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{{Short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨θ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=θ
|ipa symbol=θ
|ipa number=130
|ipa number=130
|decimal1=952
|decimal1=952
|imagefile=Voiceless dental fricative (vector).svg
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0728.svg
|imagesize=150px
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=T
|x-sampa=T
Line 12: Line 12:
}}
}}


The '''voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in ''think''. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|θ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>T</code>. The IPA symbol is the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[theta]], which is used for this sound in post-classical [[Greek language|Greek]], and the sound is thus often referred to as "'''theta'''".
The '''voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in ''think''. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|θ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>T</code>. The IPA symbol is the lowercase [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[theta]], which is used for this sound in post-classical [[Greek language|Greek]], and the sound is thus often referred to as "'''theta'''".


The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "[[interdental consonant|interdental]]" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower [[teeth]], and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other [[dental consonant]]s.
The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "[[interdental consonant|interdental]]" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower [[teeth]], and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other [[dental consonant]]s.


This sound and its [[Voiced dental fricative|voiced counterpart]] are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref> Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only [[English language|English]], northern varieties of the [[Berber language]] of North Africa, Standard Peninsular [[Spanish language|Spanish]], various [[Varieties of Arabic|dialects of Arabic]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] (in words derived from Arabic), and [[Greek language|Greek]] have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] ({{IPA|/s/}}) (as in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[voiceless dental stop]] ({{IPA|/t/}}), or a [[voiceless labiodental fricative]] ({{IPA|/f/}}); known respectively as [[th-alveolarization]], [[th-stopping]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=565–66, 635}}</ref> and [[th-fronting]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=96–97, 328–30, 498, 500, 553, 557–58, 635}}</ref>
This sound and its [[Voiced dental fricative|voiced counterpart]] are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref> Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only [[English language|English]], northern varieties of the [[Berber languages]] of North Africa, Standard Peninsular [[Spanish language|Spanish]], various [[Varieties of Arabic|dialects of Arabic]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] (in words derived from Arabic), and [[Greek language|Greek]] have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] ({{IPA|/s/}}) (as in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[voiceless dental stop]] ({{IPA|/t/}}), or a [[voiceless labiodental fricative]] ({{IPA|/f/}}); known respectively as [[th-alveolarization]], [[th-stopping]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=565–66, 635}}</ref> and [[th-fronting]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=96–97, 328–30, 498, 500, 553, 557–58, 635}}</ref>


The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the [[Germanic languages]] or dialects, where it is retained only in [[Scots language|Scots]], [[English language|English]], and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], but it is [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative|alveolar]] in the last of these.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144–145}}</ref> Among non-Germanic [[Indo-European languages]] as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the [[Brythonic languages]], [[Peninsular Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], some [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialects and [[Greek language|Greek]]. It has likewise disappeared from many [[Semitic languages]], such as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (excluding [[Yemenite Hebrew]]) and many modern [[varieties of Arabic]] (excluding [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic]] and various dialects in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], as well as [[Modern Standard Arabic]]).
The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the [[Germanic languages]] or dialects, where it is retained only in [[Scots language|Scots]], [[English language|English]], and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], but it is [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative|alveolar]] in the last of these.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144–145}}</ref> Among non-Germanic [[Indo-European languages]] as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the [[Brythonic languages]], [[Peninsular Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], some [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialects and [[Greek language|Greek]]. It has likewise disappeared from many modern vernacular [[varieties of Arabic]], like Egyptian Arabic. Classical Arabic (used in reciting the Quran) still retains the sound.


