Ismt12 C11 A

CHAPTER 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND
POLAR COORDINATES
11.1 PARAMETRIZATIONS OF PLANE CURVES
1. x 3t, y 9t# , c_ t _ y x#
2. x ct , y t, t 0 x cy
or y x# , x 0
3. x 2t c 5, y 4t c 7, c_ t _
x b 5 2t 2(x b 5) 4t
y 2(x b 5) c 7 y 2x b 3
5. x cos 2t, y sin 2t, 0 t 1

cos# 2t b sin# 2t 1 x# b y# 1
4. x 3 c 3t, y 2t, 0 t 1 y t
#
x 3 c 3 y 2x 6 c 3y
#
y 2 c 2 x, ! x $
3
6. x cos (1 c t), y sin (1 c t), 0 t 1

cos# (1 c t) b sin# (1 c t) 1
x# b y# 1, y !
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

b
9. x sin t, y cos 2t, c 1 t

2
8. x 4 sin t, y 5 cos t, 0 t 21
y
4
x
16
1
2
y cos 2t 1 c 2sin# t y 1 c 2x2
11. x t2 , y t6 c 2t4 , c_ t _
2 3
2 2
y at b c 2at b y x3 c 2x2
13. x t, y 1 c t# , c1 t 0
y 1 c x#
16 sin t
16
#
4 sin t
4
25 cos t
25
#
16 cos t
16
x
16
#
7. x 4 cos t, y 2 sin t, 0 t 21
y
#5
#
648
10. x 1 b sin t, y cos t c 2, 0 t 1

sin# t b cos# t 1 ax c 1b# b ay b 2b# 1
12. x
t
tc1,
x
xc1
tc2
tb1,
c1 t 1
2cx
2x c 1
14. x t b 1, y t, t 0
y# t x y# b 1, y 0
Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

15. x sec# t c 1, y tan t, c 1 t
#
sec# t c 1 tan# t x y#
1
#
16. x c sec t, y tan t, c 1 t

#
649
1
#
#
sec# t c tan# t 1 x# c y 1
17. x c cosh t, y sinh t, c_ 1 _

cosh# t c sinh# t 1 x# c y# 1
18. x 2 sinh t, y 2 cosh t, c_ t _

4 cosh# t c 4 sinh# t 4 y# c x# 4
19. (a) x a cos t, y ca sin t, 0 t 21
20. (a) x a sin t, y b cos t,
(b) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21

(c) x a cos t, y ca sin t, 0 t 41
(d) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 41
1
#
51
#
(b) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 21

1
(c) x a sin t, y b cos t, 1 t 9#
#
(d) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 41
21. Using ac" c$b we create the parametric equations x c" b at and y c$ b bt, representing a line which goes
through ac" c$b at t !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a% "b when t ".
Since % c" b a a &. Since " c$ b b b %. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x c" b &t,
y c$ b %t, 0 t ".
22. Using ac" $b we create the parametric equations x c" b at and y $ b bt, representing a line which goes through
ac" $b at t !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a$ c#b when t ". Since $ c" b a a %.
Since c# $ b b b c&. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x c" b %t, y $ c &t, 0 t ".
23. The lower half of the parabola is given by x y# b " for y !. Substituting t for y, we obtain one possible
parameterization x t# b ", y t, t 0
24. The vertex of the parabola is at ac" c"b, so the left half of the parabola is given by y x# b #x for x c". Substituting
t for x, we obtain one possible parametrization: x t, y t# b #t, t c".
25. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at a# $b for t ! and passes
through ac" c"b at t ". Then x fatb, where fa!b # and fa"b c".
Since slope ?x c"c# c$, x fatb c$t b # # c $t. Also, y gatb, where ga!b $ and ga"b c".
?t
"c!
Since slope
?y
?t
c"c3
"c!
c4. y gatb c%t b $ $ c %t.
One possible parameterization is: x # c $t, y $ c %t, t !.
650
26. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at ac" #b for t ! and
passes through a! !b at t ". Then x fatb, where fa!b c" and fa"b !.
Since slope
Since slope
?x
?t
?y
?t
! c ac"b
"c!
!c#
"c!
", x fatb "t b ac"b c" b t. Also, y gatb, where ga!b # and ga"b !.
c#. y gatb c#t b # # c #t.
One possible parameterization is: x c" b t, y # c #t, t !.

27. Since we only want the top half of a circle, y 0, so let x 2cos t, y 2lsin tl, 0 t 41
28. Since we want x to stay between c3 and 3, let x 3 sin t, then y a3 sin tb2 9sin# t, thus x 3 sin t, y 9sin# t,
0t_
29. x# b y# a# 2x b 2y
y# t# b y# a# y
dy
dx
a
1 bt
0
and x
dy
dy
x
dx c y ; let t dx
c
1at t , c_ t _
b
c x t x cyt. Substitution yields

y
s
30. In terms of ), parametric equations for the circle are x a cos ), y a sin ), 0 ) 21. Since ) a , the arc
s
s
length parametrizations are: x a cos a , y a sin a , and 0
s
a
21 0 s 21a is the interval for s.
31. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) y y x tan ). The equation of the line through a0, 2b and a4, 0b is given by y c 1 x b 2. Thus
x
2
x tan ) c 1 x b 2 x
2
4
2 tan ) b 1
and y
4 tan )
2 tan ) b 1
where 0 ) 1 .
2
32. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) y y x tan ). Since y x y2 x ax tan )b2 x x cot2 ) y cot ) where
x
0 ) 1.
2
33. The equation of the circle is given by ax c 2b2 b y2 1. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb on the circle to the
x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle. So that we can start at a1, 0b and rotate in a clockwise direction, let
x 2 c cos ), y sin ), 0 ) 21.
34. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, whose height is y and whose
y
base is x b 2. By trigonometry we have tan ) x b 2 y ax b 2b tan ). The equation of the circle is given by
x2 b y2 1 x2 b aax b 2btan )b2 1 x2 sec2 ) b 4x tan2 ) b 4tan2 ) c 1 0. Solving for x we obtain
x
c4tan2 ) a4tan2 )b2 c 4 sec2 ) a4tan2 ) c 1b

2 sec2 )
c4tan2 ) 21 c 3tan2 )
2 sec2 )
c2sin2 ) cos )cos2 ) c 3sin2 )
c2 b 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) c 3 and y c2 b 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) c 3 b 2 tan )

2sin ) cos ) sin )4cos2 ) c 3. Since we only need to go from a1, 0b to a0, 1b, let
x c2 b 2cos2 ) b cos )4cos2 ) c 3, y 2sin ) cos ) b sin )4cos2 ) c 3, 0 ) tanc1 1 .
2
To obtain the upper limit for ), note that x 0 and y 1, using y ax b 2b tan ) 1 2 tan ) ) tanc1 1 .
2
35. Extend the vertical line through A to the x-axis and let C be the point of intersection. Then OC AQ x
2
2
2
2
2
2
and tan t OC x x tan t 2 cot t; sin t OA OA sin t ; and (AB)(OA) (AQ)# AB sin t x#
2
2 #
2 sin t
2 sin t
AB sin t tan t
AB tan t . Next y 2 c AB sin t y 2 c tan t sin t
#
2 sin t
tan t
2c
2 c 2 cos# t 2 sin# t. Therefore let x 2 cot t and y 2 sin# t, 0 t 1.

