Callichimaera

Callichimaera; Temporal range: Middle Cretaceous, 95–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Paratype specimen (MUN-STRI 27044-02)
	Life restoration C. perplexa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Suborder:	Pleocyemata
Infraorder:	Brachyura
Superfamily:	†Callichimaeroidea; Luque et al., 2019
Family:	†Callichimaeridae; Luque et al., 2019
Genus:	†Callichimaera; Luque et al., 2019
Species:	†C. perplexa
Binomial name
	†Callichimaera perplexa; Luque et al., 2019
Synonyms
	Archaeochimaera macrophthalma Luque, 2012 (nomen nudum);

Callichimaera perplexa is a species of small crabs known from the Cretaceous Churuvita Group of Colombia and the Frontier Formation of the United States.^[2] Because it possesses a strange combination of anatomical features, it is said to be the "platypus of crabs".^[3] The presence of certain features in this species, such as its large claws and swimming limbs, confirm that those features were present in the crab lineage up to 95 million years ago.^[4] It evolved during the Cretaceous crab revolution.

Etymology

The generic name Callichimaera is derived from the Ancient Greek prefix "calli-" (kalós), meaning beautiful, and "chimaera" (chímaira), meaning a composite mythological animal, a reference to the bizarre forms and characteristics of this species. The specific name is derived from the Latin "perplexus", meaning intricate (or perplexing in that manner), a reference to the complex anatomical affinities this species displays.^[2]

Description

Callichimaera possesses features that are commonly associated with the larval crab stage called the megalopa. This includes features like large compound eyes,^[5] a small fusiform body, and thin mouth parts.^[2] However, the fossil crabs also show evidence of sexual maturity, suggesting they are adult forms.^[2] This species likely evolved those larval features via a process called heterochrony.^[2]

These crabs were small, with carapace length up to 16 mm (0.63 in), and width up to 10 mm (0.39 in).^[2]

Callichimaera does not have the typical crab-like shape, something that has occurred several times among crabs since the Cretaceous.^[2]^[6]

Because Callichimaera has large paddle-like legs, it was probably an active swimmer, opposed to predominantly living on the seafloor.^[2]

Paleoecology

Ecological reconstruction of *C. perplexa* swimming in the sea

Callichimaera lived in a tropical environment.^[2] Fossils are rarely preserved in tropical settings in comparison to other parts of the world, making this fossil an even more unusual discovery.^[7] An in-depth study of the crab's eyes indicated that Callichimaera was an active predator living high in the water column.^[5]

Callichimaera was discovered in deposits also containing comma shrimp and caridean shrimp.^[8]

References

^ Luque, Javier (2012). Taxonomy, Biogeography and Phylogeny of Cretaceous Frog Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Neotropics (PDF) (Tesis thesis). Mémoire présenté à la Faculté Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.Sc. en sciences biologiques.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Luque, J.; Feldmann, R. M.; Vernygora, O.; Schweitzer, C. E.; Cameron, C. B.; Kerr, K. A.; Vega, F. J.; Duque, A.; Strange, M.; Palmer, A. R.; Jaramillo, C. (24 April 2019). "Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony". Science Advances. 5 (4): eaav3875. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3875L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3875. PMC 6482010. PMID 31032408.
^ "Meet Callichimaera perplexa, the platypus of crabs". YaleNews. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "How did crabs evolve 'crabbiness'? It's complicated". Science & Innovation. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Jenkins, Kelsey M.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Luque, Javier (January 2022). "The remarkable visual system of a Cretaceous crab". iScience. 25 (1): 103579. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3579J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103579. PMC 8715156. PMID 35005531. S2CID 245113954.
^ Wolfe, J.M.; Breinholt, J.W.; Crandall, K.A.; Lemmon, A.R.; Lemmon, E.M.; Timm, L.E.; Siddall, M.E.; Bracken-Grissom, H.D. (2019). "A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 286 (1901): 20190079. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0079. PMC 6501934. PMID 31014217.
^ Holland, Steven M. (19 July 2016). "The non-uniformity of fossil preservation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1699): 20150130. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0130. PMC 4920332. PMID 27325828.
^ Luque, Javier; Gerken, Sarah (27 November 2019). "Exceptional preservation of comma shrimp from a mid-Cretaceous Lagerstätte of Colombia, and the origins of crown Cumacea". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1916): 20191863. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1863. PMC 6939266. PMID 31771467.

[1] Luque, Javier (2012). Taxonomy, Biogeography and Phylogeny of Cretaceous Frog Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Neotropics (PDF) (Tesis thesis). Mémoire présenté à la Faculté Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.Sc. en sciences biologiques.

[Luque_et_al._2019-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Luque, J.; Feldmann, R. M.; Vernygora, O.; Schweitzer, C. E.; Cameron, C. B.; Kerr, K. A.; Vega, F. J.; Duque, A.; Strange, M.; Palmer, A. R.; Jaramillo, C. (24 April 2019). "Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony". Science Advances. 5 (4): eaav3875. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3875L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3875. PMC 6482010. PMID 31032408.

[Yale_News-3] "Meet Callichimaera perplexa, the platypus of crabs". YaleNews. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

[National_Geographic-4] "How did crabs evolve 'crabbiness'? It's complicated". Science & Innovation. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019.

[:0-5] Jenkins, Kelsey M.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Luque, Javier (January 2022). "The remarkable visual system of a Cretaceous crab". iScience. 25 (1): 103579. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3579J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103579. PMC 8715156. PMID 35005531. S2CID 245113954.

[6] Wolfe, J.M.; Breinholt, J.W.; Crandall, K.A.; Lemmon, A.R.; Lemmon, E.M.; Timm, L.E.; Siddall, M.E.; Bracken-Grissom, H.D. (2019). "A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 286 (1901): 20190079. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0079. PMC 6501934. PMID 31014217.

[7] Holland, Steven M. (19 July 2016). "The non-uniformity of fossil preservation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1699): 20150130. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0130. PMC 4920332. PMID 27325828.

[Comma_Shrimp_Paper-8] Luque, Javier; Gerken, Sarah (27 November 2019). "Exceptional preservation of comma shrimp from a mid-Cretaceous Lagerstätte of Colombia, and the origins of crown Cumacea". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1916): 20191863. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1863. PMC 6939266. PMID 31771467.

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