolos Modo de simbologa desde la original simbologa QGIS puede ser exportado con alta fidelidad.
La opcin del men Proyecto
Nuevo diseador de impresin abre un dilogo en donde se puede
disear e imprimir el lienzo de mapa actual (vea seccin Diseadores de impresin).
.
20
Chapter 6. Comenzar
CHAPTER 7
QGIS GUI
Cuando QGIS inicia, se le presenta la interfaz grfica de usuario, como se muestra en la figura (los nmeros del 1
al 5 en crculos amarillos se analiza ms adelante).
Nota: Las decoraciones de las ventanas (barra de ttulo, etc.) pueden ser distintas dependiendo de su sistema
operativo y su gestor de ventanas.
La GUI QGIS se divide en cinco zonas:
1. Barra de Men
2. Barra de Herramientas
3. Leyenda del mapa
4. Vista del mapa
5. Barra de Estado
Estos cinco componentes de la interfaz de QGIS se describen con ms detalle en la siguiente seccin. Dos secciones ms presentan atajos de teclado y ayuda contextual.
21
7.1.1 Proyecto
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de herramietas
Ctrl+N
ver Proyectos
Proyecto
Ctrl+O
ver Proyectos
ver Proyectos
ver Proyectos
Proyecto
Proyecto
Guardar
Ctrl+S
ver Proyectos
Proyecto
Guardar como...
Ctrl+Shift+S
ver Proyectos
Proyecto
Nuevo
Abrir
Nuevo a partir de plantilla
Abrir recientes
ver Salida
ver Salida
Ctrl+P
22
Proyecto
Proyecto
Ctrl+Q
23
7.1.2 Editar
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de
herramietas
Deshacer
Ctrl+Z
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Rehacer
Ctrl+Shift+Z
ver Advanced digitizing
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Ctrl+X
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
Digitalizacin
Ctrl+C
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
Digitalizacin
Ctrl+V
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
ver Working with the
Attribute Table
Digitalizacin
Ctrl+.
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
Digitalizacin
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
Digitalizacin
Borrar seleccionados
ver Digitizing an
existing layer
Digitalizacin
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Aadir anillo
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Aadir parte
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Rellenar anillo
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Borrar anillo
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Borrar parte
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Desplazar curva
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Dividir partes
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Digitalizacin
Avanzada
Digitalizacin
Conmutar edicin
Despus de activar el modo
de una capa, encontrar el icono Aadir objeto espacial
en el men Edicin dependiendo del tipo de capa (punto, lnea o polgono).
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de herramietas
Digitalizacin
Digitalizacin
Digitalizacin
7.1.4 Ver
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de
herramietas
Desplazar mapa
Navegacin de
mapas
Desplazar mapa a la
seleccin
Navegacin de
mapas
Acercar zum
Ctrl++
Navegacin de
mapas
Alejar zum
Ctrl+-
Navegacin de
mapas
Atributos
Seleccionar
Identificar objetos
espaciales
Medir
Ctrl+Shift+I
Zum General
Ctrl+Shift+F
ver Mediciones
Zum a la capa
Zum a la seleccin
Atributos
Atributos
Navegacin de
mapas
Navegacin de
mapas
Navegacin de
mapas
Ctrl+J
Zum anterior
Navegacin de
mapas
Zum siguiente
Navegacin de
mapas
Navegacin de
mapas
Ilustraciones
Modo Vista previa
Atributos
Nuevo marcador
Ctrl+B
Atributos
Mostrar marcadores
Atributos
Actualizar
F5
Navegacin de
mapas
25
7.1.5 Capa
Men Opcin
Atajos
Crear capa
Referencia
ver Creating new Vector
layers
Aadir capa
Barra de
herramietas
Administrar
Capas
Administrar
Capas
Pegar estilo
Atributos
Conmutar edicin
Digitalizacin
Digitalizacin
Ediciones actuales
Digitalizacin
Guardar como...
Guardar como archivo de definicin
de capa...
Eliminar Capa/Grupo
Duplicar capa(s)
Establecer escala de visibilidad de
las capas
Establecer el SRC de la capa(s)
Establecer SRC del proyecto a partir
de capa
Propiedades ...
Consulta...
Ctrl+D
Ctrl+Shift+C
Etiquetado
Aadir a la vista general
Ctrl+Shift+O
Administrar
Capas
Ctrl+Shift+U
Administrar
Capas
Ctrl+Shift+H
Administrar
Capas
26
7.1.6 Configuracin
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Paneles
Barra de
herramietas
Barras de herramientas
Alternar el modo de pantalla
completa
F 11
Ctrl+Shift+Pver Proyectos
ver Custom Coordinate Reference
System
ver Presentation
ver Personalizacin
ver Opciones
7.1.7 Complementos
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de
herramietas
ver El dilogo de
complementos
Administrar e Instalar
complementos ...
Consola de Python
Ctrl+Alt+P
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
7.1.8 Vectorial
Men Opcin
menuselection:Open Street Map >
Atajos
Referencia
ver Loading OpenStreetMap Vectors
Herramientas de anlisis
Herramientas de investigacin
Herramientas de Geoproceso
Herramientas de geometra
Barra de herramietas
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
7.1.9 Rster
Men Opcin
Calculadora rster...
Atajos
Referencia
ver Calculadora Rster
Barra de herramietas
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
27
Atajos
Referencia
ver Complemento administrador de BBDD
Barra de herramietas
Base de datos
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
7.1.11 Web
Men Opcin
Metabuscador
Atajos
Referencia
ver metabuscador
Barra de herramietas
Web
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
7.1.12 Procesado
Men Opcin
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de
herramietas
Caja de herramientas de
procesado
Comandos
Cuando inicie QGIS por primera vez no se cargan todos los complementos bsicos.
7.1.13 Ayuda
Men Opcin
Contenido de la ayuda
Qu es esto?
Documentacin de la API
Necesita soporte comercial?
Pgina web de QGIS
Atajos
Referencia
Barra de herramietas
F1
Ayuda
Shift+F1
Ayuda
Ctrl+H
28
SRC personalizado
Administrador de estilos
Configurar teclas de atajo
Personalizacin
Opciones
Opciones de autoensamblado ...
Editar
Editar
Editar
Editar
Editar
Editar
Todos los preestablecidos aadidos estn presentes en el diseo de impresin con el fin de permitirle crear un
diseo de mapa en base a sus puntos de vista especficos (ver Propiedades principales).
Una capa se puede seleccionar y arrastrar hacia arriba o hacia abajo en la leyenda para cambiar el orden. El ordenz significa que las capas enlistadas ms cerca de la parte superior de la leyenda son dibujadas sobre las capas que
figuran ms abajo en la leyenda.
Nota: Este funcionamiento puede ser anulado por el panel Orden de la capa
Las capas en la ventana de leyenda se pueden organizar en grupos. Hay dos formas de hacer esto:
1. Pulse el icono
para aadir un nuevo grupo. Escriba un nombre para el grupo y pulse Enter. Ahora
haga clic en una capa existente y arrstrelo al grupo.
2. Seleccionar algunas capas, al hacer clic derecho en la ventana de la leyenda y elegir Grupo Seleccionado.
Las capas seleccionadas sern colocadas automticamente en un nuevo grupo.
29
Para llevar una capa fuera de un grupo, puede arrastrar hacia afuera , o haga clic derecho sobre l y elija Subir
elemento al nivel superior.
La casilla de verificacin para un grupo mostrar u ocultar todas las capas en el grupo al hacer clic.
El contenido del men contextual del botn derecho depende si el elemento de leyenda seleccionada es un rster
Botn de edicin
no est disponible. Vea la seccin
o una capa vectorial. Para las capas vectoriales de GRASS ,
Digitizing and editing a GRASS vector layer para obtener informacin sobre la edicin de capas vectoriales de
GRASS.
30
Cambiar nombre
Adems, de acuerdo con la posicin y la seleccin de la capa
Mover al nivel superior
Grupo seleccionado
Men del botn derecho del ratn para grupo de capas
Zum al grupo
Eliminar
Establecer SRC del grupo
Cambiar nombre
Aadir grupo
Es posible seleccionar mas de una capa o grupo al mismo tiempo manteniendo presionada la tecla Ctrl mientras
selecciona las capas con el botn izquierdo del ratn. Despus puede mover todas las capas a un nuevo grupo al
mismo tiempo.
Tambin puede eliminar ms de una capa o un grupo a la vez seleccionando varias capas con la tecla Ctrl y
presionando Ctrl+D despus. De esta manera, todas las capas o grupos seleccionados ser eliminado de la lista
de capas.
31
A la derecha de las funciones de representacin, vera el cdigo EPSG de la actual proyeccin SRC y un icono de
proyector. Haga clic en este para abrir las propiedades de proyeccin del actual proyecto.
Truco: Calcular la escala correcta de su lienzo de mapa
Cuando inicia QGIS, las unidades son grados, y esto significa que QGIS interpretar cualquier coordenada en su
capa como se especifica en grados. Para obtener valores de escala correctos, se puede cambiar esta configuracin a
metros manualmente en la pestaa General bajo Configuracin Propiedades del Proyecto, o puede seleccionar
SRC Actual:
un proyecto SRC al hacer clic en el icono
en la esquina inferior derecha de la barra de estado. En el
ltimo caso, las unidades se establecen en lo que esta especificado en la proyeccin del proyecto (e.g., +units=m).
32
33
34
CHAPTER 8
Herramientas generales
(Gnome)
La configuracin es muy simple. Solo seleccione una entidad de la lista y haga clic en [Cambiar], [Establecer
a ninguno] o [Establecer predeterminado]. Una vez finalizada la configuracin, se puede guardar como un
archivo XML y cargarlo en otra instalacin de QGIS.
8.3 Renderizado
Por omisin, QGIS representa todas las capas visibles siempre que se actualiza la vista del mapa. Los eventos que
desencadena una actualizacin de la vista del mapa incluyen:
35
Renderizar habilita el renderizado y origina un refresco inmediato del lienzo del mapa.
36
Hacer que las lneas se muestren menos quebradas a expensas del rendimiento de la representacin
Acelerar renderizado
Hay dos ajustes que le permiten mejorar la velocidad de presentacin. Abrir el dilogo de las opciones de QGIS
usando Configuracin Opciones, ir a la pestaa guilabel:Representacin y seleccionar o deseleccionar las siguientes casillas de verificacin:
Activar buffer trasero. Esto proporciona un mejor rendimiento grficos a costa de perder la posibilidad
de cancelar la representacin y dibujar objetos espaciales incrementalmente. Si no esta marcada, se puede
establecer el Nmero de objetos espaciales a dibujar antes de actualizar la visualizacin, de lo contrario
esta opcin est inactiva.
Usar cacheado de representacin cuando sea posible para acelerar redibujados
8.4 Mediciones
Las mediciones funcionan en sistemas de coordenadas proyectadas (por ejemplo, UTM) y en datos sin proyectar.
Si el mapa cargado est definido con un sistema de coordenadas geogrficas (latitud/longitud), los resultados
de las mediciones de lineas o reas sern incorrectos. Para solucionar esto, se debe establecer un sistema de
coordenadas del mapa apropiado (ver seccin :ref:label_projections). Todos los mdulos de medicin tambin
usan la configuracin de autoensamblado del mdulo de digitalizacin. Esto es til si se quiere medir a lo largo
de lineas o reas en una capa vectorial.
Para seleccionar una herramienta de medicin, pulsar
: En QGIS es posible medir distancias reales entre puntos dados conforme a un elipsoide definido.
Para configurar esto, seleccione la opcin del men Configuracin Opciones, haga clic en la pestaa Herramientas del mapa y seleccione el elipsoide apropiado. Ah, tambin puede definir un color de banda de medida
y las unidades de medida preferida (metros o pies) y las unidades de ngulos (grados, radianes, grados centesimales). La herramienta entonces le permite hacer puntos en el mapa. La longitud de cada segmento, as como el
total, aparecer en la ventana de medicin. Para detener la medicin, haga clic en el botn derecho del ratn. Tenga
en cuenta que puede cambiar interactivamente las unidades de medicin en el dilogo. Se anula las Unidades de
8.4. Mediciones
37
medicin preferida en las opciones. Hay una seccin de informacin en el dilogo que muestra que configuracin
de SRC se esta utilizando durante los clculos de medicin.
(Gnome)
Medir reas
: Las reas tambin pueden ser medidas. En la ventana de medicin, aparece el tamao del rea
acumulada. Adems, la herramienta de medicin se autoensamblar a la capa actualmente seleccionada, siempre
que la capa tenga establecida una tolerancia de autoensamblado (ver seccin Setting the Snapping Tolerance and
Search Radius). Por lo tanto, si se desea medir con exactitud a lo largo de un objeto espacial lineal, o alrededor
de un objeto poligonal, primero establezca su tolerancia de autoensamblado, luego seleccione la capa. Ahora, al
utilizar las herramientas de medicin, cada clic del ratn (dentro de la tolerancia configurada) se ajustar a esa
capa.
(Gnome)
Medir ngulo
: Se pueden tambin medir ngulos. El cursor se convierte en forma de cruz. Se debe hacer clic para
dibujar el primer segmento del ngulo que se desea medir y a continuacin mover el cursor para dibujar el ngulo
deseado. La medida se mostrar en el dilogo emergente.
(Gnome)
38
y seleccionar la herramienta:
Para
deseleccionar
todos
los
.
objetos
espaciales
seleccionados,
haga
clic
en
Seleccionar un objeto espacial utilizando una expresinpermite al usuario seleccionar objetos espaciales utilizando un dialogo de expresin. Ver captulo :ref:vector_expressions
para ms ejemplos.
Los usuarios pueden guardar objetos espaciales seleccionados en una Nueva capa vectorial en memoria o una
Nueva capa vectorial utilizando Edicin Pegar objetos espaciales como ... y elegir el modo que desea.
en la barra de herramientas.
Si hace clic en varios objetos, el dilogo Resultados de la identificacin se enumerar la informacin acerca de
todos los objetos seleccionados. El primer elemento es el numero de la capa en la lista de resultados, seguido por
el nombre. Luego su primer hijo ser el nombre de un campo con su valor. El primer campo es la seleccionada en
Propiedades Visualizar. Al final, toda la informacin sobre el objeto se mostrar.
Esta ventana puede ser personalizada para mostrar campos personalizados, pero por omisin mostrar tres tipos
de informacin:
Acciones: se pueden agregar acciones a la ventana para identificar objetos espaciales. Al hacer clic en la
etiqueta de la accin, sta se llevar a cabo. Por omisin, slo se aade una accin, para ver el formulario
del objeto para edicin.
Derivado: esta informacin se calcula o es derivada de otra informacin. Se puede encontrar las coordenadas
pulsadas, coordendas X y Y, rea y permetro en unidades del mapa para polgonos, longitud en unidades
del mapa para lineas e ID de los objetos espaciales.
Atributos de datos: Esta es la lista de campos de atributos de los datos.
(Gnome)
Expandir rbol
39
Comprimir rbol
Comportamiento predeterminado
Copiar atributos
En la parte inferior de la ventana, se tiene las listas desplegables de Modo y Vista. Con la lista desplegable Modo
se puede definir el modo de la identificacin: Capa actual, De arriba a abajo, irse en el primero, De arriba a
abajo y Seleccin de capa. La Vista se puede establecer como rbol, Tabla y Grfico.
La herramienta de identificacin le permite abrir automticamente un formulario. En este modo se puede cambiar
los atributos de los objetos espaciales.
Otras funciones se pueden encontrar en el men contextual del elemento identificado. Por ejemplo, del men
contextual se puede:
Ver el formulario del objeto espacial
Zum a objeto espacial
Copiar objeto espacial: Copiar toda la geometra y atributos del objeto espacial
Seleccin de objetos espaciales: aadir objeto espacial identificado a seleccin.
Copiar el valor del atributo: copiar solo el valor del atributo sobre el cual se hizo clic
Copiar atributos del objeto espacial: Copiar solo atributos
Limpiar resultados: quitar resultados de la ventana
Limpiar resaltados: Deseleccionar los objetos espaciales en el mapa
Resaltar todo
Resaltar capa
Activar capa: Elegir una capa para ser activada
Propiedades de la capa: Abrir la ventana de propiedades de la capa.
Expandir todo
Colapsar todo
8.6.1 Cuadrcula
Cuadrcula
40
2. Escribir el texto que se quiera colocar en el mapa. Se puede usar HTML como se muestra en el ejemplo.
3. Elegir la ubicacin de la etiqueta en la lista desplegable Ubicacin
4. Comprobar que la casilla de verificacin
41
coloca una sencilla flecha de norte en la vista del mapa. En la actualidad slo hay un estilo
disponible. Se puede ajustar el ngulo de la flecha o dejar que QGIS establezca la direccin automticamente.
Si decide dejar que QGIS determine la direccin, har su mejor conjetura en cuanto a cmo se debe orientar la
flecha. Para la colocacin de la flecha, se tienen cuatro opciones que corresponden a las cuatro esquinas de la vista
del mapa.
Barra de escala
aade una barra de escala sencilla a la vista del mapa. Se puede controlar el estilo y la ubicacin,
as como el etiquetado de la barra.
Mover anotacin
43
Nota: Si presiona Ctrl+T mientras est activa una herramienta Anotacin (mover anotacin, anotacin de texto,
anotacin de formulario), se invierten los estados de visibilidad de los elementos.
44
3. Presionar Ctrl y hacer clic sobre las capas file:grassland y regions. Presionar [OK]. Ahora la capa
seleccionada est incrustada en la leyenda del mapa y la vista del mapa.
Si bien las capas incrustadas son editables, no se pueden cambiar sus propiedades como estilo y etiquetado.
Eliminar
45
46
CHAPTER 9
Configuracin QGIS
QGIS es altamente configurable a travs del men Configuracin. Elegir entre Paneles, Barras de herramientas,
Propiedades del proyecto, Opciones y Personalizacin.
Nota: QGIS sigue las directrices de escritorio de localizacin de opciones y elementos de las propiedades del
proyecto. Por consecuencia relacionada a el sistema operativo que utiliza, la ubicacin de algunos elementos
descritos anteriormente podran estar situados en el men Ver (Paneles y Barra de herramientas) o en Opciones
Proyecto.
47
48
9.3 Opciones
Algunas opciones bsicas de QGIS se pueden seleccionar utilizando el dilogo Opciones. Seleccione la opcin
del men Configuracin
Opciones. Las pestaas donde puede personalizar las opciones estn descritas a
continuacin.
9.3. Opciones
49
Crear nuevo proyecto desde el proyecto predeterminado. Tiene la posibilidad de presionar Establecer
el actual proyecto como predeterminado o sobre Restablecer el predeterminado. Puede navegar a travs de
sus archivos y definir un directorio donde se encuentra las plantillas definidas por el usuario. Esto se aadir
Crear nuevo proyecto desde proyecto
a Proyecto Nueva plantilla de formulario. Si activa primero
predeterminado y entonces guarde un proyecto en l la carpeta de las plantillas de proyecto.
Avisar cuando se abra un proyecto guardado con una versin anterior de QGIS
Habilitar macros
. Esta opcin fue creada para manejar macros que estn escritos para llevar una
accin en los eventos del proyecto. Puede elegir entre Nunca, Preguntar, Slo para esta sesin y
Siempre (no recomendado).
Utilizar variables personalizadas (requiere reiniciar - incluir separadores). Puede [Aadir] y [Borrar]
variables. Las variables de entorno ya definidas se muestran en Variables de entorno actuales, y es posible
filtrarlos activando
Rutas de complemento
[Aadir] o [Borrar] Ruta(s) para buscar libreras de componentes en C++ adicionales
. No, Explo-
Solicitar subcapas raster al abrir. Algunas subcapas raster soportadas se les llama subdataset en GDAL.
Un ejemplo son los archivos netCDF si hay muchos variables netCDF, GDAL ve cada variable como un
subconjunto de datos. La opcin le permite controlar cmo lidiar con subcapas cuando se abre un archivo
con subcapas. Dispone de las siguientes opciones:
Siempre: Siempre preguntar (Si hay subcapas existentes)
Si es necesario: Preguntar si la capa no tiene bandas, pero tiene subcapas
Nunca: Nunca preguntar, no se cargar nada
Cargar todo: Nunca preguntar, pero cargar todas las subcapas
Ignorar la declaracin de codificacin del archivo shape. Si el archivo shape tiene informacin de
codificacin, Este ser ignorado por QGIS.
9.3. Opciones
51
Habilitar simplificacin de objetos espaciales por defecto a las nuevas capas aadidas
Hacer que las lneas se muestren menos quebradas a expensas del rendimiento de la representacin
Rsters
Con Seleccin de la banda RGB, puede definir el numero para la banda Roja, Verde y Azul.
Mejora de contraste
Unibanda gris
. Una sola banda de gris puede tener Sin realce, Estirar a MinMax, Estirar y cortar
a MinMax y tambin Cortar a MinMax.
Color de multibanda (byte/band)
a MinMax y Cortar a MinMax.
. Las opciones son Corte del conteo acumulativo, Min/Mx, Media +/-
Mover y zum
Definir Accin de la rueda del ratn
para x y y
53
Validar geometras. Editar lineas y polgonos complejos con muchos nodos puede resultar a una representacin muy lenta. Esto se debe a los procesos de validacin por defecto en QGIS puede tomar mucho
tiempo. Para acelerar la representacin, es posible seleccionar la validacin de geometra GEOS (a partir de
GEOS 3.3) o a pagarlo. La validacin de geometra GEOS es mucho ms rpido, pero la desventaja es que
slo el primer problema de geometra ser reportado.
Banda de medicin
Definir banda elstica Ancho de lnea y Color de lnea
Autoensamblado
Estilo de la unin
Segmentos del cuadrante
Lmite Miter
54
Solicitar SRC
Usar proxy para acceso web y definir Servidor, Puerto, Usuario, y Contrasea.
Default Proxy: Proxy se determina con base en el proxy de aplicacin que establece el uso
Socks5Proxy: Proxy genrico para cualquier tipo de conexin. Soporta TCP, UDP, unin a un puerto
(conexiones entrantes) y autenticacin.
HttpProxy: Implementado con el comando CONNECT, slo admite conexiones TCP salientes; admite la autenticacin.
HttpCachingProxy: Implementando el uso de comandos HTTP normales, es til slo en el contexto
de peticiones HTTP.
FtpCachingProxy: Implementar el uso de un proxy FTP, es til slo en el contexto de las peticiones
FTP.
9.3. Opciones
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Excluir algunas URLs se puede agregar a la caja de texto debajo los valores del proxy (ver Figure_Network_Tab).
Si necesita ms informacin detallada acerca de las diferentes configuraciones de proxy, consulte el manual de
documentacin de la biblioteca QT en http://doc.trolltech.com/4.5/qnetworkproxy.html#ProxyType-enum.
Truco: Utilizar proxies
El uso de proxies a veces puede ser complicado. Es til para proceder por prueba y error con los tipos de proxies
anteriores, comprobar para ver si en su caso tiene xito.
Puede modificar las opciones de acuerdo a sus necesidades. Alguno de los cambios puede requerir un reinicio de
QGIS antes de hacerse efectivos.
9.4 Personalizacin
Las herramientas personalizadas permite que (des)active casi todos los elementos en la interfaz de usuario de
QGIS. Esto puede ser muy til si se tienen muchos complementos instalados que nunca se utilizan y que esta
llenando su pantalla.
Men. En
Paneles se encuentran las ventanas de panel. Las ventanas del panel son aplicaciones que se pueden
iniciar y utilizar como una ventana flotante, de nivel superior o incrustadas en la ventana principal de QGIS como
un widget acoplado (ver tambin Paneles y Barras de Herramientas). En la
como la informacin de coordenadas se puede desactivar. En las
los iconos de la barra de herramientas de QGIS, y en
botones.
9.4. Personalizacin
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CHAPTER 10
QGIS allows users to define a global and project-wide CRS (coordinate reference system) for layers without a
pre-defined CRS. It also allows the user to define custom coordinate reference systems and supports on-the-fly
(OTF) projection of vector and raster layers. All of these features allow the user to display layers with different
CRSs and have them overlay properly.
Project
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60
If you want to define the coordinate reference system for a certain layer without CRS information, you can also do
that in the General tab of the raster and vector properties dialog (see General Menu for rasters and General Menu
for vectors). If your layer already has a CRS defined, it will be displayed as shown in Vector Layer Properties
Dialog .
Truco: CRS in the Map Legend
Right-clicking on a layer in the Map Legend (section Leyenda del mapa) provides two CRS shortcuts. Set layer
CRS takes you directly to the Coordinate Reference System Selector dialog (see figure_projection_2). Set project
CRS from Layer redefines the project CRS using the layers CRS.
Enable on the fly CRS transformation checkbox in the CRS tab of the
Project Properties from the Project (Gnome, OSX) or Settings (KDE, Windows) menu.
2. Click on the
CRS status
3. Turn OTF on by default in the CRS tab of the Options dialog by selecting
Enable on the fly reprojection
by default or Automatically enable on the fly reprojection if layers have different CRS.
If you have already loaded a layer and you want to enable OTF projection, the best practice is to open the CRS
tab of the Project Properties dialog, select a CRS, and activate the
CRS status
checkbox. The
icon will no longer be greyed out, and all layers will be OTF projected to the CRS
shown next to the icon.
The CRS tab of the Project Properties dialog contains five important components, as shown in Figure_projection_2
and described below:
1. Enable on the fly CRS transformation This checkbox is used to enable or disable OTF projection.
When off, each layer is drawn using the coordinates as read from the data source, and the components described below are inactive. When on, the coordinates in each layer are projected to the coordinate reference
system defined for the map canvas.
2. Filter If you know the EPSG code, the identifier, or the name for a coordinate reference system, you can
use the search feature to find it. Enter the EPSG code, the identifier or the name.
3. Recently used coordinate reference systems If you have certain CRSs that you frequently use in your
everyday GIS work, these will be displayed in this list. Click on one of these items to select the associated
CRS.
4. Coordinate reference systems of the world This is a list of all CRSs supported by QGIS, including
Geographic, Projected and Custom coordinate reference systems. To define a CRS, select it from the list by
expanding the appropriate node and selecting the CRS. The active CRS is preselected.
5. PROJ.4 text This is the CRS string used by the PROJ.4 projection engine. This text is read-only and
provided for informational purposes.
Truco: Project Properties Dialog
If you open the Project Properties dialog from the Project menu, you must click on the CRS tab to view the CRS
settings.
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CRS status
Note that the Parameters must begin with a +proj= block, to represent the new coordinate reference system.
You can test your CRS parameters to see if they give sane results. To do this, enter known WGS 84 latitude and
longitude values in North and East fields, respectively. Click on [Calculate], and compare the results with the
known values in your coordinate reference system.
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CHAPTER 11
QGIS Browser
The QGIS Browser is a panel in QGIS that lets you easily navigate in your filesystem and manage geodata. You
can have access to common vector files (e.g., ESRI shapefiles or MapInfo files), databases (e.g., PostGIS, Oracle,
SpatiaLite or MS SQL Spatial) and WMS/WFS connections. You can also view your GRASS data (to get the data
into QGIS, see GRASS GIS Integration).
2. Drag the panel into the legend window and release it.
3. Click on the Browser tab.
4. Browse in your filesystem and choose the shapefile folder from qgis_sample_data directory.
5. Press the Shift key and select the airports.shp and alaska.shp files.
6. Press the left mouse button, then drag and drop the files into the map canvas.
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7. Right-click on a layer and choose Set project CRS from layer. For more information see Working with
Projections.
8. Click on
Zoom Full
There is a second browser available under Settings Panels. This is handy when you need to move files or layers
between locations.
1. Activate a second QGIS Browser: Right-click on the toolbar and check
Settings Panels.
QGIS automatically looks for the coordinate reference system (CRS) and zooms to the layer extent if you work
in a blank QGIS project. If there are already files in your project, the file will just be added, and in the case that
it has the same extent and CRS, it will be visualized. If the file has another CRS and layer extent, you must first
right-click on the layer and choose Set Project CRS from Layer. Then choose Zoom to Layer Extent.