36. Arc PF Arc AF since each is the distance rolled and
Arc PF
nFCP Arc PF b(nFCP); ArcaAF )
b
Arc AF a) a) b(nFCP) nFCP
nOCG
1
#
a
b
);
c ); nOCG nOCP b nPCE

nOCP b 1 c ! . Now nOCP 1 c nFCP
#
a
a
1 c b ). Thus nOCG 1 c b ) b
a
1c b)b
1
#
1
#
c!
a
c! !1c b)b) 1c
1
# c)
a cb ) .
b
Then x OG c BG OG c PE (a c b) cos ) c b cos ! (a c b) cos ) c b cos 1 c

(a c b) cos ) b b cos a c b ) . Also y EG CG c CE (a c b) sin ) c b sin !
b
acb
b
(a c b) sin ) c b sin 1 c a c b ) (a c b) sin ) c b sin a c b ) . Therefore

b
b
x (a c b) cos ) b b cos a c b ) and y (a c b) sin ) c b sin a c b ) .
b
b
a
a
If b 4 , then x a c 4 cos ) b
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
cos ) b
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
cos 3)
3a
4
cos
a
a c 4
a
4
a
cos ) b 4 (cos ) cos 2) c sin ) sin 2))
cos ) b a(cos )) acos# ) c sin# )b c (sin ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

a
2a
#
#
4 cos ) sin ) c 4 sin ) cos )
) b cos$ ) c 3a (cos )) a1 c cos# )b a cos$ );
4
a
a c 4
a
a
3a
a
3a
a
4 sin ) c 4 sin 4 ) 4 sin ) c 4 sin 3) 4
cos ) b
cos
y a c
a
4
a
4
a
4
a
4
a
4
cos$ ) c
a
sin ) c 4 (sin ) cos 2) b cos ) sin 2))
a
sin ) c 4 a(sin )) acos# ) c sin# )b b (cos ))(2 sin ) cos ))b
sin ) c
sin ) c
sin ) c
a
4
3a
4
3a
4
sin ) cos# ) b
sin ) cos# ) b
a
4
a
4
#
sin$ ) c
2a
4
cos# ) sin )
sin$ )
(sin )) a1 c sin )b b
a
4
sin$ ) a sin$ ).
37. Draw line AM in the figure and note that nAMO is a right
angle since it is an inscribed angle which spans the diameter
of a circle. Then AN# MN# b AM# . Now, OA a,
AN
AM
a tan t, and a sin t. Next MN OP
OP# AN# c AM# a# tan# t c a# sin# t
OP a# tan# t c a# sin# t
$
x OP sin t
a sin t
cos t
#
a sin t
cos t
#
#
(a sin t)sec# t c 1
. In triangle BPO,
a sin t tan t and
y OP cos t a sin t x a sin# t tan t and y a sin# t.
651
652
38. Let the x-axis be the line the wheel rolls along with the y-axis through a low point of the trochoid
(see the accompanying figure).
Let ) denote the angle through which the wheel turns. Then h a) and k a. Next introduce xw yw -axes
parallel to the xy-axes and having their origin at the center C of the wheel. Then xw b cos ! and
1
1
1
yw b sin !, where ! 3# c ). It follows that xw b cos 3# c ) cb sin ) and yw b sin 3# c )
cb cos ) x h b xw a) c b sin ) and y k b yw a c b cos ) are parametric equations of the trochoid.
#
#
#
39. D (x c 2)# b y c " D# (x c 2)# b y c " (t c 2)# b t# c " D# t% c 4t b
#
#
#
d aD b
dt
17
4
4t$ c 4 0 t 1. The second derivative is always positive for t 0 t 1 gives a local
minimum for D# (and hence D) which is an absolute minimum since it is the only extremum the closest
point on the parabola is (1 1).
d aD b
dt
#
#
#
40. D 2 cos t c 3 b (sin t c 0)# D# 2 cos t c 3 b sin# t
4
4
2 2 cos t c 3 (c2 sin t) b 2 sin t cos t (c2 sin t) 3 cos t c 3 0 c2 sin t 0 or 3 cos t c
4
#
#
c6 cos t b 3 cos t b 6 sin t so that
d aD b
dt
#
. Now
d aD b
dt
51
3
t 0, 1 or t
1
3
3
#
(0) c3 relative
a
a
maximum, d dtD b (1) c9 relative maximum, d dtD b 1 9 relative minimum, and
3
2
d aD b 5 1
1
1
9
# relative minimum. Therefore both t 3 and t 53 give points on the ellipse
dt
3
the point 3 ! 1 #3 and 1 c #3 are the desired points.

4
#
41. (a)
(b)
(c)
42. (a)
(b)
(c)
closest to

43.
44. (a)
(b)
(c)
45. (a)
(b)
46. (a)
(b)
653
654
47. (a)
(b)
(c)
48. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES
1
4
1
4
2;
c2 sin t,
dy
dt
2 cos t
c1; tangent line is y c 2 c1 x c 2 or y cx b
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
2 ; dy
2
dt
2 cos t
c2 sin t
"
#
c cot t
csc# t
c 2
tangent line is y c
3 x c c
d y
dx t
#
c cos "21t
"
#
c21 sin 21t

21 cos 21t
1
6
c tan 21t
3
#
"
, y cos 21 c 6 cos c 1
3
dy
dx t
or y 3x b 2;
1
6
c tan 21 c
dy
dt
"
6
dx
dt
c tan c
c21 sec# 21t
d y
dx
#
c21 sin 21t
dy
dx
3
#
d y
dx t
21 cos 21t,
1
3
3;
c21 sec 21t

21 cos 21t
c8
"
c 2 sin
csc t
c2 sin t
dy /dt
dx/dt
"
2. t c " x sin 21 c 6 sin c 1 c
6
3
dy
dt
dx
dt
d y
dx
c cot
2, y 2 sin
1
4
x 2 cos
1
4
dy
dx t
1. t
Section 11.2 Calculus With Parametric Curves
d y
dx t
3 dx
21
3 c # ; dt
3
3 <x c
#
c " or y 3 x;
#
dy/dt
dx/dt
1
2 t
d y
dx
dy /dt
dx/dt
"
c 4 tc$#
dy
dt
csc
1
6
2; tangent line is y c
c csc t cot t
sec t tan t
dy /dt
dx/dt
w
c cot$ t
sec# t
"
3
2 x c
d y
dx t
d y
dx t
1
4
c2
c " cot$ t
4
dy
dx
3 (3t)
c (tb1)
, y 1 c cos
1
3
t
c t
d y
dx
1c
2t
4t
3
c t3t
"
#
ct
dy
dx t
d y
dx t
t#
"
#
"
#
dy
dx t 1
c1
c t
(c1)# 1; tangent line is
"
#
c1; tangent line is
3 ; tangent line is y c
d y
dx t 1
c1
3
#
#
"
#
sin 3
1ccos 3
dy
dx
dy /dt
dx/dt
t#
#
"
1
3
4t
4t
1
3
dy
dt
"
t
dy/dt
dx/dt
3t
dy
dx t
1
3
"
dy
dt
c t" ,
d y
dx
#
2t
dy
dt
dy
dx
#
"
4t$
dy
dt
2t
c sin
(3t)c"#
d y
dx
#"c
1
3
3
#
4t,
y c (c2) c1(x c 1) or y cx c 1;
#"c
dx
dt
dy
dt
3
2t3t tb1
"
c3
10. t 1 x 1, y c2;
or y 2x c 3 ;
c2; tangent line is y c 3 c2[x c (c2)] or y c2x c 1;
b3t b 1 < 3 (3t)

