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Volga Türki

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Volga Turki
Old Tatar
Old Bashkir
ترکی
RegionVolga region, Ural region
EthnicityVolga Tatars, Bashkirs
EraMiddle Ages-19th century
developed into Bashkir and Tatar.
Turkic
Early form
Arabic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Volga Turki language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region (Tatars and Bashkirs) from the Middle Ages until the 19th century.

Volga Turki is a member of the Kipchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages, although it is partly derived from the ancient Bulgar language (the first poem, considered to be written by Qul Ghali in Volga Turki dates back to Volga Bulgaria's epoch). It included many Persian and Arabic loans.

In its written form the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak group, but pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making this written form universal for different languages. The main reason for this universal usage was that the principal differences between the languages of the Kipchak group are in the pronunciation of the vowels, which was not adequately represented by the Arabic script.

The language formerly used the Arabic script and later its variant İske imlâ. The Volga Turki language is a language of Idel-Ural poetry and literature. With the Ottoman Turkish, Azeri, Kipchak,[1] Khaqani Turkic[2] and Chagatai, they were the only Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages. It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspaper started being published in modern Tatar and Bashkir language, which until then had been used only in a spoken form.

Alphabet

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Name Isolated Final Medial Initial Modern Cyrillic Bashkir alphabet Modern Latin Bashkir alphabet IPA Notes
1 әлеп (әлиф) мәддә
əlip (əlif) məddə
آ ـا آ а a ɑ
2 әлеп (әлиф)
əlip (əlif)
ا ا ә, э, ы, и ə, i, ı, e æ, ɪ̆, ɤ̆, e
3 бей
biy
ب ـب ـبـ بـ б b b
4 пей
piy
پ ـپ ـپـ پـ п p p
5 тей
tiy
ت ـت ـتـ تـ т t t Before front towels
6 сей
siy
ث ـث ـثـ ثـ с, ҫ s, ś s, θ Only in borrowings from Arabic, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification
7 жем
jim
ج ـج ـجـ جـ ж, й j, y ʒ, j
8 сем
sim
چ ـچ ـچـ چـ ш, с ş, s ɕ, s
9 хей
xiy
ح ـح ـحـ حـ х x χ Only in borrowings from Arabic
10 хый
xıy
خ ـخ ـخـ خـ х x χ
11 дал
dal
د ـد د д d d
12 зал
zal
ذ ـذ ذ з, ҙ z, ź z, ð Only in Arabic loanwords, and in Bashkir words in 19th century modification
13 рей
riy
ر ـر ر р r ɾ
14 зей
ziy
ز ـز ز з z z
15 жей
jiy
ژ ـژ ژ ж j ʒ Only in Persian, French and Russian borrowings
16 сен
sin
س ـس ـسـ سـ с, ҫ s, ś s, θ Before front vowels
17 шен
şin
ش ـش ـشـ شـ ш ş ʃ
18 сад
sad
ص ـص ـصـ صـ с, ҫ s, θ s Before back vowels
19 дад, зад
dad, zad
ض ـض ـضـ ضـ д, з d, z d, z Only in borrowings from Arabic
20 та
ta
ط ـط ـطـ طـ т t t Before back vowels
21 за
za
ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ з, ҙ z, ð z, ð Only in borrowings from Arabic
22 ғәйн
ğəyn
ع ـع ـعـ عـ ғ ğ ʁ Only in borrowings from Arabic
23 ғайн
ğayn
غ ـغ ـغـ غـ ғ ğ ʁ
24 фей
fiy
ف ـف ـفـ فـ ф f ɸ
25 ҡаф
qaf
ق ـق ـقـ قـ ҡ q q
26 каф
kaf
ك/ ک ـك/ ـک ـكـ كـ к k k
27 гаф
gaf
گ ـگ ـگـ گـ г g g
28 һаңғырау каф
hañğıraw kaf
ڭ/ نک ـڭ/ ـنک ـڭـ/ ـنکـ ң ñ ŋ Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons
29 ләм
ləm
ل ـل ـلـ لـ л l l
30 мим
mim
م ـم ـمـ مـ м m m
31 нон
nun
ن ـن ـنـ نـ н n n
32 һей
hiy
ه ـه/ ـہ ـهـ/ ـہـ هـ һ, ә h, æ h, æ
33 вау
waw
و ـو و в, у, о, ө, ү w, o, u, ü, ö w/o, ʊ̆/ʏ̆, ɵ, u Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ў, у, о
34 вей
viy
ۋ ـۋ ۋ в v β Only in borrowings from European languages
35 ей
yiy
ی ـی/ ـے ـیـ یـ й, и, э, ы y, e, i, ı j, e, ɪ̆, ɤ̆

References

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  1. ^ "Memorials – written monuments of Turkic languages". unesco.kz. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  2. ^ Outstanding examples of the Uighur Middle Age literature are Yusuf Balasaghuni Qutatqu Bilik (Wisdom Of Royal Glory) (1069–70) and Mahmut Kashgari Divan-i Lugat-it Türk (Dictionary of Turkic Dialects) (1072)

Bibliography

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See also

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