Filter files
The
function works on a directory level. Browse to the folder where you want to filter files and enter
a search word or wildcard. The Browser will show only matching filenames other data wont be displayed.
Start the QGIS Browser using the Start menu or desktop shortcut.
In figure_browser_standalone_metadata, you can see the enhanced functionality of the stand-alone QGIS Browser.
The Param tab provides the details of your connection-based datasets, like PostGIS or MSSQL Spatial. The
Metadata tab contains general information about the file (see Metadata Menu). With the Preview tab, you can
have a look at your files without importing them into your QGIS project. Its also possible to preview the attributes
of your files in the Attributes tab.
.
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CHAPTER 12
67
Loading a Shapefile
Add Vector Layer
toolbar button, or simply press Ctrl+Shift+V.
To load a shapefile, start QGIS and click on the
This will bring up a new window (see figure_vector_1).
You can also select the encoding for the shapefile if desired.
Open the Layer Properties dialog by double-clicking on the shapefile name in the legend or by right-clicking
and choosing Properties from the context menu.
In the General tab, click the [Create Spatial Index] button.
Problem loading a shape .prj file
If you load a shapefile with a .prj file and QGIS is not able to read the coordinate reference system from that
file, you will need to define the proper projection manually within the General tab of the Layer Properties dialog
69
of the layer by clicking the [Specify...] button. This is due to the fact that .prj files often do not provide the
complete projection parameters as used in QGIS and listed in the CRS dialog.
For the same reason, if you create a new shapefile with QGIS, two different projection files are created: a .prj
file with limited projection parameters, compatible with ESRI software, and a .qpj file, providing the complete
parameters of the used CRS. Whenever QGIS finds a .qpj file, it will be used instead of the .prj.
: to Mapinfo File [OGR] (*.mif *.tab *.MIF *.TAB) and select the MapInfo
to Arc/Info Binary Coverage. Navigate to the directory that contains the coverage file, and select it.
Similarly, you can load directory-based vector files in the UK National Transfer Format, as well as the raw TIGER
Format of the US Census Bureau.
DMS coordinates
Finally, enter a layer name (e.g., elevp), as shown in figure_delimited_text_1. To add the layer to the map, click
[OK]. The delimited text file now behaves as any other map layer in QGIS.
There is also a helper option that allows you to trim leading and trailing spaces from fields
Also, it is possible to
by activating
Trim fields.
Discard empty fields. If necessary, you can force a comma to be the decimal separator
Use spatial index to improve the performance of displaying and spatially selecting features.
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Watch file to watch for changes to the file by other applications while QGIS is running.
Add SpatiaLite Layer... option from the Layer menu (see section
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SSL mode: How the SSL connection will be negotiated with the server. Note that massive speedups in
PostGIS layer rendering can be achieved by disabling SSL in the connection editor. The following options
are available:
Disable: Only try an unencrypted SSL connection.
Allow: Try a non-SSL connection. If that fails, try an SSL connection.
Prefer (the default): Try an SSL connection. If that fails, try a non-SSL connection.
Require: Only try an SSL connection.
Username: User name used to log in to the database.
Password: Password used with Username to connect to the database.
Optionally, you can activate the following checkboxes:
Save Username
Save Password
Once all parameters and options are set, you can test the connection by clicking on the [Test Connect] button.
Loading a PostGIS Layer
Once you have one or more connections defined, you can load layers from the PostgreSQL database. Of
course, this requires having data in PostgreSQL. See section Importing Data into PostgreSQL for a discussion on
importing data into the database.
To load a layer from PostGIS, perform the following steps:
If the Add PostGIS layers dialog is not already open, selecting the
Layer menu or typing Ctrl+Shift+D opens the dialog.
Choose the connection from the drop-down list and click [Connect].
Select or unselect
Search Options to define which features to load from the layer, or use the [Build
Optionally, use some
query] button to start the Query builder dialog.
Find the layer(s) you wish to add in the list of available layers.
Select it by clicking on it. You can select multiple layers by holding down the Shift key while clicking.
See section Constructor de consultas for information on using the PostgreSQL Query Builder to further
define the layer.
Click on the [Add] button to add the layer to the map.
Truco: PostGIS Layers
Normally, a PostGIS layer is defined by an entry in the geometry_columns table. From version 0.9.0 on, QGIS
can load layers that do not have an entry in the geometry_columns table. This includes both tables and views.
Defining a spatial view provides a powerful means to visualize your data. Refer to your PostgreSQL manual for
information on creating views.
12.1. Supported Data Formats
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shp2pgsql
PostGIS includes an utility called shp2pgsql that can be used to import shapefiles into a PostGIS-enabled database.
For example, to import a shapefile named lakes.shp into a PostgreSQL database named gis_data, use the
following command:
shp2pgsql -s 2964 lakes.shp lakes_new | psql gis_data
This creates a new layer named lakes_new in the gis_data database. The new layer will have a spatial reference identifier (SRID) of 2964. See section Working with Projections for more information on spatial reference
systems and projections.
Truco: Exporting datasets from PostGIS
Like the import tool shp2pgsql, there is also a tool to export PostGIS datasets as shapefiles: pgsql2shp. This is
shipped within your PostGIS distribution.
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ogr2ogr
Besides shp2pgsql and DB Manager, there is another tool for feeding geodata in PostGIS: ogr2ogr. This is part
of your GDAL installation.
To import a shapefile into PostGIS, do the following:
ogr2ogr -f "PostgreSQL" PG:"dbname=postgis host=myhost.de user=postgres
password=topsecret" alaska.shp
This will import the shapefile alaska.shp into the PostGIS database postgis using the user postgres with the
password topsecret on host server myhost.de.
Note that OGR must be built with PostgreSQL to support PostGIS. You can verify this by typing (in
If you prefer to use PostgreSQLs COPY command instead of the default INSERT INTO method, you can export
the following environment variable (at least available on
and
):
export PG_USE_COPY=YES
ogr2ogr does not create spatial indexes like shp2pgsl does. You need to create them manually, using the normal SQL command CREATE INDEX afterwards as an extra step (as described in the next section Improving
Performance).
Improving Performance
Retrieving features from a PostgreSQL database can be time-consuming, especially over a network. You can
improve the drawing performance of PostgreSQL layers by ensuring that a PostGIS spatial index exists on
each layer in the database. PostGIS supports creation of a GiST (Generalized Search Tree) index to speed
up spatial searches of the data (GiST index information is taken from the PostGIS documentation available at
http://postgis.refractions.net).
The syntax for creating a GiST index is:
CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
USING GIST ( [geometryfield] GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS );
Note that for large tables, creating the index can take a long time. Once the index is created, you should perform
a VACUUM ANALYZE. See the PostGIS documentation (POSTGIS-PROJECT Referencias bibliogrficas y web)
for more information.
The following is an example of creating a GiST index:
gsherman@madison:~/current$ psql gis_data
Welcome to psql 8.3.0, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
Type:
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Usage
Import data into PostGIS (Importing Data into PostgreSQL) using, for example, the DB Manager plugin.
Use the PostGIS command line interface to issue the following command (in this example,
TABLE is the actual name of your PostGIS table): gis_data=# update TABLE set
the_geom=ST_Shift_Longitude(the_geom);
If everything went well, you should receive a confirmation about the number of features that were updated.
Then youll be able to load the map and see the difference (Figure_vector_5).
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77
Save Username Indicates whether to save the database username in the connection configuration.
Save Password Indicates whether to save the database password in the connection settings.
Only look in meta data table Restricts the displayed tables to those that are in the
all_sdo_geom_metadata view. This can speed up the initial display of spatial tables.
Only look for users tables When searching for spatial tables, restrict the search to tables that are owned
by the user.
Also list tables with no geometry Indicates that tables without geometry should also be listed by default.
Use estimated table statistics for the layer metadata When the layer is set up, various metadata are
required for the Oracle table. This includes information such as the table row count, geometry type and
spatial extents of the data in the geometry column. If the table contains a large number of rows, determining
this metadata can be time-consuming. By activating this option, the following fast table metadata operations
are done: Row count is determined from all_tables.num_rows. Table extents are always determined
with the SDO_TUNE.EXTENTS_OF function, even if a layer filter is applied. Table geometry is determined
from the first 100 non-null geometry rows in the table.
Only existing geometry types Only list the existing geometry types and dont offer to add others.
Once all parameters and options are set, you can test the connection by clicking on the [Test Connect] button.
Truco: QGIS User Settings and Security
Depending on your computing environment, storing passwords in your QGIS settings may be a security risk.
Passwords are saved in clear text in the system configuration and in the project files! Your customized settings for
QGIS are stored based on the operating system:
toolbar
Choose the connection from the drop-down list and click [Connect].
Select or unselect
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displays a drop down list to let the user import or export symbols.
add item
button.
To add a symbol into a group, you can either right click on a symbol then choose Apply group and then the group
name added before. There is a second way to add several symbols into group: just select a group and click
and choose Group Symbols. All symbols display a checkbox that allow you to add the symbol into the selected
groups. When finished, you can click on the same button, and choose Finish Grouping.
Create Smart Symbols is similar to creating group, but instead select Smart Groups. The dialog box allow user
to choose the expression to select symbols in order to appear in the smart group (contains some tags, member of
a group, have a string in its name, etc.)
Add, edit, remove symbol
With the Style manager from the [Symbol]
add item
edit item
remove item
share item
,
and
. Marker symbols, Line symbols, Fill patterns and colour ramps
can be used to create the symbols. The symbols are then assigned to All Symbols, Groups or Smart groups.
For each kind of symbols, you will find always the same dialog structure:
at the top left side a symbol representation
under the symbol representation the symbol tree show the symbol layers
at the right you can setup some parameter (unit,transparency, color, size and rotation)
under these parameters you find some symbol from the symbols library
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The symbol tree allow adding, removing or protect new simple symbol. You can move up or down the symbol
layer.
More detailed settings can be made when clicking on the second level in the Symbol layers dialog. You can define
Symbol layers that are combined afterwards. A symbol can consist of several Symbol layers. Settings will be
shown later in this chapter.
Truco: Note that once you have set the size in the lower levels of the Symbol layers dialog, the size of the
whole symbol can be changed with the Size menu in the first level again. The size of the lower levels changes
accordingly, while the size ratio is maintained.
80
Join style
Cap style
Draw line
81
Figure 12.7: Example of custom gradient color ramp with multiple stops
The cpt-city option opens a new dialog with hundreds of themes included out of the box.
.
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83
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types are available. Depending on the chosen renderer, the Style menu provides different additional sections. On
the bottom right of the symbology dialog, there is a [Symbol] button, which gives access to the Style Manager
(see Presentation). The Style Manager allows you to edit and remove existing symbols and add new ones.
After having made any needed changes, the symbol can be added to the list of current style symbols (using
[Symbol]
Save in symbol library), and then it can easily be used in the future. Furthermore, you can use
85
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value: red
yellow
value: green
static/user_manual/working_with_vector/symbol_data_defin
87
88
Quantile: each class will have the same number of element inside (the idea of a boxplot);
Natural Breaks (Jenks): the variance within each class is minimal while the variance between classes is
maximal;
Standard Deviation: classes are built depending on the standard deviation of the values;
Pretty Breaks: the same of natural breaks but the extremes number of each class are integers.
The listbox in the center part of the Style menu lists the classes together with their ranges, labels and symbols that
will be rendered.
Click on Classify button to create classes using the choosen mode. Each classes can be disabled unchecking the
checkbox at the left of the class name.
You can change symbol, value and/or label of the clic, just double clicking on the item you want to change.
Right-click shows a contextual menu to Copy/Paste, Change color, Change transparency, Change output unit,
Change symbol width.
The example in figure_symbology_7 shows the graduated rendering dialog for the rivers layer of the QGIS sample
dataset.
Truco: Thematic maps using an expression
Categorized and graduated thematic maps can now be created using the result of an expression. In the properties
dialog for vector layers, the attribute chooser has been augmented with a
Set column expression function. So
now you no longer need to write the classification attribute to a new column in your attribute table if you want the
classification attribute to be a composite of multiple fields, or a formula of some sort.
Rule-based rendering
The Rule-based Renderer is used to render all the features from a layer, using rule based symbols whose color
reflects the assignment of a selected features attribute to a class. The rules are based on SQL statements. The
dialog allows rule grouping by filter or scale, and you can decide if you want to enable symbol levels or use only
the first-matched rule.
The example in figure_symbology_8 shows the rule-based rendering dialog for the rivers layer of the QGIS sample
dataset.
To create a rule, activate an existing row by double-clicking on it, or click on + and click on the new rule. In the
Rule properties dialog, you can define a label for the rule. Press the
button to open the expression string
builder. In the Function List, click on Fields and Values to view all attributes of the attribute table to be searched.
To add an attribute to the field calculator Expression field, double click its name in the Fields and Values list.
Generally, you can use the various fields, values and functions to construct the calculation expression, or you can
just type it into the box (see Expressions). You can create a new rule by copying and pasting an existing rule with
the right mouse button. You can also use the ELSE rule that will be run if none of the other rules on that level
match. Since QGIS 2.8 the rules appear in a tree hierarchy in the map legend. Just double-klick the rules in the
map legend and the Style menu of the layer properties appears showing the rule that is the background for the
symbol in the tree.
Point displacement
The Point Displacement Renderer works to visualize all features of a point layer, even if they have the same
location. To do this, the symbols of the points are placed on a displacement circle around a center symbol.
Truco: Export vector symbology
You have the option to export vector symbology from QGIS into Google *.kml, *.dxf and MapInfo *.tab files. Just
open the right mouse menu of the layer and click on Save selection as to specify the name of the output file and
its format. In the dialog, use the Symbology export menu to save the symbology either as Feature symbology
or as Symbol layer symbology . If you have used symbol layers, it is recommended to use the second setting.
Inverted Polygon
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Inverted polygon renderer allows user to define a symbol to fill in outside of the layers polygons. As before you
can select subrenderers. These subrenderers are the same as for the main renderers.
color swatches
or
color picker
color ramp
Whatever method you use, the selected color is always described through color sliders for HSV (Hue, Saturation,
Value) and RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. There is also an opacity slider to set transparency level. On the lower
left part of the dialog you can see a comparison between the current and the new color you are presently selecting
and on the lower right part you have the option to add the color you just tweaked into a color slot button.
With
color ramp
or with
color wheel
, you can browse to all possible color combinations. There are other
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color picker
Another option is to use the
which allows you to sample a color from under your mouse pointer at
any part of QGIS or even from another application by pressing the space bar. Please note that the color picker is
OS dependent and is currently not supported by OSX.
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Subtract: This blend mode simply subtracts pixel values of one layer from the other. In case of negative
values, black is displayed.
Text
Formatting
Buffer
Background
Shadow
Placement
Rendering
Let us see how the new menus can be used for various vector layers. Labeling point layers
Start QGIS and load a vector point layer. Activate the layer in the legend and click on the
icon in the QGIS toolbar menu.
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shadow with the Blur radius. The higher the number, the softer the shadows. The appearance of the drop shadow
can also be altered by choosing a blend mode (see blend_modes).
Offset from point
Choose the Placement menu for the label placement and the labeling priority. Using the
setting, you now have the option to use Quadrants to place your label. Additionally, you can alter the angle of
the label placement with the Rotation setting. Thus, a placement in a certain quadrant with a certain rotation is
possible. In the priority section you can define with which priority the labels are rendered. It interacts with labels
of the other vector layers in the map canvas. If there are labels from different layers in the same location then the
label with the higher priority will be displayed and the other will be left out.
In the Rendering menu, you can define label and feature options. Under Label options, you find the scale-based
Show all labels for
visibility setting now. You can prevent QGIS from rendering only selected labels with the
this layer (including colliding labels) checkbox. Under Feature options, you can define whether every part of a
multipart feature is to be labeled. Its possible to define whether the number of features to be labeled is limited
and to
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The Background menu has the same entries as described in section labeling_point_layers.
Also, the Shadow menu has the same entries as described in section labeling_point_layers.
In the Placement menu, you find special settings for line layers. The label can be placed
or
Parallel and
Parallel,
Curved
Above line,
On line and
Below line. Its possible to select several options at once. In that case, QGIS will look for the
optimal position of the label. Remember that here you can also use the line orientation for the position of the label.
Additionally, you can define a Maximum angle between curved characters when selecting the
Curved option
(see Figure_labels_2 ).
You can set up a minimum distance for repeating labels. Distance can be in mm or in map units.
Some Placement setup will display more options, for example, Curved and Parallel Placements will allow the user
to set up the position of the label (above, below or on the line), distance from the line and for Curved, the user can
also setup inside/outside max angle between curved label. As for point vector layers you have the possibility to
define a Priority for the labels.
The Rendering menu has nearly the same entries as for point layers. In the Feature options, you can now Suppress
labeling of features smaller than.
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In the Text menu, define the text style. The entries are the same as for point and line layers.
The Formatting menu allows you to format multiple lines, also similar to the cases of point and line layers.
As with point and line layers, you can create a text buffer in the Buffer menu.
Use the Background menu to create a complex user-defined background for the polygon layer. You can use the
menu also as with the point and line layers.
The entries in the Shadow menu are the same as for point and line layers.
In the Placement menu, you find special settings for polygon layers (see Figure_labels_3).
Horizontal (slow),
Around centroid,
Free and
Using perimeter are possible.
In the
Offset from centroid settings, you can specify if the centroid is of the
visible polygon or
whole
polygon. That means that either the centroid is used for the polygon you can see on the map or the centroid is
determined for the whole polygon, no matter if you can see the whole feature on the map. You can place your
Around centroid setting makes it possible to
label with the quadrants here, and define offset and rotation. The
place the label around the centroid with a certain distance. Again, you can define
visible polygon or
whole
polygon for the centroid. With the
Using perimeter settings, you can define a position and a distance for the
label. For the position,
are possible.
Above line,
On line,
Related to the choice of Label Placement, several options will appear. As for Point Placement you can choose the
distance for the polygon outline, repeat the label around the polygon perimeter.
As for point and line vector layers you have the possibility to define a Priority for the polygon vector layer.
The entries in the Rendering menu are the same as for line layers. You can also use Suppress labeling of features
smaller than in the Feature options. Define labels based on expressions
Labels
QGIS allows to use expressions to label features. Just click the
icon in the
menu of the properties
dialog. In figure_labels_4 you see a sample expression to label the alaska regions with name and area size, based
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on the field NAME_2, some descriptive text and the function $area() in combination with format_number()
to make it look nicer.
As you can see in the expression builder, you have hundreds of functions available to create simple and very
complex expressions to label your data in QGIS. See Expressions chapter for more information and examples on
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expressions.
Using data-defined override for labeling
With the data-defined override functions, the settings for the labeling are overridden by entries in the attribute
table. You can activate and deactivate the function with the right-mouse button. Hover over the symbol and you
see the information about the data-defined override, including the current definition field. We now describe an
example using the data-defined override function for the
Move label
Offset from
and
Delete Column
Editing mode
Edit Widget
Within the Fields menu, you also find an edit widget column. This column can be used to define values or a range
of values that are allowed to be added to the specific attribute table column. If you click on the [edit widget]
12.3. The Vector Properties Dialog
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100
button, a dialog opens, where you can define different widgets. These widgets are:
Checkbox: Displays a checkbox, and you can define what attribute is added to the column when the checkbox is activated or not.
Classification: Displays a combo box with the values used for classification, if you have chosen unique
value as legend type in the Style menu of the properties dialog.
Color: Displays a color button allowing user to choose a color from the color dialog window.
Date/Time: Displays a line field which can open a calendar widget to enter a date, a time or both. Column
type must be text. You can select a custom format, pop-up a calendar, etc.
Enumeration: Opens a combo box with values that can be used within the columns type. This is currently
only supported by the PostgreSQL provider.
File name: Simplifies the selection by adding a file chooser dialog.
Hidden: A hidden attribute column is invisible. The user is not able to see its contents.
Photo: Field contains a filename for a picture. The width and height of the field can be defined.
Range: Allows you to set numeric values from a specific range. The edit widget can be either a slider or a
spin box.
Relation Reference: This widged lets you embed the feature form of the referenced layer on the feature
form of the actual layer. See Creating one to many relations.
Text edit (default): This opens a text edit field that allows simple text or multiple lines to be used. If you
choose multiple lines you can also choose html content.
Unique values: You can select one of the values already used in the attribute table. If Editable is activated,
a line edit is shown with autocompletion support, otherwise a combo box is used.
UUID Generator: Generates a read-only UUID (Universally Unique Identifiers) field, if empty.
Value map: A combo box with predefined items. The value is stored in the attribute, the description is
shown in the combo box. You can define values manually or load them from a layer or a CSV file.
Value Relation: Offers values from a related table in a combobox. You can select layer, key column and
value column.
Webview: Field contains a URL. The width and height of the field is variable.
Nota: QGIS has an advanced hidden option to define your own field widget using python and add it to this
impressive list of widgets. It is tricky but it is very well explained in following excellent blog that explains how
to create a real time validation widget that can be used like described widgets. See http://blog.vitu.ch/101420131847/write-your-own-qgis-form-elements
With the Attribute editor layout, you can now define built-in forms (see figure_fields_2). This is usefull for data
entry jobs or to identify objects using the option auto open form when you have objects with many attributes. You
can create an editor with several tabs and named groups to present the attribute fields.
Choose Drag and drop designer and an attribute column. Use the
icon to create a category to insert a tab or
a named group (see figure_fields_3). When creating a new category, QGIS will insert a new tab or named group
for the category in the built-in form. The next step will be to assign the relevant fields to a selected category with
the
icon. You can create more categories and use the same fields again.
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QGIS dialogs can have a Python function that is called when the dialog is opened. Use this function to add extra
logic to your dialogs. An example is (in module MyForms.py):
def open(dialog,layer,feature):
geom = feature.geometry()
control = dialog.findChild(QWidged,"My line edit")
Figure 12.29: Dialog to create categories with the Attribute editor layout
Figure 12.30: Resulting built-in form with tabs and named groups
View or change the projection of the specific vector layer, clicking on Specify ...
Scale dependent visibility
You can set the Maximum (inclusive) and Minimum (exclusive) scale. The scale can also be set by the
[Current] buttons.
Feature subset
With the [Query Builder] button, you can create a subset of the features in the layer that will be visualized
(also refer to section Constructor de consultas).
103
104
105
If you are invoking an action that uses the %% notation, right-click on the field value in the Identify Results dialog
or the Attribute Table dialog that you wish to pass to the application or script.
Here is another example that pulls data out of a vector layer and inserts it into a file using bash and the echo command (so it will only work on or perhaps ). The layer in question has fields for a species name taxon_name,
latitude lat and longitude long. We would like to be able to make a spatial selection of localities and export
106
these field values to a text file for the selected record (shown in yellow in the QGIS map area). Here is the action
to achieve this:
bash -c "echo \"%taxon_name %lat %long\" >> /tmp/species_localities.txt"
After selecting a few localities and running the action on each one, opening the output file will show something
like this:
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
Acacia
mearnsii
mearnsii
mearnsii
mearnsii
-34.0800000000
-34.9000000000
-35.2200000000
-32.2700000000
150.0800000000
150.1200000000
149.9300000000
150.4100000000
As an exercise, we can create an action that does a Google search on the lakes layer. First, we need to determine
the URL required to perform a search on a keyword. This is easily done by just going to Google and doing a
simple search, then grabbing the URL from the address bar in your browser. From this little effort, we see that the
format is http://google.com/search?q=qgis, where QGIS is the search term. Armed with this information, we can
proceed:
1. Make sure the lakes layer is loaded.
2. Open the Layer Properties dialog by double-clicking on the layer in the legend, or right-click and choose
Properties from the pop-up menu.
3. Click on the Actions menu.
4. Enter a name for the action, for example Google Search.
5. For the action, we need to provide the name of the external program to run. In this case, we can use Firefox.
If the program is not in your path, you need to provide the full path.
6. Following the name of the external application, add the URL used for doing a Google search, up to but not
including the search term: http://google.com/search?q=
7. The text in the Action field should now look like this: firefox http://google.com/search?q=
8. Click on the drop-down box containing the field names for the lakes layer. Its located just to the left of
the [Insert Field] button.
9. From the drop-down box, select NAMES and click [Insert Field].
10. Your action text now looks like this:
firefox http://google.com/search?q=%NAMES
11. To finalize the action, click the [Add to action list] button.
This completes the action, and it is ready to use. The final text of the action should look like this:
firefox http://google.com/search?q=%NAMES
We can now use the action. Close the Layer Properties dialog and zoom in to an area of interest. Make sure the
lakes layer is active and identify a lake. In the result box youll now see that our action is visible:
When we click on the action,
it brings up Firefox and navigates to the URL
http://www.google.com/search?q=Tustumena. It is also possible to add further attribute fields to the action. Therefore, you can add a + to the end of the action text, select another field and click on [Insert Field]. In
this example, there is just no other field available that would make sense to search for.
You can define multiple actions for a layer, and each will show up in the Identify Results dialog.
There are all kinds of uses for actions. For example, if you have a point layer containing locations of images or
photos along with a file name, you could create an action to launch a viewer to display the image. You could also
use actions to launch web-based reports for an attribute field or combination of fields, specifying them in the same
way we did in our Google search example.
We can also make more complex examples, for instance, using Python actions.
107
We just have to remember that the action is one of type Python and the command and imagerelpath variables must
be changed to fit our needs.
But what about if the relative path needs to be relative to the (saved) project file? The code of the Python action
would be:
command="firefox";
imagerelpath="images/test_image.jpg";
projectpath=qgis.core.QgsProject.instance().fileName();
import os.path; path=os.path.dirname(str(projectpath)) if projectpath != else None;
image=os.path.join(path, imagerelpath);
import subprocess;
subprocess.Popen( [command, image ] );
Another Python action example is the one that allows us to add new layers to the project. For instance, the
following examples will add to the project respectively a vector and a raster. The names of the files to be added to
the project and the names to be given to the layers are data driven (filename and layername are column names of
the table of attributes of the vector where the action was created):
qgis.utils.iface.addVectorLayer(/yourpath/[% "filename" %].shp,[% "layername" %],
ogr)
108
Create a
109
2. Double click the climate layer in the map legend to open the Layer Properties dialog.
3. Click on the Diagrams menu, activate
select Text diagram.
combo box,
4. In the Appearance tab, we choose a light blue as background color, and in the Size tab, we set a fixed size
to 18 mm.
5. In the Position tab, placement could be set to Around Point.
110
6. In the diagram, we want to display the values of the three columns T_F_JAN, T_F_JUL and T_F_MEAN.
First select T_F_JAN as Attributes and click the
7. Now click [Apply] to display the diagram in the QGIS main window.
8. You can adapt the chart size in the Size tab. Deactivate the
Fixed size and set the size of the diagrams on
the basis of an attribute with the [Find maximum value] button and the Size menu. If the diagrams appear
too small on the screen, you can activate the
minimum size of the diagrams.
9. Change the attribute colors by double clicking on the color values in the Assigned attributes field. Figure_diagrams_2 gives an idea of the result.
10. Finally, click [Ok].
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12.4 Expressions
The Expressions feature are available through the field calculator or the add a new column button in the attribut
table or the Field tab in the Layer properties ; through the graduaded, categorized and rule-based rendering in the
Labeling
Style tab of the Layer properties ; through the expression-based labeling
in the
core application
; through the feature selection and through the diagram tab of the Layer properties as well as the Main properties
of the label item and the Atlas generation tab in the Print Composer.
They are a powerful way to manipulate attribute value in order to dynamically change the final value in order to
change the geometry style, the content of the label, the value for diagram, select some feature or create virtual
column.
112
function.