==Features==
==Features==
Line 40: Line 40:
|Eastern Libya || {{lang|ar|ثِلاثة}} || {{IPA|[θɪˈlæːθæ]}} || 'three' ||
|Eastern Libya || {{lang|ar|ثِلاثة}} || {{IPA|[θɪˈlæːθæ]}} || 'three' ||
|-
|-
|[[Sanʽani Arabic|Sanaa]], Yemen<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|p=224}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|يِثَمَّن}} || {{IPA|[jɪˈθæmːæn]}} || 'it is priced' ||
|[[Sanʽani Arabic|Sanaa]], Yemen<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|p=224}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2023}} || {{lang|ar|يِثَمَّن}} || {{IPA|[jɪˈθæmːæn]}} || 'it is priced' ||
|-
|-
|Iraq || {{lang|ar|ثمانْية}} || {{IPA|[θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ]}} || 'eight' ||
|Iraq || {{lang|ar|ثمانْية}} || {{IPA|[θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ]}} || 'eight' ||
|-
|-
|[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]], Iran<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Versteegh|2001|p=159}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|الثانْية}} || {{IPA|[ɪθˈθæːnjæ]}} || 'the second one' ||
|[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]], Iran<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Versteegh|2001|p=159}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|الثانْية}} || {{IPA|[ɪθˈθæːnjæ]}} || 'the second one' ||
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|an|arbu'''z'''o}} || {{IPA|[arˈbuθo]}} || 'bush' ||
|colspan=2| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|an|arbu'''z'''o}} || {{IPA|[arˈbuθo]}} || 'bush' ||
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| {{ill|Fribourgeois|fr|}} || è'''th'''êla || {{IPA|[e'θɛːla]}} || 'star' ||
| {{ill|Fribourgeois|fr|}} || è'''th'''êla || {{IPA|[e'θɛːla]}} || 'star' ||
|-
|-
| {{ill|Valaisan|fr|Valaisan_(langue)}} || '''cl'''âf || {{IPA|[θo]}} || 'key' || Limited to {{ill|l'Étivaz|fr|L%27Étivaz_(Vaud)}} ([[Vaud|VD]]), [[Bourg-Saint-Pierre]] ([[Valais|VS]]), and a few other villages.
| {{ill|Valaisan|fr|Valaisan_(langue)}} || '''cll'''âf || {{IPA|[θo]}} || 'key' || Limited to {{ill|l'Étivaz|fr|L%27Étivaz_(Vaud)}} ([[Vaud|VD]]), [[Bourg-Saint-Pierre]] ([[Valais|VS]]), and a few other villages.
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || ܒܝܬܐ bè'''ṭ'''a || {{IPA|[beːθa]}} || 'house' || Mostly used in the [[Turoyo|Western]], [[Barwari]], [[Tel Keppe]], [[Batnaya]] and [[Alqosh]] dialects; realized as {{IPAblink|t}} in other varieties.
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || ܒܝܬܐ bè'''ṭ'''a || {{IPA|[beːθa]}} || 'house' || Mostly used in the [[Turoyo|Western]], [[Barwari]], [[Tel Keppe]], [[Batnaya]] and [[Alqosh]] dialects; realized as {{IPAblink|t}} in other varieties.
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || {{lang|ast|[[Asturian alphabet|'''z'''umu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈθumu]}} || 'juice' ||
|colspan=2| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || {{lang|ast|[[Asturian alphabet|'''z'''usmiu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈθusmju]}} || 'juice' ||
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Avestan language|Avestan]] || {{lang|ae|𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀‎}} ''xša'''θ'''ra'' || {{IPA|[xʃaθra]}} || 'kingdom' || Ancient dead [[sacred language]].
|colspan=2| [[Avestan language|Avestan]] || {{lang|ae|𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀‎}} ''xša'''θ'''ra'' || {{IPA|[xʃaθra]}} || 'kingdom' || Ancient dead [[sacred language]].
Line 77: Line 77:
|colspan=2| [[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emiliano-Romagnol]]<ref>[http://www.bulgnais.com/fonetica.html Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese] {{in lang|it}}</ref> || {{lang|egl|fâ'''z'''a|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈfaːθɐ]}} || 'face' ||
|colspan=2| [[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emiliano-Romagnol]]<ref>[http://www.bulgnais.com/fonetica.html Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese] {{in lang|it}}</ref> || {{lang|egl|fâ'''z'''a|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈfaːθɐ]}} || 'face' ||
|-
|-
