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Tick–tock model

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Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every microarchitecture change (tock) was followed by a die shrink of the process technology (tick). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. As a general engineering model, tick–tock is a model that refreshes one side of a binary system each release cycle.

History

[edit]

Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (sometimes introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell, released in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture.[1] These occurred roughly every year to 18 months.[2] In 2014, Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture[3] not considered a new generation in and of itself.

In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it deprecated the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization.[4] The first optimization of the Skylake architecture was Kaby Lake. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake,[5] making a total of four generations at 14 nm.[6]

Roadmap

[edit]

Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon roadmap

[edit]
Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon roadmap
Change
(step) 		Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step 		Intel
Generation
Desktop/Mobile 		Intel
Generation
Xeon 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[7][8] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server 		Release
date 		Processors
8P/4P Server 4P/2P Server/WS Embedded Xeon 1P Xeon Enthusiast/WS Desktop Mobile
Tick
(new fabrica-
tion process) 		65 nm P6, NetBurst Yonah (P6),
Presler (NetBurst),
Cedar Mill (NetBurst) 		— 1995-11-1 (P6),
2000-11-20 (NetBurst) 		— — — Presler (NetBurst) Cedar Mill (NetBurst) Yonah (P6)
Tock
(new micro-
architecture) 		Core Merom[9] 2006-07-27[10][11] Tigerton Woodcrest
Clovertown 		Kentsfield Conroe Merom
Tick 45 nm Penryn 2007-11-11[12] Dunnington Harpertown Yorkfield Wolfdale Penryn
Tock Nehalem Nehalem 1 — NHM[13] — 2008-11-17[14] Beckton Gainestown Lynnfield Bloomfield Lynnfield Clarksfield
Tick 32 nm Westmere 1 WSM[13] 2010-01-04[15][16] Westmere-EX Westmere-EP — Gulftown Clarkdale Arrandale
Tock Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge 2 1 (E3/E5) SNB JKT (Jaketown) 2011-01-09[17] Skipped[18] Sandy Bridge-EP Gladden Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-E Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-M
Tick 22 nm[19] Ivy Bridge 3 2 (E3/E5/E7) IVB IVT (Ivytown) 2012-04-29 Ivy Bridge-EX[20] Ivy Bridge-EP[20] Gladden Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-E[21] Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-M
Tock Haswell Haswell 4 3 (E3/E5/E7) HSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro[22][23] 		HSX 2013-06-02 Haswell-EX Haswell-EP — Haswell-DT Haswell-E Haswell-DT[24] Haswell-MB (notebooks)
Haswell-LP (ultrabooks)[24]
Refresh Haswell Refresh,
Devil's Canyon[25] 		— — 2014-05-11,
2014-06-02 		No server version released Devil's Canyon No mobile version
released
Tick (Process) 14 nm[19] Broadwell[26] 5 4 (E3/E5/E7) BDW BDX 2014-09-05 Broadwell-EX[27] Broadwell-EP[27] Broadwell-DE Broadwell-DT Broadwell-E Broadwell-DT Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Tock (Architecture) Skylake[26] Skylake[26] 6 5 (E3)
1 (SP)
W-2100
W-31xx 		SKL
SKL-S
SKL-X
SKL-H
SKL-U
SKL-Y
SKL-D
SKL-DT 		SKX 2015-08-05[28] Skylake-SP Skylake-DE Skylake-D/DT/H Skylake-X Skylake Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Optimization
(Refresh)
[4][29][30][31] 		Kaby Lake[32] 7 6 (E3) KBL — 2017-01-03[33] Only 1P server (Xeon E3) version released Kaby Lake-DT/H
cores: 4 (4/8) 		Kaby Lake-X[34] Kaby Lake Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake R[35][36] 8 — KBL-R 2017-08-21[36] Only mobile version released Kaby Lake R
Coffee Lake 8[37] E-2100 CFL
CFL-S
CFL-E
CFL-H
CFL-U 		2017-10-05[38] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Coffee Lake-H Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-E) No WS version released Coffee Lake-S Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake[39] 		8 — WHL