3t
dx
dt
2
3
dy/dt
dx/dt
c33
c " (t b 1)c"# ,
#
dx
dt
dy
dx
b
c
b
c3 3 b 1
3(3)
dy
dt
sec t tan t,
dx
dt
dy
dx t 3
3t <c 3 (t b 1)
sin t
1 c cos t
1; tangent line is
"
3
y c 1 1 (x c 5) or y x c 4;
0
c sin t
#
"
d y
dx
9. t c1 x 5, y 1;
1
3
#"c
#"c
1
6
dy
dx t
y tan
2
3 ,
csc t
11. t
d y
dx
sec# t
dy
dt
c csc t
2 sec t tan t
d y
dx
1
6
c csc t cot t
d y
dx t 3
tb
c 3 3t 1
c3 sin t
c sin t
"
4
x sec
"
cot c 1 c # ; tangent line is
4
c " csc# t
#
8. t 3 x c3 b 1 c2, y 3(3) 3;
dy
dt
"
#
2 sec# t tan t,
dx
dt
dy
dx t
cot t
"
#
"
# 4
1
4
"
c 4 tc$#
"
2 tan t
dy
dx t
#
"
dy
dt
dy
dx
"
#t
dy
dt
dy
dt
dy
dx
dy
dt
sec t
2 sec t tan t
sec t
sec t tan t
c3 sin t
dy
dt
1,
dx
dt
y c (c1) c " (x c 1) or y c " x c " ;

#
#
#
1
6
c sin t,
6. t c 1 x sec# c 1 c 1 1, y tan c 1 c1;

4
4
4
7. t
c2 sin t
4 cos t
2
4
"
"
"
1 x c 4 or y x b 4 ;
d y
dx t
"
#
1
4
,y
"
#
yc
2
3
dy/dt
dx/dt
3 ; tangent line is y c c
1
4
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
c 8 cos
c " , y 3 cos
#
5. t
c2 sin t
dy
dt
c " ; tangent line is y c 2 c " x c 22 or y c " x b 22 ;

#
#
#
c sec t
4 cos t
4 cos t,
dx
dt
21
3
x cos
dy /dt
dx/dt
1
4
2;
d y
dx t
21
3
dy
dx t 2
4. t
d y
dx
c " sec# t
#
c " tan
#
#
"
dy
dx t
1
4
22, y 2 cos
c " tan t
#
dy
dt
1
4
x 4 sin
1
4
3. t
dx
dt
1 c cos t,
dy
dt
"
#
3 x c
1
3
sin t
3
#
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
655
cos t
c sin t
yt
c1
8
3x4t
2
dy/dt
dx/dt
ce 0
1 b e0
9;
1
c2;
dy
dx
dy
dx t 0
t(3x2 )
y (c4t)
#
c4t
3x2
a2 b 1 b 2
a2 c 1 b 2
3x2
c4y
; thus
t
y
dx
dt
c1
dy
dx t 2
108
ce 0
a1 b e 0 b 3
6t
6y
dy
dt
d y
dx t 0
#
c 6t 0
dy
dt
ce t
1 b et
dy
dx
d y
dx t
c4t
4 a2 b 1 b 3
a2 c 1 b3
dx
dt
b 4t 0 3x2
d y
dx t 2
ce t
a1 b e t b 3
d y
dx
at b 1 b 2
at c 1 b 2
dy
dt
cet
dy
dt
c csc t
dy
dx
c cot t
csc t
c sin t
2y$ c 3t# 4 6y#
1 b et ,
dx
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
4 at b 1 b 3
at c 1 b 3
ce t
a1 b e t b 2
tangent line is y c 1 x b 1 ;
2
2
15. x3 b 2t# 9 3x2
14. t 0 x 0 b e0 1, y 1 c e0 0;
d y
dx
c1
at c 1 b 2
d y
dx
#
tb b
c 4tac 113
a
b
dy
dt
csc t
c1
, dy
at b 1b2 dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
tangent line is y 9x c 1;
2;
2
2c1
cos t
dy
dt
c sin t,
dx
dt
2;
1
2
0; tangent line is y 2;
1, y
3
1
2b1
13. t 2 x
1
1 cos t
1 c cos t
dy /dt
dx/dt
d y
dx
0, y 1 b sin
1
#
c4
c cot
1
2
x cos
1
2
dy
dx t
d y
dx t
c1
1 c cos t
12. t
(1 c cos t)(cos t) c (sin t)(sin t)

(1ccos t)
dy
dt
c1
(1 c cos t)
b 2;
13
3
y 3x c
c
c
656
;t2
x3 b 2(2)# 9 x3 b 8 9 x3 1 x 1; t 2 2y$ c 3(2)# 4

3 a "b 2
c4a#b
2" c 2a 2 b4& c 4
3
"c4
dy
dt
b 3x"#
dx
dt
dy/dt
dx/dt
dy
t
y dt
y y
y (t
4y t
1)
2t
2t 1
1 3x
cy
2tb1
#" b
b
b b b
b c c
dy
dx
2t b 1 1 b 3x"#
dx
dt
19
c 2 y
dy
dt
dy
dt
c 2y
t b 1 b
dy
dx t 0
sin t b x cos t b 2
sin 1 b 1 cos 1 c 2
cos
b1
#c
dy
dx t
dx
dt
dy
dt ;
sin
; therefore
y t
2 t
2t b 1
dy
dt
dx
dt
t b 1 b
" c #yt
#tatc" b
4t 5 c t
c"
2
3
2tb1
1b3x
y
2 t b 1
cyy c 4yt b 1
2y (t b 1) b 2tt b 1
4 4 4(4) 0 1
9
4(0 1) 2(0) 0 1
1 (sin t b 2)
thus
dy
dx
c41 c 8
2b1
2(0) 1
3(0)
dx
dt
; yt b 1 b 2ty 4
t
b 2y b y
; thus
c4
c6
1 c x cos t
sin t b t cos t c 2
1sinxt cos t
2
1
#
dx
dt
dx
dt
t sin t c 2t y sin t b t cos t c 2

x
; t 0 x b 2x$# 0 x 1 b 2x"# 0 x 0; t 0
y0 b 1 b 2(0)y 4 y 4; therefore
18. x sin t b 2x t
dy
dt
dx
dt
103
9
t b 1 b y " (t b 1)c"# b 2y b 2t " yc"#

