Terminal nerve: Difference between revisions
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Changing short description from "Cranial nerve 0." to "Cranial nerve 0" (Shortdesc helper) |
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{{Short description|Cranial nerve 0}} |
{{Short description|Cranial nerve 0}} |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
{{Infobox anatomy |
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| Name = |
| Name = Terminal nerve |
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| Latin = nervus terminalis |
| Latin = nervus terminalis |
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| Image = Lawrence 1960 1.3.png |
| Image = Lawrence 1960 1.3.png |
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{{Cranial nerves short}} |
{{Cranial nerves short}} |
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The '''terminal nerve''', also known as '''cranial nerve |
The '''terminal nerve''', also known as '''cranial nerve zero''' or simply as '''CN 0''',<!--Each CN article, CN 0 plus CN I to CN XII, should not fail to have the standard, established synonyms at outset, nor be styled substantially differently from the others; do not change this aspect of any particular one of them without first discussing the same change for all of them.--> is a [[nerve]] that was not included in the seminal classification of the [[cranial nerves]] as CN I through CN XII, but has since been recognized and listed in [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA2]].<ref name="Ruqa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ruqa WA, Pennacchia F, Rusi E, Zoccali F, Bruno G, Talarico G, Barbato C, Minni A |title=Smelling TNT: Trends of the Terminal Nerve |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=25 |issue=7 |date=March 2024 |page=3920 |pmid=38612730 |pmc=11011448 |doi=10.3390/ijms25073920 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> It was discovered by German scientist [[Gustav Fritsch]] in 1878 in the [[brain]]s of [[shark]]s, and was first found in [[human]]s in 1913.<ref name="Sex and the Secret Nerve"> |
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{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0207-20 |title=Sex and the Secret Nerve |journal=Scientific American Mind |volume=18 |pages=20–7 |year=2007 |last1=Fields |first1=R. Douglas}} |
{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0207-20 |title=Sex and the Secret Nerve |journal=Scientific American Mind |volume=18 |pages=20–7 |year=2007 |last1=Fields |first1=R. Douglas}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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Studies have confirmed that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the adult [[human brain]].<ref name="ape">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuller GN, Burger PC |title=Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human |journal=Clin Neuropathol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=279–83 |date=1990 |pmid=2286018 |doi= |url=}} |
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{{cite journal |vauthors= Fuller GN, Burger PC |title= Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human |journal= Clinical Neuropathology |volume= 9 |issue= 6 |pages= 279–83 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2286018 |
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|quote= The presence of an additional cranial nerve (the nervus terminalis or cranial nerve zero) is well documented in many non-human vertebrate species. However, its existence in the adult human has been disputed. The present study focused on the structure and incidence of this nerve in the adult human brain. The nerve was examined post-mortem in 10 adult brains using dissection microscopy, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and {{shy|immuno|histo|chemistry}}. In all specimens, the nervus terminalis was identified bilaterally as a microscopic plexus of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fascicles in the subarachnoid space covering the gyrus rectus of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes. The plexus appeared in the region of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and coursed posteriorly to the vicinity of the olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and lamina terminalis. We conclude that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the adult human brain, confirming early light microscopic reports. |
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{{cite web |last= Berman |first= Laura |title= Scientists discover secret sex nerve |website= [[Today (American TV program)#External links|TODAY.com]] |date= March 25, 2008 |url= https://www.today.com/health/scientists-discover-secret-sex-nerve-1C9425629 |access-date= June 27, 2019 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20190627191604/https://www.today.com/health/scientists-discover-secret-sex-nerve-1C9425629 |archivedate= June 27, 2019}} |
{{cite web |last= Berman |first= Laura |title= Scientists discover secret sex nerve |website= [[Today (American TV program)#External links|TODAY.com]] |date= March 25, 2008 |url= https://www.today.com/health/scientists-discover-secret-sex-nerve-1C9425629 |access-date= June 27, 2019 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20190627191604/https://www.today.com/health/scientists-discover-secret-sex-nerve-1C9425629 |archivedate= June 27, 2019}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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The nerve has been called unofficially by other names, including cranial nerve XIII, zero nerve, nerve N,<ref name="Bordoni B, Zanier E 2013 87–91"> |
