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{{short description|Species of moth in the family Sphingidae}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Eyed hawk-moth
| name = Eyed hawk-moth
| image = Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female dos.jpg
| image = Smerinthus ocellatus female - Keila.jpg
| image_caption = ''Smerinthus ocellatus'' Female - [[MHNT]]
| image_caption = Female in resting position
| image2 = Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female ventre.jpg
| image2 = Smerinthus ocellatus male - Keila.jpg
| image2_caption = ''Smerinthus ocellatus'' Female △- [[MHNT]]
| image2_caption = Male in resting position
| genus = Smerinthus
| genus = Smerinthus
| species = ocellatus
| species = ocellatus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cate-sphingidae.org/taxonomy/Smerinthus/ocellata.html |title=CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience - Sphingidae |publisher=Cate-sphingidae.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cate-sphingidae.org/taxonomy/Smerinthus/ocellata.html |title=CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience - Sphingidae |publisher=Cate-sphingidae.org |accessdate=2011-11-01 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201049/http://www.cate-sphingidae.org/taxonomy/Smerinthus/ocellata.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
| synonyms = *''Sphinx ocellata'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
| synonyms =
⚫
*''Sphinx ocellata'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
*''Sphinx salicis'' <small>Hübner, 1796</small>
*''Sphinx salicis'' <small>Hübner, 1796</small>
*''Sphinx semipavo'' <small>Retzius, 1783</small>
*''Sphinx semipavo'' <small>Retzius, 1783</small>
Line 37: Line 37:
}}
}}


'''''Smerinthus ocellatus''''', known as the '''eyed hawk-moth''', is a European [[moth]] of the family [[Sphingidae]].
'''''Smerinthus ocellatus''''', the '''eyed hawk-moth''', is a European [[moth]] of the family [[Sphingidae]]. The species was [[Species description|first described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']].


The eyespots are not visible in resting position, where the forewings cover them. They are displayed when the moth feels threatened, and may startle a potential [[predator]], giving the moth a chance to escape.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin Stevens |year=2005 |title=The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1017/S1464793105006810 |pmid=16221330}}</ref>
The [[eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]] are not visible in resting position, where the forewings cover them. They are displayed when the moth feels threatened, and may startle a potential [[predator]], giving the moth a chance to escape.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Martin |last=Stevens |year=2005 |title=The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1017/S1464793105006810 |pmid=16221330}}</ref>


==Imago==
==Imago==
[[File:Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Chene.jpg|thumb|The eyespots are displayed when the moth feels threatened]]
Very similar in appearance to the other two western [[Palaearctic]] ''Smerinthus'' species, ''[[Smerinthus caecus]]'' and ''[[Smerinthus kindermannii]]'' but differentiated by an apical thorn on the foretibia, and the large, circular hindwing ocellus.The upperside forewings are marked in light and dark shades of brown and resemble the coloring of bark. The hindwings are pink coloured basally and then a yellow ochre.The hindwings are dominated by a large, blue, dark-centered and black-rimmed eyespot. The thorax has light brown sides and dark brown hairs in the middle.In addition to variations in the density of the forewing pattern intensity, differences in colour are also found on the hindwing. In f. ''flavescens'' Neumann hindwing pink is replaced by yellow in f. ''pallida'' Tutt by grey and in f. ''albescens'' Tutt. In f. ''rosea'' Bartel, the pink is deep and the forewings are yellowish brown; in f. ''ollivryi'' Oberthür, the ocellus is replaced by a buff brown patch. The adult moth has a wingspan of {{convert|70|-|80|mm}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php?bf=1980 |title=Eyed Hawk-moth ''Smerinthus ocellata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |publisher=UK Moths |accessdate=September 28, 2010 |author=Ian Kimber |year=2010}}</ref>
The adult (imago) is very similar in appearance to the other two western [[Palaearctic]] ''Smerinthus'' species, ''[[Smerinthus caecus]]'' and ''[[Smerinthus kindermannii]]'' but differentiated by an apical thorn on the foretibia, and the large, circular hindwing ocellus. The upperside forewings are marked in light and dark shades of brown and resemble the colouring of bark. The hindwings are pink coloured basally and then a yellow ochre. The hindwings are dominated by a large, blue, dark-centred and black-rimmed eyespot. The thorax has light brown sides and dark brown hairs in the middle. In addition to variations in the density of the forewing pattern intensity, differences in colour are also found on the hindwing. In f. ''flavescens'' Neumann hindwing pink is replaced by yellow in f. ''pallida'' Tutt by grey and in f. ''albescens'' Tutt. In f. ''rosea'' Bartel, the pink is deep and the forewings are yellowish brown; in f. ''ollivryi'' Oberthür, the ocellus is replaced by a buff brown patch. The adult moth has a wingspan of {{convert|70|-|80|mm}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php?bf=1980 |title=Eyed Hawk-moth ''Smerinthus ocellata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=UKMoths |accessdate=September 28, 2010 |author=Ian Kimber |year=2010}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT CUT 2010 0 330 Autouillet, Yvelines, France, male dorsal.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata'' ♂
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT CUT 2010 0 330 Autouillet, Yvelines, France, male ventral.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata'' ♂ △
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female dos.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata''♀
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female ventre.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata'' ♀ △
Abendpfauenauge,_Paarung_in_Schreckstellung_im_Geo-Naturpark_Bergstraße-Odenwald.jpg|♂ and ♀ mating
⚫
</gallery>