#
#
t b 1 b
dy
dx
; thus
; t 4 x 5 c 4 3; t 4 y 3 4 y
17. x b 2x$# t# b t
" c #y t
#tt c 2t
dx
dt
1 c x cos t
sin tb2
; t 1 x sin 1 b 2x 1
dy
dx t 4
at c 1 b
#" b
b
b b
c c
therefore,
cy
"ct
b
c
dy
dt
"
; y(t c 1) t y b (t c 1) dy # tc"#
dt
#" c #yt& c t
cy
"
4 t 5 c t
"
# t
c " tc"# c
#
c"#
#"
dy
dt
5 c t
"
at c 1b
"
#
dx
dt
16. x 5 c t
3
c 16
c
"c
c #
#c"
dy
dx t 2
2y$ 16 y$ 8 y 2; therefore
dy
dt

19. x t3 b t, y b 2t3 2x b t2
dy
dx
2t b 2
3t2 b1
dy
dx t 1
dx
2
dt 3t
2 a1 b b 2
1
3 a1 b 2 b 1
20. t lnax c tb, y t et 1
dy
dx
21. A '0
21
t et b et
xctb1;
b 6t2 2 dx b 2t
dt
dy
dt
c 1 x c t
t 0 0 lnax c 0b x 1
dx
dx
dt c 1 dt
a0 b e 0 b e 0
dy
dx t 0 1 c 0 b 1
1 dx
x c t dt
b 1,
dy
dt
2a3t2 b 1b b 2t c 6t2 2t b 2
x c t b 1,
657
dy
dt
t et b et ;
1
2
y dx '0 aa1 c cos tbaa1 c cos tbdt a2 '0 a1 c cos tb2 dt a2 '0 a1 c 2cos t b cos2 tbdt
21
a2 '0 1 c 2cos t b
21
21
1 b cos 2t
dt
2
21
3
1
3
1
a2 '0 2 c 2cos t b 2 cos 2tdt a2 2 t c 2sin t b 4 sin 2t
21
21
0
a2 a31 c 0 b 0b c 0 31 a2
22. A '0 x dy '0 at c t2 bacect bdt u t c t2 du a1 c 2tbdt; dv acect bdt v ect
1
ect at c t2 b c '0 ect a1 c 2tbdt u 1 c 2t du c2dt; dv ect dt v cect

1
ect at c t2 b c cect a1 c 2tb c '0 2ect dt ect at c t2 b b ect a1 c 2tb c 2ect

1
aec1 a0b b ec1 ac1b c 2ec1 b c ae0 a0b b e0 a1b c 2e0 b 1 c 3ec1 1 c
23. A 2'1 y dx 2'1 ab sin tbaca sin tbdt 2ab'0 sin2 t dt 2ab'0
0
3
e
1 c cos 2t
2
dt ab'0 a1 c cos 2tb dt

1
abt c 1 sin 2t abaa1 c 0b c !b 1 ab

2
0
24. (a) x t2 , y t6 , 0 t 1 A '0 y dx '0 at6 b2t dt '0 2t7 dt 1 t8

4
1
1
4
c0
(b) x t3 , y t9 , 0 t 1 A '0 y dx '0 at9 b3t2 dt '0 3t11 dt 1 t12

4
1
25.
dx
dt
c sin t and
dy
dt
1
4
1
4
c0
1
4
1 b cos t dx b dy acsin tb# b a1 b cos tb# 2 b 2 cos t

dt
dt
sin t
Length '0 2 b 2 cos t dt 2 '0 1 c cos tt (1 b cos t) dt 2 '0 1 c cos t dt
1 c cos
2 '0
sin t
1 c cos t
dt (since sin t 0 on [0 1]); [u 1 c cos t du sin t dt; t 0 u 0,
#
t 1 u 2] 2 '0 uc"# du 2 <2u"# ! 4
2
dx
dt
3t# and
dy
dt
Length '0
'1
27.
dx
dt
3
#
3t dx b dy a3t# b# b (3t)# 9t% b 9t# 3tt# b 1 since t 0 on 0 3

dt
dt
3
3tt# b 1 dt; u t# b 1
3
#
du 3t dt; t 0 u 1, t 3 u 4
u"# du <u$# " (8 c 1) 7
t and
dy
dt
(2t b 1)"# dx b dy t# b a2t b 1b at b 1b# kt b 1k t b 1 since 0 t 4

dt
dt
Length '0 at b 1b dt t2 b t a8 b 4b 12
4
26.
%
!
658
28.

dx
dt
a2t b 3b"# and
dy
dt
1 b t dx b dy a2t b 3b b a1 b tb# t# b 4t b 4 kt b 2k t b 2
dt
dt
since 0 t 3 Length '0 (t b 2) dt t2 b 2t

3
29.
dx
dt
8t cos t and
dy
dt
dx
dt
8t sin t dx b dy a8t cos tb# b a8t sin tb# 64t# cos# t b 64t# sin# t
dt
dt
1
#
k8tk 8t since 0 t
30.
21
#
Length '0
1 2
1#
8t dt c4t# d !
"
sec tbtan t asec t tan t b sec# tb c cos t sec t c cos t and
1#
#
c sin t dx b dy
dt
dt
dy
dt
asec t c cos tb# b acsin tb# sec# t c 1 tan# t ktan tk tan t since 0 t
Length '0
1 3
31.
dx
dt
c sin t and
dy
dt
tan t dt '0
1 3
1$
dt cc ln kcos tkd !
sin t
cos t
"
#
c ln
1
3
b ln 1 ln 2
cos t dx b dy acsin tb# b acos tb# 1 Area ' 21y ds

dt
dt
#
'0 21a2 b sin tba1bdt 21 c2t c cos td #1 21[a41 c 1b c a0 c 1b] 81#

!
21
21 2 t$# t
3
b"
t
Note:
'0
fatb
21 2 t$#
3
3
2
2
281
9
Fatb dt
1 and
'
dx
dt
33.
'0
21 2 t$# t
3
t b"
t
dy
dt
dt
41
3
'0
b1
t
Area ' 21x ds
tt# b 1 dt; cu t# b 1 du 2t dt; t 0 u 1,
'14 231 u du < 491 u$# % 281

9
"
t 3 u 4
3
tc"# dx b dy t b tc" t
dt
dt
#
'0
dy
dt
b1
t
dt is an improper integral but lim fatb exists and is equal to 0, where

t!
t"# and
dx
dt
32.
. Thus the discontinuity is removable: define Fatb fatb for t 0 and Fa0b 0
.
#
#
t b 2 dx b dy 1# b t b 2 t# b 22 t b 3 Area ' 21x ds
dt
dt
21 t b 2 t# b 22 t b 3 dt; u t# b 22 t b 3 du 2t b 22 dt; t c2 u 1,
t 2 u 9 '1 1u du < 2 1u$# "

3
9
21
3
a27 c 1b
521
3
34. From Exercise 30, dx b dy tan t Area ' 21y ds '0

dt
dt
#
1$
21 cc cos td !
dx
dt
2 and
dy
dt
21 cos t tan t dt 21 '0
13
sin t dt
21 <c " c (c1) 1

#
1 dx b dy 2# b 1# 5 Area ' 21y ds '0 21at b 1b5 dt

dt
dt
#
"
215 t2 b t 315. Check: slant height is 5 Area is 1a1 b 2b5 315 .