Operators
This group contains operators (e.g., +, -, *).
a
a
a
a
a
+
*
/
%
b
b
b
b
b
a plus b
a minus b
a multiplied by b
a divided by b
a modulo b (for example, 7 % 2 = 1, or 2 fits into 7 three
times with remainder 1)
a ^ b
a power b (for example, 2^2=4 or 2^3=8)
a = b
a and b are equal
a > b
a is larger than b
a < b
a is smaller than b
a <> b
a and b are not equal
a != b
a and b are not equal
a <= b
a is less than or equal to b
a >= b
a is larger than or equal to b
a ~ b
a matches the regular expression b
+ a
positive sign
- a
negative value of a
||
joins two values together into a string Hello || world
LIKE
returns 1 if the string matches the supplied pattern
ILIKE
returns 1 if the string matches case-insensitive the supplied
pattern (ILIKE can be used instead of LIKE to make the match
case-insensitive)
IS
returns 1 if a is the same as b
OR
returns 1 when condition a or b is true
AND
returns 1 when condition a and b are true
NOT
returns 1 if a is not the same as b
column name "column name"
value of the field column name, take
care to not be confused with simple
quote, see below
string
a string value, take care to not be
confused with double quote, see above
NULL
null value
a IS NULL
a has no value
a IS NOT NULL
a has a value
a IN (value[,value])
a is below the values listed
a NOT IN (value[,value])
a is not below the values listed
Some examples:
Joins a string and a value from a column name:
My features id is: || "gid"
Test if the description attribute field starts with the Hello string in the value (note the position of the %
character):
"description" LIKE Hello%
Conditionals
This group contains functions to handle conditional checks in expressions.
CASE
CASE ELSE
12.4. Expressions
113
coalesce
regexp_match
Some example:
Send back a value if the first condition is true, else another value:
CASE WHEN "software" LIKE %QGIS% THEN QGIS ELSE Other
Mathematical Functions
This group contains math functions (e.g., square root, sin and cos).
sqrt(a)
abs
sin(a)
cos(a)
tan(a)
asin(a)
acos(a)
atan(a)
atan2(y,x)
exp
ln
log10
log
round
rand
randf
max
min
clamp
scale_linear
scale_exp
floor
ceil
$pi
square root of a
returns the absolute value of a number
sine of a
cosine of a
tangent of a
arcsin of a
arccos of a
arctan of a
arctan of y/x using the signs of the two
arguments to determine the quadrant of the
result
exponential of a value
value of the natural logarithm of the passed
expression
value of the base 10 logarithm of the passed
expression
value of the logarithm of the passed value
and base
round to number of decimal places
random integer within the range specified by
the minimum
and maximum argument (inclusive)
random float within the range specified by
the minimum
and maximum argument (inclusive)
largest value in a set of values
smallest value in a set of values
restricts an input value to a specified
range
transforms a given value from an input
domain to an output
range using linear interpolation
transforms a given value from an input
domain to an output
range using an exponential curve
rounds a number downwards
rounds a number upwards
pi as value for calculations
Conversions
This group contains functions to convert one data type to another (e.g., string to integer, integer to string).
toint
toreal
tostring
114
todatetime
todate
totime
tointerval
Some example:
Get the month and the year of today in the format 10/2014
month($now) || / || year($now)
String Functions
This group contains functions that operate on strings (e.g., that replace, convert to upper case).
lower
upper
title
trim
wordwrap
length
replace
regexp_replace(a,this,that)
regexp_substr
substr(*a*,from,len)
concat
strpos
left
right
12.4. Expressions
115
rpad
lpad
format
format_number
format_date
Color Functions
This group contains functions for manipulating colors.
color_rgb
color_rgba
ramp_color
color_hsl
color_hsla
color_hsv
color_hsva
color_cmyk
color_cmyka
Geometry Functions
This group contains functions that operate on geometry objects (e.g., length, area).
$geometry
$area
$length
$perimeter
$x
$y
xat
yat
xmin
xmax
ymin
116
ymax
geomFromWKT
geomFromGML
bbox
disjoint
intersects
touches
crosses
contains
overlaps
within
buffer
centroid
bounds
bounds_width
bounds_height
convexHull
difference
distance
intersection
symDifference
combine
union
geomToWKT
geometry
transform
Record Functions
This group contains functions that operate on record identifiers.
$rownum
$id
$currentfeature
12.4. Expressions
117
$scale
$uuid
getFeature
attribute
$map
12.5 Editing
QGIS supports various capabilities for editing OGR, SpatiaLite, PostGIS, MSSQL Spatial and Oracle Spatial
vector layers and tables.
Nota: The procedure for editing GRASS layers is different - see section Digitizing and editing a GRASS vector
layer for details.
Truco: Concurrent Edits
This version of QGIS does not track if somebody else is editing a feature at the same time as you are. The last
person to save their edits wins.
zoom operations. In our small digitizing project (working with the Alaska dataset), we define the snapping
units in feet. Your results may vary, but something on the order of 300 ft at a scale of 1:10000 should be a
reasonable setting.
2. A layer-based snapping tolerance can be defined by choosing Settings (or File ) Snapping options... to
enable and adjust snapping mode and tolerance on a layer basis (see figure_edit_1 ).
Note that this layer-based snapping overrides the global snapping option set in the Digitizing tab. So, if you need
to edit one layer and snap its vertices to another layer, then enable snapping only on the snap to layer, then
decrease the global snapping tolerance to a smaller value. Furthermore, snapping will never occur to a layer that
is not checked in the snapping options dialog, regardless of the global snapping tolerance. So be sure to mark the
checkbox for those layers that you need to snap to.
Options.
12.5. Editing
119
120
Toolbars .
Icon
Purpose
Using the basic digitizing tools, you can perform the following functions:
Icon
Purpose
Current edits
Toggle editing
Move Feature
Node Tool
Delete Selected
Cut Features
Copy Features
Paste Features
Remember to
regularly. This will also check that your data source can accept all the changes.
Adding Features
You can use the
digitizing mode.
Add Feature
Add Feature
or
Add Feature
For each feature, you first digitize the geometry, then enter its attributes. To digitize the geometry, left-click on
the map area to create the first point of your new feature.
For lines and polygons, keep on left-clicking for each additional point you wish to capture. When you have
finished adding points, right-click anywhere on the map area to confirm you have finished entering the geometry
of that feature.
The attribute window will appear, allowing you to enter the information for the new feature. Figure_edit_2 shows
setting attributes for a fictitious new river in Alaska. In the Digitizing menu under the Settings Options menu,
you can also activate
attribute values.
Figure 12.41: Enter Attribute Values Dialog after digitizing a new vector feature
With the
Move Feature(s)
12.5. Editing
121
Current Edits
This feature allows the digitization of multiple layers. Choose
you made in multiple layers. You also have the opportunity to
digitization may be withdrawn for all selected layers. If you want to stop editing the selected layers,
for Selected Layer(s) is an easy way.
Cancel
The same functions are available for editing all layers of the project.
Node Tool
For shapefile-based layers as well as SpatialLite, PostgreSQL/PostGIS, MSSQL Spatial, and Oracle Spatial tables,
Node Tool
the
provides manipulation capabilities of feature vertices similar to CAD programs. It is possible to
simply select multiple vertices at once and to move, add or delete them altogether. The node tool also works with
on the fly projection turned on, and it supports the topological editing feature. This tool is, unlike other tools in
QGIS, persistent, so when some operation is done, selection stays active for this feature and tool. If the node tool
is unable to find any features, a warning will be displayed.
to a number
Basic operations
Start by activating the
of this feature.
Node Tool
and selecting a feature by clicking on it. Red boxes will appear at each vertex
Selecting vertices: You can select vertices by clicking on them one at a time, by clicking on an edge to
select the vertices at both ends, or by clicking and dragging a rectangle around some vertices. When a
vertex is selected, its color changes to blue. To add more vertices to the current selection, hold down the
Ctrl key while clicking. Hold down Ctrl or Shift when clicking to toggle the selection state of vertices
(vertices that are currently unselected will be selected as usual, but also vertices that are already selected
will become unselected).
Adding vertices: To add a vertex, simply double click near an edge and a new vertex will appear on the
edge near to the cursor. Note that the vertex will appear on the edge, not at the cursor position; therefore, it
should be moved if necessary.
Deleting vertices: After selecting vertices for deletion, click the Delete key. Note that you cannot use the
Node Tool
to delete a complete feature; QGIS will ensure it retains the minimum number of vertices for
the feature type you are working on. To delete a complete feature use the
122
Delete Selected
tool.
Moving vertices: Select all the vertices you want to move. Click on a selected vertex or edge and drag in
the direction you wish to move. All the selected vertices will move together. If snapping is enabled, the
whole selection can jump to the nearest vertex or line.
Each change made with the node tool is stored as a separate entry in the Undo dialog. Remember that all operations
support topological editing when this is turned on. On-the-fly projection is also supported, and the node tool
provides tooltips to identify a vertex by hovering the pointer over it.
Cutting, Copying and Pasting Features
Selected features can be cut, copied and pasted between layers in the same QGIS project, as long as destination
layers are set to
Toggle editing
beforehand.
Features can also be pasted to external applications as text. That is, the features are represented in CSV format,
with the geometry data appearing in the OGC Well-Known Text (WKT) format.
However, in this version of QGIS, text features from outside QGIS cannot be pasted to a layer within QGIS. When
would the copy and paste function come in handy? Well, it turns out that you can edit more than one layer at a
time and copy/paste features between layers. Why would we want to do this? Say we need to do some work on a
new layer but only need one or two lakes, not the 5,000 on our big_lakes layer. We can create a new layer and
use copy/paste to plop the needed lakes into it.
As an example, we will copy some lakes to a new layer:
1. Load the layer you want to copy from (source layer)
2. Load or create the layer you want to copy to (target layer)
3. Start editing for target layer
4. Make the source layer active by clicking on it in the legend
5. Use the
6. Click on the
Copy Features
Paste Features
tool
12.5. Editing
123
The
Cut Features
tool on the digitizing toolbar can also be used to delete features. This effectively deletes the
feature but also places it on a spatial clipboard. So, we cut the feature to delete. We could then use the
Paste Features
tool to put it back, giving us a one-level undo capability. Cut, copy, and paste work on the currently
selected features, meaning we can operate on more than one at a time.
Saving Edited Layers
When a layer is in editing mode, any changes remain in the memory of QGIS. Therefore, they are not committed/saved immediately to the data source or disk. If you want to save edits to the current layer but want to continue
Save Layer Edits
editing without leaving the editing mode, you can click the
Toggle editing
off with
(or quit QGIS for that matter), you are also asked if you want to save your changes or
discard them.
If the changes cannot be saved (e.g., disk full, or the attributes have values that are out of range), the QGIS
in-memory state is preserved. This allows you to adjust your edits and try again.
Truco: Data Integrity
It is always a good idea to back up your data source before you start editing. While the authors of QGIS have
made every effort to preserve the integrity of your data, we offer no warranty in this regard.
Purpose
Icon
Purpose
Undo
Redo
Rotate Feature(s)
Simplify Feature
Add Ring
Add Part
Fill Ring
Delete Ring
Delete Part
Reshape Features
Offset Curve
Split Features
Split Parts
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If you enable the map tool with feature(s) selected, its (their) centroid appears and will be the rotation anchor
point. If you want to move the anchor point, hold the Ctrl button and click on the map to place it.
If you hold Shift before clicking on the map, the rotation will be done in 45 degree steps, which can be modified
afterwards in the user input widget.
Simplify Feature
Simplify Feature
The
tool allows you to reduce the number of vertices of a feature, as long as the geometry
doesnt change. With the tool you can also simplify multi-part features. First, drag a rectangle over the feature.
The vertices will be highlighted in red while the color of the feature will change and a dialog where you can define
a tolerance in map units or pixels will appear. QGIS calculates the amount of vertices that can be deleted while
maintaining the geometry using the given tolerance. The higher the tolerance is the more vertices can be deleted.
After gaining the statistics about the simplification just klick the OK button. The tolerance you used will be saved
when leaving a project or when leaving an edit session. So you can go back to the same tolerance the next time
when simplifying a feature.
Add Ring
Add Ring
You can create ring polygons using the
icon in the toolbar. This means that inside an existing area, it
is possible to digitize further polygons that will occur as a hole, so only the area between the boundaries of the
outer and inner polygons remains as a ring polygon.
Add Part
add part
polygons to a selected multipolygon. The new part polygon must be digitized outside the
You can
selected multi-polygon.
12.5. Editing
125
Fill Ring
You can use the
Fill Ring
function to add a ring to a polygon and add a new feature to the layer at the same time.
Add Ring
Add feature
function anymore.
Delete Ring
Delete Ring
The
tool allows you to delete ring polygons inside an existing area. This tool only works with
polygon layers. It doesnt change anything when it is used on the outer ring of the polygon. This tool can be used
on polygon and multi-polygon features. Before you select the vertices of a ring, adjust the vertex edit tolerance.
Delete Part
Delete Part
The
tool allows you to delete parts from multifeatures (e.g., to delete polygons from a multi-polygon
feature). It wont delete the last part of the feature; this last part will stay untouched. This tool works with all
multi-part geometries: point, line and polygon. Before you select the vertices of a part, adjust the vertex edit
tolerance.
Reshape Features
Reshape Features
icon on the toolbar. It replaces the line or
You can reshape line and polygon features using the
polygon part from the first to the last intersection with the original line. With polygons, this can sometimes lead
to unintended results. It is mainly useful to replace smaller parts of a polygon, not for major overhauls, and the
reshape line is not allowed to cross several polygon rings, as this would generate an invalid polygon.
For example, you can edit the boundary of a polygon with this tool. First, click in the inner area of the polygon
next to the point where you want to add a new vertex. Then, cross the boundary and add the vertices outside the
polygon. To finish, right-click in the inner area of the polygon. The tool will automatically add a node where the
new line crosses the border. It is also possible to remove part of the area from the polygon, starting the new line
outside the polygon, adding vertices inside, and ending the line outside the polygon with a right click.
Nota: The reshape tool may alter the starting position of a polygon ring or a closed line. So, the point that is
represented twice will not be the same any more. This may not be a problem for most applications, but it is
something to consider.
Offset Curves
Offset Curve
The
tool creates parallel shifts of line layers. The tool can be applied to the edited layer (the
geometries are modified) or also to background layers (in which case it creates copies of the lines / rings and adds
them to the the edited layer). It is thus ideally suited for the creation of distance line layers. The displacement is
shown at the bottom left of the taskbar.
Offset Curve
tool. Then click
To create a shift of a line layer, you must first go into editing mode and activate the
on a feature to shift it. Move the mouse and click where wanted or enter the desired distance in the user input
widget. Your changes may then be saved with the|mActionSaveEdits|:sup:Save Layer Edits tool.
QGIS options dialog (Digitizing tab then Curve offset tools section) allows you to configure some parameters
like Join style, Quadrant segments, Miter limit.
126
Split Features
You can split features using the
split.
Split Features
icon on the toolbar. Just draw a line across the feature you want to
Split parts
In QGIS 2.0 it is now possible to split the parts of a multi part feature so that the number of parts is increased. Just
draw a line across the part you want to split using the
Split Parts
icon.
and attributes without merging their boundaries. First, select several features at once. Then press the
Merge Attributes of Selected Features
button. Now QGIS asks you which attributes are to be applied to all selected objects.
As a result, all selected objects have the same attribute entries.
Rotate Point Symbols
Rotate Point Symbols
allows you to change the rotation of point symbols in the map canvas. You must first define
a rotation column from the attribute table of the point layer in the Advanced menu of the Style menu of the Layer
Properties. Also, you will need to go into the SVG marker and choose Data defined properties .... Activate
Angle and choose rotation as field. Without these settings, the tool is inactive.
12.5. Editing
127
to the right of the database field. Then, add a name for the new layer, define the
layer type, and specify the coordinate reference system with [Specify CRS]. If desired, you can select
an autoincrementing primary key.
128
Create
129
To define an attribute table for the new SpatiaLite layer, add the names of the attribute columns you want to create
with the corresponding column type, and click on the [Add to attribute list] button. Once you are happy with the
attributes, click [OK]. QGIS will automatically add the new layer to the legend, and you can edit it in the same
way as described in section Digitizing an existing layer above.
Further management of SpatiaLite layers can be done with the DB Manager. See Complemento administrador de
BBDD.
Creating a new GPX layer
To create a new GPX file, you need to load the GPS plugin first. Plugins
Plugin Manager Dialog. Activate the
Create new GPX Layer... from the Layer menu. In the Save new
When this plugin is loaded, choose New
GPX file as dialog, you can choose where to save the new GPX layer.
Creating a new Temporary Scratch Layer
Empty, editable memory layers can be defined using Layer Create Layer New Temporary Scratch Layer.
Here you can even create
Multipoint, Multiline and Multipolygon Layers beneath Point, Line and
Polygon Layers. Temporary Scratch Layers are not saved and will be discarded when QGIS is closed. See also
paste_into_layer .
Open Attribute Table. It is also possible to right click on the layer and
Open Attribute Table from the drop-down menu, and to click on the
choose
in the Attributes toolbar.
This will open a new window that displays the feature attributes for the layer (figure_attributes_1). The number
of features and the number of selected features are shown in the attribute table title.
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Field Calculator
allows you to define a subset of a table using a Function List like in the
(see Field Calculator). The query result can then be saved as a new vector layer. For example, if you want to find
regions that are boroughs from regions.shp of the QGIS sample data, you have to open the Fields and Values
menu and choose the field that you want to query. Double-click the field TYPE_2 and also [Load all unique
values] . From the list, choose and double-click Borough. In the Expression field, the following query appears:
"TYPE_2"
Borough
Here you can also use the Function list Recent (Selection) to make a selection that you used before. The
expression builder remembers the last 20 used expressions.
The matching rows will be selected, and the total number of matching rows will appear in the title bar of the
attribute table, as well as in the status bar of the main window. For searches that display only selected features on
the map, use the Query Builder described in section Constructor de consultas.
To show selected records only, use Show Selected Features from the menu at the bottom left.
The field calculator bar allows you to make calculations on the selected rows only. For example, you can alter the
number of the ID field of the file:regions.shp with the expression
ID+5
as shown in figure_attributes_1 .
The other buttons at the top of the attribute table window provide the following functionality:
Save Edits
Unselect all
Invert selection
12.5. Editing
to edit single values and to enable functionalities described below (also with Ctrl+E)
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New Column
Delete Column
for PostGIS layers and for OGR layers with GDAL version >= 1.6 (also with Ctrl+W)
for PostGIS layers and for OGR layers with GDAL version >= 1.9 (also with Ctrl+L)
(also with Ctrl+I)
Below these buttons is the Field Calculator bar, which allows calculations to be quickly applied attributes visible
in the table. This bar uses the same expressions as the
Field Calculator
menu
tool and is then editable like any other layer attribute table.
As an example, you can use columns of the non-spatial table to define attribute values, or a range of values that are
allowed, to be added to a specific vector layer during digitizing. Have a closer look at the edit widget in section
Fields Menu to find out more.
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Foreign keys
Then you get another point layer or table with information about airports that are located in the regions and you
also want to keep track of these. If you want to add them to the region layer, you need to create a one to many
relation using foreign keys, because there are several airports in most regions.
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The
symbol will open a new dialog where you can select any existing airport which will then be assigned
The
to the current region. This may be handy if you created the airport on the wrong region by accident.
The
symbol will unlink the selected airport from the current region, leaving them unassigned (the
foreign key is set to NULL) effectively.
The two buttons to the right switch between table view and form view where the later lets you view all the
airports in their respective form.
If you work on the airport table, a new widget type is available which lets you embed the feature form of the
referenced region on the feature form of the airports. It can be used when you open the layer properties of the
airports table, switch to the Fields menu and change the widget type of the foreign key field fk_region to Relation
Reference.
If you look at the feature dialog now, you will see, that the form of the region is embedded inside the airports form
and will even have a combobox, which allows you to assign the current airport to another region.
12.6.1 Consulta
Abra el Constructor de consultas al abrir las Propiedades de la capa y vaya al men General. Bajo Subconjunto
de datos espaciales, haga clic en el botn [Constructor de consultas] para abrir el Constructor de consultas.
Por ejemplo, si tiene una capa de regiones con un campo TYPE_2, podra seleccionar slo regiones que
estn en municipio y la caja Expresin de filtrado especfica por el proveedor del Constructor de consultas.
Figure_attributes_2 muestra un ejemplo de Constructor de consultas poblada con la capa regions.shp de los
datos de ejemplo de QGIS. Las secciones de campos, valores y operadores ayudan a construir el SQL- como
consulta.
La Lista de campos contiene todos las columnas de atributos de la tabla de atributos a ser buscados. Para agregar
una columna de atributos al campo de la clausula SQL WHERE, haga doble clic en el nombre de la lista de
campos. En general puede usar varios campos, valores y operadores para construir la consulta, o simplemente
puede escribirlo en la caja SQL.
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136
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2. Click on
3. Select the
Field Calculator
dialog.
Create a new field checkbox to save the calculations into a new field.
4. Add length as Output field name and real as Output field type, and define Output field width to be 10
and Precision, 3.
5. Now double click on function $length in the Geometry group to add it into the Field calculator expression
box.
6. Complete the expression by typing / 1000 in the Field calculator expression box and click [Ok].
7. You can now find a new field length in the attribute table.
The available functions are listed in Expressions chapter.
The short example creates a function myfunc that will give you a function with two values. When using the
args=auto function argument the number of function arguments required will be calculated by the number of
arguments the function has been defined with in Python (minus 2 - feature, and parent).
This function then can be used with the following expression:
myfunc(test1, test2)
Your function will be implemented in the Custom Functions of the Expression tab after using the Run Script
button.
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CHAPTER 13
139
Once a raster layer is loaded in the map legend, you can click on the layer name with the right mouse button to
select and activate layer-specific features or to open a dialog to set raster properties for the layer.
Right mouse button menu for raster layers
Zoom to Layer Extent
Zoom to Best Scale (100%)
Stretch Using Current Extend
Show in Overview
Remove
Duplicate
Set Layer CRS
Set Project CRS from Layer
Save as ...
Properties
Rename
Copy Style
Add New Group
Expand all
Collapse all
Update Drawing Order
.
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141
Multiband color
With the multiband color renderer, three selected bands from the image will be rendered, each band representing
the red, green or blue component that will be used to create a color image. You can choose several Contrast
enhancement methods: No enhancement, Stretch to MinMax, Stretch and clip to MinMax and Clip to min
max.
Current extent.
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Singleband gray
This renderer allows you to render a single band layer with a Color gradient: Black to white or White to black.
You can define a Min and a Max value by choosing the Extent first and then pressing [Load]. QGIS can
Estimate (faster) the Min and Max values of the bands or use the
Actual (slower) Accuracy.
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This is a render option for single-band files, including a continous palette. You can also create individual color
maps for the single bands here. Three types of color interpolation are available:
use the identify feature tool. You can also click on the button
to load
In the right block, Generate new color map allows you to create newly categorized color maps. For the Classification mode
Classify. You can invert the colors of the color map by clicking the
Continous, QGIS creates classes automatically depending on the Min and Max. Defining Min/Max values
can be done with the help of the Load min/max values section. A lot of images have a few very low and high data.
These outliers can be eliminated using the
Cumulative count cut setting. The standard data range is set from
2% to 98% of the data values and can be adapted manually. With this setting, the gray character of the image can
disappear. With the scaling option
Min/max, QGIS creates a color table with all of the data included in the
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original image (e.g., QGIS creates a color table with 256 values, given the fact that you have 8 bit bands). You can
Mean +/- standard deviation x
. Then, only the values within
also calculate your color table using the
the standard deviation or within multiple standard deviations are considered for the color table.
Color rendering
For every Band rendering, a Color rendering is possible.
You can also achieve special rendering effects for your raster file(s) using one of the blending modes (see The
Vector Properties Dialog).
Further settings can be made in modifiying the Brightness, the Saturation and the Contrast. You can also use a
Grayscale option, where you can choose between By lightness, By luminosity and By average. For one hue
in the color table, you can modify the Strength.
Resampling
The Resampling option makes its appearance when you zoom in and out of an image. Resampling modes can
optimize the appearance of the map. They calculate a new gray value matrix through a geometric transformation.
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6. Enter the raster value in the From and To column (we use 0 here), and adjust the transparency to 20%.
7. Press the [Apply] button and have a look at the map.
You can repeat steps 5 and 6 to adjust more values with custom transparency.
As you can see, it is quite easy to set custom transparency, but it can be quite a lot of work. Therefore, you
Export to file
can use the button
to save your transparency list to a file. The button
transparency settings and applies them to the current raster layer.
loads your
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147
13.3.1 Ejemplos
Convertir valores de elevacin de metros a pies
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En otras palabras, por cada celda superior o igual a 0 , establezca su valor en 1. De lo contrario, establecer a 0.
Esto crea la mscara al vuelo.
Si desea clasificar un rster digamos, por ejemplo en dos clases de elevacin, puede utilizar la siguiente expresin
para crear un rster con dos valores 1 y 2 en un solo paso.
("elevation@1" < 50) * 1 + ("elevation@1" >= 50) * 2
En otras palabras, para cada celda menor de 50 establecer el valor a 1. Para cada celda mayor o igual a 50
establecer el valor a 2.
.
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CHAPTER 14
mismas imgenes que QGIS utiliza internamente. Esto puede ser til para la solucin de problemas, ya que hay
varias marcas de servidor WMS en el mercado y todos ellos tienen su propia interpretacin de la norma WMS.
Las capas WMS se pueden aadir sencillamente, siempre que conozca la URL para acceder al servidor WMS, si
tiene una conexin til a ese servidor, y el servidor entiende HTTP como mecanismo de transporte de datos.
Informacin general de la implementacin WMTS
QGIS tambin puede actuar como un cliente WMTS. WMTS es un estndar OGC para la distribucin de conjunto
de fichas de datos geoespaciales. Esta es una forma ms rpida y eficiente de distribucin de datos que WMS
porque con WMTS, el conjunto de fichas es pre-generado, y el cliente slo pide a la transmisin de los azulejos,
no su produccin. A peticin WMS implica tpicamente tanto la generacin y transmisin de los datos. Un
ejemplo bien conocido de un estndar de no OGC para la visualizacin de datos geoespaciales de azulejos es
Google Maps.
Para mostrar los datos en una variedad de escalas cercanas a lo que el usuario podra querer, los conjuntos de
teselas WMTS se producen en varios niveles de escala diferentes y estn disponibles para el cliente SIG para
pedirlos.
Este diagrama ejemplifica el concepto de conjunto de teselas:
Para probar la capa topo2 en este WMTS funciona muy bien. Aadir esta cadena indica que un servicio web
WMTS se va a utilizar en lugar de un servicio WMS.
2. EL servicio RESTful WMTS toma una forma diferente, una URL sencilla. EL formato recomendado por
OGC es:
{WMTSBaseURL}/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml
Este formato le ayuda a reconocer que es una direccin RESTful. Un WMTS RESTful se accede
en QGIS simplemente aadiendo su direccin en la configuracin del WMS en el campo de URL
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del formulario.
Un ejemplo de este tipo de direccin para un caso de mapa base Austriaco es
http://maps.wien.gv.at/basemap/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml.
Nota:
Se pueden encontrar aun algunos servicios viejos llamados WMS-C. Estos servicios son bastante similares a WMTS (por ejemplo, mismo propsito pero trabaja un poco diferente). Se pueden administrar lo mismo que los servicios WMTS hechos. Slo se aade ?titled=true al final de la url. Vea
http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service_Specification para mayor informacin acerca de esta especificacin.
Cuando se lee WMTS, a menudo se puede pensar en WMS-C tambin.
El dilogo Aadir capa(s) desde un servidor para aadir capas que aparezcan en el servidor WMS. Se
pueden agregar algunas capas para jugar haciendo clic en el botn [Aadir servidores predeterminados]. Este aadir dos servidores demo WMS para usar: los servidores WMS de DM Solutions Group y
Lizardtech. Para definir un nuevo servidor WMS en la pestaa Capas, seleccionar el botn [Nuevo]. A continuacin introduzca los parmetros para conectarse a su servidor deseado, como se indica en table_OGC_1:
Nombre
Un nombre para esta conexin. Este nombre se utilizar en la lista desplegable de
conexiones a servidor as que se puede distinguir de otros servidores WMS.
URL
La URL del servidor provee los datos. Este debe ser un nombre de host soluble el
mismo formato que usara para abrir una conexin telnet o ping a un host.
