B2.2 Unit 2
B2.2 Unit 2
B2.2 Unit 2
B2
B2.2 Unit 2
I WISH / IF ONLY
I wish o if only se usan para expresar un deseo o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha
ocurrido en el pasado y se traduce normalmente como ojal, aunque el uso de If only
es mucho ms enftico. Despus de I wish/ If only usamos los siguientes tiempos
verbales:
Simple Past > para expresar el deseo de que algo sea diferente a como es en
realidad (en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). En el lenguaje ms
formal se suele usar las forma were con todas las formas personales detrs de
I wish/ If only.
Would + infinitivo > para expresar el deseo de que algo ocurra en el futuro o
para expresar una queja referida a una accin que nos gustara que cambiara
(en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). Would no se usa para la
primera persona ni para hablar de algo que no depende de la voluntad del
sujeto.
Past Perfect > para expresar el deseo de que algo hubiera ocurrido de forma
diferente o expresar arrepentimiento por haber hecho algo (en espaol,
pretrito pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo).
EMPHASIS
PASSIVE VOICE
La voz activa se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o
cosa que realiza la accin significada por el verbo. Por el contrario, la voz pasiva se
emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que sufre,
que recibe, la accin significada por el verbo.
Slo pueden usarse en voz pasiva aquellos verbos que puedan llevar objeto.
I am shown
you are
he is
he is shown
Present Continuous
I am being
I am being shown
he is being
he is being shown
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
I have been
he has been
Simple Past
Simple Past
I was
I was shown
you were
he was
he was shown
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
I was being
he was being
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
I had been
he had been
Simple Future
Simple Future
I will (shall) be
you will be
he will be
he will be shown
Future Continuous
Future Continuous
he will be being
Future Perfect
Future Perfect
Interrogativas:
(You were shown the sights) Were you shown the sights?
(She is being shown the sights) Is she being shown the sights?
(He will have been shown the sights) Will he have been shown the sights?
(We should be shown the sights) Should we be shown the sights?
Negativas:
Normalmente, cuando se pasa una frase de activa a pasiva, cambiando slo la voz
del verbo y dejando el resto de las palabras de la oracin tal como estn en la frase
activa, se produce un cambio en el significado.
Active Voice: He is driving to the airport.
Passive Voice: He is being driven to the airport.
[La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la primera frase se comporta activamente:
est ejerciendo la accin de conducir. La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la
segunda frase est actuando de forma pasiva: l o ella no conduce sino que alguien le
est llevando al aeropuerto].
by)].
- Cambio de pasiva a activa > Cuando un verbo pasa de pasiva a activa, para
mantener el significado de la frase, el que es el sujeto pasa a ser el objeto del verbo y,
si la frase incluye una proposicin introducida por la preposicin by, el que es objeto
de la preposicin pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo.
c) Cambio de voz de un verbo que lleva tanto objeto directo como indirecto:
Cuando un verbo en voz activa lleva tanto objeto directo como objeto indirecto,
cualquiera de ellos puede convertirse en el sujeto del verbo al pasarse la oracin a
pasiva, mantenindose el significado de la misma. El objeto que no pasa a ser sujeto
queda como objeto. Cuando un verbo en pasiva lleva objeto indirecto, ste va
normalmente precedido por una preposicin.
[En la primera frase (Active) el verbo will show lleva el objeto directo museum, y el
objeto indirecto you. En las frases segunda y tercera el verbo will be shown est en
Simple Past
I am shown
I were shown
he is shown
he were shown
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
I am being shown
he is being shown
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
b) Formas del pasado del subjuntivo > se emplea para expresar deseos y condiciones
falsas o improbables.
I wish he were allowed to come. (deseo)
It would have been better if they had been invited. (falsa condicin o premisa)
Exercise2. Change the following affirmative statements into questions. For
example:
Exercise4. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the
corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in
the meaning of the sentence. For example:
I will pay.
Simple Future: I will be paid.
Exercise5. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the
corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the
meaning of the sentence. For example:
Exercise6. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. Preserve the
meaning of the sentences by using the preposition by and making the necessary
changes in word order. For example:
The president of the company will thank the members of all the departments.
The members of all the departments will be thanked by the president of the
company
company.