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The accepted name of ''terminal nerve'' is due to its entrance in the [[lamina terminalis]] regions.<ref name="Ruqa"/> The nerve has previously been called cranial nerve XIII, zero nerve, nerve N, and NT.<ref name="Bordoni B, Zanier E 2013 87–91"> |
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{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
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|last1= Bordoni |first1= Bruno |last2= Zanier |first2= Emiliano |
|last1= Bordoni |first1= Bruno |last2= Zanier |first2= Emiliano |
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|pmc= 3601045 |
|pmc= 3601045 |
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|doi= 10.2147/JMDH.S39132 |
|doi= 10.2147/JMDH.S39132 |
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}}</ref> |
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{{cite journal |last= Vilensky |first= JA |title= The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N) |journal= Clinical Anatomy |volume= 27 |issue= 1 |pages= 46–53 |date= January 2014 |pmid= 22836597 |doi= 10.1002/ca.22130|s2cid= 21454488 }}</ref> |
{{cite journal |last= Vilensky |first= JA |title= The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N) |journal= Clinical Anatomy |volume= 27 |issue= 1 |pages= 46–53 |date= January 2014 |pmid= 22836597 |doi= 10.1002/ca.22130|s2cid= 21454488 }}</ref> |
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==Structure== |
==Structure== |
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[[File:Fritsch dogfish shark brain.png|thumb|right|170px|The original images (1878) of Fritsch's dogfish shark brain showing the nerve marked by an asterisk |
[[File:Fritsch dogfish shark brain.png|thumb|right|170px|The original images (1878) of Fritsch's dogfish shark brain showing the nerve marked by an asterisk]] |
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The terminal nerve appears just |
The terminal nerve appears just in front of the other [[cranial nerves]] and would, if earlier recognized, have been classified as cranial nerve one. It first appears bilaterally as a microscopic [[plexus]] of [[myelination|unmyelinated]] [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] [[nerve fibers]] in the [[subarachnoid space]] covering the [[straight gyrus]]. The plexus appears near the [[cribriform plate]] and travels posteriorly toward the [[olfactory trigone]] and [[lamina terminalis]].<ref name="ape" /> |
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The terminal nerve is clearly seen in the human embryo but loses some of its ganglion cells before birth making it less recognizable in adults.<ref name="AnatRec">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peña-Melián Á, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, González-López L, Villanueva-Anguita P, Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sánchez D, Martínez-Marcos A |title=Cranial Pair 0: The Nervus Terminalis |journal=Anat Rec (Hoboken) |volume=302 |issue=3 |pages=394–404 |date=March 2019 |pmid=29663690 |doi=10.1002/ar.23826 |url=}}</ref> The nerve is therefore often overlooked in [[autopsies]], and is often torn out upon exposing the brain.<ref name="Bordoni B, Zanier E 2013 87–91"/> Careful [[dissection]] is necessary to visualize the nerve. |
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The nerve is often overlooked in [[autopsies]] because it is unusually thin for a cranial nerve, and is often torn out upon exposing the brain.<ref name="Bordoni B, Zanier E 2013 87–91"/> Careful [[dissection]] is necessary to visualize the nerve. Its purpose and mechanism of function is still open to debate; consequently, nerve zero is often not mentioned in [[anatomy]] textbooks.<ref name="Sex and the Secret Nerve"/> |
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===Development=== |
===Development=== |
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The [[zebrafish]] was used as a developmental model in research from 2004.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whitlock KE |title=Development of the nervus terminalis: origin and migration |journal=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=65 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–12 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15570589 |doi=10.1002/jemt.20094|s2cid=8736656 }}</ref> |
The [[zebrafish]] was used as a developmental model in research from 2004.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whitlock KE |title=Development of the nervus terminalis: origin and migration |journal=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=65 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–12 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15570589 |doi=10.1002/jemt.20094|s2cid=8736656 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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The connections between the terminal nerve and the olfactory system have been extensively studied in human embryos. |
The connections between the terminal nerve and the [[olfactory system]] have been extensively studied in human embryos. [[Olfactory nerve|olfactory nerve fibers]] enter the brain at stage 17, fibers from the [[vomeronasal organ]] and fibers of the terminal nerve enter the brain at stages 17 and 18.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller F, O'Rahilly R |title=Olfactory structures in staged human embryos |journal=Cells Tissues Organs |volume=178 |issue=2 |pages=93–116 |year=2004 |pmid=15604533 |doi=10.1159/000081720|s2cid=43056268 }}</ref> During [[prenatal development]] some of the ganglion cells are lost.<ref name="AnatRec"/> |
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==Function== |
==Function== |