Nombre de
Nombre de usuario para acceder a un servidor asegurado de WMS. Este parmetro es
usuario
opcional.
Contrasea
Contrasea para una autentificacin bsica al servidor WMS. Este parmetro es opcional
Ignorar URI
GetMap
Ignorar URI GetMap reportada en las capacidades. Utilice un URI dado del campo
URL anterior.
Ignorar la URI
GetFeatureInfo
Una vez que la nueva conexin al servidor WMS ha sido creada, ser preservado para futuras sesiones QGIS.
Truco: En las direcciones URL del servidor WMS
Asegrese, al introducir la URL del servidor WMS, que tiene solo la base URL. Por ejemplo, no debe tener
fragmentos como request=GetCapabilities o version=1.0.0 en su URL.
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Figure 14.2: El dilogo para aadir un servidor WMs, mostrar las capas disponibles
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Codificacin de la Imagen
La seccin Codificacin de la imagen lista los formatos que reconoce por ambos el cliente y el servidor. Elija uno
dependiendo de sus requerimientos de precisin de imagen.
Truco: Codificacin de la Imagen
Normalmente, encontrar que un servidor WMS le ofrece la opcin de codificacin de la imagen en JPEG o PNG.
JPEG es un formato de compresin con prdida, mientras que PNG reproduce fielmente los datos crudos raster.
Utilizar JPEG si se espera que los datos WMS sean de naturaleza fotogrfica y/o no le importa cierta perdida de
calidad de la imagen. Esta disyuntiva tpicamente reduce en cinco veces la necesidad de transferencia de datos en
comparacin con PNG.
Utilice PNG si desea representaciones precisas de los datos originales y no le importa el incremento de los requisitos de transferencia de datos.
Opciones
La zona Opciones del dilogo provee un campo de texto donde se puede aadir un Nombre de capa para la capa
WMS. Este nombre aparecer en la leyenda despus de cargar la capa.
Debajo del nombre de la capa, se puede definir Tamao de la tesela, si desea establecer tamaos de tesela (por
ejemplo, 256x256) para dividir la peticin WMS en mltiples peticiones.
El Lmite del objeto espacial para GetFeatureInfo define los objetos espaciales del servidor a consultar.
Si se selecciona un WMS de la lista, aparece un campo con la proyeccin predeterminada proporcionada por el
servidor de mapas. Si el botn [Cambiar...] est activo, puede hacer clic en l y cambiar la proyeccin por defecto
de los WMS a otro SRC proporcionado por el servidor WMS.
Finalmente puede activar
Utiliza leyenda-WMS contextual si el servidor WMS admite este objeto. Entonces
slo la leyenda relevante para su actual extensin de vista de mapa se mostrar y as no incluir los elementos de
la leyenda por cosas que no puede ver en el mapa actual.
Orden de la capa
La pestaa Orden de Capas lista las capas seleccionadas disponibles de la conexin actual al servidor WMS.
Puede notar que algunas capas son ampliables; esto significa que la capa se puede visualizar en una seleccin de
estilos de imagen.
Se puede seleccionar varias capas a la vez, pero solo una imagen de estilo por capa. Cuando varias capas son
seleccionadas, estas se combinarn en el servidor WMS y se transmitirn a QGIS una sola vez.
Truco: Ordenar capas WMS
Las capas WMS representadas por un servidor son sobrepuestas en el orden listado en la seccin de Capas, desde
la parte superior a la parte inferior de la lista. Si se desea cambiar el orden de la superposicin, se puede usar la
pestaa Orden de capas.
Transparencia
En esta versin de QGIS, la configuracin de la Transparencia Global de Propiedades de la capa esta codificado
para estar siempre en donde est disponible
Truco: Transparencia de capa WMS
La disponibilidad de imagen WMS transparente depende de la codificacin de la imagen utilizada: PNG y GIF
reconoce la transparencia, mientras JPEG deja sin reconocerlo.
Sistema de referencia de coordenadas
Un sistema de referencia de coordenadas (SRC) es la terminologa para un proyeccin QGIS.
Cada capa WMS se puede representar en mltiples SRCs, dependiendo de la capacidad del servidor WMS.
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Para elegir un SRC, seleccione [Cambiar...] y un cuadro de dilogo similar a Figure Projection 3 en Working with
Projections aparecer. La principal diferencia con la versin WMS del dilogo es que slo aquellos SRCs son
reconocidos por el servidor WMS se le mostrarn.
Busqueda del servidor
Dentro QGIS, se puede buscar servidores WMS. Figure_OGC_2 muestra la pestaa Bsqueda de servidor con el
dilogo Aadir capa(s) de un servidor.
Figure 14.3: Dilogo para buscar servidores WMS despus de algunas palabras clave
Como se puede ver, es posible ingresar una cadena de bsqueda en el campo de texto y golpear el botn
[Bsqueda]. Despus de un rato, el resultado de la bsqueda se completar automticamente en la lista de abajo
del campo de texto. Examine la lista de resultados e inspeccione los resultados de la bsqueda en la tabla. Para
visualizar los resultados, seleccione una entrada de la tabla, pulse el botn [Aadir la fila seleccionada a la lista
WMS] y cambiar de nuevo a la pestaa Capas. QGIS ha actualizado automticamente la lista de su servidor, y
el resultado de bsqueda seleccionado ya est habilitado en la lista de servidores WMS guardados en la pestaa
Capas. Slo tiene que solicitar la lista de capas al hacer clic en el botn [Conectar]. Esta opcin es muy til
cuando se desea buscar mapas por palabras clave especficas.
Bsicamente, esta opcin es una interfaz del API de http://geopole.org.
Conjunto de teselas
Al utilizar servicios WMTS (Cached WMS) como
http://opencache.statkart.no/gatekeeper/gk/gk.open_wmts?\
service=WMTS&request=GetCapabilities
Son capaces de navegar a travs de la pestaa :guilabel: Conjunto de teselas propuesta por el servidor. La informacin adicional como el tamao de la tesela, formatos y SRC compatibles se enumeran en esta tabla. En
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combinacin con esta caracterstica, puede usar el control deslizante de escala de tesela seleccionando Configuracin -> Paneles (KDE y Windows) o Ver -> Paneles (Gnome y MacOSX), a continuacin, elegir Escala de
tesela. Esto le da las escalas disponibles desde el servidor de tesela con un buen slider atracado.
Utilizar la herramienta de Identificar objetos espaciales
Una vez que haya aadido un servidor WMS, y si alguna capa de un servidor WMS es consultable, puede entonces
Identificar objetos espaciales
para seleccionar un pxel del lienzo del mapa. Una consulta se
utilizar la herramienta
hace al servidor WMS por cada seleccin realizada. El resultado de la consulta se regresara en texto plano. El
formato de este texto es dependiente del servidor WMS particular utilizado. Seleccin de Formato
Si mltiples formatos de salida son reconocidos por el servidor, una lista desplegable con formatos admitidos se
aade automticamente al dilogo de resultados identificados y el formato seleccionada puede ser almacenado en
el proyecto para la capa. Usar formato GML
Identificar
reconoce la respuesta del servidor WMS (GetFeatureInfo) en formato GML (se llama
La herramienta
Objeto espacial en la GUI QGIS en este contexto). Si el formato Objeto espacial es admitido por el servidor y
seleccionado, los resultados de la herramienta de identificados son objetos vectoriales, como de una capa vectorial
regular. Cuando un objeto espacial es seleccionado en el rbol, este resalta en el mapa y se puede copiar a la
papelera y pegar a otra capa vectorial. Vea el ejemplo de configuracin de UMN Mapserver abajo que admite
GetFeatureInfo en formato GML.
# in layer METADATA add which fields should be included and define geometry (example):
"gml_include_items"
"ows_geometries"
"ows_mygeom_type"
"all"
"mygeom"
"polygon"
Ver propiedades
Una vez que haya aadido un servidor WMS, puede ver sus propiedades haciendo clic derecho sobre el mismo en
la leyenda y la seleccionar Propiedades. Pestaa de Metadatos
La pestaa Metadatos muestra una gran cantidad de informacin acerca del servidor WMS, generalmente obtenida
de la declaracin de capacidades de ese servidor. Muchas definiciones pueden ser extradas mediante la lectura
del estndar WMS (vea OPEN-GEOSPATIAL-CONSORTIUM en Referencias bibliogrficas y web), pero aqu
hay algunas definiciones tiles:
Propiedades del servidor
Versin WMS La versin WMS implementada por el servidor.
Formatos de Imagen La lista de MIME-types que el servidor puede responder con la hora de
elaboracin del mapa. QGIS reconoce cualquier formato las bibliotecas Qt subyacentes con que fueron
157
158
La URL es
159
160
La instalacin de un complemento de ejemplo HelloWorld para probar los servidores. Se puede crear un directorio para mantener los complementos del servidor. Esto se especificar en la configuracin del host virtual y
transmitirlo al servidor a travs de una variable de entorno.
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
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Instalar el servidor Apache en un host virtual separado que escuche en el puerto 80. Habilitar el mdulo de
reescritura de pasar encabezados HTTP BASIC de autenticacin:
$ sudo a2enmod rewrite
$ cat /etc/apache2/conf-available/qgis-server-port.conf
Listen 80
$ sudo a2enconf qgis-server-port
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de coordenadas de referencia (SRC) del servidor QGIS ofrecer representar mapas. Utilice el botn
de abajo
para seleccionar aquellos SRC del selector de Sistemas de Referencia de Coordenadas, o haga clic en Usado y
aada los SRC utilizados en el proyecto QGIS a la lista.
Si usted tiene un diseos de impresin definidas en el proyecto, se enumerarn en la respuesta GetCapabilities, y
pueden ser utilizados por la solicitud GetPrint para crear impresiones, utilizando uno de los diseos de impresin
14.2. QGIS como Servidor de Datos OGC
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como una plantilla. Esta es una extensin especifica de QGIS de la especificacin WMS 1.3.0. Si desea excluir
cualquier diseador de impresin de ser publicado por el WMS, marque
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http://localhost/cgi-bin/project/qgis_mapserv.fcgi
Parmetro DPI: El parmetro DPI se puede utilizar para especificar la resolucin de la solicitud de salida.
Ejemplo:
http://localhost/cgi-bin/qgis_mapserv.fcgi?REQUEST=GetMap&DPI=300&...
Parmetro OPACITIES: La opacidad se puede establecer en una capa o nivel de grupo. Los valores permitidos van de 0 (completamente transparente) a 255 (totalmente opaco).
Ejemplo:
http://localhost/cgi-bin/qgis_mapserv.fcgi?\
REQUEST=GetMap&LAYERS=mylayer1,mylayer2&OPACITIES=125,200&...
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Nota
Al usar el mdulo Fcgid utilice FcgidInitialEnv en lugar de SetEnv!
El registro del servidor tambin est habilitado si el ejecutable est compilado en modo de lanzamiento.
Variables de entorno
QGIS_OPTIONS_PATH: La variable especifica la ruta al directorio con los ajustes. Funciona de
la misma forma como aplicacin QGIS optionspath. Esta buscando el archivo de configuracin en
<QGIS_OPTIONS_PATH>/QGIS/QGIS2.ini. Por ejemplo, para establecer el servidor QGIS en Apache
utilizar el archivo de configuracin en /path/to/config/QGIS/QGIS2.ini, aadir a configuracin de Apache:
SetEnv QGIS_OPTIONS_PATH "/path/to/config/"
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CHAPTER 15
GPS Tools checkbox. When this plugin is loaded, a button with a small handheld GPS
Dialog. Activate the
device will show up in the toolbar and in Layer Create Layer :
GPS Tools
For working with GPS data, we provide an example GPX file available in the QGIS sample dataset:
qgis_sample_data/gps/national_monuments.gpx. See section Datos de ejemplo for more information about the sample data.
1. Select Vector GPS GPS Tools or click the
tab (see figure_GPS_1).
GPS Tools
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15.1.3 GPSBabel
Since QGIS uses GPX files, you need a way to convert other GPS file formats to GPX. This can be done for many
formats using the free program GPSBabel, which is available at http://www.gpsbabel.org. This program can also
transfer GPS data between your computer and a GPS device. QGIS uses GPSBabel to do these things, so it is
recommended that you install it. However, if you just want to load GPS data from GPX files you will not need it.
Version 1.2.3 of GPSBabel is known to work with QGIS, but you should be able to use later versions without any
problems.
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169
as described at
to create a file
After that is necessary to be sure that the garmin_gps kernel module is not loaded
rmmod garmin_gps
and then you can use the GPS Tools. Unfortunately there seems to be a bug #7182 and usually QGIS freezes
several times before the operation work fine.
BTGP-38KM datalogger (only Bluetooth)
MS Windows
The already referred bug does not allow to download the data from within QGIS, so it is needed to use GPSBabel
from the command line or using its interface. The working command is
gpsbabel -t -i skytraq,baud=9600,initbaud=9600 -f COM9 -o gpx -F C:/GPX/aaa.gpx
Ubuntu/Mint GNU/Linux
Use same command (or settings if you use GPSBabel GUI) as in Windows. On Linux it maybe somehow common
to get a message like
skytraq: Too many read errors on serial port
it is just a matter to turn off and on the datalogger and try again.
BlueMax GPS-4044 datalogger (both BT and USB)
MS Windows
Nota: It needs to install its drivers before using it on Windows 7. See in the manufacturer site for the proper
download.
Downloading with GPSBabel, both with USB and BT returns always an error like
gpsbabel -t -i mtk -f COM12 -o gpx -F C:/temp/test.gpx
mtk_logger: Cant create temporary file data.bin
Error running gpsbabel: Process exited unsucessfully with code 1
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Ubuntu/Mint GNU/Linux
With USB
After having connected the cable use the dmesg command to understand what port is being used, for example
/dev/ttyACM3. Then as usual use GPSBabel from the CLI or GUI
gpsbabel -t -i mtk -f /dev/ttyACM3 -o gpx -F /home/user/bluemax.gpx
With Bluetooth
Use Blueman Device Manager to pair the device and make it available through a system port, then run GPSBabel
gpsbabel -t -i mtk -f /dev/rfcomm0 -o gpx -F /home/user/bluemax_bt.gpx
GPS position coordinates and an interface for manually entering vertices and features
With a plugged-in GPS receiver (has to be supported by your operating system), a simple click on [Connect] connects the GPS to QGIS. A second click (now on [Disconnect]) disconnects the GPS receiver from your computer.
For GNU/Linux, gpsd support is integrated to support connection to most GPS receivers. Therefore, you first have
to configure gpsd properly to connect QGIS to it.
Advertencia: If you want to record your position to the canvas, you have to create a new vector layer first
and switch it to editable status to be able to record your track.
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Autodetect
Internal
Serial device
gpsd (selecting the Host, Port and Device your GPS is connected to)
Activating
Map centering allows you to decide in which way the canvas will be updated. This includes
always, when leaving, if your recorded coordinates start to move out of the canvas, or never, to keep map
extent.
Finally, you can activate
logged.
Log file and define a path and a file where log messages about the GPS tracking are
Position
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Now open GPS information panel and switch to GPS options screen. Select the COM port assigned to the GPS
connection and click the [Connect]. After a while a cursor indicating your position should appear.
If QGIS cant receive GPS data, then you should restart your GPS device, wait 5-10 seconds then try to connect
again. Usually this solution work. If you receive again a connection error make sure you dont have another
Bluetooth receiver near you, paired with the same GPS unit.
And then connect the unit. Then check with dmesg the actual device being used bu the unit, for example
/dev/ttyUSB0. Now you can launch gpsd
gpsd /dev/ttyUSB0
or without it, by connecting the QGIS live tracking tool directly to the device (for example /dev/ttyACM3).
For Bluetooth
The live tracking works both with GPSD
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gpsd /dev/rfcomm0
or without it, by connecting the QGIS live tracking tool directly to the device (for example /dev/rfcomm0).
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CHAPTER 16
The GRASS plugin provides access to GRASS GIS databases and functionalities (see GRASS-PROJECT in Referencias bibliogrficas y web). This includes visualizing GRASS raster and vector layers, digitizing vector layers,
editing vector attributes, creating new vector layers and analysing GRASS 2-D and 3-D data with more than 400
GRASS modules.
In this section, well introduce the plugin functionalities and give some examples of managing and working with
GRASS data. The following main features are provided with the toolbar menu when you start the GRASS plugin,
as described in section sec_starting_grass:
Open mapset
New mapset
Close mapset
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Manage
Open mapset
5. For Gisdbase, browse and select or enter the path to the newly created folder grassdata.
6. You should now be able to select the LOCATION
demo.
7. Click [OK]. Notice that some previously disabled tools in the GRASS toolbar are now enabled.
Add GRASS raster layer
8. Click on
, choose the map name gtopo30 and click [OK]. The elevation layer will
be visualized.
Add GRASS vector layer
9. Click on
, choose the map name alaska and click [OK]. The Alaska boundary
vector layer will be overlayed on top of the gtopo30 map. You can now adapt the layer properties as
described in chapter The Vector Properties Dialog (e.g., change opacity, fill and outline color).
10. Also load the other two vector layers, rivers and airports, and adapt their properties.
As you see, it is very simple to load GRASS raster and vector layers in QGIS. See the following sections for
editing GRASS data and creating a new LOCATION. More sample GRASS LOCATIONs are available at the
GRASS website at http://grass.osgeo.org/download/sample-data/.
Truco: GRASS Data Loading
If you have problems loading data or QGIS terminates abnormally, check to make sure you have loaded the
GRASS plugin properly as described in section Starting the GRASS plugin.
New mapset
4. Select an existing GRASS database (GISDBASE) folder grassdata, or create one for the new
LOCATION using a file manager on your computer. Then click [Next].
5. We can use this wizard to create a new MAPSET within an existing LOCATION (see section Adding
a new MAPSET) or to create a new LOCATION altogether. Select
Create new location (see figure_grass_location_2).
6. Enter a name for the LOCATION we used alaska and click [Next].
7. Define the projection by clicking on the radio button
8. We are using Albers Equal Area Alaska (feet) projection. Since we happen to know that it is represented
by the EPSG ID 2964, we enter it in the search box. (Note: If you want to repeat this process for another
LOCATION and projection and havent memorized the EPSG ID, click on the
right-hand corner of the status bar (see section Working with Projections)).
CRS Status
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16. Notice that some of the tools in the GRASS toolbar that were disabled are now enabled.
New mapset
3. Select the GRASS database (GISDBASE) folder grassdata with the LOCATION alaska, where we
want to add a further MAPSET called test.
4. Click [Next].
5. We can use this wizard to create a new MAPSET within an existing LOCATION or to create a new
LOCATION altogether. Click on the radio button
Select location (see figure_grass_location_2) and
click [Next].
6. Enter the name text for the new MAPSET. Below in the wizard, you see a list of existing MAPSETs and
corresponding owners.
7. Click [Next], check out the summary to make sure its all correct and click [Finish].
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Open MAPSET
3. Select as GRASS database the folder grassdata in the QGIS Alaska dataset, as LOCATION alaska, as
MAPSET demo and click [OK].
4. Now click the
appears.
icon. The GRASS Toolbox (see section The GRASS Toolbox) dialog
5. To import the raster map landcover.img, click the module r.in.gdal in the Modules Tree tab. This
GRASS module allows you to import GDAL-supported raster files into a GRASS LOCATION. The module
dialog for r.in.gdal appears.
6. Browse to the folder raster in the QGIS Alaska dataset and select the file landcover.img.
7. As raster output name, define landcover_grass and click [Run]. In the Output tab, you
see the currently running GRASS command r.in.gdal -o input=/path/to/landcover.img
output=landcover_grass.
8. When it says Succesfully finished, click [View output]. The landcover_grass raster layer is now
imported into GRASS and will be visualized in the QGIS canvas.
9. To import the vector GML file lakes.gml, click the module v.in.ogr in the Modules Tree tab. This
GRASS module allows you to import OGR-supported vector files into a GRASS LOCATION. The module
dialog for v.in.ogr appears.
10. Browse to the folder gml in the QGIS Alaska dataset and select the file lakes.gml as OGR file.
11. As vector output name, define lakes_grass and click [Run]. You dont have to care about the other
options in this example. In the Output tab you see the currently running GRASS command v.in.ogr -o
dsn=/path/to/lakes.gml output=lakes\_grass.
12. When it says Succesfully finished, click [View output]. The lakes_grass vector layer is now imported
into GRASS and will be visualized in the QGIS canvas.
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Attributes in database tables are linked to geometry elements using a category value.
Category (key, ID) is an integer attached to geometry primitives, and it is used as the link to one key column in
the database table.
Truco: Learning the GRASS Vector Model
The best way to learn the GRASS vector model and its capabilities is to download one of the many GRASS
tutorials where the vector model is described more deeply. See http://grass.osgeo.org/documentation/manuals/ for
more information, books and tutorials in several languages.
In GRASS, it is possible to organize all sorts of geometry types (point, line and area) in one layer, because GRASS
uses a topological vector model, so you dont need to select the geometry type when creating a new GRASS vector.
This is different from shapefile creation with QGIS, because shapefiles use the Simple Feature vector model (see
section Creating new Vector layers).
Truco: Creating an attribute table for a new GRASS vector layer
If you want to assign attributes to your digitized geometry features, make sure to create an attribute table with
columns before you start digitizing (see figure_grass_digitizing_5).
by
the
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Icon
Tool
Purpose
New Point
New Line
New
Boundary
New
Centroid
Move vertex
Move one vertex of existing line or boundary and identify new position
Add vertex
Delete vertex
Delete vertex from existing line (confirm selected vertex by another click)
Move
element
Move selected boundary, line, point or centroid and click on new position
Split line
Delete
element
Delete existing boundary, line, point or centroid (confirm selected element by another
click)
Edit
attributes
Edit attributes of selected element (note that one element can represent more features,
see above)
Close
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Field (layer) - Each geometry element can be connected with several attribute tables using different GRASS
geometry layers. The default layer number is 1.
Truco: Creating an additional GRASS layer with |qg|
If you would like to add more layers to your dataset, just add a new number in the Field (layer) entry box and
press return. In the Table tab, you can create your new table connected to your new layer.
Settings Tab
The Settings tab allows you to set the snapping in screen pixels. The threshold defines at what distance new points
or line ends are snapped to existing nodes. This helps to prevent gaps or dangles between boundaries. The default
is set to 10 pixels.
The GRASS module g.region provides a lot more parameters to define an appropriate region extent and resolution for your raster analysis. You can use these parameters with the GRASS Toolbox, described in section The
GRASS Toolbox.
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Open mapset
button.
In the list of tool categories, double-click Raster Surface Management Generate vector contour lines.
Now a single click on the tool r.contour will open the tool dialog as explained above (see Working with
GRASS modules). The gtopo30 raster should appear as the Name of input raster.
Type into the Increment between Contour levels
intervals of 100 meters.)
Type into the Name for output vector map the name ctour_100.
Click [Run] to start the process. Wait for several moments until the message Successfully finished
appears in the output window. Then click [View Output] and [Close].
Since this is a large region, it will take a while to display. After it finishes rendering, you can open the layer
properties window to change the line color so that the contours appear clearly over the elevation raster, as in The
Vector Properties Dialog.
Next, zoom in to a small, mountainous area in the center of Alaska. Zooming in close, you will notice that the
contours have sharp corners. GRASS offers the v.generalize tool to slightly alter vector maps while keeping
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their overall shape. The tool uses several different algorithms with different purposes. Some of the algorithms
(i.e., Douglas Peuker and Vertex Reduction) simplify the line by removing some of the vertices. The resulting
vector will load faster. This process is useful when you have a highly detailed vector, but you are creating a very
small-scale map, so the detail is unnecessary.
Truco: The simplify tool
Note that the QGIS fTools plugin has a Simplify geometries tool that works just like the GRASS v.generalize
Douglas-Peuker algorithm.
However, the purpose of this example is different. The contour lines created by r.contour have sharp angles
that should be smoothed. Among the v.generalize algorithms, there is Chaikens, which does just that (also
Hermite splines). Be aware that these algorithms can add additional vertices to the vector, causing it to load even
more slowly.
Open the GRASS Toolbox and double-click the categories Vector Develop map Generalization, then
click on the v.generalize module to open its options window.
Check that the ctour_100 vector appears as the Name of input vector.
From the list of algorithms, choose Chaikens. Leave all other options at their default, and scroll down to
the last row to enter in the field Name for output vector map ctour_100_smooth, and click [Run].
The process takes several moments. Once Successfully finished appears in the output windows,
click [View output] and then [Close].
You may change the color of the vector to display it clearly on the raster background and to contrast with
the original contour lines. You will notice that the new contour lines have smoother corners than the original
while staying faithful to the original overall shape.
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270 to 315.
Enter gtopo30_shade for the new hillshade raster, and click [Run].
When the process completes, add the hillshade raster to the map. You should see it displayed in grayscale.
To view both the hillshading and the colors of the gtopo30 together, move the hillshade map below the
gtopo30 map in the table of contents, then open the Properties window of gtopo30, switch to the
Transparency tab and set its transparency level to about 25%.
You should now have the gtopo30 elevation with its colormap and transparency setting displayed above the
grayscale hillshade map. In order to see the visual effects of the hillshading, turn off the gtopo30_shade map,
then turn it back on.
Using the GRASS shell
The GRASS plugin in QGIS is designed for users who are new to GRASS and not familiar with all the modules
and options. As such, some modules in the Toolbox do not show all the options available, and some modules do
not appear at all. The GRASS shell (or console) gives the user access to those additional GRASS modules that
do not appear in the Toolbox tree, and also to some additional options to the modules that are in the Toolbox with
the simplest default parameters. This example demonstrates the use of an additional option in the r.shaded.relief
module that was shown above.
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The module r.shaded.relief can take a parameter zmult, which multiplies the elevation values relative to the X-Y
coordinate units so that the hillshade effect is even more pronounced.
Load the gtopo30 elevation raster as above, then start the GRASS Toolbox and click on the
GRASS shell.
In the shell window, type the command r.shaded.relief map=gtopo30
shade=gtopo30_shade2 azimuth=315 zmult=3 and press [Enter].
After the process finishes, shift to the Browse tab and double-click on the new gtopo30_shade2 raster
to display it in QGIS.
As explained above, move the shaded relief raster below the gtopo30 raster in the table of contents, then
check the transparency of the colored gtopo30 layer. You should see that the 3-D effect stands out more
strongly compared with the first shaded relief map.
Figure 16.14: Displaying shaded relief created with the GRASS module r.shaded.relief
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The
Rename selected map and
Delete selected map only work with maps inside your currently selected
MAPSET. All other tools also work with raster and vector layers in another MAPSET.
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The parser reads this definition and creates a new tab inside the Toolbox when you select the module. A more
detailed description for adding new modules, changing a modules group, etc., can be found on the QGIS wiki at
http://hub.qgis.org/projects/quantum-gis/wiki/Adding_New_Tools_to_the_GRASS_Toolbox.
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CHAPTER 17
17.1 Introduccin
Este captulo introduce al marco de procesamiento de QGIS, un entorno de geoprosesamiento que se puede utilizar
para llamar algoritmos nativos o de terceros de QGIS, haciendo su tarea de anlisis espacial ms productivo y fcil
de lograr.
En las siguientes secciones, revisaremos cmo usar los elementos grficos de este sistema y sacar el mximo
provecho de cada uno de ellos.
Hay cuatro elementos bsicos en el marco IUG, que se usa para ejecutar algoritmos para diferentes propsitos.
Elegir una u otra herramienta depender del tipo de anlisis que se va a realizar y de las caractersticas particulares
que cada usuario y proyecto. Todos ellos (a excepcin de la interfaz de procesamiento por lotes, lo que se llama
desde la caja de herramientas, como veremos ms delante) se puede acceder desde el men Procesado. (Verpa
ms de cuatro entradas. Los restantes no se utilizan para ejecutar los algoritmos y se explicarn ms adelante en
este captulo.)
La caja de herramientas. El elemento principal de la IUG, se usa para ejecutar un solo algoritmo o grupo de
procesos sobre la base de ese algoritmo.