#
35.
1 3

dx
dt
h and
r dx b dy h# b r# Area ' 21y ds '0 21rth# b r# dt

dt
dt
#
dy
dt
21rh# b r#
'01 t dt 21rh# b r# t2 " 1rh# b r# .
Check: slant height is h# b r# Area is
36.
659
1rh# b r# .
37. Let the density be $ 1. Then x cos t b t sin t
dx
dt
t cos t, and y sin t c t cos t
dy
dt
1
#
dm 1 ds dx b dy dt (t cos t)# b (t sin t)# ktk dt t dt since 0 t

dt
dt
24
1
c 2. Next, My ' dm '0

x
1#
b cct# cos t b 2 cos t b 2t sin td !
#1
c 3
8
12
1
24
1 .
#
My
M
Therefore ax yb 12 c
1
38. Let the density be $ 1. Then x et cos t
dx
dt
1 2
24
1
, where we integrated by parts. Therefore,
acos t b t sin tb t dt '0
1 2
1#
ccos t b t sin td !
1
4
3c
1#
31
#
t cos t dt b '0
12
t# sin t dt
c 3, again integrating by parts. Hence
24 c 2.
1
#
3 c
#1
#1
Mx
M
. The curve's mass is
12
12
12
. Also Mx ' dm '0 asin t c t cos tb t dt '0 t sin t dt c '0 t# cos t dt
y
c ct# sin t c 2 sin t b 2t cos td !

#
1#
csin t c t cos td !
y
1
8
t dt
12
M ' dm '0
t sin t
et cos t c et sin t, and y et sin t
dy
dt
et sin t b et cos t
dm 1 ds dx b dy dt aet cos t c et sin tb# b aet sin t b et cos tb# dt 2e2t dt 2 et dt.
dt
dt
1
1
The curve's mass is M ' dm '0 2 et dt 2 e c 2 . Also Mx ' dm '0 aet sin tb 2 et dt
y
1
2 e2 b
5
5
2 e c 2
1
Mx
M
"
e2 b "
5 ae c 1b
1
1
2t
2
"
'0 2 e2t sin t dt 2 e5 (2 sin t c cos t) 2 e5 b 5 y
2t
2
Next My ' dm '0 aet cos tb 2 et dt '0 2 e2t cos t dt 2 e5 a2 cos t b sin tb c2 2e b 2
x
5
5
c 52ee
a
1
1
2 e c 2
b2
c 1b
. Therefore ax yb c 52ee
a
39. Let the density be $ 1. Then x cos t
dx
dt
1
1
b2
c 1b
5e e
a
1
1
My
M
2
c2 2e5 b 5
b1
c 1b .
c sin t, and y t b sin t
dy
dt
1 b cos t
dm 1 ds dx b dy dt acsin tb# b a1 b cos tb# dt 2 b 2 cos t dt. The curve's mass

dt
dt
t
t
is M ' dm '0 2 b 2 cos t dt 2'0 1 b cos t dt 2 '0 2 cos# # dt 2 '0 cos # dt
1
t
2 '0 cos # dt since 0 t 1 0
1
t
#
1
t
1 2 <2 sin 2 ! 4. Also Mx ' dm
y
#
t
t
t
'0 at b sin tb 2 cos # dt '0 2t cos # dt b '0 2 sin t cos # dt
1
1
1
t
t
2 <4 cos 2 b 2t sin # ! b 2 <c " cos 3 t c cos " t ! 41 c
3
#
#
16
3
t
t
t
Next My ' dm '0 acos tb2 cos # dt '0 cos t cos # dt 2 sin 2 b
x
1
4
3
My
M
4
3
4
"
3
c4.
3
"
4
. Therefore ax yb 3 1 c 3 .
40. Let the density be $ 1. Then x t$
dx
dt
3t# , and y
3t
#
41 c 16
Mx
3
1
M
4
1
sin 3 t
2
2c 3
3
!
#
dy
dt
3t dm 1 ds
dx b dy dt a3t# b# b (3t)# dt 3 ktk t# b 1 dt 3tt# b 1 dt since 0 t 3. The curve's mass

dt
dt
'0
9
#
$#
3tt# b 1 dt at# b 1b
t$ t# b 1 dt
87
5
3
!
7. Also Mx ' dm '0

y
17.4 (by computer) y
Mx
M
17.4
7
3t
#
is M ' dm '0
3tt# b 1 dt
2.49. Next My ' dm

x
660

'0 t$ 3t at# b 1b dt 3 '0 t% t# b 1 dt 16.4849 (by computer) x
My
M
2.35.
16.4849
7
Therefore, ax yb a2.35 2.49b.

c2 sin 2t and
dx
dt
41. (a)
Length '0
12
1 cos 1t and
dx
dt
(b)
2 cos 2t dx b dy ac2 sin 2tb# b a2 cos 2tb# 2

dt
dt
dy
dt
1#
2 dt c2td !
c1 sin 1t dx b dy a1 cos 1tb# b ac1 sin 1tb# 1

dt
dt
dy
dt
Length 'c12 1 dt c1td c"# 1

1 2
"#
42. (a) x gayb has the parametrization x gayb and y y for c y d
dx
dy
gw ayb and
1; then
dy
dy
dx
dx
Length 'c dy b dy dy 'c 1 b dy dy 'c 1 b [gw ayb]# dy
dy
#
yc13 L '0 1 b ayc13 b dy '0 1 b
1
'a1 y23 b 112 2 yc13 dy

3
2 3 c 1
3 c 2
1
1
y 1 b 2 sin 43 sin 43
dx
dt
1,
dy
dt
sin t
dy
dx
sin t
1
dy
dx
(a) the minimum slope is
dy
dx
dx
dt
cos t and
dy
dt
d2 y
dx2
t12
dy
dx
)41/3
0b0
c2 c 1
2 sin2 43 b cos 43
2 cos2 43 c sin 43
1
sin 32 c1, which occurs at x
dy
dx
2 cos# t c 1 0 cos t
2
# 1
d dy
dt dx
dy
dx ,
cos t
d2 y
dx2
cos t. The
cos t
1
in other words, points where
d2 y
dx2
sin 1 1, which occurs at x 1 , y 1 c cos 1 1

2
2
2
t312
2 cos 2t
y sin 2 1 1
4
1
2
bbb c c c bbb
312
1 2
dy/dt
dx/dt
"
2
2 cos 2t
cos t
1
4
31
4
2 a2 cos t c 1b
cos t
#
or t
31
2
(a) the maximum slope is
45.
3 c 3
2
sin t
maximum and minimum slope will occur at points that maximize/minimize

cos t 0 t
2 sin2 b cos
2 cos2 c sin
c4 b 33
44. x t, y 1 c cos t, 0 t 21
1
2
0b1
2c0
51
4
71
4
; then
31
2 ,
dy
dx
1
y 1 c cos 32 1
2 a2 cos t c 1b
cos t
. In the 1st quadrant: t
2
3
2
dy
dx
)1/2
3 c 1
c1 b
2 sina2a0bb b cosa0b
2 cosa2a0bb c sina0b
(b) x 1 b 2 sin 1 cos 1 0, y 1 b 2 sin 1 sin 1 3;