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Although very close to<ref name="pmid15570592">{{cite journal |author=Von Bartheld CS |title=The terminal nerve and its relation with extrabulbar "olfactory" projections: lessons from lampreys and lungfishes |journal=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=65 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–24 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15570592 |doi=10.1002/jemt.20095}}</ref> |
The functions of the terminal nerve are only speculated on together with possible pathological implications.<ref name="Ruqa"/> Although very close to the [[olfactory nerve]], the terminal nerve is not connected to the [[olfactory bulb]], where [[Odor|smells]] are analyzed. This suggests that the nerve is either [[vestigial]] or may be related to the sensing of [[pheromone]]s.<ref name="pmid15570592">{{cite journal |author=Von Bartheld CS |title=The terminal nerve and its relation with extrabulbar "olfactory" projections: lessons from lampreys and lungfishes |journal=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=65 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–24 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15570592 |doi=10.1002/jemt.20095|doi-access=free }}</ref> The nerve may modulate olfactory inputs making pheromones (particularly [[sex pheromone]]s) more detectable.<ref name="Ruqa"/> This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that the terminal nerve projects to the medial and lateral [[septal nuclei]] and the [[preoptic area]]s, all of which are involved in reproduction in [[mammal]]s.<ref name="Sex and the Secret Nerve"/> A 1987 study found that mating in [[hamster]]s is reduced when the terminal nerve is severed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wirsig|first1=Celeste|title=Terminal nerve damage impairs the mating behavior of the male hamster|journal=Brain Research|date=11 August 1987|volume=417|issue=2|pages=293–303|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(87)90454-9|pmid=3308003|s2cid=33371658}}</ref> |
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==Clinical significance== |
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Alterations in the terminal nerve structure may be implicated in [[Kallmann syndrome]].<ref name="AnatRec"/><ref name="Taroc">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taroc EZ, Naik AS, Lin JM, Peterson NB, Keefe DL, Genis E, Fuchs G, Balasubramanian R, Forni PE |title=Gli3 Regulates Vomeronasal Neurogenesis, Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Formation, and GnRH-1 Neuronal Migration |journal=J Neurosci |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=311–326 |date=January 2020 |pmid=31767679 |pmc=6948949 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1977-19.2019 |url=}}</ref> |
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==Additional images== |
==Additional images== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Johnston Cranial nerve 0.png|Three forms of the nerve on the underside of human brains |
File:Johnston Cranial nerve 0.png|Three forms of the nerve on the underside of human brains |
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File:Sobo 1909 629.png|Brain viewed from below. Gyrus rectus seen at anterior centre. |
File:Sobo 1909 629.png|Brain viewed from below. Gyrus rectus seen at anterior centre. |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Vomeronasal organ]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{cite journal |author=Vilensky JA |title=The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N) |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=46–53 |date=January 2014 |pmid=22836597 |doi=10.1002/ca.22130|s2cid=21454488 }} |
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*{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuller GN, Burger PC |title=Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human |journal=Clinical Neuropathology |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=279–83 |year=1990 |pmid=2286018}} |
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{{Cranial nerves}} |
{{Cranial nerves}} |
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Latest revision as of 08:31, 5 August 2024
| Terminal nerve | |
|---|---|
 Left The terminal nerve as it is shown on the ventral side of a dog-fish brain. (Topmost label) | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | nervus terminalis |
| TA98 | A14.2.01.002 |
| TA2 | 6179 |
| FMA | 76749 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
| Cranial nerves |
|---|
|
The terminal nerve, also known as cranial nerve zero or simply as CN 0, is a nerve that was not included in the seminal classification of the cranial nerves as CN I through CN XII, but has since been recognized and listed in TA2.[1] It was discovered by German scientist Gustav Fritsch in 1878 in the brains of sharks, and was first found in humans in 1913.[2] Studies have confirmed that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the adult human brain.[3][4]
The accepted name of terminal nerve is due to its entrance in the lamina terminalis regions.[1] The nerve has previously been called cranial nerve XIII, zero nerve, nerve N, and NT.[5][6]
Structure
[edit]
The terminal nerve appears just in front of the other cranial nerves and would, if earlier recognized, have been classified as cranial nerve one. It first appears bilaterally as a microscopic plexus of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibers in the subarachnoid space covering the straight gyrus. The plexus appears near the cribriform plate and travels posteriorly toward the olfactory trigone and lamina terminalis.[3]
The terminal nerve is clearly seen in the human embryo but loses some of its ganglion cells before birth making it less recognizable in adults.[7] The nerve is therefore often overlooked in autopsies, and is often torn out upon exposing the brain.[5] Careful dissection is necessary to visualize the nerve.