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El modelador grfico. Varios algoritmos se pueden combinar graficamente usando el modelador para definir
un flujo de trabajo, creando un proceso individual que involucre varios subprocesos.
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En la vista avanzada, cada grupo representa a un proveedor de algoritmos, que es un conjunto de algorimos que
tiene el mismo origen, por ejemplo de una aplicacin externa con capacidades de geoprocesamiento. Algunos
de estos grupos representan algoritmos de aplicaciones como SAGA, GRASS o R, mientras que otros contienen
algorimos directamente programados usando el complemeto de procesamiento y no pertenecen a ningn otro
programa.
Esta vista se recomienda para los usuarios/as que tienen cierto conocimiento de las aplicaciones de las que
provienen los algoritmos, ya que estos se muestran con sus nombres y grupos originales.
Adems, hay algunos algoritmos que slo estn disponibles en la vista avanzada, como las herramientas de LIDAR
y los scripts basados en el software de clculo estadstico R entre otras. Los plugins de QGIS independientes que
aaden nuevos algoritmos a la caja de herramientas, se muestran tambin slo en la vista avanzada.
En concreto, la vista simplificada contiene algoritmos de los siguientes productos:
GRASS
SAGA
OTB
Native QGIS algorithms
Si se usa QGIS en Windows, estos algorimos estn plenamente funcionales desde el principio y pueden ejecutarse sin necesidad de instalaciones adicionales. Adems, ejecutarlos no requiere un conocimiento previo de las
aplicaciones externas que usan, hacindolos ms accesibles para usuarios/as sin experiencia.
If you want to use an algorithm not provided by any of the above providers, switch to the advanced mode by
selecting the corresponding option at the bottom of the toolbox.
Para ejecutar un algoritmo, basta con hacer doble click sobre su nombre en la caja de herramientas.
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This dialog is used to set the input values that the algorithm needs to be executed. It shows a table where input
values and configuration parameters are to be set. It of course has a different content, depending on the requirements of the algorithm to be executed, and is created automatically based on those requirements. On the left side,
the name of the parameter is shown. On the right side, the value of the parameter can be set.
Although the number and type of parameters depend on the characteristics of the algorithm, the structure is similar
for all of them. The parameters found in the table can be of one of the following types.
A raster layer, to select from a list of all such layers available (currently opened) in QGIS. The selector
contains as well a button on its right-hand side, to let you select filenames that represent layers currently not
loaded in QGIS.
A vector layer, to select from a list of all vector layers available in QGIS. Layers not loaded in QGIS can
be selected as well, as in the case of raster layers, but only if the algorithm does not require a table field
selected from the attributes table of the layer. In that case, only opened layers can be selected, since they
need to be open so as to retrieve the list of field names available.
Se ve un botn por cada selector de capa vectorial, como se muestra en la figura inferior.
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Un rango, con valores mnimo y mximo que se introducen en dos cuadros de texto.
Una cadena de texto, que se introduce en un cuadro de texto.
Un campo, a elegir desde la tabla de atributos de una capa vectorial o una tabla sencilla seleccionada en otro
parmetro.
A coordinate reference system. You can type the EPSG code directly in the text box, or select it from the
CRS selection dialog that appears when you click on the button on the right-hand side.
An extent, to be entered by four numbers representing its xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax limits. Clicking on
the button on the right-hand side of the value selector, a pop-up menu will appear, giving you two options:
to select the value from a layer or the current canvas extent, or to define it by dragging directly onto the map
canvas.
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input to an algorithm, whether vector or raster, it is up to you to make sure that they are all in the same coordinate
system.
Note that, due to QGISs on-the-fly reprojecting capabilities, although two layers might seem to overlap and
match, that might not be true if their original coordinates are used without reprojecting them onto a common
coordinate system. That reprojection should be done manually, and then the resulting files should be used as input
to the algorithm. Also, note that the reprojection process can be performed with the algorithms that are available
in the processing framework itself.
By default, the parameters dialog will show a description of the CRS of each layer along with its name, making it
easy to select layers that share the same CRS to be used as input layers. If you do not want to see this additional
information, you can disable this functionality in the processing configuration dialog, unchecking the Show CRS
option.
If you try to execute an algorithm using as input two or more layers with unmatching CRSs, a warning dialog will
be shown.
An se puede ejecutar el algoritmo, pero en la mayora de los casos se producirn resultados incorrectos, como
capas vacias debido a que las capas de entrada no se solapan.
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algorithm during the current session, and can be shown at any time by selecting Processing Results viewer from
the QGIS main menu.
Some external applications might have files (with no particular extension restrictions) as output, but they do not
belong to any of the categories above. Those output files will not be processed by QGIS (opened or included into
the current QGIS project), since most of the time they correspond to file formats or elements not supported by
QGIS. This is, for instance, the case with LAS files used for LiDAR data. The files get created, but you wont see
anything new in your QGIS working session.
For all the other types of output, you will find a checkbox that you can use to tell the algorithm whether to load
the file once it is generated by the algorithm or not. By default, all files are opened.
Optional outputs are not supported. That is, all outputs are created. However, you can uncheck the corresponding
checkbox if you are not interested in a given output, which essentially makes it behave like an optional output (in
other words, the layer is created anyway, but if you leave the text box empty, it will be saved to a temporary file
and deleted once you exit QGIS).
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layer or some of the parameters used to run the algorithm. If this checkbox is checked, the name will be
taken from the output filename instead. Notice that, if the output is saved to a temporary file, the filename
of this temporary file is usually a long and meaningless one intended to avoid collision with other already
existing filenames.
Use only selected features. If this option is selected, whenever a vector layer is used as input for an algorithm, only its selected features will be used. If the layer has no selected features, all features will be
used.
Pre-execution script file and Post-execution script file. These parameters refer to scripts written using the
processing scripting functionality, and are explained in the section covering scripting and the console.
Apart from the General block in the settings dialog, you will also find a block for algorithm providers. Each
entry in this block contains an Activate item that you can use to make algorithms appear or not in the toolbox.
Also, some algorithm providers have their own configuration items, which we will explain later when covering
particular algorithm providers.
.
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appear in this case as available inputs. Layers or values generated at a more advanced step in the workflow defined
by the model will not be available if they cause circular dependencies.
Select the new values and then click on the [OK] button as usual. The connections between the model elements
will change accordingly in the modeler canvas.
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Por defecto, la tabla contiene slo dos filas. Puede agregar o quitar filas utilizando los botones de la parte inferior
de la ventana.
Una vez que el tamao de la tabla se ha establecido, este tiene que ser llenado con los valores deseados.
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Now, there is basically just one (interesting) thing you can do with that from the console: execute an algorithm.
That is done using the runalg() method, which takes the name of the algorithm to execute as its first parameter,
and then a variable number of additional parameters depending on the requirements of the algorithm. So the first
thing you need to know is the name of the algorithm to execute. That is not the name you see in the toolbox, but
rather a unique commandline name. To find the right name for your algorithm, you can use the algslist()
method. Type the following line in your console:
>>> processing.alglist()
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B-Spline Approximation------------------------>saga:b-splineapproximation
...
Esa es una lista de todos los algoritmos disponibles, ordenada alfabticamente, junto con sus nombres de linea de
comandos correspondientes.
You can use a string as a parameter for this method. Instead of returning the full list of algorithms, it will only
display those that include that string. If, for instance, you are looking for an algorithm to calculate slope from a
DEM, type alglist("slope") to get the following result:
DTM Filter (slope-based)---------------------->saga:dtmfilter(slope-based)
Downslope Distance Gradient------------------->saga:downslopedistancegradient
Relative Heights and Slope Positions---------->saga:relativeheightsandslopepositions
Slope Length---------------------------------->saga:slopelength
Slope, Aspect, Curvature---------------------->saga:slopeaspectcurvature
Upslope Area---------------------------------->saga:upslopearea
Vegetation Index[slope based]----------------->saga:vegetationindex[slopebased]
Ahora se tiene todo lo necesario para ejecutar cualquier algoritmo. Como ya hemos mencionado, slo hay un solo
comando para ejecutar algoritmos: runalg(). Su sintaxis es la siguiente:
>>> processing.runalg(name_of_the_algorithm, param1, param2, ..., paramN,
Output1, Output2, ..., OutputN)
La lista de parmetros y salidas para aadir dependen del algoritmo que se desean ejecutar, y es exactamente la
lista que el mtodo alghelp() le da, en el mismo orden que se muestra.
Depending on the type of parameter, values are introduced differently. The next list gives a quick review of how
to introduce values for each type of input parameter:
Raster Layer, Vector Layer or Table. Simply use a string with the name that identifies the data object to use
(the name it has in the QGIS Table of Contents) or a filename (if the corresponding layer is not opened, it
will be opened but not added to the map canvas). If you have an instance of a QGIS object representing the
layer, you can also pass it as parameter. If the input is optional and you do not want to use any data object,
use None.
Seleccin. Si un algoritmo tiene un parmetro de seleccin, el valor de ese parmetro debe ser introducido mediante un valor entero. Para conocer las opciones disponibles, se puede utilizar el comando
algoptions(), como se muestra en el siguiente ejemplo
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>>> processing.algoptions("saga:slopeaspectcurvature")
METHOD(Method)
0 - [0] Maximum Slope (Travis et al. 1975)
1 - [1] Maximum Triangle Slope (Tarboton 1997)
2 - [2] Least Squares Fitted Plane (Horn 1981, Costa-Cabral & Burgess 1996)
3 - [3] Fit 2.Degree Polynom (Bauer, Rohdenburg, Bork 1985)
4 - [4] Fit 2.Degree Polynom (Heerdegen & Beran 1982)
5 - [5] Fit 2.Degree Polynom (Zevenbergen & Thorne 1987)
6 - [6] Fit 3.Degree Polynom (Haralick 1983)
In this case, the algorithm has one such parameter, with seven options. Notice that ordering is zero-based.
Multiple input. The value is a string with input descriptors separated by semicolons (;). As in the case of
single layers or tables, each input descriptor can be the data object name, or its file path.
El campo de la tabla de XXX. Utilice una cadena con el nombre del campo a usar. Este parmetro es
sensible a maysculas y minsculas.
Fixed Table. Type the list of all table values separated by commas (,) and enclosed between quotes (").
Values start on the upper row and go from left to right. You can also use a 2-D array of values representing
the table.
SRC. Introduzca el nmero del cdigo EPSG del SRC deseado.
Extensin. Se debe utilizar una cadena con valores de xmin, xmax, ymin y ymax separados por
comas (,).
Los parmetros boolean, archivo, cadena y numricos no necesitan alguna explicacin adicional.
Input parameters such as strings, booleans, or numerical values have default values. To use them, specify None
in the corresponding parameter entry.
For output data objects, type the file path to be used to save it, just as it is done from the toolbox. If you want to
save the result to a temporary file, use None. The extension of the file determines the file format. If you enter
a file extension not supported by the algorithm, the default file format for that output type will be used, and its
corresponding extension appended to the given file path.
Unlike when an algorithm is executed from the toolbox, outputs are not added to the map canvas if you execute
that same algorithm from the Python console. If you want to add an output to the map canvas, you have to do it
yourself after running the algorithm. To do so, you can use QGIS API commands, or, even easier, use one of the
handy methods provided for such tasks.
The runalg method returns a dictionary with the output names (the ones shown in the algorithm description)
as keys and the file paths of those outputs as values. You can load those layers by passing the corresponding file
paths to the load() method.
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uniqueValues(layer, field): Returns a list of unique values for a given attribute. Attributes can
be passed as a field name or a zero-based field index. It considers the existing selection.
As you can see, the calculation involves three algorithms, all of them coming from SAGA. The last one calculates
the TWI, but it needs a slope layer and a flow accumulation layer. We do not have these layers, but since we have
the DEM, we can calculate them by calling the corresponding SAGA algorithms.
La parte del cdigo donde este procesamiento se lleva a cabo no es difcil de entender si ha ledo las secciones anteriores de este captulo. Las primeras lneas, sin embargo, necesitan alguna explicacin adicional. Proporcionan
la informacin que se necesita para convertir su cdigo en un algoritmo que se puede ejecutar desde cualquiera de
los componentes GUI, como la caja de herramientas o el modelador grfico.
These lines start with a double Python comment symbol (##) and have the following structure:
[parameter_name]=[parameter_type] [optional_values]
Here is a list of all the parameter types that are supported in processing scripts, their syntax and some examples.
raster. A raster layer.
vector. Una capa vectorial.
table. Una tabla.
number. A numerical value. A default value must be provided. For instance, depth=number 2.4.
string. A text string. As in the case of numerical values, a default value must be added. For instance,
name=string Victor.
boolean. A boolean value. Add True or False after it to set the default value. For example,
verbose=boolean True.
rster mltiple. Un conjunto de capas rster de entrada.
Vector mltiple. Un conjunto de capas vectoriales de entrada.
Campo. Un campo es la tabla de atributos de una capa vectorial. El nombre de la capa se tiene que aadir despus de la etiqueta Campo. Por ejemplo, si ha declarado una vectorial de entrada con mylayer=vector,
podra utilizar myfield=field mylayer para aadir un campo de esa capa como parmetro.
folder. Una carpeta.
file. A nombre de archivo.
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El nombre del parmetro es el nombre que se mostrar al usuario cuando ejecuta el algoritmo, y tambin el nombre
de variable a utilizar en la secuencia de cdigo. El valor introducido por el usuario para ese parmetro se asignar
a la variable con ese nombre.
When showing the name of the parameter to the user, the name will be edited to improve its appearance, replacing
low hyphens with spaces. So, for instance, if you want the user to see a parameter named A numerical
value, you can use the variable name A_numerical_value.
Layers and table values are strings containing the file path of the corresponding object. To turn them into a QGIS
object, you can use the processing.getObjectFromUri() function. Multiple inputs also have a string
value, which contains the file paths to all selected object, separated by semicolons (;).
Outputs are defined in a similar manner, using the following tags:
output raster
output vector
output table
output html
output file
output number
output string
The value assigned to the output variables is always a string with a file path. It will correspond to a temporary file
path in case the user has not entered any output filename.
When you declare an output, the algorithm will try to add it to QGIS once it is finished. That is why, although the
runalg() method does not load the layers it produces, the final TWI layer will be loaded (using the case of our
previous example), since it is saved to the file entered by the user, which is the value of the corresponding output.
Do not use the load() method in your script algorithms, just when working with the console line. If a layer is
created as output of an algorithm, it should be declared as such. Otherwise, you will not be able to properly use
the algorithm in the modeler, since its syntax (as defined by the tags explained above) will not match what the
algorithm really creates.
Hidden outputs (numbers and strings) do not have a value. Instead, you have to assign a value to them. To do so,
just set the value of a variable with the name you used to declare that output. For instance, if you have used this
declaration,
##average=output number
In addition to the tags for parameters and outputs, you can also define the group under which the algorithm will
be shown, using the group tag.
If your algorithm takes a long time to process, it is a good idea to inform the user. You have a global named
progress available, with two possible methods: setText(text) and setPercentage(percent) to
modify the progress text and the progress bar.
Several examples are provided. Please check them to see real examples of how to create algorithms using the
processing framework classes. You can right-click on any script algorithm and select Edit script to edit its code or
just to see it.
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take you to the help editing dialog. Check the section about the graphical modeler to know more about this dialog
and how to use it.
Help files are saved in the same folder as the script itself, adding the .help extension to the filename. Notice that
you can edit your scripts help before saving the script for the first time. If you later close the script editing dialog
without saving the script (i.e., you discard it), the help content you wrote will be lost. If your script was already
saved and is associated to a filename, saving the help content is done automatically.
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As you can see, it involves 3 algorithms, all of them coming from SAGA. The last one of them calculates the TWI,
but it needs a slope layer and a flow accumulation layer. We do not have these ones, but since we have the DEM,
we can calculate them calling the corresponding SAGA algorithms.
The part of the code where this processing takes place is not difficult to understand if you have read the previous
chapter. The first lines, however, need some additional explanation. They provide the information that is needed to
turn your code into an algorithm that can be run from any of the GUI components, like the toolbox or the graphical
modeler.
These lines start with a double Python comment symbol (##) and have the following structure
219
[parameter_name]=[parameter_type] [optional_values]
Here is a list of all the parameter types that are supported in processign scripts, their syntax and some examples.
raster. A raster layer
vector. A vector layer
table. A table
number. A numerical value. A default value must be provided. For instance, depth=number 2.4
string. A text string. As in the case of numerical values, a default value must be added. For instance,
name=string Victor
longstring. Same as string, but a larger text box will be shown, so it is better suited for long strings,
such as for a script expecting a small code snippet.
boolean. A boolean value. Add True or False after it to set the default value. For example,
verbose=boolean True.
multiple raster. A set of input raster layers.
multiple vector. A set of input vector layers.
field. A field in the attributes table of a vector layer. The name of the layer has to be added after the
field tag. For instance, if you have declared a vector input with mylayer=vector, you could use
myfield=field mylayer to add a field from that layer as parameter.
folder. A folder
file. A filename
crs. A Coordinate Reference System
The parameter name is the name that will be shown to the user when executing the algorithm, and also the variable
name to use in the script code. The value entered by the user for that parameter will be assigned to a variable with
that name.
When showing the name of the parameter to the user, the name will be edited it to improve its appearance, replacing
low hyphens with spaces. So, for instance, if you want the user to see a parameter named A numerical
value, you can use the variable name A_numerical_value.
Layers and tables values are strings containing the filepath of the corresponding object. To turn them into a QGIS
object, you can use the processing.getObjectFromUri() function. Multiple inputs also have a string
value, which contains the filepaths to all selected objects, separated by semicolons (;).
Outputs are defined in a similar manner, using the following tags:
output raster
output vector
output table
output html
output file
output number
output string
output extent
The value assigned to the output variables is always a string with a filepath. It will correspond to a temporary
filepath in case the user has not entered any output filename.
In addition to the tags for parameters and outputs, you can also define the group under which the algorithm will
be shown, using the group tag.
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The last tag that you can use in your script header is ##nomodeler. Use that when you do not want your
algorithm to be shown in the modeler window. This should be used for algorithms that do not have a clear syntax
(for instance, if the number of layers to be created is not known in advance, at design time), which make them
unsuitable for the graphical modeler
221
Please, check them to see real examples of how to create algorithms using the processing framework classes. You
can right-click on any script algorithm and select Edit script to edit its code or just to see it.
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configurado correctamente el sistema, usted ser capaz de ejecutar algoritmos externos de cualquier componente,
como la caja de herramientas o el modelador grfico, tal como lo hace con cualquier otro geoalgoritmo.
Por defecto, todos los algoritmos que dependen de aplicaciones externas no incluidas con QGIS no estarn habilitados. Pueden ser habilitados en el dilogo de configuracin. Asegrese de que la aplicacin de la que depende
est instalada en el sistema. En caso de no hacerlo, los algoritmos aparecern en la Caja de Herramientas, pero se
emitir un mensaje de error cuando se intente hacer uso de ellos.
Esto se debe a las descripciones de algoritmos (necesarios para crear el dilogo de parmetros y proporcionar la
informacin necesaria sobre el algoritmo) no se incluyen con cada aplicacin, pero con QGIS en lugar de. Es
decir, que son parte de QGIS, por lo que ellos estn en su instalacin, incluso si no ha instalado ningn otro
software. La ejecucin del algoritmo, sin embargo, necesita de los binarios de la aplicacin para ser instalada en
su sistema.
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224
17.14.7 Registro
When QGIS calls SAGA, it does so using its command-line interface, thus passing a set of commands to perform
all the required operations. SAGA shows its progress by writing information to the console, which includes the
percentage of processing already done, along with additional content. This output is filtered and used to update
the progress bar while the algorithm is running.
Both the commands sent by QGIS and the additional information printed by SAGA can be logged along with other
processing log messages, and you might find them useful to track in detail what is going on when QGIS runs a
SAGA algorithm. You will find two settings, namely Log console output and Log execution commands, to activate
that logging mechanism.
La mayora del resto de proveedores que utilizan una aplicacin externa y la invocan a travs de la lnea de
comandos tienen opciones similares, de forma que las podr encontrar tambin en otros lugares de la lista de
ajustes de procesamiento.
R. Creating R scripts
La integracin R en QGIS es diferente al de SAGA y es que no hay un conjunto predefinido de algoritmos que
pueda ejecutar (a excepcin de algunos ejemplos). En su lugar, debe escribir sus scripts y llamar a los comandos
R, al igual que lo hara desde R, y de una manera muy similar a lo que vimos en la seccin dedicada a scripts de
procesamiento. En esta seccin se muestra la sintaxis para usar y llamar a los comandos de R QGIS y cmo usar
en QGIS los objetos (capas, tablas) en ellos.
The first thing you have to do, as we saw in the case of SAGA, is to tell QGIS where your R binaries are located.
You can do this using the R folder entry in the processing configuration dialog. Once you have set that parameter,
you can start creating and executing your own R scripts.
De nuevo, esto es diferente en Linux, dnde slo hay que asegurarse de que el directorio de R est correctamente
incluido en la variable de entorno PATH. Si R puede iniciarse simplemente escribiendo R en una consola, entonces
la configuracin es correcta.
Para aadir un nuevo algoritmo que invoque a una funcin de R (u otro script de R que se haya creado anteriormente y se quiera tener disponible desde QGIS), es necesario crear un archivo de script que indique al entorno de
procesamiento cmo realizar dicha operacin y los comandos de R necesarios para ello.
R script files have the extension .rsx, and creating them is pretty easy if you just have a basic knowledge of R
syntax and R scripting. They should be stored in the R scripts folder. You can set this folder in the R settings group
(available from the processing settings dialog), just like you do with the folder for regular processing scripts.
Lets have a look at a very simple script file, which calls the R method spsample to create a random grid within
the boundary of the polygons in a given polygon layer. This method belongs to the maptools package. Since
almost all the algorithms that you might like to incorporate into QGIS will use or generate spatial data, knowledge
of spatial packages like maptools and, especially, sp, is mandatory.
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##polyg=vector
##numpoints=number 10
##output=output vector
##sp=group
pts=spsample(polyg,numpoints,type="random")
output=SpatialPointsDataFrame(pts, as.data.frame(pts))
Las primeras lneas, que comienzan con el smblo doble de comentario en Python (##), indican a QGIS las
entradas del algoritmo descritas en el archivo y las salidas que ste generar. Estas lneas utilizan la misma
sintaxis que los scripts de SEXTANTE que vimos anteriormente por lo que no las describiremos aqu de nuevo.
Cuando se declara un parmetro de entrada, QGIS usa esa informacin con dos finalidades: crear la interfaz de
usuario que solicita al usuario el valor de dicho parmetro y crear la variable correspondiente en R que se pueda
usar despus como entrada para los comandos en R.
In the above example, we are declaring an input of type vector named polyg. When executing the algorithm,
QGIS will open in R the layer selected by the user and store it in a variable also named polyg. So, the name of a
parameter is also the name of the variable that we can use in R for accesing the value of that parameter (thus, you
should avoid using reserved R words as parameter names).
Spatial elements such as vector and raster layers are read using the readOGR() and brick() commands (you
do not have to worry about adding those commands to your description file QGIS will do it), and they are stored
as Spatial*DataFrame objects. Table fields are stored as strings containing the name of the selected field.
Tables are opened using the read.csv() command. If a table entered by the user is not in CSV format, it will
be converted prior to importing it into R.
Additionally, raster files can be read using the readGDAL() command instead of brick() by using the
##usereadgdal.
Si se es un usuario avanzado y no quiere QGIS para crear el objeto que representado la capa, puede utilizar la
etiqueta ##passfilename para indicar que prefiere una cadena con el nombre de archivo en su lugar. En este
caso, le corresponde abrir el archivo antes de realizar cualquier operacin sobre los datos que contiene.
Con la informacin anterior, se puede comprender la primera lnea de nuestro primer script de ejemplo (la primera
lnea que no comienza con un comentario de Python).
pts=spsample(polyg,numpoints,type="random")
La variable polygon ya contiene un objeto SpatialPolygonsDataFrame, por lo que se puede utilizar para
llamar al mtodo spsample, al igual que numpoints, que indica el nmero de puntos a aadir a la rejilla de
ejemplo creada.
Since we have declared an output of type vector named out, we have to create a variable named out and store a
Spatial*DataFrame object in it (in this case, a SpatialPointsDataFrame). You can use any name for
your intermediate variables. Just make sure that the variable storing your final result has the same name that you
used to declare it, and that it contains a suitable value.
En este caso, el resultado obtenido del mtodo spsample ha de ser convertido de forma explcita a un objeto de
tipo SpatialPointsDataFrame, since it is itself an object of class ppp, which is not a suitable class to be
returned to QGIS.
If your algorithm generates raster layers, the way they are saved will depend on whether or not you have used the
#dontuserasterpackage option. In you have used it, layers are saved using the writeGDAL() method.
If not, the writeRaster() method from the raster package will be used.
Si ha utilizado la opcin #passfilename, las salidas se generan utilizando el paquete raster (mediante
writeRaster()), incluso cuando no se utiliza para las entradas.
Si el algoritmo no genera ninguna capa, sino ms bien en su lugar regresa un texto en la consola, tiene que indicar
lo que desea que la consola mostrar una vez finalizada la ejecucin. Para ello, basta con iniciar la lnea de
comandos que producen los resultados que desea imprimir con el signo > (mayor). La salida de todas las otras
lneas no se mostrar. Por ejemplo, aqu est el archivo de descripcin de un algoritmo que realiza una prueba
normalmente en un determinado campo (columna) de los atributos de una capa vectorial:
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##layer=vector
##field=field layer
##nortest=group
library(nortest)
>lillie.test(layer[[field]])
The output of the last line is printed, but the output of the first is not (and neither are the outputs from other
command lines added automatically by QGIS).
Si su algoritmo crea algn tipo de grficos (utilizando el mtodo plot()), aada la siguiente lnea:
##showplots
This will cause QGIS to redirect all R graphical outputs to a temporary file, which will be opened once R execution
has finished.
Tanto los resultados grficos como de consola, se mostrar en el gesto de resultados de procesamiento.
For more information, please check the script files provided with SEXTANTE. Most of them are rather simple and
will greatly help you understand how to create your own scripts.
Nota: rgdal and maptools libraries are loaded by default, so you do not have to add the corresponding
library() commands (you just have to make sure that those two packages are installed in your R distribution).
However, other additional libraries that you might need have to be explicitly loaded. Just add the necessary commands at the beginning of your script. You also have to make sure that the corresponding packages are installed in
the R distribution used by QGIS. The processing framework will not take care of any package installation. If you
run a script that requires a package that is not installed, the execution will fail, and Processing will try to detect
which packages are missing. You must install those missing libraries manually before you can run the algorithm.
GRASS
Configurar GRASS no es muy diferente de la configuracin de SAGA. En primer lugar, la ruta de la carpeta
GRASS debe ser definido, pero solo si se ejecuta en Windows. Adicionalmente, un interprete de comandos
(usualmente msys.exe, que se puede encontrar en la mayora de distribuciones GRASS para Windows) tiene
que ser definido y establecer la ruta tambin.
Por defecto, el marco de procesamiento intenta configurar el conector de GRASS para utilizar la distribucin
GRASS que se incluye junto con QGIS. Esto debera funcionar sin problemas en la mayora de los sistemas, pero
si tiene problemas, puede que tenga que configurar el conector GRASS manualmente. Adems, si usted desea
utilizar una instalacin diferente de GRASS, puede cambiar esta configuracin y seleccionar la carpeta donde est
instalada la otra versin. GRASS 6.4 es necesaria para que los algoritmos funcione correctamente.
Si se utiliza Linux, hay que asegurarse de que GRASS est correctamente instalado y que se puede ejecutar sin
problemas desde una consola.
GRASS algorithms use a region for calculations. This region can be defined manually using values similar to
the ones found in the SAGA configuration, or automatically, taking the minimum extent that covers all the input
layers used to execute the algorithm each time. If the latter approach is the behaviour you prefer, just check the
Use min covering region option in the GRASS configuration parameters.