AML 		2018-08-28[39] Only mobile version released Whiskey Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Skylake (Skylake-X Refresh) 9 ? 2018-10-08[40] Only WS version released Skylake X Only WS version released
Coffee Lake (Coffee Lake Refresh) 9[37] E-2200 CFL-R
CFL-ER
CFL-HR 		— 2018-10-08,[41] 2019-04-23[42] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-ER) No WS version released Coffee Lake-R Coffee Lake-H Refresh
Cascade Lake 10 2 (SP)
W-2200
W-3200 		CSL CXL 2019-04-02[43] Cascade Lake-SP Cascade Lake-AP — Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-X 		Only server / WS version released
Comet Lake,[44] Amber Lake 10 — CML
AML 		— 2019-08-21[44] No server version released Comet Lake-W Comet Lake-S Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Cascade Lake (Cascade Lake Refresh) — 2 (SP) — ? 2020-02-24[45] Cascade Lake R Only server version released
Cooper Lake — 3 (SP) — CPL
CPL-SP 		2020-06-18[46] Cooper Lake-SP Only 8P/4P server version released
Architecture Cypress Cove[47] Rocket Lake[47] 11 E-2300 RKL — 2021-03-30[48] — Rocket Lake-E Rocket Lake-W Rocket Lake-S —
Process 10 nm Palm Cove Cannon Lake 8 — CNL 2018-05-16[49] Only mobile version released Cannon Lake-U
Architecture Sunny Cove Ice Lake[50] 10 3 (SP) ICL ICX[51]
ICL-SP[51] 		2019-08-01[52] — Ice Lake-SP (2021-04-06)[51] Ice Lake-D (April 2021) — Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-Y
Optimization[31] Willow Cove Tiger Lake[31] 11 — TGL — 2020-09-02[53] Only mobile version released Tiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
Architecture Intel 7 Golden Cove Alder Lake 12 ADL 2021-11-04 No server / WS version released Alder Lake-S Alder Lake-HX
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
Sapphire Rapids[54] — 4 (SP)
W-2400
W-3400 		— SPR 2023-01-10 Sapphire Rapids-SP Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Sapphire Rapids-SP 		— Sapphire Rapids-WS Only server / WS version released
Optimization Raptor Cove Raptor Lake 13 — RPL — 2022-10-20 No server / WS version released Raptor Lake-S Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
Raptor Lake[55] (Raptor Lake Refresh) 14 E-2400 RPL-R 2023-10-17 Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Raptor Lake-E — Raptor Lake-S Refresh —
— 2024-01-08 Mobile processors refreshed Raptor Lake-HX Refresh
Core Series 1 Raptor Lake-U Refresh
Emerald Rapids — 5 (SP) — EMR 2023-12-14 Emerald Rapids-SP Only server version released
Tick Intel 4[56] Redwood Cove Meteor Lake[57] Core Ultra (Series 1) — MTL — 2023-12-14 Only mobile version released Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
Tick Intel 3 Granite Rapids[58] — Xeon 6 (SP) — GNR 2024-09-24[59] — Granite Rapids-AP — Only server / WS version released
2025 Q1[59][60] Granite Rapids-SP
2025[61] — Granite Rapids-D
Tick Intel 20A Lion Cove Arrow Lake[62] 15 (informally)
Core Ultra 200S
Core Ultra (Series 2) 		— ARL — 2024-10-03[disputed – discuss] No server / WS version released Arrow Lake-S —
Core Ultra 200H
Core Ultra 200HX
Intel Core Ultra H & HX Series[63] 		2025 Q1[63] — Arrow Lake-HX
Arrow Lake-H
Tick Intel 18A Lunar Lake Core Ultra 200V
Core Ultra (Series 2) 		— LNL — 2024-09-03[disputed – discuss] Only mobile version released Lunar Lake-V
Change
(step) 		Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step 		Intel
Generation
Desktop 		Intel
Generation
Xeon 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[7][8] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server 		Release
date 		8P/4P Server 4P/2P Server/WS Embedded Xeon 1P Xeon Enthusiast/WS Desktop Mobile
Processors

Atom roadmap

[edit]

With Silvermont Intel tried to start Tick-Tock in Atom architecture but problems with the 10 nm process did not allow to do this. In the table below instead of Tick-Tock steps Process-Architecture-Optimization are used. There is no official confirmation that Intel uses Process-Architecture-Optimization for Atom but it allows us to understand what changes happened in each generation.