| [[English language|English]] || Most dialects|| ''[[English orthography|'''th'''in]]'' || {{Audio-IPA|thin-pronunciation-nonlabial-audio.ogg|[θɪn]|help=no}} || 'thin' || See [[English phonology]]
⚫
|rowspan=2|[[English language|English]]
|[[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=143}}
|rowspan=2 | ''[[English orthography|'''th'''in]]''
⚫
| {{IPA|[θɪn]}}
|rowspan=2 | 'thin'
⚫
|
|-
|[[Western American English|Western American]]
| {{Audio-IPA|thin-pronunciation-nonlabial-audio.ogg|[θ̪͆ɪn]|help=no}}
| Interdental.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=143}}
|-
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || Most dialects<ref name="regueira">{{Harvcoltxt|Regueira|1996|pp=119–120}}</ref> || {{lang|gl|'''c'''ero|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈθɛɾo]}}|| 'zero' || Merges with {{IPA|/s/}} into {{IPAblink|s}} in Western dialects.<ref name="regueira"/> See [[Galician phonology]]
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || Most dialects<ref name="regueira">{{Harvcoltxt|Regueira|1996|pp=119–120}}</ref> || {{lang|gl|'''c'''ero|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈθɛɾo]}}|| 'zero' || Merges with {{IPA|/s/}} into {{IPAblink|s}} in Western dialects.<ref name="regueira"/> See [[Galician phonology]]
Line 107: Line 98:
|-
|-
| [[Hlai languages|Hlai]] || Basadung ||colspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[θsio]}} || 'one' ||
| [[Hlai languages|Hlai]] || Basadung ||colspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[θsio]}} || 'one' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic alphabet|'''þ'''að]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[θaːð]}} || 'that' ||
|-
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]]<ref name="hall">{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1944|p=75}}</ref> || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|i capi'''t'''ani]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]}} || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.<ref name="hall"/> See [[Italian phonology]] and [[Tuscan gorgia]]
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]]<ref name="hall">{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1944|p=75}}</ref> || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|i capi'''t'''ani]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]}} || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.<ref name="hall"/> See [[Italian phonology]] and [[Tuscan gorgia]]
Line 134: Line 123:
| Vivaro-Alpine || '''ch'''in || {{IPA|[θĩ]}} || 'dog' || Limited to Vénosc, in the [[Isère|Isère department]].
| Vivaro-Alpine || '''ch'''in || {{IPA|[θĩ]}} || 'dog' || Limited to Vénosc, in the [[Isère|Isère department]].
|-
|-
⚫
|colspan=2| [[Old Persian]] || {{lang|ae|𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹'''𐎰'''𐎡𐎹}} ''xšāya'''θ'''iya'' || {{IPA|[xʃaːjaθija]}} || 'king' || This sound does not occur in modern Persian.
|colspan=2| Early [[Old French]] || {{lang|fro|amé'''ṭ'''}} || {{IPA|[aˈmeːθ]}} || 'loved, beloved (masculine)' || Disappeared by the 12th century.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Einhorn|1974|p=13}}</ref> Word-final allophone of /ð/; this example also alternates with feminine {{lang|fro|améḍe}} {{IPA|[aˈmeːðə]}}.
|-
⚫
|colspan=2| [[Old Persian]] || {{lang|peo|𐏋}} ''XŠ'' / ''xšāya'''θ'''iya'' || {{IPA|[xʃaːjaθija]}} || '[[Shah]]' || Ancient extinct language.
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Saanich dialect|Saanich]] || ''TÁ'''Ŧ'''ES'' || {{IPA|[teθʔəs]}} || 'eight' ||
|colspan=2| [[Saanich dialect|Saanich]] || ''TÁ'''Ŧ'''ES'' || {{IPA|[teθʔəs]}} || 'eight' ||
Line 150: Line 137:
| rowspan=2|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Peninsular Spanish|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref> || rowspan=1|{{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ca'''z'''ar]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan=1|{{IPA|[käˈθ̪͆äɾ]}}|| rowspan="1" |'to hunt' || rowspan=1|Interdental. See [[Spanish phonology]] and ''[[Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives|Seseo]]''. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.''