The last parameter that has to be configured is related to the mapset. A mapset is needed to run GRASS, and the
processing framework creates a temporary one for each execution. You have to specify if the data you are working
with uses geographical (lat/lon) coordinates or projected ones.
GDAL
No es necesaria ninguna configuracin adicional para ejecutar los algoritmos de GDAL. Al estar estos incluidos
en QGIS, los algoritmos infieren su configuracin de forma automtica.
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If you use the OSGeo4W installer, then install otb-bin package and enter
C:\OSGeo4W\apps\orfeotoolbox\applications as OTB applications folder and
C:\OSGeo4W\bin as OTB command line tools folder. These values should be configured by default, but if you have a different OTB installation, configure them to the corresponding values in your
system.
TauDEM
Para utilizar este proveedor, es necesrio instalar las herramientas de linea de comandos de TauDEM.
17.14.8 Windows
Please visit the TauDEM homepage for installation instructions and precompiled binaries for 32-bit and 64-bit
systems. IMPORTANT: You need TauDEM 5.0.6 executables. Version 5.2 is currently not supported.
17.14.9 Linux
There are no packages for most Linux distributions, so you should compile TauDEM by yourself. As TauDEM
uses MPICH2, first install it using your favorite package manager. Alternatively, TauDEM works fine with Open
MPI, so you can use it instead of MPICH2.
Descargar el cdigo fuente de TauDEM 5.0.6 <http://hydrology.usu.edu/taudem/taudem5.0/TauDEM5PCsrc_506.zip>_
y extraer los archivos en algn directorio.
Abrir el archivo linearpart.h , y despus de la lnea
#include "mpi.h"
y obtendr
#include "mpi.h"
#include <stdint.h>
Guardar los cambios y cerrar el archivo. Ahora abir tiffIO.h, buscar la lnea #include "stdint.h" y
sustituir las comillas ("") con <>, para obtener
#include <stdint.h>
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mkdir build
cd build
y entonces compilar
make
<nombre
Los elementos del men. Estos se muestran como Menu item: <Texto de entrada del
men>. Todos los elementos de los mens disponibles desde la interfaz QGIS estn disponibles, incluso si
se incluyen en un submen.
17.15. Los Comandos QGIS
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Funciones Python. Puede crear funciones cortas en Python que sern entonces incluidas en la lista de
comandos disponibles. Ellos se muestran como Function: <nombre de la funcin>.
Para ejecutar cualquiera de los anteriores, inicie escribiendo y a continuacin, seleccione el elemento de la lista de
comandos disponibles que aparecen despus de filtrar toda la lista de comandos con el texto que ha introducido.
En caso de llamar a una funcin de Python, puede seleccionar la entrada en la lista, que tiene
el prefijo Function: (por ejemplo, Command: removeall), o simplemente escribir
directamente el nombre de la funcin (removeall en el ejemplo anterior). No hay necesidad de aadir espacios despus del nombre de la funcin.
Una vez que se haya aadido la funcin, estar disponible en Comandos, y puede invocarlo escribiendo
removeall. No hay necesidad de hacer algo ms aparte de escribir la funcin en s.
Las funciones pueden recibir parmetros. Aadir *args a la definicin de su funcin para recibir argumentos.
Cuando llame a la funcin desde Comandos, los parmetros tienen que ser pasados separados por espacios.
Aqu esta un ejemplo de una funcin que carga una capa y toma un parmetro con el nombre del archivo de la
capa cargada.
import processing
def load(*args):
processing.load(args[0])
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CHAPTER 18
Diseadores de impresin
Con el diseador de impresin se pueden crear buenos mapas y atlas que se pueden imprimir o guardar como
archivo PDF, una imagen o un archivo SVG. Esta es una manera potente para compartir informacin geogrfica
producida con QGIS que se puede incluir en reportes o publicado.
El diseo de impresin ofrece crecientes capacidades de diseo e impresin. Se le permite aadir elementos a la
vista del QGIS como, etiquetas de texto, imgenes, leyendas, barras de escala, formas bsicas, flechas, tablas de
atributos y marcos HTML. Puede cambiar el tamao, grupo, alineacin y posicin y rotacin de cada elemento
y ajustar las propiedades para crear su diseo. El diseo se puede imprimir o exportar a formatos de imagen,
PostScript, PDF o SVG (la exportacin a SVG no funciona correctamente con algunas versiones recientes Qt4,
debe intentarlo y comprobar de forma individual en el sistema). Puede guardar el diseo como una plantilla y
cargarla de nuevo en otra sesin. Por ltimo, la generacin de varios mapas basados en una plantilla se puede
hacer a travs del generador de atlas. Ver una lista de herramientas en table_composer_1:
231
Icono
Propsito
Icono
Propsito
Guardar Proyecto
Administrador de diseadores
Cargar de plantilla
Zum general
Zum a 100%
Acercar Zum
Alejar Zum
Actualizar vista
Desplazar diseador
Seleccionar/Mover elementos
Aadir flecha
Desagrupar elementos
Imprimir Atlas
Configuracin de atlas
232
233
Del lado derecho del lienzo encontrar dos paneles. El panel superior tiene las pestaas Elementos e Historia de
la orden y el panel inferior tiene las pestaas Diseo, Propiedades del elemento y Generacin de atlas.
La pestaa Elementos proporciona una lista de todos los elementos del diseo aadidos al lienzo.
La pestaa Historia de la orden muestra una historia de todos los cambios aplicados al diseo. Con hacer
un clic, es posible deshacer y rehacer pasos de ida y de vuelta a un cierto estatus
La pestaa Diseo le permite establecer el tamao del papel, orientacin, fondo de la pgina, nmero de
pginas y calidad de impresin para el archivo de salida en dpi. Adems, tambin se puede activar la casilla
Imprimir como rster. Esto significa que todos los elementos sern convertidos a rster antes de imprimirse o guardarse como PostScript o PDF. En esta pestaa, tambin puede personalizar la configuracin
de la cuadrcula o guas inteligentes.
La pestaa Propiedades del elemento muestra las propiedades del elemento seleccionado. Haga clic en el
Seleccionar/Mover elemento
para mover un elemento (por ejemplo, la leyenda, la barra de escala o etiicono
queta) en el lienzo. Despus haga clic en la pestaa Propiedades del elemento y personalice la configuracin
del elemento seleccionado.
La pestaa Generacin de atlas le permite habilitar la generacin de un atlas del diseo actual y da acceso
a sus parmetros.
Por ltimo, puede guardar su diseo de impresin con el botn
Guardar proyecto
En la parte inferior de la ventana del Diseador de impresin, puede encontrar una barra de estado con la posicin
del ratn, nmero de pgina actual y una lista desplegable para establecer el nivel de zum.
Puede aadir mltiples elementos al diseo de impresin. Tambin es posible tener ms de una vista de mapa o
leyenda o barra de escala en el lienzo, en una o varias pginas. Cada elemento tiene sus propias propiedades y, en
caso del mapa, su extensin. Si quiere borrar algn elemento del lienzo, puede hacerlo con Eliminar o la tecla
Retroceso.
Herramientas de navegacin
Para navegar en el lienzo del diseo, el Diseador de impresin proporciona algunas herramientas generales:
Acercar zum
Alejar zum
Zum general
Zum al 100%
Actualizar la vista
Desplazar diseo
Zum
Puede tambin cambiar el nivel de zum con la rueda del ratn o en la lista desplegable de la barra de estado. Si
necesita cambiar a modo de panorama mientras se trabaja en el rea del diseador, puede mantenerlo con la Barra
espaciadora o la rueda del ratn. Con Ctrl+Barra espaciadora, puede cambiar temporalmente al
modo de zum, y con Ctrl+Shift+Barra espaciadora, para el modo alejar.
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4. Elija el icono
Seleccionar/Mover elemento
5. Mientras el elemento del mapa aun esta seleccionado, tambin se puede cambiar el tamao del elemento
mapa. Haga clic mientras mantiene pulsado el botn izquierdo del ratn, en un pequeo rectngulo blanco
en una de las esquinas del elemento mapa y arrstrelo a una nueva ubicacin para cambiar su tamao.
6. Haga clic en la pestaa Propiedades del elemento en el panel inferior izquierdo y encuentre el ajuste para la
orientacin. Cambie el valor del ajuste Orientacin del mapa a 15.00|grados| . Se debe ver el cambio en
la orientacin del elemento mapa.
7. Por ltimo, puede guardar su diseo de impresin con el botn
Guardar proyecto
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Excluir elementos de las exportaciones: Puede decidir hacer un elemento no visible en todas las exportaciones. Despus de activar esta casilla, el elemento no se incluir en PDFs, impresiones, etc.
Modo de mezcla: Puede lograr efectos de representacin especial con estas herramientas que antes solo se
puede saber de programas de grficos. Los pxeles de sus elementos sobrepuestos y subyacentes se mezclan
a travs de los ajustes descritos anteriormente.
Normal: Este es el modo de mezcla estndar, que utiliza el canal alfa del pxel superior para mezclarse
con los pixeles debajo de el; los colores no se mezclan.
Iluminado: Este selecciona el mximo de cada componente del primer y segundo plano de pxeles.
Tenga en cuenta que los resultados tienden a ser irregulares y rigurosos.
Pantalla: pxeles de luz de la fuente se pintan sobre el destino, mientras que los pxeles oscuros no
lo son. Este modo es muy til para la mezcla de la textura de una capa con otra (por ejemplo, puede
utilizar un sombreado para texturizar otra capa).
Esquivar: aclarar y saturar pxeles subyacentes en base a la ligereza del punto de imagen superior.
As, los pxeles superiores ms brillantes provocan la saturacin y el brillo de los pxeles subyacentes
a aumentar. Esto funciona mejor si los pxeles superiores no son demasiado brillantes; de lo contrario
el efecto sera demasiado extremo.
Suma: Este modo de mezcla simplemente aade valores de pxeles de una capa con valores de pxeles
de otra. En caso de que los valores superiores a 1 (como en el caso de RGB), mientras es mostrado.
Este modo es adecuado para resaltar objetos.
Oscurecido: Este crea un pxel resultante que conserva el componente mas pequeo del primero y
segundo plano de pixeles. Como el iluminado, los resultados tienden a ser irregulares y rigurosos.
Multiplicar: Aqu los nmeros de cada pxel de la capa superior estn multiplicados con los nmeros
del pxel correspondiente de la capa inferior. Los resultados son imgenes ms oscuras.
Quemar: Los colores ms oscuros en la capa superior hacen que las capas subyacentes para oscurecer.
Quemar se pueden utilizar para ajustar y colorear las capas subyacentes.
Superposicin: Este modo combina los modos de mescla multiplicar y pantalla. En la imagen resultante, partes de la luz se vuelven ms ligeras y partes oscuras se oscurecen.
Luz suave: Esto es muy similar a superponer, pero en lugar de utilizar multiplicar/pantalla que utiliza
el color quemar/esquivar. Este modo se supone que debe emular el brillo de una luz suave en una
imagen.
Iluminar fuerte: Ilumina fuerte es muy similar a la del modo de superposicin. Se supone que es
emular a la proyeccin de una luz muy intensa en una imagen.
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Diferencia: Diferencia resta el pxel superior de la parte inferior de pxeles, o al revs, para obtener
siempre un valor positivo. La mezcla con negro no produce ningn cambio, ya que la diferencia con
todos los colores es cero.
Restar: Este modo de mezcla simplemente resta valores de los pxeles de una capa con valores de pxel
de otra. En caso de valores negativos, el negro se muestra.
Rectngulo es la configuracin predeterminada. Solo muestra una caja vaca con un mensaje El mapa ser
impreso aqu.
Cache representa el mapa en la resolucin de la pantalla actual. Si se acerca o aleja el zum en la ventana
del Diseado, el mapa no representara de nuevo pero la imagen ser escalada.
Representar quiere decir que si se acerca o aleja el zum en la ventana del Diseador, el mapa ser representado de nuevo, pero por razones de espacio slo hasta una resolucin mxima.
Cache es el modo de vista previa predeterminado para aadir los recientes mapas al Diseador de impresin.
Seleccionar/Mover elemento
, seleccione el
Puede cambiar el tamao del elemento del mapa al hacer clic en el botn
elemento, y arrastre una de las asas de color azul en la esquina del mapa. Con el mapa seleccionado, ahora se
puede ajustar ms propiedades en el mapa, en la pestaa Propiedades del elemento.
Para desplazar capas dentro del elemento del mapa, seleccione el mapa, haga clic en el icono
y mueva las capas dentro del marco del elemento mapa con el botn izquierdo del ratn.
Despus de encontrar el lugar apropiado para un elemento, puede bloquear la posicin dentro del lienzo del DisMover contenido del elemento
individuales. El icono
Propiedades principales
El dilogo Propiedades principales del mapa, la pestaa Propiedades del mapa proporciona las siguientes funcionalidades (vea figure_composer_map_1)
La zona Vista preliminar le permite definir los modos de vista previa Rectngulo, Cach, y Representar, como se describi antes. Si se cambia la vista en la vista del mapa QGIS al cambiar las propiedades
del vector o rster, puede actualizar la vista del Diseador de impresin al seleccionar el elemento mapa en
el Diseador y al hacer clic en el botn [Actualizar vista preliminar]
El campo Escala
El campo Rotacin
le permite rotar el contenido del elemento del mapa hacia las manecillas del
reloj en grados. La rotacin de la vista del mapa puede ser imitado aqu. Tenga en cuenta que un marco
de coordenadas correcta slo se puede aadir con el valor predeterminado 0 y que una vez que defina una
Rotacin en ese momento no se puede cambiar.
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Dibujar elementos de la vista del mapa le deja mostrar anotaciones que se pueden ubicar en la vista del
mapa en la ventana principal de QGIS.
You can choose to lock the layers shown on a map item. Check
Lock layers for map item. After this
is checked, any layer that would be displayed or hidden in the main QGIS window will not appear or be
hidden in the map item of the Composer. But style and labels of a locked layer are still refreshed according
to the main QGIS interface. You can prevent this by using Lock layer styles for map item.
El botn
le permite aadir ms rpido las vistas predeterminadas que ha preparado en QGIS. Al Hacer
clic en el botn
que se desea mostrar. La vista del mapa automticamente bloquear la capa preestablecida al activar
Bloquear las capas para el elemento del mapa: si se desea deseleccionar el preestablecido, slo desactive
y presione el botn
. Vea Leyenda del mapa para averiguar cmo crear vistas preestablecidas.
Extensin
El dilogo Extensin de la pestaa del elemento mapa proporciona las funcionalidades siguientes (ver figure_composer_map_2):
La zona Extensin del Mapa le permite especificar la extensin del mapa utilizando los valores X y Y
mximos y mnimos al hacer clic en el botn [Establecer a la extensin de la vista del mapa]. Este botn
establece la extensin del elemento mapa del diseador a la extensin de la vista del mapa actual en la
aplicacin principal QGIS. El botn [Extender vista en la vista del mapa] hace exactamente lo opuesto,
actualiza la extensin de la vista del mapa en la aplicacin QGIS a la extensin del elemento mapa del
diseador.
Si se cambia la vista en la vista del mapa QGIS al cambiar al cambiar las propiedades vectoriales o rster.
se puede actualizar la vista del Diseador de impresin seleccionando el elemento mapa en el Diseador y al
hacer clic en el botn **[Actualizar vista preliminar]**en la pestaa del mapa Propiedades del elemento (ver
figure_composer_map_1).
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240
As grid type, you can specify to use a Solid, Cross, Markers or Frame and annotations only. Frame and
annotations only is especially useful when working with rotated maps or reprojected grids. In the devisions
section of the Grid Frame Dialog mentioned below you then have a corresponding setting. Symbology of the grid
can be chosen. See section Rendering_Mode. Furthermore, you can define an interval in the X and Y directions,
an X and Y offset, and the width used for the cross or line grid type.
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242
The Item Properties tab of a label item provides the following functionality for the label item (see Figure_composer_label):
Propiedades principales
The main properties dialog is where the text (HTML or not) or the expression needed to fill the label is
added to the Composer canvas.
Labels can be interpreted as HTML code: check
Render as HTML. You can now insert a URL, a
clickable image that links to a web page or something more complex.
18.3. Elementos de diseo
243
You can also insert an expression. Click on [Insert an expression] to open a new dialog. Build an expression by clicking the functions available in the left side of the panel. Two special categories can be
useful, particularly associated with the atlas functionality: geometry functions and records functions. At the
bottom, a preview of the expression is shown.
Apariencia
Define Font by clicking on the [Font...] button or a Font color selecting a color using the color selection
tool.
You can specify different horizontal and vertical margins in mm. This is the margin from the edge of the
composer item. The label can be positioned outside the bounds of the label e.g. to align label items with
other items. In this case you have to use negative values for the margin.
Using the Alignment is another way to position your label. Note that when e.g. using the Horizontal
alignment in Center Position the Horizontal margin feature is disabled.
The picture Item Properties tab provides the following functionalities (see figure_composer_image_1):
2. Se puede introducir el origen directamente en el campo de texto Origen de la imagen. Incluso puede
proporcionar una direccin URL remota de una imagen.
3. Desde el rea Directorios de bsqueda se puede seleccionar tambin una imagen de Cargando vistas
previas ... para establecer la fuente de la imagen.
4. Utilice el botn definir datos
regular
Con la opcin Modo de redimensionado, se puede establecer cmo se muestra la imagen cuando se cambia el
marco, o elegir el cambiar el tamao del marco del elemento imagen para que coincida con el tamao original de
la imagen.
Se puede seleccionar uno de los siguientes modos:
Zum: Amplia la imagen al marco mientras se mantiene la relacin del aspecto de la imagen.
Estirar: Estira la imagen para que quepa dentro del marco, ignorar la relacin del aspecto.
Cortar: Utilice este modo slo para imgenes rster, se establece el tamao de la imagen al tamao de la
imagen original sin escalar y el marco suele cortar la imagen, as slo la parte de la imagen dentro del marco
es visible.
El zum y el marco de redimensionado: Amplia la imagen para que se adapte al marco, entonces cambia el
tamao del marco para adaptarse a la imagen resultante.
Redimensionar marco a tamao de la imagen: Establecer el tamao del marco para que coincida con el
tamao original de la imagen si escala.
Modo de redimensionar seleccionado puede inhabilitar el elemento opciones Ubicacin y Rotacin de imagen.
La Rotacin de imagen est activo para el modo de cambio de tamao Zum y Cortar.
Con Ubicacin se puede seleccionar la posicin de la imagen dentro del marco. El rea Directorios de bsqueda
le permite aadir o eliminar directorios con imgenes en formato SVG a la base de datos de imgenes. Una vista
previa de las imgenes encontradas en los directorios seleccionados se muestra en un panel y se puede utilizar
para seleccionar y establecer el origen de la fuente.
Sincronizar con el mapa
La imagen se puede rotar con el campo Rotacin de imagen. Activando la casilla de
sincroniza la rotacin de una imagen en el rea del mapa de QGIS (por ejemplo, una flecha del norte rotada) con
la imagen apropiada del Diseador de Impresin.
Tambin es posible seleccionar una flecha de norte directamente. Si primero se selecciona una imagen flecha de
norte desde Directorios de bsqueda y entonces utiliza el botn de explorar
del campo Origen de la imagen,
ahora se puede seleccionar una de las flechas de norte desde la lista mostrada en figure_composer_image_2.
Nota: Muchas de las flechas del norte no tienen una N aadida, esto se hace a propsito para los idiomas que
no utilizan una N para Norte, para que pueda utilizar otra letra.
Las Propiedades del elemento de la pestaa del elemento leyenda proporciona las siguientes funcionalidades (ver
figure_composer_legend_1):
Propiedades principales
El dilogo Propiedades principales de la pestaa de leyenda Item Properties proporciona las siguientes funcionalidades (ver figure_composer_legend_2):
245
Figure 18.13: Las flechas de norte disponibles para la seleccin en la biblioteca SVG proporcionada.
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Anchura de columnas igual controla cmo deberan ser ajustadas las columnas de la leyenda.
The
Split layers option allows a categorized or a graduated layer legend to be divided between
columns.
You can change the width and height of the legend symbol in this dialog.
WMS LegendGraphic and Spacing
The WMS LegendGraphic and Spacing dialogs of the legend Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see figure_composer_legend_5):
248
When you have added a WMS layer and you insert a legend composer item, a request will be send to the WMS
server to provide a WMS legend. This Legend will only be shown if the WMS server provides the GetLegendGraphic capability. The WMS legend content will be provided as a raster image.
WMS LegendGraphic is used to be able to adjust the Legend width and the Legend height of the WMS legend
raster image.
Spacing around title, group, subgroup, symbol, icon label, box space or column space can be customized through
this dialog.
The Item properties of a scale bar item tab provides the following functionalities (see figure_composer_scalebar_1):
Propiedades principales
The Main properties dialog of the scale bar Item Properties tab provides the following functionalities (see figure_composer_scalebar_2):
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When you also hold down the Shift key while placing the basic shape you can create a perfect square, circle or
triangle.
The Shape item properties tab allows you to select if you want to draw an ellipse, rectangle or triangle inside the
given frame.
You can set the style of the shape using the advanced symbol style dialog with which you can define its outline
and fill color, fill pattern, use markers etcetera.
For the rectangle shape, you can set the value of the corner radius to round of the corners.
Nota: Unlike other items, you can not style the frame or the background color of the frame.
18.3. Elementos de diseo
251
When you also hold down the Shift key while placing the arrow, it is placed in an angle of exactly 45 .
The arrow item can be used to add a line or a simple arrow that can be used, for example, to show the relation
between other print composer items. To create a north arrow, the image item should be considered first. QGIS
has a set of North arrows in SVG format. Furthermore you can connect an image item with a map so it can rotate
automatically with the map (see the_image_item).
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The [Line style ...] button can be used to set the line style using the line style symbol editor.
In Arrows markers you can select one of three radio buttons.
Default : To draw a regular arrow, gives you options to style the arrow head
None : To draw a line without arrow head
SVG Marker : To draw a line with an SVG Start marker and/or End marker
For Default Arrow marker you can use following options to style the arrow head.
Arrow outline color : Set the outline color of the arrow head
Arrow fill color : Set the fill color of the arrow head
Arrow outline width : Set the outline width of the arrow head
Arrow head width: Set the size of the arrow head
For SVG Marker you can use following options.
Start marker : Choose an SVG image to draw at the beginning of the line
End marker : Choose an SVG image to draw at the end of the line
Arrow head width: Sets the size of Start and/or End marker
SVG images are automatically rotated with the line. The color of the SVG image can not be changed.
The Item properties of an attribute table item tab provides the following functionalities (see figure_composer_table_1):
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Propiedades principales
The Main properties dialogs of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see
figure_composer_table_2):
Figure 18.28: Attribute table Main properties for Current atlas feature
Add a new attribute use the plus button. At the end a new empty row appears and you can select empty
cell of the column Attribute. You can select a field attribute from the list or you can select to build a
button). Of course you can modify every already existing
new attribute using a regular expression (
attribute by means of a regular expression.
Use the up and down arrows to change the order of the attributes in the table.
Select a cel in the Headings column to change the Heading, just type in a new name.
Select a cel in the Alignment column and you can choose between Left, Center or Right alignment.
Select a cel in the Width column and you can change it from Automatic to a width in mm, just type a
number. When you want to change it back to Automatic, use the cross.
The [Reset] button can always be used to restore it to the original attribute settings.
En la seccin Ordenar se puede:
Add an attribute to sort the table with. Select an attribute and set the sorting order to Ascending or
Descending and press the plus button. A new line is added to the sort order list.
select a row in the list and use the up and down button to change the sort priority on attribute level.
use the minus button to remove an attribute from the sort order list.
Feature filtering
The Feature filtering dialogs of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see
figure_composer_table_4):
Puede:
Define the Maximum rows to be displayed.
Activate
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Activate
Show only visible features within a map and select the corresponding Composer map to display
the attributes of features only visible on selected map.
Activate
Show only features intersecting Atlas feature is only available when
Generate an atlas is
activated. When activated it will show a table with only the features shown on the map of that particular
page of the atlas.
Activate
Filter with and provide a filter by typing in the input line or insert a regular expression using
the given
expression button. A few examples of filtering statements you can use when you have loaded
the airports layer from the Sample dataset:
ELEV > 500
NAME = ANIAK
NAME NOT LIKE AN%
regexp_match( attribute( $currentfeature, USE ) , [i])
The last regular expression will include only the arpoirts that have a letter i in the attribute field USE.
Apariencia
The Appearance dialogs of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see figure_composer_table_5):
Click
Show empty rows to make empty entries in the attribute table visible.
With Cell margins you can define the margin around text in each cell of the table.
With Display header you can select from a list one of On first frame, On all frames default option, or
No header.
The option Empty table controls what will be displayed when the result selection is empty.
Draw headers only, will only draw the header except if you have choosen No header for Display
header.
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Hide entire table, will only draw the background of the table. You can activate
background if frame is empty in Frames to completely hide the table.
Dont draw
Draw empty cells, will fill the attribute table with empty cells, this option can also be used to provide
additional empty cells when you have a result to show!
Show set message, will draw the header and adds a cell spanning all columns and display a message
like No result that can be provided in the option Message to display
The option Message to display is only activated when you have selected Show set message for Empty table.
The message provided will be shown in the table in the first row, when the result is an empty table.
With Background color you can set the background color of the table.
Mostrar cuadrcula
The Show grid dialog of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see figure_composer_table_6):
Show grid when you want to display the grid, the outlines of the table cells.
With Stroke width you can set the thickness of the lines used in the grid.
The Color of the grid can be set using the color selection dialog.
Fuente y estilo de texto
The Fonts and text styling dialog of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities
(see figure_composer_table_7):
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Frames
The Frames dialog of the attribute table Item Properties tab provide the following functionalities (see figure_composer_table_8):
Fuente HTML
As an HTML source, you can either set a URL and activate the URL radiobutton or enter the HTML source
directly in the textbox provided and activate the Source radiobutton.
The HTML Source dialog of the HTML frame Item Properties tab provides the following functionalities (see
figure_composer_html_2):
In URL you can enter the URL of a webpage you copied from your internet browser or select an HTML file
. There is also the option to use the Data defined override button, to provide
using the browse button
an URL from the contents of an attribute field of a table or using a regular expression.
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259
In Source you can enter text in the textbox with some HTML tags or provide a full HTML page.
The [insert an expression] button can be used to insert an expression like [%Year($now)%] in the
Source textbox to display the current year. This button is only activated when radiobutton Source is selected.
After inserting the expression click somewhere in the textbox before refreshing the HTML frame, otherwise
you will lose the expression.
Evaluate QGIS expressions in HTML code to see the result of the expression you have included,
Activate
otherwise you will see the expression instead.
Use the [Refresh HTML] button to refresh the HTML frame(s) to see the result of changes.
Frames
The Frames dialog of the HTML frame Item Properties tab provides the following functionalities (see figure_composer_html_3):
Dont draw background if frame is empty prevents the HTML frame being drawn if the frame
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Figure 18.39: HTML frame, Use smart page breaks and User stylesheet properties
Set the Maximum distance allowed when calculating where to place page breaks in the html. This distance
is the maximum amount of empty space allowed at the bottom of a frame after calculating the optimum
break location. Setting a larger value will result in better choice of page break location, but more wasted
space at the bottom of frames. This is only used when Use smart page breaks is activated.
User stylesheet to apply HTML styles that often is provided in cascading style sheets. An
Activate
example of style code is provide below to set the color of <h1> header tag to green and set the font and
fontsize of text included in paragraph tags <p>.
h1 {color: #00ff00;
}
p {font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-size: 20px;
}
Use the [Update HTML] button to see the result of the stylesheet settings.
A selected item will show squares on its boundaries; moving one of them with the mouse, will resize the item
in the corresponding direction. While resizing, holding Shift will maintain the aspect ratio. Holding Alt will
resize from the item center.
The correct position for an item can be obtained using snapping to grid or smart guides. Guides are set by clicking
and dragging in the rulers. Guides are moved by clicking in the ruler, level with the guide and dragging to a new
place. To delete a guide move it off the canvas. If you need to disable the snap on the fly just hold Ctrl while
moving the mouse.