#
#
#
#
3 c 1
2 ,
2 3
2cos ) sin ) b cos )a1 b 2 sin )b
dy
dx
)0
dy
d)
(a) x a1 b 2 sina0bbcosa0b 1, y a1 b 2 sina0bbsina0b 0;
b 2 sin )b,
dx
2
d) 2cos ) c sin )a1
4cos ) sin ) b cos )
2 sin 2) b cos )
2cos2 ) c 2sin2 ) c sin ) 2 cos 2) c sin )
1
1
(c) x 1 b 2 sin 43 cos 43
2 3
3 2
32
lim 3 2 y23 b 1 lim a2b32 c a23 b 1 22 c 1
2 3
a 0
a 0
a 0
4 3
'a1 y y b 1 dy
dy lim
2cos ) sin ) b cos )a1 b 2 sin )b

2cos2 ) c sin )a1 b 2 sin )b
1
y2 3
43. x a1 b 2 sin )bcos ), y a1 b 2 sin )bsin )

dy
dx
32
1 b 9 y dy 4 2 1 b 9 y
4
9 3
4
dx
dy
43
a 0
3
2
56
27
1 b 3 y12 # dy '
2
(c) x 3 y23 , 0 y 1
2
lim
4 3
32
8
27 a1b
3 y12 L '0
2
dx
dy
3 2
8
27 a4b
4
3
(b) x y32 , 0 y
1
4
x sin
1
4
2
#
is the point where the tangent line is horizontal. At the origin: x 0 and y 0
and

1
31
# , 1, # ; thus t 0 and t
dy
c2 y c2x
dx t
sin t 0 t 0 or t 1 and sin 2t 0 t 0,

2 y 2x and
dy/dt
dx/dt
and y sin 3 1 1
6
(3 cos t) a2 cos t c 1 c 2 sin tb

2 a2 cos t c 1b
3
#
3
# 1
1
6
51
6
(3 cos t) a4 cos t c 3b
2 a2 cos t c 1b
; then
71
6
111
6
. In the 1st quadrant: t
1
6
1
#
31
#
and
x sin 2 1
6
3
#
is the point where the graph has a horizontal tangent. At the origin: x 0
and y 0 sin 2t 0 and sin 3t 0 t 0,
1
#
, 1,
the tangent lines at the origin. Tangents at the origin:
31
#
and t 0,
dy
dx t 0
3 cos (31)
2 cos (21)
3(cos 2t cos t c sin 2t sin t)

2 a2 cos tc1b
0 3 cos t 0 or 4 cos# t c 3 0: 3 cos t 0 t
4 cos# t c 3 0 cos t
3 cos 3t
2 cos 2t
c3 yc3x
#
#
47. (a) x aat c sin tb, y aa1 c cos tb, 0 t 21
dx
dt
3 cos 0
2 cos 0
1
3
aa1 c cos tb,
21
3
, 1,
41
3
51
3
3
#
x, and
t 0 and t 1 give
3
#
dy
dt
a sin t Length
dy
dx t
(3 cos t) a4 cos tc3b

2 a2 cos t c 1b
3 ca2 cos t c 1b (cos t) c 2 sin t cos t sin td

2 a2 cos t c 1b
dy
dx
3 cos 3t
dy
dx
dy
dt
2 cos 2t and
dx
dt
46.
1 give the tangent lines at
the origin. Tangents at origin:
dy
dx t 0
661
'0 aaa1 c cos tbb# b aa sin tb# dt '0 a# c 2a# cos t b a# cos# t b a# sin# t dt
21
21
t
t
t
a2'0 1 c cos t dt a2'0 2 sin2 2 dt 2a'0 sin 2 dt c4a cos 2
21
21
21
21
c4a cos 1 b 4a cosa0b 8a

(b) a 1 x t c sin t, y 1 c cos t, 0 t 21
dx
dt
21
1 c cos t,
dy
dt
sin t Surface area
'0 21a1 c cos tba1 c cos tb# b asin tb# dt '0 21a1 c cos tb1 c 2 cos t b cos# t b sin# t dt
21
3 2
t
21'0 a1 c cos tb2 c 2 cos t dt 221'0 a1 c cos tb32 dt 221'0 1 c cos 2 2 dt
21
21
21
3 2
t
t
221'0 2 sin2 2 dt 81'0 sin3 2 dt
21
21
t
2
du 1 dt dt 2 du; t 0 u 0, t 21 u 1
2
161'0 sin3 u du 161'0 sin2 u sin u du 161'0 a1 c cos2 u bsin u du 161'0 sin u du c 161'0 cos2 u sin u du
1
c161cos u b
1
161
3
3 cos u0
161 c
161
3
c c161 b
161
3
641
3
48. x t c sin t, y 1 c cos t, 0 t 21; Volume '0 1 y2 dx '0 1a1 c cos tb2 a1 c cos tbdt
21
21
1'0 a1 c 3cos t b 3cos2 t c cos3 tbdt 1'0 1 c 3cos t b 3 1 b cos 2t c cos2 t cos tdt
2
21
21
1'0 5 c 3cos t b 3 cos 2t c a1 c sin2 tb cos tdt 1'0 5 c 4cos t b 3 cos 2t b sin2 t cos tdt
2
2
2
2
21
21
21
1
1 5 t c 4sin t b 3 sin 2t b 3 sin3 t
2
4
1a51 c 0 b 0 b 0b c 0 512
47-50. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( student );
x := t -> t^3/3;
y := t -> t^2/2;
a := 0;
b := 1;
N := [2, 4, 8 ];
for n in N do
662

tt := [seq( a+i*(b-a)/n, i=0..n )];
pts := [seq([x(t),y(t)],t=tt)];
L := simplify(add( student[distance](pts[i+1],pts[i]), i=1..n ));
# (b)
T := sprintf("#47(a) (Section 11.2)\nn=%3d L=%8.5f\n", n, L );
P[n] := plot( [[x(t),y(t),t=a..b],pts], title=T ):
# (a)
end do:
display( [seq(P[n],n=N)], insequence=true );
ds := t ->sqrt( simplify(D(x)(t)^2 + D(y)(t)^2) ):
# (c)
L := Int( ds(t), t=a..b ):
L = evalf(L);
11.3 POLAR COORDINATES

1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f
2. a, f; b, h; c, g; d, e
3. (a) 2 1 b 2n1 and c2 1 b (2n b 1)1 , n an integer