Atom roadmap[64]
Change Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture
(Abbr.)[13] 		Code names
for step 		Release
date 		Processors/SoCs
MID, Smartphone Tablet Netbook Nettop Embedded Server CE
Process / Architecture 45 nm Bonnell (BNL) Bonnell 2008 Silverthorne — Diamondville — — —
Optimization Bonnell 2010 Lincroft Pineview Tunnel Creek
Stellarton 		— Sodaville
Groveland
Process 32 nm Saltwell 2011 Medfield (Penwell & Lexington) & Clover Trail+ (Cloverview) Clover Trail (Cloverview) Cedar Trail (Cedarview) — Centerton & Briarwood Berryville
Process / Architecture 22 nm Silvermont (SLM) Silvermont 2013 Merrifield (Tangier)[65] & Moorefield (Anniedale)[66] & Slayton Bay Trail-T
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview) 		Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview) 		Avoton
Rangeley 		Un­known
Process 14 nm[64] Airmont 2014 Binghamton & Riverton Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)[67] Braswell[68] Denverton
Cancelled 		Un­known
Architecture Goldmont[69]
(GLM) 		Goldmont 2016 Broxton Cancelled Broxton Cancelled
Apollo Lake 		Apollo Lake Apollo Lake Un­known Denverton Un­known
Architecture Goldmont Plus
(GLM+, GLP) 		Goldmont Plus 2017 Un­known Gemini Lake Gemini Lake Gemini Lake Un­known Un­known Un­known
Optimization Goldmont Plus 2019 Un­known Gemini Lake Refresh Gemini Lake Refresh Gemini Lake Refresh Un­known Un­known Un­known
Process / Architecture 10 nm Tremont Tremont 2020 Un­known Jasper Lake Jasper Lake Jasper Lake Elkhart Lake Snow Ridge Un­known
Architecture Intel 7 Gracemont Gracemont 2021 Un­known Un­known Alder Lake & Raptor Lake (hybrid) Un­known Un­known
Process / Architecture Intel 4 Crestmont Crestmont 2023 Un­known Un­known Meteor Lake[70] (hybrid) Sierra Forest-SP
Sierra Forest-AP 		Un­known

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL;[13] the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology.[71] In 2018, Intel announced that Knights Landing and all further Xeon Phi CPU models were discontinued.[72] However, Intel's Sierra Forest and subsequent Atom-based Xeon CPUs are likely a spiritual successor to Xeon Phi.

Both

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Intel Tick–Tock Model". Intel.com. Intel Corporation.
  2. ^ "Intel tick–tock model". intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved 2014-11-02. A yearly product cadence moves the industry forward in a predictable fashion that can be planned in advance.
  3. ^ "Intel Haswell Refresh Processors Codenamed Devil's Canyon - Launching in Mid 2014 With Unlocked Design and Improved TIM". Wccftech.com. 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  4. ^ a b "Intel's 'Tick–Tock' Seemingly Dead, Becomes 'Process–Architecture–Optimization'". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
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  6. ^ "Intel's 8th-gen 'Coffee Lake' chips reuse 14nm process as other Core CPUs ease into new tech". PC World. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  7. ^ a b Intel Releases Linux CPU Microcodes To fix Meltdown & Spectre Bugs by Lawrence Abrams on January 11, 2018
  8. ^ a b Linux* Processor Microcode Data File Version 20180312 on 3/12/2018
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  13. ^ a b c d "X86 / Amd64 library". GitHub. 25 October 2021.
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  35. ^ Products formerly Kaby Lake R
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  60. ^ Mann, Tobass (24 September 2024). "With Granite Rapids, Intel is back to trading blows with AMD". The Register. Retrieved 2024-10-20. ... With the launch of its Granite Rapids Xeons on Tuesday [24 September 2024], Intel is finally closing the gap ... Its 6700P-series parts, due out early next year, will feature up to two compute dies on board sporting up to 86 cores and a maximum of eight memory channels. ... The remainder of Intel's Xeon 6 roadmap, including its monster 288 E-core 6900E processors and four and eight-socket-capable 6700P parts, won't arrive until early next year. ...
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