Select/Move item
You can choose multiple items with the
button. Just hold the Shift button and click on all the
items you need. You can then resize/move this group just like a single item.
Once you have found the correct position for an item, you can lock it by using the items on the toolbar or ticking
the box next to the item in the Items tab. Locked items are not selectable on the canvas.
Locked items can be unlocked by selecting the item in the Items tab and unchecking the tickbox or you can use
the icons on the toolbar.
To unselect an item, just click on it holding the Shift button.
18.4. Administrar elementos
261
Inside the Edit menu, you can find actions to select all the items, to clear all selections or to invert the current
selection.
18.4.2 Alineacin
Raise selected items
pull-down menu. Choose an
Raising or lowering functionalities for elements are inside the
element on the Print Composer canvas and select the matching functionality to raise or lower the selected element
compared to the other elements (see table_composer_1). This order is shown in the Items tab. You can also raise
or lower objects in the Items tab by clicking and dragging an objects label in this list.
262
Nota: HTML items can not be copied in this way. As a workaround, use the [Add Frame] button in the Item
Properties tab.
This can also be done by mouse click within the Command history tab (see figure_composer_29).
263
A Coverage layer
combo box that allows you to choose the (vector) layer containing the geometries
on which to iterate over.
An optional
Hidden coverage layer that, if checked, will hide the coverage layer (but not the other ones)
during the generation.
An optional Filter with text area that allows you to specify an expression for filtering features from the
coverage layer. If the expression is not empty, only features that evaluate to True will be selected. The
button on the right allows you to display the expression builder.
Una caja de texto Expresin de nombre de archivo de salida que se utiliza para generar un nombre de archivo
para cada geometra si es necesario. Se basa en expresiones. Este campo es significativo solo para presentar
mltiples archivos.
Single file export when possible that allows you to force the generation of a single file if this is possible
A
with the chosen output format (PDF, for instance). If this field is checked, the value of the Output filename
expression field is meaningless.
An optional
Sort by that, if checked, allows you to sort features of the coverage layer. The associated
combo box allows you to choose which column will be used as the sorting key. Sort order (either ascending
or descending) is set by a two-state button that displays an up or a down arrow.
You can use multiple map items with the atlas generation; each map will be rendered according to the coverage
features. To enable atlas generation for a specific map item, you need to check
item properties of the map item. Once checked, you can set:
A radiobutton
Margin around feature that allows you to select the amount of space added around each
geometry within the allocated map. Its value is meaningful only when using the auto-scaling mode.
Predefined scale (best fit). It will use the best fitting option from the list of predefined scales in your
A
project properties settings (see Project > Project Properties > General > Project Scales to configure
these predefined scales).
A
Fixed scale that allows you to toggle between auto-scale and fixed-scale mode. In fixed-scale mode,
the map will only be translated for each geometry to be centered. In auto-scale mode, the maps extents are
computed in such a way that each geometry will appear in its entirety.
18.6.1 Etiquetas
In order to adapt labels to the feature the atlas plugin iterates over, you can include expressions. For example, for
a city layer with fields CITY_NAME and ZIPCODE, you could insert this:
The area of [% upper(CITY_NAME) || , || ZIPCODE || is format_number($area/1000000,2) %] km2
For the following examples the Regions layer of the QGIS sample dataset is used and selected for Atlas Generation.
We also assume the paper format A4 (210X297) is selected in the Composition tab for field Presets.
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With a Data Defined Override button you can dynamically set the paper orientation. When the height (northsouth) of the extents of a region is greater than its width (east-west), you rather want to use portrait instead of
landscape orientation to optimize the use of paper.
In the Composition you can set the field Orientation and select Landscape or Portrait. We want to set the orientabutton of field Orientation,
tion dynamically using an expression depending on the region geometry. press the
select Edit ... so the Expression string builder dialog opens. Give following expression:
Now the paper orients itself automatically for each Region you need to reposition the location of the composer
item as well. For the map item you can use the
expression:
(CASE WHEN bounds_width($atlasgeometry) > bounds_height($atlasgeometry) THEN 297 ELSE 210 END) - 2
Use the
(CASE WHEN bounds_width($atlasgeometry) > bounds_height($atlasgeometry) THEN 210 ELSE 297 END) - 2
When you want to give a title above map in the center of the page, insert a label item above the map. First use the
item properties of the label item to set the horizontal alignment to
Center. Next activate from Reference point
the upper middle checkbox. You can provide following expression for field X :
(CASE WHEN bounds_width($atlasgeometry) > bounds_height($atlasgeometry) THEN 297 ELSE 210 END) / 2
For all other composer items you can set the position in a similar way so they are correctly positioned when page
is automatically rotated in portrait or landscape.
Information provided is derived from the excellent blog (in english and portugese) on the Data Defined Override
options Multiple_format_map_series_using_QGIS_2.6 .
This is just one example of how you can use Data Defined Overrides.
18.6.4 Generacin
The atlas generation can be done in different ways. For example, with Atlas Print Atlas, you can directly print
it. You can also create a PDF using Atlas Export Atlas as PDF: The user will be asked for a directory for saving
all the generated PDF files (except if the
Single file export when possible has been selected). If you need to
print just a page of the atlas, simply start the preview function, select the page you need and click on Composer
Print (or create a PDF).
:: note:
Its also possible to switch to a full screen mode to have more space to interact by pressing
:kbd:F11 or using :guilabel:View --> |checkbox| :guilabel:Toggle full screen.
265
Figure 18.43: Print Composer with map view, legend, image, scale bar, coordinates, text and HTML frame added
Before printing a layout you have the possibility to view your composition without bounding boxes. This can be
enabled by deactivating View >
The Print Composer allows you to create several output formats, and it is possible to define the resolution (print
quality) and paper size:
Print
The
icon allows you to print the layout to a connected printer or a PostScript file, depending on
installed printer drivers.
The
JPG,...
The
Export as image
Export as PDF
icon exports the Composer canvas in several image formats, such as PNG, BPM, TIF,
Export as SVG
icon saves the Print Composer canvas as an SVG (Scalable Vector Graphic).
If you need to export your layout as a georeferenced image (i.e., to load back inside QGIS), you need to enable
World file on and choose the map item to use. With this option,
this feature under the Composition tab. Check
the Export as image action will also create a world file.
Nota:
Currently, the SVG output is very basic. This is not a QGIS problem, but a problem with the underlying Qt
library. This will hopefully be sorted out in future versions.
266
Exporting big rasters can sometimes fail, even if there seems to be enough memory. This is also a problem
with the underlying Qt management of rasters.
267
268
CHAPTER 19
Complementos
269
Todos
En este men, se pueden encontrar solo los complementos instalados. Los complementos instalados pueden ser
desinstalados y reinstalados usando los botones [Desinstalar complemento] y [Reinstalar complemento]. Se
puede [Actualizar todo] aqu tambin.
No instalado
Este men lista todos los complementos disponibles que no estn instalados. Se puede usar el botn [Instalar
complemento] para ejecutar un complemento en QGIS.
Actualizable
Si se activa
Mostrar tambin los complementos experimentales en el men
Configuracin, se puede usar
el men para buscar versiones de complementos ms recientes. Esto se puede hacer con los botones [Actualizar
complementos] o [Actualizar todos].
Configuracin
Este men, puede utilizar las siguientes opciones:
Comprobar actualizaciones al inicio. Siempre que un nuevo complemento o actualizacin de complemento esta disponible, QGIS informar cada vez que se inicia QGIS, una vez al da, cada 3 das, cada
semana, cada 2 semanas o cada mes.
Mostrar tambin los complementos experimentales. QGIS mostrar complementos en etapas tempranas
de desarrollo, que son generalmente inadecuados para su uso en produccin.
Para aadir un repositorio de un autor externo, haga clic [Aadir...] en la seccin Repositorios de complementos.
Si no desea uno o ms de los repositorios aadidos, se pueden deshabilitar con el botn [Editar...], o eliminar
completamente con el botn [Borrar]
La funcin Buscar esta disponible en casi cada men (excepto
complemento especficos.
270
Instalado
No instalado
271
272
Actualizable
Configuracin
273
274
Descripcin
Generar una matriz de error
Manual de referencia
accuracy
cadtools
Captura de
coordenadas
Complemento Captura de
coordenadas
DB Manager
Complemento administrador
de BBDD
Conversor DXF2Shp
Complemento Conversor
DxfaShp
eVis
Complemento Visualizacin de
Eventos
fTools
Complemento fTools
Herramientas de GPS
GPS Plugin
GRASS
Funcionalidad GRASS
Herramientas GDAL
Complemento Herramientas de
GDAL
Georreferenciador
GDAL
Complemento
Georreferenciador
Mapa de calor
Complemento de
interpolacin
Complemento de interpolacin
Georaster Espacial de
Oracle
Complemento GeoRaster
espacial de Oracle
Administrar
complementos
El dilogo de complementos
Complemento Anlisis de
Terreno
Complemento Grafo
de rutas
Complemento SQL
Anywhere
sqlanywhere
Consulta espacial
Complemento Consulta
espacial
SPIT
Complemento SPIT
Estadsticas de zona
Complemento de Estadsticas
de zona
MetaSearch
275
(Gnome, OSX) y pulse la pestaa Proyeccin. Como alternativa, tambin puede pulsar el icono
Estado del SRC
en la esquina inferior derecha de la barra de estado.
2. Pulse en la casilla de verificacin
Activar transformacin de SRC al vuelo y seleccione un sistema de
coordenadas proyectadas de su eleccin (vea tambin Working with Projections)
3. Activar el complemento de Captura de coordenadas en el Administrador de complementos (vea El dilogo
de complementos) y asegrese que el dilogo es visible, vaya a Ver Paneles y y asegrese que
Captura
de coordenadas est habilitada. El dilogo de captura de coordenadas aparece como se muestra en la Figura
figure_coordinate_capture_1. Alternativamente, tambin puede ir a Vectorial Captura de coordenadas y
vea si
5. Para empezar a capturar coordenadas, pulse [Comenzar captura]. Ahora puede hacer clic en cualquier
lugar de la vista del mapa y el complemento mostrar las coordenadas en ambos SRC seleccionados.
6. Para habilitar el seguimiento de coordenadas del ratn, pulse el icono
El men Base de datos permite conectar a una base de datos existente, para iniciar la ventana de SQL y para
finalizar el componente de Administrador de BBDD. Una vez que este conectado a la base de datos existente, los
mens Esquema y Tabla aparecer de forma adicional.
276
277
Figure 19.8: Ejecutar consultas SQL en la ventana SQL del Administrador de BBDD
278
2. Introduzca el archivo DXF de entrada, un nombre para el archivo shape de salida y el tipo de archivo shape.
3. Habilitar la casilla de verificacin
con etiquetas.
279
280
281
relativa, entonces la casilla de verificacion debe hacer clic. LA ruta base para una ruta relativa puede ser
introducida en la caja de texto Ruta Base a continuacin. La informacin sobre las diferentes opciones
para especificar la ubicacin del archivo se indica en la seccin Especificar la ubicacin y nombre de la
fotografa a continuacin.
2. Rumbo de la brjula: Una lista desplegable para especificar el campo de atributo que contiene el rumbo
de la brjula asociado con las fotografas que se muestran. Si la informacin del rumbo de la brjula esta
disponible, es necesario hacer clic en casilla de verificacin a continuacin el ttulo del men desplegable.
3. Desplazamiento de la brjula: El desplazamiento de la brjula se puede utilizar para compensar la declinacin (para ajustar los rodamientos recolectados usando cojinetes magnticos para el rumbo del norte
Manual para ingresar el desplazamiento en la caja de texto
verdadero). Haga clic en el botn de radio
o haga clic en el botn de radio De atributo para seleccionar el campo del atributo que contiene los desplazamientos. Para ambas opciones, declinaciones del este deben introducirse utilizando valores positivos,
y declinaciones al oeste deben utilizar valores negativos.
4. Ruta del archivo: La ruta de la base sobre la que se aadir la ruta relativa se define en Figure_eVis_2 (A).
5. Sustituir la ruta: Si esta casilla de verificacin esta marcada, solo el nombre del archivo de A se anexar a
la ruta base.
6. Aplicar regla a todos los documentos: Si se marco, las mismas reglas de ruta que estn definidas para
las fotografas se utilizarn para los documentos sin imagen, tales como pelculas, documentos de texto
y archivos de sonido. Si no se marca, las reglas de ruta slo se aplicarn a las fotografas, y los otros
documentos ignorarn el parmetro de la ruta base.
7. Recordar ajustes: Si la casilla de verificacin es marcada, los valores de los parmetros asociados se
guardarn para la siguiente sesin cuando la ventana se cierra o cuando el botn [Guardar] de abajo sea
presionado.
8. Restablecer: Restablecer los valores en esta lnea a la configuracin predeterminada.
9. Restaurar los valores predeterminados: Esto restablecer todos los campos a su configuracin predeterminada. Tiene el mismo efecto hacer clic en todos los botones de [Restablecer].
10. Guardar: Esto guardar los ajustes sin cerrar el panel Opciones.
Comprender la ventana de Configurar aplicaciones externas
282
3. Borrar la fila actual: Borrar el tipo de archivo destacado en la tabla y definido por una extensin de archivo
y una ruta a una aplicacin asociada.
Y
1784017
1784017
1784015
780596
1784017
FILE
C:\Workshop\eVis_Data\groundphotos\DSC_0168.JPG
/groundphotos/DSC_0169.JPG
http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/\
evis_testdata/DSC_0170.JPG
pdf:http://www.testsite.com/attachments.php?\
attachment_id-12
BEARING
275
80
10
76
283
Para ver las fotografas vinculadas con entidades vectoriales en la capa vectorial activa se muestra en la ventana
de mapa de QGIS, mova el cursor del Evento ID sobre el objeto espacial y hacer clic en el ratn. Despus de hacer
clic en el objeto, la ventana Explorador de eventos se abrir y las fotografas sobre o cerca de la ubicacin donde
se ha hecho clic estn disponibles para su visualizacin en el navegador. Si ms de una fotografa est disponible,
se puede rotar entre las distintas entidades utilizando los botones ** [Anterior] ** y ** [Siguiente] **. Los otros
controles se describen en la seccin ref:evis_browser de esta gua.
285
Haga clic en el botn [Ejecutar Consulta] para ejecutar el comando. Si la consulta es satisfactoria, una ventana
Seleccin de archivo de base de datos se mostrar. Si la consulta no es satisfactoria, aparecer un mensaje de error
en la ventana Consola de salida.
En la ventana Seleccin de archivo de base de datos, introduzca el nombre de la capa que ser creada de los
resultados de la consulta en la caja de texto Nombre de la nueva capa
286
problema, puede simplemente eliminar varias filas en la hoja de Excel usando Edicin Borrar antes de guardar
el archivo.
sus ttulos definidos en el archivo XML aparecern en el men desplegable situado justo debajo del icono
Abrir archivo
. La descripcin completa de la consulta se mostrar en la ventana de texto en el men desplegable.
Seleccione la consulta que desee ejecutar del men desplegable y despus haga clic en la pestaa Consulta SQL
para ver las consultas que se han estado cargando en la ventana de consultas. Si es la primera vez puede ejecutar
una consulta predefinida o esta cambiando a base de datos, necesita estar seguro para conectarse a la base de datos.
Haga clic en el botn [Ejecutar consulta] en la pestaa Consulta SQL para ejecutar el comando. Si la consulta
es satisfactoria, una ventana Seleccin de archivo de base de datos se mostrar. Si la consulta no es satisfactoria,
aparecer un mensaje de error en la ventana Consola de salida
287
4. Consola de salida: La consola de salida donde se muestran los mensajes relacionados con el procesamiento.
5. Ayuda: Muestra la ayuda en lnea.
6. Aceptar: Cierra la ventana principal Conexin a Base de datos
El formato XML para consultas predefinidas eVis
Las etiquetas XML ledas por eVis
Etiquetas
Consulta
Descripcin
corta
Descripcin
Tipo de base
de datos
Puerto
Nombre de la
base de datos
Nombre de
usuario
databasepassword
Sentencia sql
autoconectar
Descripcin
Definir el inicio y fin de una sentencia de consulta.
Una descripcin corta de la consulta que aparece en el men desplegable de eVis.
Una descripcin ms detallada de la consulta desplegada en la ventana de texto de consulta
predefinida.
El tipo de la base de datos, definido en el men desplegable de Tipo de base de datos en la
pestaa de Conexin a base de datos.
El puerto como se define en el cuadro de texto Puerto en la pestaa de Conexin a base de
datos.
El nombre de la base de datos como se define en el cuadro de texto en la pestaa de
Conexin a base de datos.
El nombre de usuario de la base de datos como se define en el cuadro de texto Nombre de
usuario en la pestaa de Conexin a base de datos.
La contrasea de la base de datos como se define en el cuadro de texto Contrasea en la
pestaa Conexin a base de datos.
El comando SQL
Una bandera (verdadero o falso) para especificar si las etiquetas anteriores deben
utilizarse para conectarse automticamente a la base de datos sin ejecutar la rutina de
conexin de base de datos en la solapa Conexin de Base de Datos.
288
valley</sqlstatement>
<autoconnect>false</autoconnect>
</query>
<query>
<shortdescription>Import photograph points that mention "limestone"</shortdescription>
<description>This command will import only points that have photographs that mention
"limestone" to QGIS</description>
<databasetype>SQLITE</databasetype>
<databasehost />
<databaseport />
<databasename>C:\Workshop\eVis_Data\PhotoPoints.db</databasename>
<databaseusername />
<databasepassword />
<sqlstatement>SELECT Attributes.*, Points.x, Points.y FROM Attributes LEFT JOIN
Points ON Points.rec_id=Attributes.point_ID where COMMENTS like %limestone%
</sqlstatement>
<autoconnect>false</autoconnect>
</query>
</doc>
289
Propsito
Matriz de
distancia
Sumar longitud
de lneas
Calcular la suma total de la longitudes de linea para cada polgono de una capa
vectorial de poligonos.
Puntos en
polgonos
Listar valores
nicos
Estadsticas
bsicas
Anlisis del
vecino ms
prximo
Coordenada(s)
media
Intersecciones
de lneas
Propsito
Seleccin aleatoria
Seleccin aleatoria
dentro de subconjutos
Puntos aleatorios
Puntos regulares
Cuadrcula vectorial
Seleccionar por
localizacin
Polgono de la
extensin de la capa
290
intersectadas
Herramienta
Propsito
Envolvente(s)
convexa(s)
Buffer(s)
Interseccin
Sobrepone capas de manera que la salida contenga reas donde ambas capas se
cruzan.
Unin
sobreponer capas de manera que la salida contenga las reas intersectadas y las
no intersectadas.
Sobreponer capas de manera que la salida contenga esas zonas de las capas de
entrada y diferencia que no se intersectan.
Diferencia
Simtrica
Cortar
Sobreponer capas de tal manera que la salida contenga zonas que cruzo la capa
de corte.
Deferencia
Sobreponer capas de tal manera que la salida contenga las zonas que no
intersect la capa de corte.
Disolver
Eliminar
polgonos
<<astilla>>
291
Propsito
Comprobar validez
de geometra
Exportar/Aadir
columnas de
geometra
Centroides de
polgonos
Triangulacin de
Delaunay
Polgonos Voronoi
Simplificar
geometras
Densificar
geometras
Multipartes a
partes sencillas
Partes sencillas a
multiparte
Polgonos a lneas
Lneas a polgonos
Extraer nodos
Extraer nodos de las capas de lneas y polgonos y la salida de ellos como puntos.
292
Propsito
Definir la
proyeccin
actual
Unir atributos
por localizacin
Dividir capa
vectorial
Combinar
archivos shape
en uno
Crear ndice
espacial
Combinar varios archivos shape dentro de una carpeta en un nuevo archivo shape
basndose en el tipo de capa (punto, linea, polgono)
Crear un ndice espacial para formatos OGR soportados.
293
Asignacin
de proyeccin
Esta herramienta le permite asignar proyeccin a rsters que ya tengan una referencia
geogrfica, que le falte la informacin de la proyeccin. Tambin con su ayuda, es posible
alterar las definiciones de proyeccin existentes. Ambos archivos simples y el modo por
lotes son compatibles. Para obtener ms informacin, por favor visite la pgina de utilidad
en el sitio GDAL http://www.gdal.org/gdalwarp.html.
Extraer
proyeccin
294
Conversin
Rasterizar
Poligonizar
Traducir
Este programa fusiona geometras vectoriales (puntos, lneas y polgonos) en la banda(s) rster de
una imagen raster. Los vectores se leen de formatos vectoriales reconocidos por OGR. Tenga en
cuenta que los datos vectoriales debe estar en el mismo sistema de coordenadas como los datos
rster; en la reproyeccin al vuelo no se proporciona. Para obtener ms informacin, consulte
http://www.gdal.org/gdal_rasterize.html.
Esta utilidad crea polgonos vectoriales para todas las regiones conectadas de pxeles del rster
que comparte un valor de pxel en comn. Cada polgono se crea con un atributo que indica el
valor de pxel de dicho polgono. La utilidad crea el vector de salida de origen de datos si no
existe ya, predeterminado a el formato de archivo shape de ESRI. Ver tambin
http://www.gdal.org/gdal_polygonize.html.
Esta utilidad se puede utilizar para convertir los datos rster entre diferentes formatos, lo que
podra llevar a cabo algunas operaciones como subconjuntos, remuestreo, y reescalar pxeles en el
proceso. Para obtener ms informacin se puede leer en http://www.gdal.org/gdal_translate.html.
RGB
a PCT
Esta utilidad calcular una tabla de pseudocolor ptima para una imagen RGB determinada,
utilizando un algoritmo de corte medio de un histograma RGB downsampled. Luego se convierte
la imagen en una imagen pseudocoloreada usando la tabla de colores. Esta conversin utiliza
Floyd-Steinberg (difusin de errores) para maximizar la imagen de salida de calidad visual. La
utilidad tambin se describe en http://www.gdal.org/rgb2pct.html.
PCT
a RGB
Esta utilidad convertir una banda pseudocolor en el archivo de entrada en un archivo RGB de
salida del formato deseado. Para mayor informacin, vea http://www.gdal.org/pct2rgb.html.
Extraccin
Curvas de
nivel
Clipper
Este programa genera un archivo vectorial de curvas de nivel del modelo del terreno rster
(MDT). En http://www.gdal.org/gdal_contour.html, se puede encontrar ms informacin.
Esta utilidad le permite que acorte rsteres (extraer un subconjunto) utilizando una extensin
seleccionada o en base a lmites de la capa de mscara.. Ms informacin se puede encontrar en
http://www.gdal.org/gdal_translate.html.
295
Anlisis
Filtrado
Esta utilidad elimina polgonos rster ms pequeos que un tamao umbral previsto (en
pxeles) y los reemplaza con el valor del pxel del polgono vecino ms grande. El
resultado se puede escribir de nuevo a la banda del rster existente, o copiado en un nuevo
archivo. Para mayor informacin, vea http://www.gdal.org/gdal_sieve.html.
Casi Negro
Esta utilidad escanear una imagen y tratar de establecer todos los pxeles que son casi
negros (o casi blancos) alrededor del borde para exactamente negro (o blanco). Esto se
utiliza a menudo para arreglar comprimir prdidas de fotos areas de modo que los
pxeles de color se pueden tratar como transparentes cuando se hace el mosaico. Tambin
vea http://www.gdal.org/nearblack.html.
Rellenar sin
datos
Proximidad
Cuadrcula
(Interpolacin)
MDT(Modelos
de Terreno)
296
Esta utilidad rellena regiones de rster seleccionadas (generalmente reas sin datos) por
interpolacin de pxeles vlidos alrededor de los bordes de las reas. En
http://www.gdal.org/gdal_fillnodata.html, se puede encontrar ms informacin.
Esta utilidad genera un mapa rster de proximidad que indica la distancia desde el centro
de cada pxel al centro del pxel ms cercano identificado como un pxel objetivo. Los
pixeles objetivo son los del rster fuente para la cual el valor de pxel del rster est en el
conjunto de valores de pxel objetivo. Para obtener ms informacin, consulte
http://www.gdal.org/gdal_proximity.html.
Esta utilidad crea una cuadrcula regular (rster) a partir de los datos dispersos ledos
desde la fuente de datos OGR. Los datos de entrada sern interpolados para rellenar nodos
de la cuadrcula con los valores, y puede elegir entre varios mtodos de interpolacin. La
utilidad tambin se describe en el el sitio web GDAL, http://www.gdal.org/gdal_grid.html.
Herramientas para analizar y visualizar DEMs. Esto puede crear un relieve sombreado,
pendiente, orientacin, color de relieve y un indice de irregularidad del terreno, un indice
de posicin topogrfica y un mapa de irregularidad de algn rster de elevacin
reconocido GDAL. Para mayor informacin , vea http://www.gdal.org/gdaldem.html.
Miscelnea
Construir
rster virtual
(Catlogo)
Este programa crea un VRT (Conjunto de datos virtual) que es un mosaico de la lista
de conjunto de datos GDAL de entrada. Vea tambin
http://www.gdal.org/gdalbuildvrt.html.
Combinar
Informacin
Generar vistas
generales
La utilidad gdaladdo se puede utilizar para construir o reconstruir las vistas generales
para los formatos ms compatibles con un de varios algoritmos de disminucin de
resolucin. Para obtener ms informacin, vea http://www.gdal.org/gdaladdo.html.
Tile Index
Esta utilidad crea un archivo shape con un registro para cada archivo de entrada rster,
un atributo contiene el nombre del archivo y una geometra de polgono delineando el
rster. Vea tambin http://www.gdal.org/gdaltindex.html.
297
Icono
Propsito
Icono
Propsito
Abrir rster
Comenzar georreferenciado
Configuracin de la transformacin
Aadir punto
Borrar punto
Desplazar
Acercar zum
Alejar zum
Zum a la capa
Zum anterior
Zum siguiente
298
Con el botn
3. Continuar introduciendo puntos. Debe tener por lo menos cuatro puntos y cuantas ms coordenadas pueda
proporcionar mejor ser el resultado. Existen herramientas adicionales en el cuadro de dilogo del complemento para hacer zum o desplazar la zona de trabajo con el fin de localizar un conjunto relevante de puntos
PCT.
299
300
301
Ejecutar la transformacin
Una vez se hayan recopilado todos los PCT y se hayan definido todos los ajustes de transformacin, basta con
pulsar el botn
Comenzar gerreferenciado
se puede encontrar en
Seleccione el men Ver Barras de herramientas Rster para mostrar la barra de herramientas Rster, si no
est visible.
Filas y Columnas: Utilizado para cambiar las dimensiones del rster de salida. Estos valores tambin
estn ligados a los valores de Tamao X de celda y Tamao Y de celda. Incrementar el nmero de
filas y columnas disminuir el tamao de la celda e incrementar el tamao del archivo de salida. Los
valores en Filas y Columnas tambin estn vinculados, por lo que duplicar el nmero de filas duplicar
automticamente el nmero de columnas y el tamao de las celdas tambin se reducir a la mitad. El rea
geogrfica del rster de salida seguir siendo el mismo!
Tamao X de celda y Tamao Y de celda: Controlan el tamao geogrfico de cada pxel en el rster de
salida. Cambiar estos valores tambin cambiar el nmero de filas y columnas en el rster de salida.
302
Forma del kernel: La forma del kernel controla la proporcin en la que la influencia de un punto disminuye
a medida que aumenta la distancia desde el punto. Los diferentes kernels disminuyen en distintas proporciones, por lo que un kernel triweight da mayor peso a las entidades ms prximas al punto de lo que hace
el kernel Epanechnikov. En consecuencia, triweight de como resultado puntos calientes ms afilados y
Epanechnikov da puntos calientes ms suaves. Hay disponible una serie de funciones estndar del kernel
en QGIS, que se describen e ilustran en Wikipedia.
Relacin de decadencia: Se puede utilizar con kernel Triangulares para un mayor control de cmo disminuye el calor de una entidad con la distancia a la misma.