Exercise7. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the
meaning of the sentences by omitting the preposition by and making the
necessary changes in word order. For example:
She ordered that the most important details _______ known. (to make)
She ordered that the most important details be made known.
1. They demand that the change of plans _____________ at nine o'clock. (to report)
2. It is necessary that their accomplishments ____________. (to recognize)
4. It is crucial that we _____________ of any change. (to inform)
5. He asks that his papers and documents ____________ in order. (to put)
6. They requested that their qualifications ______________. (to accept)
7. We insist that he not _____________ his rights. (to deny)
8. It is important that the requirements _____________. (to meet)
9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ___________. (to choose)
10. It is recommended that care __________ in making the repairs. (to take)
11. He insists that smoking ______________. (to forbid)
VOCABULARY
Ooops! Dont put your foot in it! (No metas la pata!)
*When talking about hope or something that will happen in the future, we need: subject
+hope + subject + verb in present simple
2.How do you say in English Cada individuo tiene que tomar su propia
decisin? Every individual has to make his own decision?
NOOOOO
We need to say:
3.How do you say in English Por fin han aparecido las llaves de mi coche!
Finally, my keys have appeared?
NOOOO
We say: Finally, my keys have turned up! or My keys have finally turned up, or
just Ive finally found my keys
INTENSIFIERS 1
We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:
Its a very interesting story
Everyone was very excited.
Its a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited
amazingly
Exceptionally
incredibly
remarkably
Particularly
Unusually
We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its
adjective:
If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.
I cant wear those shoes. Theyre not big enough.
Intensifiers with strong adjectives:
Strong adjectives are words like:
enormous, huge = very big
tiny = very small
brilliant = very clever
awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad
certain = very sure
excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good
delicious = very tasty
We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very
enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".
With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:
absolutely completely
really
Exercise 1:
Choose the correct intensifier:
1.absolutely / really
A:How was your exam?
B: Not good. It wasdifficult
utterly
2.extremely / absolutely
totally
B.Hungry? I am starving!
3.totally/very
A:So, did you like the movie?
B:No, I thought it was.awful!
4.extremely / totally
A: Do you think well get a pay rise this year?
B:Well, if we do, it will be.small!
5.really/very
A:Did you have a good holiday?
B:Yes, thanks. It was ..fantastic.
6.absolutely, very
A: I dont like politics.
B: No? I find it .interesting.
INTENSIFIERS 2
Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers which are often used with them.
Here are some common ones:
blind drunk
o
bone dry
brand new
o
crystal clear
o
He's won three lottery prizes this year. He's dead lucky.
I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from an old lady who had hardly
driven it.
dead easy
dead right
dirt cheap
These office walls are paper thin. You can hear everything said in the
next office.
paper thin
pitch black
o
razor sharp
o
rock hard
stark naked
The hotel door slammed behind me and I was left standing stark naked
in the middle of the corridor.
stone deaf
o
wide awake
o
wide open
EXERCISE 2
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
NEWCOMER
If youve never seen this word before, you might be able to work out its meaning from
the two words that it contains: newand come. As you might expect, it means
someone who has recently arrived in a place, for example: She is a newcomer to
the company. The place in question doesnt need to be physical or geographical
either; you can be a newcomer to a particular activity or situation: Im a newcomer to
politics
COMEBACK
If you know what the verb to come back means , then youll probably be able to work
out that this noun means a vuelta of some kind. Its most commonly used in the field
of entertainment or sport when someone returns to the activity that they used to be
successful at: He made a comeback to the team after being injured for two years
The other meaning of a comeback is when you make a quick and usually witty
(ingenioso) response to a critical remark.
COMEDOWN
Again, this word has two uses. First, it can be used when people have experienced a
loss of status or importance in their jobs or lives. For example: Playing for Oviedo was
a bit of a comedown for him after having played for Real Madrid.
The other meaning is to describe a feeling of disappointment or depression and in
particular after a drug ceases to produce an effect.
COME-ON
And finally, as we always like to show you the most curious uses of English, ...if
somebody gives you the come-on , youre lucky...or maybe not! IIt means that they
are insinundose
QUICK QUIZ:
a)come-on
a)a comedown
b)a comeback
a)a newcomer
b)a comeback
b)comedown