#
#
(b) (# 2n1) and (c# (2n b 1)1), n an integer

1
1
(c) 2 3# b 2n1 and c2 3# b (2n b 1)1 , n an integer
(d) (# (2n b 1)1) and (c# 2n1), n an integer
1
4. (a) 3 1 b 2n1 and c3 54 b 2n1 , n an integer
4
1
(b) c3 1 b 2n1 and 3 54 b 2n1 , n an integer
4
1
1
(c) 3 c 4 b 2n1 and c3 34 b 2n1 , n an integer
1
(d) c3 c 1 b 2n1 and 3 34 b 2n1 , n an integer
4
5. (a) x r cos ) 3 cos 0 3, y r sin ) 3 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are ($ 0)

(b) x r cos ) c3 cos 0 c3, y r sin ) c3 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are (c$ 0)
(c) x r cos ) 2 cos 21 c1, y r sin ) 2 sin 21 3 Cartesian coordinates are c1 3
3
(d) x r cos ) 2 cos
71
3
1, y r sin ) 2 sin
71
3
3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
(e) x r cos ) c3 cos 1 3, y r sin ) c3 sin 1 0 Cartesian coordinates are (3 0)

(f) x r cos ) 2 cos 1 1, y r sin ) 2 sin 1 3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
3
(g) x r cos ) c3 cos 21 c3, y r sin ) c3 sin 21 0 Cartesian coordinates are (c3 0)
(h) x r cos ) c2 cos c 1 c1, y r sin ) c2 sin c 1 3 Cartesian coordinates are c1 3
3
6. (a) x 2 cos
1
4
1, y 2 sin
1
4
1 Cartesian coordinates are (1 1)
(b) x 1 cos 0 1, y 1 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are (1 0)

(c) x 0 cos 1 0, y 0 sin 1 0 Cartesian coordinates are (! 0)
#
#
2 cos 1 c1, y c2 sin 1 c1 Cartesian coordinates are (c1 c1)
(d) x c
4
(e) x c3 cos
51
6
3 3
2
, y c3 sin
51
6
c 3 Cartesian coordinates are 3 # 3 c 3

#
#
(f) x 5 cos tanc" 4 3, y 5 sin tanc" 4 4 Cartesian coordinates are ($ 4)

3
3
Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates
663
(g) x c1 cos 71 1, y c1 sin 71 0 Cartesian coordinates are (1 0)

1
1
(h) x 23 cos 23 c3, y 23 sin 23 3 Cartesian coordinates are c3 3
7. (a) a1, 1b r 12 b 12 2, sin )
1
2
and cos )
1
2
1
4
Polar coordinates are 2, 1

4
(b) ac3, 0b r ac3b2 b 02 3, sin ) 0 and cos ) c1 ) 1 Polar coordinates are a3, 1b
2
(c) 3, c1 r 3 b ac1b2 2, sin ) c 1 and cos )

2
(d) ac3, 4b r ac3b2 b 42 5, sin )
4
5
3
2
111
6
Polar coordinates are 2,
111
6
and cos ) c 3 ) 1 c arctan 4 Polar coordinates are

5
3
5, 1 c arctan 4
3
1
1
1
8. (a) ac2, c2b r ac2b2 b ac2b2 22, sin ) c 2 and cos ) c 2 ) c 34 Polar coordinates are
1
22, c 34
(b) a0, 3b r 02 b 32 3, sin ) 1 and cos ) 0 )

2
(c) c3, 1 r c3 b 12 2, sin )
1
2
1
2
Polar coordinates are 3, 1

2
and cos ) c
(d) a5, c12b r 52 b ac12b2 13, sin ) c 12 and cos )

13
5
12
3
2
51
6
Polar coordinates are 2,
51
6
) carctan 12 Polar coordinates are

5
13, carctan 12
5
1
1
9. (a) a3, 3b r c32 b 32 c32, sin ) c and cos ) c )
2
2
c32,
51
4
Polar coordinates are
51
4
(b) ac1, 0b r cac1b2 b 02 c1, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 0 Polar coordinates are ac1, 0b
2
(c) c1, 3 r cac1b2 b 3 c2, sin ) c

c2,
3
2
and cos )
1
2
51
3
Polar coordinates are
51
3
(d) a4, c3b r c42 b ac3b2 c5, sin )
3
5
and cos ) c 4 ) 1 c arctan 3 Polar coordinates are

5
4
c5, 1 c arctan 4
3
10. (a) ac2, 0b r cac2b2 b 02 c2, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 0 Polar coordinates are ac2, 0b
(b) a1, 0b r c12 b 02 c1, sin ) 0 and cos ) c1 ) 1 or ) c1 Polar coordinates are ac1, 1b or
ac1, c1b
(c) a0, c3b r c02 b ac3b2 c3, sin ) 1 and cos ) 0 )
(d)
3 1
2 , 2
are c1,
r c
71
6
3 2
2
b 1 c1, sin ) c 1 and cos ) c

2
2
1
2
Polar coordinates are c3, 1

2
3
2
71
6
1
or ) c 56 Polar coordinates
1
or c1, c 56
664
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates
665
26.
27. r cos ) 2 x 2, vertical line through (# 0)
28. r sin ) c1 y c1, horizontal line through (0 c1)
29. r sin ) 0 y 0, the x-axis
30. r cos ) 0 x 0, the y-axis
31. r 4 csc ) r
4
sin )
32. r c3 sec ) r
r sin ) 4 y 4, a horizontal line through (0 4)
c3
cos )
r cos ) c3 x c3, a vertical line through (c3 0)
33. r cos ) b r sin ) 1 x b y 1, line with slope m c1 and intercept b 1

34. r sin ) r cos ) y x, line with slope m 1 and intercept b 0
35. r# 1 x# b y# 1, circle with center C (! 0) and radius 1
36. r# 4r sin ) x# b y# 4y x# b y# c 4y b 4 4 x# b (y c 2)# 4, circle with center C (0 2) and radius 2
37. r
5
sin )c2 cos )
r sin ) c 2r cos ) 5 y c 2x 5, line with slope m 2 and intercept b 5
38. r# sin 2) 2 2r# sin ) cos ) 2 (r sin ))(r cos )) 1 xy 1, hyperbola with focal axis y x
)
"
39. r cot ) csc ) cos ) sin ) r sin# ) cos ) r# sin# ) r cos ) y# x, parabola with vertex (0 0)
sin
which opens to the right

sin
40. r 4 tan ) sec ) r 4 cos )) r cos# ) 4 sin ) r# cos# ) 4r sin ) x# 4y, parabola with
#
vertex (! 0) which opens upward
41. r (csc )) er cos r sin ) er cos y ex , graph of the natural exponential function
)
42. r sin ) ln r b ln cos ) ln (r cos )) y ln x, graph of the natural logarithm function