| rowspan=2|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Peninsular Spanish|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref> || rowspan=1|{{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ca'''z'''ar]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan=1|{{IPA|[käˈθ̪͆äɾ]}}|| rowspan="1" |'to hunt' || rowspan=1|Interdental. See [[Spanish phonology]] and ''[[Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives|Seseo]]''. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.''
|-
|-
| [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]] || rowspan=1|{{lang|es|pare'''d'''}} || rowspan=1|{{IPA|[paˈɾeθ]}}|| rowspan="1" |'wall' || rowspan=1| Word-final, especially in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|García Mouton|Molina Martos|2016|p=283–296}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Molina Martos|2016|p=347–367}}</ref> Corresponds to [ð] in standard Spanish.
| [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]] || rowspan=1|{{lang|es|pare'''d'''}} || rowspan=1|{{IPA|[paˈɾeθ]}}|| rowspan="1" |'wall' || rowspan=1| Word-final, especially in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|García Mouton|Molina Martos|2016|p=283–296}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Molina Martos|2016|p=347–367}}</ref> Corresponds to {{IPA|[ð]}} in standard Spanish.
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|'''th'''amini]]}} || {{IPA|[θɑˈmini]}} || 'value' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|'''th'''amini]]}} || {{IPA|[θɑˈmini]}} || 'value' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
Line 157: Line 144:
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Toda language|Toda]] || {{lang|tcx|[[Tamil script|உஇனபஒ'''த''']]}} || {{IPA|[wɨnboθ]}} || 'nine' ||
|colspan=2| [[Toda language|Toda]] || {{lang|tcx|[[Tamil script|உஇனபஒ'''த''']]}} || {{IPA|[wɨnboθ]}} || 'nine' ||
⚫
|-
⚫
| colspan="2" |[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|'''''s'''en''
⚫
|{{IPA|[θɛn]}}
|'you'
|Realization of the /z/ phoneme
|-
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]] || [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]] || {{lang|ttm-Latn|'''th'''o}} || {{IPA|[θo]}} ||rowspan=2| 'pants' ||
|rowspan=2| [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]] || [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]] || {{lang|ttm-Latn|'''th'''o}} || {{IPA|[θo]}} ||rowspan=2| 'pants' ||
Line 178: Line 171:
|[[Zotung language|Zotung]]
|[[Zotung language|Zotung]]
|Standard dialect of Lungngo
|Standard dialect of Lungngo
|''kacciade''
|''ka'''cc'''iade''
|| {{IPA|[kəˈθʲaːðɛ]}} || 'I go'
|| {{IPA|[kəˈθʲaːðɛ]}} || 'I go'
|Realized as {{IPA|[sʲ]}} and {{IPA|[t]}} in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant.
|Realized as {{IPA|[sʲ]}} and {{IPA|[t]}} in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant.
Line 195: Line 188:
The '''voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant''' is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of [[Andalusian Spanish]]. It has no official symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], though its features would be transcribed {{angbr IPA|s̻̪}} or {{angbr IPA|s̪̻}} (using the {{angbr IPA|◌̻}}, the diacritic marking a [[laminal consonant]], and {{angbr IPA|◌̪}}, the diacritic marking a [[dental consonant]]). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as {{angbr IPA|s̄}}, {{angbr IPA|θˢ̣}}, or {{angbr IPA|s&#799;}} ([[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|advanced diacritic]]).
The '''voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant''' is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of [[Andalusian Spanish]]. It has no official symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], though its features would be transcribed {{angbr IPA|s̻̪}} or {{angbr IPA|s̪̻}} (using the {{angbr IPA|◌̻}}, the diacritic marking a [[laminal consonant]], and {{angbr IPA|◌̪}}, the diacritic marking a [[dental consonant]]). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as {{angbr IPA|s̄}}, {{angbr IPA|θˢ̣}}, or {{angbr IPA|s&#799;}} ([[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|advanced diacritic]]).