Un valor de 0 (= mnimo) indica que el calor estar concentrado en el centro del radio dado y se
extinguir por completo en el borde.
Un valor de 0.5 indica que a los pxeles del borde del radio se les dar la mitad del calor que a los
pxeles del centro del radio de bsqueda.
Un valor de 1 significa que el calor se distribuye uniformemente por todo el crculo del radio de
bsqueda. (Esto es equivalente al kernel Uniforme.)
Un valor mayor que 1 indica que el calor es mayor hacia el borde del radio de bsqueda que en el
centro.
La capa de puntos de entrada tambin puede tener campos de atributos que pueden afectar la forma en que influyen
en el mapa de calor:
Usar radio a partir de campo: Establece el radio de bsqueda para cada entidad a partir de un campo de
atributos de la capa de entrada.
Usar peso a partir de campo: Permite ponderar las entidades de entrada por un campo de atributos. Esto
se puede utilizar para aumentar la influencia que ciertas entidades tienen en el mapa de calor resultante.
Cuando se especifica un nombre para el archivo rster de salida se puede utilizar el botn [Aceptar] para crear el
mapa de calor.
303
304
Figure 19.22: Despus de cargar el mapa de calor se ve como una superficie gris
5. Haga clic en el botn [Cargar] para recabar los valores mnimo y mximo del rster, despus pulse el botn
[Clasificar].
6. Pulse [Aceptar] para actualizar la capa.
El resultado final se muestra en Figure_Heatmap_4.
.
Mtodo Interpolacin: Seleccionar el mtodo de interpolacin. Esto puede ser Red Irregular triangulada
(TIN) o Distancia Inversa Ponderada (IDW). Con el mtodo TIN puede crear una superficie formada por
tringulos de puntos vecinos ms cercanos. Para ello, circunferencias circunscritas alrededor de puntos de
muestra seleccionados se crean y sus intersecciones estn conectados a una red de no superposicin y tan
compacto como sea posibles de tringulos. Las superficies resultantes no son lisas. Cuando se utiliza el
19.11. Complemento de interpolacin
305
Figure 19.23: Mapa de calor de los aeropuertos de Alaska con estilo aplicado
mtodo IDW los puntos de muestreo se ponderan durante la interpolacin de tal manera que la influencia de
un punto en relacin con otros disminuye con la distancia desde el punto desconocido que desea crear. El
mtodo de interpolacin IDW tambin tiene algunas desventajas: la calidad del resultado de la interpolacin
puede disminuir, si la distribucin de puntos de datos de la muestra es desigual. Por otra parte, los valores
mximos y mnimos en la superficie interpolada slo pueden ocurrir en los puntos de datos de la muestra.
Esto a menudo resulta en pequeos picos y pozos alrededor de los puntos de datos de la muestra.
Nmero de columnas/filas: Especificar el nmero de filasy columnas para el archivo rster de salida.
Archivo de salida: Especifica un nombre para el fichero rster de salida.
Tenga en cuenta que el uso de lneas como las limitaciones para la interpolacin de la triangulacin (mtodo TIN).
Tambin se puede usar lneas de estructura o lneas de rotura. Al usar lneas de rotura se producen roturas en
la superficie mientras utiliza lneas de estructura se producen roturas continuas. La triangulacin es modificada
por ambos mtodos tales que no cruza una lnea de borde de lnea de rotura o estructura.
4. Seleccionar un mtodo de interpolacin( ej. Red Irregular Triangulada (Triangulated Irregular NetworkTIN)) y especificar un tamao de celda de 5000 as como el nombre del archivo rster de salida
(ej.:file:elevation_tin).
5. Pulse [Aceptar].
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19.12.1 Introduction
MetaSearch is a QGIS plugin to interact with metadata catalogue services, supporting the OGC Catalogue Service
for the Web (CSW) standard.
MetaSearch provides an easy and intuitive approach and user-friendly interface to searching metadata catalogues
within QGIS.
19.12.2 Installation
MetaSearch is included by default with QGIS 2.0 and higher. All dependencies are included within MetaSearch.
Install MetaSearch from the QGIS plugin manager, or manually from http://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/MetaSearch.
307
The Services tab allows the user to manage all available catalogue services. MetaSearch provides a default list
of Catalogue Services, which can be added by pressing Add default services button.
To all listed Catalogue Service entries, click the dropdown select box.
To add a Catalogue Service entry, click the New button, and enter a Name for the service, as well as the
URL/endpoint. Note that only the base URL is required (not a full GetCapabilities URL). Clicking ok will add
the service to the list of entries.
To edit an existing Catalogue Service entry, select the entry you would like to edit and click the Edit button, and
modify the Name or URL values, then click ok.
To delete a Catalogue Service entry, select the entry you would like to delete and click the Delete button. You
will be asked to confirm deleting the entry.
MetaSearch allows for loading and saving connections to an XML file. This is useful when you need to share
settings between applications. Below is an example of the XML file format.
308
To load a list of entries, click the Load button. A new window will appear; click the Browse button and
navigate to the XML file of entries you wish to load and click Open. The list of entries will be displayed. Select
the entries you wish to add from the list and click Load.
The Service info button displays information about the selected Catalogue Service such as service identification,
service provider and contact information. If you would like to view the raw XML response, click the GetCapabilities response button. A separate window will open displaying Capabilities XML.
Searching Catalogue Services
The Search tab allows the user to query Catalogue Services for data and services, set various search parameters
and view results.
The following search parameters are available:
Keywords: free text search keywords
From: the Catalogue Service to perform the query against
Bounding box: the spatial area of interest to filter on. The default bounding box is the map view / canvas.
Click Set global to do a global search, or enter custom values as desired
Records: the number of records to return when searching. Default is 10 records
Clicking the Search button will search the selected Metadata Catalogue. Search results are displayed in a list and
are sortable by clicking on the column title. You can navigate through search results with the directional buttons
below the search results. Clicking the View search results as XML button opens a window with the service
response in raw XML format.
Clicking a result will show the records abstract in the Abstract window and provides the following options:
if the metadata record has an associated bounding box, a footprint of the bounding box will be displayed on
the map
double-clicking the record displays the record metadata with any associated access links. Clicking the links
opens the link in the users web browser
if the record is an OGC web service (WMS/WMTS, WFS, WCS), the appropriate Add to
WMS/WMTS|WFS|WCS buttons will be enabled for the user to add to QGIS. When clicking this button, MetaSearch will verify if this is a valid OWS. The OWS will then be added to the appropriate QGIS
connection list, and the appropriate WMS/WMTS|WFS|WCS connection dialogue will then appear
19.12. MetaSearch Catalogue Client
309
Settings
You can fine tune MetaSearch with the following settings:
Connection naming: when adding an OWS connection (WMS/WMTS|WFS|WCS), the connection is
stored with the various QGIS layer provider. Use this setting to set whether to use the name provided
from MetaSearch, whether to overwrite or to use a temporary name
Results paging: when searching metadata catalogues, the number of results to show per page
Timeout: when searching metadata catalogues, the number of seconds for blocking connection attempt.
Default value is 10
.
310
Despus de ser conectado de nuevo, cargar los cambios usando Base de datos Edicin fuera de linea
Sincronizar.
Esto cargar el raster en la tabla predeterminada GDAL_IMPORT, como una columna llamada RASTER
311
Instancia de la base de datos: Introduzca el nombre de la base de datos a la que desea conectarse.
Nombre de usuario: Especificar su nombre de usuario que usar para acceder a la base de datos.
Contrasea: Proporcionar la contrasea asociada con su usuario que es requerida para el acceso a la base
de datos.
312
313
ndice de irregularidad: Una medicin cuantitativa de la heterogeneidad del terreno tal como se describe
por Riley et al. (1999). Se calcula para cada lugar con un resumen de los cambios en la elevacin dentro de
la cuadrcula de 3x3 pxeles.
Relieve: Crea un mapa de relieve sombreado de los datos digitales de elevacin. Implementado es un
mtodo para elegir los colores de elevacin mediante el anlisis de distribucin de frecuencia. EL mapa de
salida es una color multibanda con tres bandas que reflejan los valores RGB del relieve sombreado.
315
3. Seleccione la capa regions como la capa origen y airports como la capa de entidades de referencia.
4. Seleccione Contiene como operador y haga clic en [Aplicar].
Ahora obtiene una lista de IDs de entidades de la consulta y tiene varias opciones, como se muestra en figure_spatial_query_1.
Haga clic sobre
316
Se puede
Registro de mensajes.
Adems en IDs de los objetos de resultado con las opciones Origen invlido y Referencia invlida se
puede tener una vista de los objetos espaciales con errores geomtricos. Estos objetos no se utilizan para la
consulta.
Figure 19.31: Anlisis de consulta espacial - las regiones contienen aeropuertos QGIS
.
Para importar un archivo shape, use de la barra de men Base de datos Importar (SPIT) Importar archivos
shape a PostgreSQL para abrir el dilogo SPIT - Herramienta para importar archivos shape a PostGIS. Seleccione
la base de datos PostGIS a la que quiera conectar y haga clic en [Conectar]. Si desea puede definir o cambiar
algunas opciones de importacin. Ahora puede agregar uno o ms archivos a la cola haciendo clic en el botn
[Aadir]. Para procesar los archivos, haga clic en el botn [Aceptar]. El proceso de importacin, as como
cualquier error/advertencia, se mostrar a medida que se procesa cada archivo shape. .
317
Figure 19.32: Usar el complemento SPIT para importar archivos shape a PostGIS
318
verificar la topologa con varias reglas topolgicas. Estas reglas comprueban con relaciones espaciales si su objeto
espacial es Equal, Contain, Cover, CoveredBy, Cross, o son Disjoint, Intersect, Overlap, Touch
o Within el uno al otro. Depende de sus preguntas individuales que reglas topolgicas que se aplican a los
datos vectoriales (por ejemplo, normalmente no aceptar overshoots en capas de lneas, pero si ellos representan
callejones sin salida que no eliminar de su capa vectorial).
QGIS tiene una caracterstica integrada de edicin topolgica, que es ideal para la creacin de nuevas funciones
sin errores. Pero los errores de datos existentes y los errores inducidos por el usuario son difciles de encontrar.
Este complemento te ayuda a encontrar este tipo de errores a travs de una lista de reglas.
Es muy simple crear reglas topolgicas con el complemento Comprobador de topologa.
En capa de puntos las siguientes reglas estn disponibles:
Must be covered by: Aqu puede elegir una capa vectorial de su proyecto. Los puntos que no estn
cubiertos por la capa vectorial dada se produce en el campo Error.
Must be covered by endpoints of: Aqu puede elegir una capa de lneas de su proyecto.
Must be inside: Aqu puede elegir una capa de polgonos de su proyecto. Los puntos deben estar dentro
del polgono. De lo contrario, QGIS escribe un Error del punto.
Must not have duplicates: Siempre que un punto se representa dos o ms veces, se producir el campo
Error.
Must not have invalid geometries: Comprobar si las geometras son validas.
Must not have multi-part-geometries: Todos los puntos multi-parte se escriben en el campo Error.
En Capas de lneas, las siguientes reglas estn disponibles:
End points must be covered by: Aqu se puede seleccionar una capa de puntos de su proyecto.
Must not have dangles: Este mostrar los overshoots en la capa de lneas.
Must not have duplicates: Siempre que un objeto lnea es representado una o dos veces, se producir en el
campo Error.
Must not have invalid geometries: Comprobar si las geometras son validas.
Must not have multi-part geometries: A veces, una geometra es en realidad una coleccin de simples
(una sola pieza) geometras. Una geometra de este tipo se denomina de geometra multiparte. Si contiene
slo un tipo de geometra simple, lo llamamos multi-punto, multi-lnea o multi-polgono. Todas las lneas
de multi-partes se escriben en el campo Error.
Must not have pseudos: Un punto final de geometra de lnea debe estar conectado a los extremos de otras
dos geometras. Si el punto final est conectado al punto final de otra geometra, el punto final se denomina
un nodo psuedo.
En capas de polgonos, las siguientes reglas estn disponibles:
Must contain: La capa de polgonos debe contener al menos un punto de la geometra de la segunda capa.
Must not have duplicates: Los polgonos de la misma capa no deben tener geometras idnticas. Cada vez
que una entidad de polgono se represente dos veces o ms se producir en el campo Error.
Must not have gaps: Los polgonos adyacentes no deben formar espacios entre ellos. Los lmites administrativos podran mencionarse como ejemplo (polgonos de los estados de Estados Unidos no tienen espacios
entre ellos ...).
Must not have invalid geometries: Comprobar si las geometras con validas. Algunas de las reglas que
definen si una geometra es valida son:
Anillos de polgonos deben cerrarse.
Los anillos que definen agujeros deben estar dentro de los anillos que definen los lmites exteriores.
Los anillos no deben intersectarse (Ni pueden tocarse o cruzarse entre si)
Los anillos no puede tocar otros anillos, excepto en un punto.
319
Must not have multi-part geometries: A veces, una geometra es en realidad una coleccin geometras
sencillas (parte sencilla). Una geometra de este tipo se denomina de geometra multi-parte. Si contiene
slo un tipo de geometra simple, lo llamamos multi-punto, multi-lneas o multi-polgono. Por ejemplo, un
pas que consta de mltiples islas se puede representar como un multi-polgono.
Must not overlap: Los polgonos adyacentes no deben de compartir un rea en comn.
Must not overlap with: Los polgonos adyacentes de una capa no deben compartir un rea con los polgonos de otra.
.
320
CHAPTER 20
Ayuda y apoyo
20.1.1 usuarios-qgis
La lista de correo se utiliza para discutir sobre QGIS en general adems de otras cuestiones relacionadas con su
instalacin y utilizacin. Puedes suscribirte a la lista de correos de usuarios qgis al visitar el siguiente enlace:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-user
20.1.2 fossgis-talk-liste
Para los de habla alemana, FOSSGIS e.V. ofrece la lista de correos fossgis-talk-liste. Esta lista de correo se utiliza
para discutir sobre QGIS de cdigo abierto en general, incluyendo QGIS. Puedes suscribirte a la lista de correos
fossgis-talk-liste al visitar el siguiente enlace: https://lists.fossgis.de/mailman/listinfo/fossgis-talk-liste
20.1.3 desarrollador-qgis
SI eres un desarrollador con algunos problemas de naturaleza tcnica, puede que quieras apuntarte a la lista de
correos de desarrollador-qgis en el siguiente enlace: http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-developer
20.1.4 qgis-commit
Cada vez que algo se ejecuta en el repositorio de cdigo del QGIS, se publica un email en esta lista.
Si quieres estar al da de cada cambio en el cdigo base actual, puedes suscribirte a esta lista en:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-commit
20.1.5 qgis-trac
Esta lista proporciona notificaciones por email relacionadas con gestin de proyectos, incluyendo
informes de errores, tareas y solicitudes de funciones.
Puedes suscribirte a esta lista en:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-trac
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20.1.6 equipo-de-la-comunidad-qgis
Esta lista se ocupa de temas como la documentacin, ayuda de contexto, gua para el usuario, pginas
web. blog, listas de correos, foros y trabajos de traduccin. Si adems quisieras trabajar en la gua
para el usuario, esta lista es un buen punto de partida para preguntar. Puedes suscribirte a esta lista en:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-community-team
20.1.7 equipo-de-publicacin-qgis
Esta lista se ocupa de temas como el proceso de publicacin, paquetes de datos binario para varios OSS y anuncios de nuevas publicaciones a nivel mundial.
Puedes suscribirte a esta lista en:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-release-team
20.1.8 tr-qgis
Esta lista est relacionada con los trabajos de traduccin. Si quieres trabajar en la traduccin de los manuales o de
la interfaz grfica de usuario (GUI), esta lista es un buen punto de partida para responder a tus preguntas. Puedes
suscribirte a esta lista en: http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-tr
20.1.9 edu-qgis
Esta lista se encarga de los trabajos de educacin de QGIS. Si quisieras trabajar en los materiales de educacin QGIS, esta lista es un buen punto de partida para preguntar. Puedes suscribirte a esta lista en:
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-edu
20.1.10 psc-qgis
Se utiliza esta lista para discutir los asuntos del Comit Directivo relacionados con la gestin y direccin general
de QGIS. Puedes suscribirte a esta lista en: http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/qgis-psc
Te invitamos a suscribirte a cualquier lista. Por favor contribuye a la lista respondiendo a preguntas y compartiendo
tus experiencias. Recuerda que las listas de qgis-commit y qgis-trac estan diseadas para dar notificaciones
solamente y no para publicaciones de usuarios.
20.2 IRC
Tambin mantenemos una presencia en IRC - vistenos unindose al canal #qgis en irc.freenode.net. Por favor,
espere una respuesta a su pregunta, la mayora de gente en el canal estn haciendo otras cosas y puede tomar un
tiempo para que noten su pregunta. Si se ha perdido una discusin en IRC, no hay problema! Registramos toda
discusin, as que puede fcilmente ponerse al da. Slo tiene que ir a http://qgis.org/irclogs y leer los IRC-logs.
Apoyo comercial para QGIS tambin esta disponible. Revisar la pgina web http://qgis.org/en/commercialsupport.html para mayor informacin.
322
Por favor, tenga en cuenta que su error no siempre puede disfrutar de la prioridad que podra esperar (depende de
su gravedad). Algunos errores pueden requerir de significativo esfuerzo por parte del desarrollador para remediar,
y la mano de obra no siempre est disponible para esto.
Se pueden presentar las solicitudes de funciones utilizando el mismo sistema de ticket de errores. Asegrate de
seleccionar el tipo Funcin.
Si ha encontrado un error y lo corrige usted mismo, puede enviar este parche tambin. Una vez ms, el encantador
sistema de entradas http://hub.qgis.org/wiki/quantum-gis/issues tambin tiene este tipo. Compruebe la casilla
Parche suministrado y adjuntar el parche antes de enviar su error . Uno de los desarrolladores lo revisar
y lo aplicar a QGIS. Por favor, no se alarme si su parche no se aplica de inmediato - los desarrolladores pueden
estar vinculados con otros compromisos.
20.4 Blog
La comunidad QGIS tambin corre un weblog en http://planet.qgis.org/planet/, que tiene algunos artculos interesantes para usuarios y desarrolladores as proporcionados por otros blogs de la comunidad. Se le invita a
contribuir con su propio blog QGIS!
20.5 Plugins
La pgina web http://plugins.qgis.org a disposicin del portal web de complementos QGIS oficial. Aqu, encontrar una lista de todos los complementos de QGIS estables y experimentales disponibles va el Repositorio de
complementos de QGIS oficial .
20.6 Wiki
Por ltimo, mantenemos un sitio web en WIKI http://hub.qgis.org/projects/quantum-gis/wiki donde se puede encontrar una variedad de informacin til relacionada con el desarrollo de QGIS, planes de lanzamiento, los enlaces
para descargar sitios, mensaje- consejos de traduccin y ms. Comprubelo, hay algunas cosas en el interior!
.
20.4. Blog
323
324
CHAPTER 21
Apndice
any such program or work, and a work based on the Program means either the Program or any derivative
work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim
or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without
limitation in the term modification.) Each licensee is addressed as you.
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside
its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only
if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the
Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Programs source code as you receive it, in any medium,
provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty
protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided
that you also meet all of these conditions:
(a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the
date of any change.
(b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived
from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under
the terms of this License.
(c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when
started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement
including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that
you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling
the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does
not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an
announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not
derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves,
then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works.
But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the
distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend
to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you;
rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work
based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
(a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
(b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no
more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy
of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
326
(c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source
code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the
program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an
executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is
normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and
so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the
executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source
code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this
License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in
full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you
permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law
if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based
on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for
copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms
and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients exercise of the rights granted
herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not
limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise)
that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License.
If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other
pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a
patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies
directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance
of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or
to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the
free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have
made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this
License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an
explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from
time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
21.1. GNU General Public License
327
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this
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NO WARRANTY
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ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
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OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
QGIS Qt excepciones para GPL
In addition, as a special exception, the QGIS Development Team gives permission to link the code
of this program with the Qt library, including but not limited to the following versions (both free
and commercial): Qt/Non-commerical Windows, Qt/Windows, Qt/X11, Qt/Mac, and Qt/Embedded
(or with modified versions of Qt that use the same license as Qt), and distribute linked combinations
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used other than Qt. If you modify this file, you may extend this exception to your version of the file,
but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from
your version.
328
This License is a kind of copyleft, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free
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But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright
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The Invariant Sections are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
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The Cover Texts are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in
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An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not Transparent is
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The Title Page means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any
title page as such, Title Page means the text near the most prominent appearance of the works title, preceding
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The publisher means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section Entitled XYZ means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains
XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific
section name mentioned below, such as Acknowledgements, Dedications, Endorsements, or History.)
329
To Preserve the Title of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section Entitled
XYZ according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the
Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as
regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided
that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPIADO EN CANTIDAD
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering
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front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other
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of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many
as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include
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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
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4. MODIFICACIONES
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses
a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You
may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of
its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the
Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
330
7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the
Documents license notice.
8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
9. Preserve the section Entitled History, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year,
new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
History in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based
on. These may be placed in the History section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
11. For any section Entitled Acknowledgements or Dedications, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section
numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
13. Delete any section Entitled Endorsements. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled Endorsements or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and
contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections
as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Versions license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled Endorsements, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified
Version by various partiesfor example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an
organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover
Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one
of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you
are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from
the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for
publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINACIN DE DOCUMENTOS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in
section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections
of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author
or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled History in the various original documents, forming
one section Entitled History; likewise combine any sections Entitled Acknowledgements, and any sections
Entitled Dedications. You must delete all sections Entitled Endorsements.
6. COLECCIONES DE DOCUMENTOS
21.2. GNU Free Documentation License
331
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and
replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the
collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License,
provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGREGACIN CON TRABAJOS INDEPENDIENTES
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in
or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting from the
compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilations users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate
which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document
is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Documents Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket
the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRADUCCIN
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the
terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of
these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document,
and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled Acknowledgements, Dedications, or History, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINACIN
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License.
Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your
rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
(a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b)
permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days
after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies
you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this
License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt
of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies
or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt
of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. REVISIONES FUTURAS DE ESTA LICENCIA
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from
time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a
332
proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxys public statement of acceptance
of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RENOVACIN DE LICENCIAS
Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site (or MMC Site) means any World Wide Web server that publishes
copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that
anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A Massive Multiauthor Collaboration (or MMC) contained
in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
CC-BY-SA means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons
Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as
future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
Incorporate means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is eligible for relicensing if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published
under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the
MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at
any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
APNDICE: Cmo usar esta Licencia para sus documentos
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the
following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation
License.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the with ... Texts. line with
this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and
with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two
alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in
parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use
in free software.
.
333
334
CHAPTER 22
Web
map
service
(1.1.1)
implementation
specification.
OPEN-GEOSPATIAL-CONSORTIUM.
http://portal.opengeospatial.org, 2004.
Web
map
service
(1.3.0)
implementation
specification.
335
336
ndice
%%, 105
Actions, 105
actualizacin del renderizado durante el dibujado, 37
anidar proyectos, 45
anotacin, 43
apache, 161
apache2, 161
Arc/Info_ASCII_Grid, 139
Arc/Info_Binary_Grid, 139
ArcInfo_Binary_Coverage, 70
Atlas_Generation, 263
attribute table, 130
Attribute_Actions, 105
Attribute_Table_Selection, 130
Avoid_Intersections_Of_Polygons, 120
Ayuda de contexto, 35
Barra de escala
Map_Scalebar, 249
barra de herramientas, 29
barra de herramientas de diseo, 29
Browse_Maps, 65
calcular escala, 32
Calculator_Field, 136
calidad de renderizado, 37
CAT, 151
Categorized_Renderer, 87
CGI, 161
Colliding_labels, 95
Color_interpolation, 144
color_Ramp, 82
colorBrewer, 82
Colormap, 144
Comma Separated Values, 70
Common_Gateway_Interface, 161
complementos, 269
Compose_Maps, 231
Composer_Manager, 267
Composer_Template, 232
Contrast_enhancement, 142
Coordinate_Reference_System, 59, 155
Create_Maps, 231
Create_New_Layers, 128
ngulos, 37
reas, 37
longitud de lnea, 37
mens, 22
merge attributes of features, 127
Merge_Attributes_of_Selected_Features, 127
Merge_Selected_Features, 127
Metadata, 146
MSSQL Spatial, 77
Multi_Band_Raster, 141
multipolygon, 125
Natural_Breaks_(Jenks), 87
New_GPX_Layer, 128, 130
New_Shapefile_Layer, 128
New_SpatiaLite_Layer, 128
New_Spatialite_Layer, 128
New_Temporary_Scratch_Layer, 130
Node_Tool, 122
Nodes, 122
Non_Spatial_Attribute_Tables, 132
OGC, 151
Heatmap Renderer, 91
OGR, 67
Herramienta_de_Importacin_de_archivos_Shape_a_Postgis,
OGR Simple Feature Library, 67
317
ogr2ogr, 75
Herramientas de Anlisis, 289
opciones de lnea de rdenes, 17
Herramientas de investigacin, 290
Open_Geospatial_Consortium, 151
Herramientas del georreferenciador, 297
OpenStreetMap, 72
Histogram, 146
Oracle Spatial, 77
HTML_Frame, 258
OSM, 72
Identificar objetos espaciales, 39
Pan, 119
IGNF, 59
pgsql2shp, 74
Import_Maps, 65
Picture_database, 244
impresin rpida del diseador de impresin, 20
Point_Displacement_Renderer, 89
Imprimir
PostGIS, 72
Export_Map, 265
PostGIS spatial index, 75
Institut_Geographique_National_de_France, 59
PostgreSQL, 72
InteProxy, 159
Pretty_Breaks, 87
Inverted_Polygon_Renderer, 89
print_composer
join, 109
herramientas, 231
join layer, 109
Proj.4, 62
Proj4, 61
Layout_Maps, 231
Proj4_text, 61
leyenda, 29
Projections, 59
license document, 325
Proxy, 153
load a shapefile, 68
Pyramids, 146
loading_raster, 139
QGIS_mapserver, 159
Map_Legend, 245
QGIS_Server, 161
Map_Navigation, 119
QSpatiaLite, 77
Map_Scalebar, 253
Quantile, 87
Map_Template, 232
Query_Builder, 135
MapInfo, 70
marcdores, 44
Raster, 139
marcdores espaciales
Raster_Calculator, 148
ver marcadores, 44
Relations, 132
medicin, 37
Renderer_Categorized, 87
338
ndice
Renderer_Graduated, 87
Renderer_Point_Displacement, 89
Renderer_Single_Symbol, 85
Rendering_Mode, 236
Rendering_Rule-based, 89
Renderizado, 35
Renderizado dependiente de la escala, 36
Revert_Layout_Actions, 262
ring polygons, 125
Rotate_Point_symbols, 127
Rotated_North_Arrow, 244
Rule-based_Rendering, 89
salida guardar como imagen, 20
Search_Radius, 119
Secured_OGC_Authentication, 159
Select_using_Query, 136
servidor-proxy, 153
SFS, 151
Shapefile, 67
Shared_Polygon_Boundaries, 120
shp2pgsql, 74
Single_Band_Raster, 141
Single_Symbol_Renderer, 85
SLD, 161
SLD/SE, 161
Snapping, 118
Snapping_On_Intersections, 120
Snapping_Tolerance, 118
Spatialite, 76
Spatialite_Manager, 77
SPIT, 317
Split_Features, 126
SQLite, 76
SRC, 155
SRS, 155
ST_Shift_Longitude, 76
Symbology, 94, 141
WFS_Transactional, 159
WKT, 59, 123
WMS, 151
WMS-C, 156
WMS_1.3.0, 159
WMS_client, 151
WMS_identify, 157
WMS_layer_transparency, 155
WMS_metadata, 157
WMS_properties, 157
WMS_tiles, 156
WMTS, 156
WMTS_client, 151
Work_with_Attribute_Table, 130
Zoom_In Zoom_Out, 119
zum con rueda del ratn, 32
ndice
339