Development
[edit]The zebrafish was used as a developmental model in research from 2004.[8]
The connections between the terminal nerve and the olfactory system have been extensively studied in human embryos. olfactory nerve fibers enter the brain at stage 17, fibers from the vomeronasal organ and fibers of the terminal nerve enter the brain at stages 17 and 18.[9] During prenatal development some of the ganglion cells are lost.[7]
Function
[edit]The functions of the terminal nerve are only speculated on together with possible pathological implications.[1] Although very close to the olfactory nerve, the terminal nerve is not connected to the olfactory bulb, where smells are analyzed. This suggests that the nerve is either vestigial or may be related to the sensing of pheromones.[10] The nerve may modulate olfactory inputs making pheromones (particularly sex pheromones) more detectable.[1] This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that the terminal nerve projects to the medial and lateral septal nuclei and the preoptic areas, all of which are involved in reproduction in mammals.[2] A 1987 study found that mating in hamsters is reduced when the terminal nerve is severed.[11]
Clinical significance
[edit]Alterations in the terminal nerve structure may be implicated in Kallmann syndrome.[7][12]
Additional images
[edit]-
Three forms of the nerve on the underside of human brains -
Brain viewed from below. Gyrus rectus seen at anterior centre.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Ruqa WA, Pennacchia F, Rusi E, Zoccali F, Bruno G, Talarico G, Barbato C, Minni A (March 2024). "Smelling TNT: Trends of the Terminal Nerve". Int J Mol Sci. 25 (7): 3920. doi:10.3390/ijms25073920. PMC 11011448. PMID 38612730.
- ^ a b Fields, R. Douglas (2007). "Sex and the Secret Nerve". Scientific American Mind. 18: 20–7. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0207-20.
- ^ a b Fuller GN, Burger PC (1990). "Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human". Clin Neuropathol. 9 (6): 279–83. PMID 2286018.
- ^ Berman, Laura (March 25, 2008). "Scientists discover secret sex nerve". TODAY.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ a b Bordoni, Bruno; Zanier, Emiliano (March 13, 2013). "Cranial nerves XIII and XIV: nerves in the shadows". Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 6. Dove Medical Press: 87–91. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S39132. eISSN 1178-2390. ISSN 1178-2390. OCLC 319595339. PMC 3601045. PMID 23516138.
- ^ Vilensky, JA (January 2014). "The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N)". Clinical Anatomy. 27 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1002/ca.22130. PMID 22836597. S2CID 21454488.
- ^ a b c Peña-Melián Á, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, González-López L, Villanueva-Anguita P, Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sánchez D, Martínez-Marcos A (March 2019). "Cranial Pair 0: The Nervus Terminalis". Anat Rec (Hoboken). 302 (3): 394–404. doi:10.1002/ar.23826. PMID 29663690.
- ^ Whitlock KE (September 2004). "Development of the nervus terminalis: origin and migration". Microscopy Research and Technique. 65 (1–2): 2–12. doi:10.1002/jemt.20094. PMID 15570589. S2CID 8736656.
- ^ Müller F, O'Rahilly R (2004). "Olfactory structures in staged human embryos". Cells Tissues Organs. 178 (2): 93–116. doi:10.1159/000081720. PMID 15604533. S2CID 43056268.
- ^ Von Bartheld CS (September 2004). "The terminal nerve and its relation with extrabulbar "olfactory" projections: lessons from lampreys and lungfishes". Microscopy Research and Technique. 65 (1–2): 13–24. doi:10.1002/jemt.20095. PMID 15570592.
- ^ Wirsig, Celeste (11 August 1987). "Terminal nerve damage impairs the mating behavior of the male hamster". Brain Research. 417 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90454-9. PMID 3308003. S2CID 33371658.
- ^ Taroc EZ, Naik AS, Lin JM, Peterson NB, Keefe DL, Genis E, Fuchs G, Balasubramanian R, Forni PE (January 2020). "Gli3 Regulates Vomeronasal Neurogenesis, Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Formation, and GnRH-1 Neuronal Migration". J Neurosci. 40 (2): 311–326. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1977-19.2019. PMC 6948949. PMID 31767679.