{{Harvcoltxt|Dalbor|1980}} describes this sound as follows: "{{IPA|[s̄]}} is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called ''s coronal'' or ''s plana'' because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal {{IPA|[s̄]}}, heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of {{IPA|/θ/}} ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this {{IPA|[s̄]}} as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental {{IPA|[θ̦]}}, suggesting a combined symbol {{IPA|[θˢ̣]}} to represent it".
{{Harvcoltxt|Dalbor|1980}} describes this sound as follows: "{{IPA|[s̄]}} is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called ''s coronal'' or ''s plana'' because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal {{IPA|[s̄]}}, heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of {{IPA|/θ/}} ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this {{IPA|[s̄]}} as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental {{IPA|[θ̦]}}, suggesting a combined symbol {{IPA|[θˢ̣]}} to represent it".


===Features===
===Features===
Line 411: Line 404:
|doi=10.4000/lapurdum.3375
|doi=10.4000/lapurdum.3375
|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
|language=es}}
|language=es|hdl=10261/265245
|hdl-access=free
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 19:23, 2 November 2024

Voiceless dental fricative
θ
IPA Number130
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#952;
Unicode (hex)U+03B8
X-SAMPAT
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in think. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨θ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the lowercase Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta".

The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages.[1] Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, northern varieties of the Berber languages of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish, various dialects of Arabic, Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative.[citation needed] Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative (/s/) (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (/t/), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping,[2] and th-fronting.[3]

The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these.[4][5] Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Peninsular Spanish, Galician, Venetian, Tuscan, Albanian, some Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many modern vernacular varieties of Arabic, like Egyptian Arabic. Classical Arabic (used in reciting the Quran) still retains the sound.

Features

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Features of the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian thotë [θɔtə] 'says'
Arabic Modern Standard[6] ثَوْب [θawb]ⓘ 'a dress' Represented by ⟨ث⟩. See Arabic phonology.
Eastern Libya ثِلاثة [θɪˈlæːθæ] 'three'
Sanaa, Yemen[7][full citation needed] يِثَمَّن [jɪˈθæmːæn] 'it is priced'
Iraq ثمانْية [θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ] 'eight'
Khuzestan, Iran[8] الثانْية [ɪθˈθæːnjæ] 'the second one'
Aragonese arbuzo [arˈbuθo] 'bush'
Arapaho yoo3on [jɔːθɔn] 'five'
Arpitan Genevan [fr] and Savoyard marchiê [maʁθ'ia] 'market'
Fribourgeois [fr] èthêla [e'θɛːla] 'star'
Valaisan [fr] cllâf [θo] 'key' Limited to l'Étivaz [fr] (VD), Bourg-Saint-Pierre (VS), and a few other villages.
Assyrian ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa [beːθa] 'house' Mostly used in the Western, Barwari, Tel Keppe, Batnaya and Alqosh dialects; realized as [t] in other varieties.
Asturian zusmiu [ˈθusmju] 'juice'
Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀‎ xšaθra [xʃaθra] 'kingdom' Ancient dead sacred language.
Bashkir дуҫ / duθ [duθ]ⓘ 'friend'
Berber Ṯmaziɣṯ [θmæzɪɣθ] 'Berber (language)'(noun) This pronunciation is common in northern Morocco, central Morocco, and northern Algeria.
Berta [θɪ́ŋɑ̀] 'to eat'
Burmese[9] သုံး / thon: [θòʊ̯̃] 'three' Commonly realized as an affricate [t̪͡θ].[10]
Cornish eth [ɛθ] 'eight'
Emiliano-Romagnol[11] fâza [ˈfaːθɐ] 'face'
English Most dialects thin [θɪn]ⓘ 'thin' See English phonology
Galician Most dialects[12] cero [ˈθɛɾo] 'zero' Merges with /s/ into [s] in Western dialects.[12] See Galician phonology
Greek θάλασσα [ˈθalasa] 'sea' See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno [riθo] 'eye'
Gwich’in thał [θaɬ] 'pants'
Halkomelem θqet [θqet] 'tree'
Hän nihthän [nihθɑn] 'I want'
Harsusi [θəroː] 'two'
Hebrew Iraqi עברית [ʕibˈriːθ] 'Hebrew' (language) See Modern Hebrew phonology
Yemenite [ʕivˈriːθ]
Hlai Basadung [θsio] 'one'
Italian Tuscan[13] i capitani [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] 'the captains' Intervocalic allophone of /t/.[13] See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia
Kabyle ṯafaṯ [θafaθ] 'light'(noun)
Karen Sgaw သၢ [θə˧] 'three'
Karuk yiθa [jiθa] 'one'
Kickapoo neθwi [nɛθwi] 'three'
Kwama [mɑ̄ˈθíl] 'to laugh'
Leonese ceru [θeɾu] 'zero'
Lorediakarkar [θar] 'four'
Malay Selasa [θəlaθa] 'Tuesday' Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords with the [s] sound and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers. See Malay phonology.
Massa [faθ] 'five'
Occitan Gascon macipon [maθiˈpu] '(male) child' Limited the sub-dialects of the region of Castillonais, in the Ariège department.
Vivaro-Alpine chin [θĩ] 'dog' Limited to Vénosc, in the Isère department.
Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 xšāyaθiya [xʃaːjaθija] 'king' This sound does not occur in modern Persian.
Saanich TÁŦES [teθʔəs] 'eight'
Sardinian Nuorese petha [pɛθa] 'meat'
Shark Bay [θar] 'four'
Shawnee nthwi [nθwɪ] 'three'
Sioux Nakoda ktusa [ktũˈθa] 'four'
Spanish European[14] cazar [käˈθ̪͆äɾ] 'to hunt' Interdental. See Spanish phonology and Seseo. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.
Castilian pared [paˈɾeθ] 'wall' Word-final, especially in Madrid.[15][16] Corresponds to [ð] in standard Spanish.
Swahili thamini [θɑˈmini] 'value' Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
Tanacross thiit [θiːtʰ] 'embers'
Toda உஇனபஒத [wɨnboθ] 'nine'
Turkmen sen [θɛn] 'you' Realization of the /z/ phoneme
Tutchone Northern tho [θo] 'pants'
Southern thü [θɨ]
Upland Yuman Havasupai [θerap] 'five'
Hualapai [θarap]
Yavapai [θerapi]
Venetian Eastern dialects çinque [ˈθiŋkwe] 'five' Corresponds to /s/ in other dialects.
Wolaytta shiththa [ɕiθθa] 'flower'
Welsh saith [saiθ] 'seven'
Zhuang saw [θaːu˨˦] 'language'
Zotung Standard dialect of Lungngo kacciade [kəˈθʲaːðɛ] 'I go' Realized as [sʲ] and [t] in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant.

Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant

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Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant
s̻̪
s̪̻
s̟
Encoding
X-SAMPAs_m_d

The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of Andalusian Spanish. It has no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, though its features would be transcribed ⟨s̻̪⟩ or ⟨s̪̻⟩ (using the ⟨◌̻⟩, the diacritic marking a laminal consonant, and ⟨◌̪⟩, the diacritic marking a dental consonant). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as ⟨s̄⟩, ⟨θˢ̣⟩, or ⟨s̟⟩ (advanced diacritic).

Dalbor (1980) describes this sound as follows: "[s̄] is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called s coronal or s plana because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal [s̄], heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of /θ/ ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this [s̄] as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental [θ̦], suggesting a combined symbol [θˢ̣] to represent it".

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant:

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Spanish Andalusian[17] casa [ˈkäs̻̪ä] 'house' Present in dialects with ceceo. See Spanish phonology

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
  2. ^ Wells (1982:565–66, 635)
  3. ^ Wells (1982:96–97, 328–30, 498, 500, 553, 557–58, 635)
  4. ^ Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  5. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144–145)
  6. ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
  7. ^ [[#CITEREF|]]:224)
  8. ^ Versteegh (2001:159)
  9. ^ Watkins (2001:291–292)
  10. ^ Watkins (2001:292)
  11. ^ Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese (in Italian)
  12. ^ a b Regueira (1996:119–120)
  13. ^ a b Hall (1944:75)
  14. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  15. ^ García Mouton & Molina Martos (2016:283–296)
  16. ^ Molina Martos (2016:347–367)
  17. ^ a b Dalbor (1980:9)

References

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  • Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
  • Einhorn, E. (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-09838-6
  • Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
  • Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English", Journal of Linguistics, 20 (2): 233–250, doi:10.1017/S0022226700013876, S2CID 145672742
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen (2005), "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English" (PDF), Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 3 (2): 377–413, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-25, retrieved 2008-11-15
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie", Phonetica, 33 (4): 203–216, doi:10.1159/000259344, S2CID 145316121
  • Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26 (2): 119–122, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162, S2CID 241094214
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Versteegh, Kees (2001), The Arabic Language, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0748614363
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
  • Wells, John C (1982), Accents of English, vol. second, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
  • Molina Martos, Isabel (December 2016), "Variación de la -/d/ final de palabra en Madrid: ¿prestigio abierto o encubierto?", Boletín de filología (in Spanish), 51 (2): 347–367, doi:10.4067/S0718-93032016000200013
  • García Mouton, Pilar; Molina Martos, Isabel (1 January 2016), "La –/d/ final en el atlas dialectal de Madrid (ADIM): un cambio en marcha", Lapurdum (in Spanish) (19): 283–296, doi:10.4000/lapurdum.3375, hdl:10261/265245
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