43. r# b 2r# cos ) sin ) 1 x# b y# b 2xy 1 x# b 2xy b y# 1 (x b y)# 1 x b y 1, two parallel
straight lines of slope c1 and y-intercepts b 1
44. cos# ) sin# ) r# cos# ) r# sin# ) x# y# kxk kyk x y, two perpendicular
lines through the origin with slopes 1 and c1, respectively.
45. r# c4r cos ) x# b y# c4x x# b 4x b y# 0 x# b 4x b 4 b y# 4 (x b 2)# b y# 4, a circle with
center C(c2 0) and radius 2
666
46. r# c6r sin ) x# b y# c6y x# b y# b 6y 0 x# b y# b 6y b 9 9 x# b (y b 3)# 9, a circle with

center C(0 c3) and radius 3
47. r 8 sin ) r# 8r sin ) x# b y# 8y x# b y# c 8y 0 x# b y# c 8y b 16 16 x# b (y c 4)# 16, a
circle with center C(0 4) and radius 4
48. r 3 cos ) r# 3r cos ) x# b y# 3x x# b y# c 3x 0 x# c 3x b
#
x c 3 b y#
#
9
4
, a circle with center C 3 ! and radius

#
9
4
b y#
9
4
3
#
49. r 2 cos ) b 2 sin ) r# 2r cos ) b 2r sin ) x# b y# 2x b 2y x# c 2x b y# c 2y 0

(x c 1)# b (y c 1)# 2, a circle with center C(1 1) and radius 2
50. r 2 cos ) c sin ) r# 2r cos ) c r sin ) x# b y# 2x c y x# c 2x b y# b y 0
#
(x c 1)# b y b " 5 , a circle with center C 1 c " and radius
4
#
#
5
#
51. r sin ) b 1 2 r sin ) cos 1 b cos ) sin 1 2 #3 r sin ) b " r cos ) 2

6
6
6
#
3 y b x 4, line with slope m c " and intercept b 4
3
#
1
1
1
52. r sin 23 c ) 5 r sin 23 cos ) c cos 23 sin ) 5 #3 r cos ) b " r sin ) 5
#
3 x b y 10, line with slope m c3 and intercept b 10
53. x 7 r cos ) 7
55. x y r cos ) r sin ) )
yb " x2
#
3
#
xb " y5
#
54. y 1 r sin ) 1
1
4
56. x c y 3 r cos ) c r sin ) 3
57. x# b y# 4 r# 4 r 2 or r c2
58. x# c y# 1 r# cos# ) c r# sin# ) 1 r# acos# ) c sin# )b 1 r# cos 2) 1
x
9
y
4
59.
1 4x# b 9y# 36 4r# cos# ) b 9r# sin# ) 36
60. xy 2 (r cos ))(r sin )) 2 r# cos ) sin ) 2 2r# cos ) sin ) 4 r# sin 2) 4
61. y# 4x r# sin# ) 4r cos ) r sin# ) 4 cos )
62. x# b xy b y# 1 x# b y# b xy 1 r# b r# sin ) cos ) 1 r# (1 b sin ) cos )) 1
63. x# b (y c 2)# 4 x# b y# c 4y b 4 4 x# b y# 4y r# 4r sin ) r 4 sin )
64. (x c 5)# b y# 25 x# c 10x b 25 b y# 25 x# b y# 10x r# 10r cos ) r 10 cos )
65. (x c 3)# b (y b 1)# 4 x# c 6x b 9 b y# b 2y b 1 4 x# b y# 6x c 2y c 6 r# 6r cos ) c 2r sin ) c 6
66. (x b 2)# b (y c 5)# 16 x# b 4x b 4 b y# c 10y b 25 16 x# b y# c4x b 10y c 13
r# c4r cos ) b 10r sin ) c 13
Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates

67. (! )) where ) is any angle
68. (a) x a r cos ) a r
(b) y b r sin ) b r
a
cos )
b
sin )
r a sec )
r b csc )
11.4 GRAPHING IN POLAR COORDINATES

1. 1 b cos (c)) 1 b cos ) r symmetric about the
x-axis; 1 b cos (c)) cr and 1 b cos (1 c ))
1 c cos ) r not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
2. 2 c 2 cos (c)) 2 c 2 cos ) r symmetric about the

x-axis; 2 c # cos (c)) cr and 2 c 2 cos (1 c ))
2 b 2 cos ) r not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
3. 1 c sin (c)) 1 b sin ) r and 1 c sin (1 c ))

1 c sin ) cr not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 c sin (1 c )) 1 c sin ) r symmetric about
the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
4. 1 b sin (c)) 1 c sin ) r and 1 b sin (1 c ))

1 b sin ) cr not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 b sin (1 c )) 1 b sin ) r symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
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CHAPTER 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND

5. x cos 2t, y sin 2t, 0 t 1

6. x cos (1 c t), y sin (1 c t), 0 t 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

9. x sin t, y cos 2t, c 1 t

y cos 2t 1 c 2sin# t y 1 c 2x2

10. x 1 b sin t, y cos t c 2, 0 t 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

16. x c sec t, y tan t, c 1  t 

17. x c cosh t, y sinh t, c_  1  _

18. x 2 sinh t, y 2 cosh t, c_  t  _

19. (a) x a cos t, y ca sin t, 0 t 21

20. (a) x a sin t, y b cos t,

(b) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21

(b) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 21

c4. y gatb c%t b $ $ c %t.

One possible parameterization is: x # c $t, y $ c %t, t !.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

One possible parameterization is: x c" b t, y # c #t, t !.

c x t x cyt. Substitution yields

 21 0 s 21a is the interval for s.

c4tan2 ) a4tan2 )b2 c 4 sec2 ) a4tan2 ) c 1b

c2sin2 ) cos )cos2 ) c 3sin2 )

c2 b 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) c 3 and y c2 b 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) c 3 b 2 tan )

2 c 2 cos# t 2 sin# t. Therefore let x 2 cot t and y 2 sin# t, 0  t  1.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

c ); nOCG nOCP b nPCE

Then x OG c BG OG c PE (a c b) cos ) c b cos ! (a c b) cos ) c b cos 1 c

(a c b) sin ) c b sin 1 c a c b ) (a c b) sin ) c b sin a c b ) . Therefore

cos ) b a(cos )) acos# ) c sin# )b c (sin ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

a sin t tan t and

y OP cos t a sin t x a sin# t tan t and y a sin# t.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

cb cos ) x h b xw a) c b sin ) and y k b yw a c b cos ) are parametric equations of the trochoid.

4t$ c 4 0 t 1. The second derivative is always positive for t 0 t 1 gives a local

c6 cos t b 3 cos t b 6 sin t so that

the point 3 ! 1 #3 and 1 c #3 are the desired points.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES

c1; tangent line is y c 2 c1 x c 2 or y cx b

c21 sin 21t

c21 sec# 21t

c21 sin 21t

c21 sec 21t

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.2 Calculus With Parametric Curves

(c1)# 1; tangent line is

c1; tangent line is

c2; tangent line is y c 3 c2[x c (c2)] or y c2x c 1;

b3t b 1 < 3 (3t)

y c (c1) c " (x c 1) or y c " x c " ;

16. x c sec t, y tan t, c 1 t

17. x c cosh t, y sinh t, c_ 1 _

18. x 2 sinh t, y 2 cosh t, c_ t _

21 0 s 21a is the interval for s.

2 c 2 cos# t 2 sin# t. Therefore let x 2 cot t and y 2 sin# t, 0 t 1.