===Historical description===
===Historical description===
[[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Edward Newman]] described it thus:<ref>[[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Edward Newman]], ''The Illustrated Natural History of British Moths'' (1869)</ref>
[[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Edward Newman]] described it thus:<ref>[[Edward Newman (entomologist)|Edward Newman]], ''The Illustrated Natural History of British Moths'' (1869)</ref>
<blockquote>The Eyed Hawk-Moth, so called from a large and beautiful spot in each of the [[Hindwing|hind wings]] that somewhat resembles an eye. The [[Forewing|fore wings]] are brown, with a very beautiful reddish bloom over them, and clouded with olive-brown. The hind wings are of a delicate rosy red at the base, and a pale brown towards the margin; and each has a large and beautiful eye-like spot, grey in the centre, surrounded with blue, and the blue surrounded by a black ring. The skin of the [[caterpillar]] is rough, like [[shagreen]]; it is pale green, sprinkled with white, and has seven oblique white stripes on each side. The horn at the tail is blue. It is very common in the autumn, feeding on [[apple]] trees in gardens, and on [[willow]] bushes in hedges. The [[chrysalis]] is red-brown, and glossy. The Moth is found about [[Midsummer]].</blockquote>
<blockquote>The Eyed Hawk-Moth, so called from a large and beautiful spot in each of the hind wings that somewhat resembles an eye. The fore wings are brown, with a very beautiful reddish bloom over them, and clouded with olive-brown. The hind wings are of a delicate rosy red at the base, and a pale brown towards the margin; and each has a large and beautiful eye-like spot, grey in the centre, surrounded with blue, and the blue surrounded by a black ring. The skin of the caterpillar is rough, like [[shagreen]]; it is pale green, sprinkled with white, and has seven oblique white stripes on each side. The horn at the tail is blue. It is very common in the autumn, feeding on apple trees in gardens, and on willow bushes in hedges. The chrysalis is red-brown, and glossy. The Moth is found about Midsummer.</blockquote>


==Larva==
==Larva==
The larva is pale bluish or yellowish green with small white-tipped tubercules and a grey-blue tail horn. The sides are striped white or yellow and the [[spiracles]] are white ringed with dark red. The larvae grow to about 80&nbsp;mm. The larval foodplants are various species of ''[[Salix]]'', ''[[Populus]]'' and ''[[Malus]]''<ref name=Carter>Carter, D.J. and Hargreaves, B. (1986) A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies and moths in Britain and Europe. Collins, London. {{ISBN|0 00 219080 X}}</ref>
The larva (caterpillar) is pale bluish or yellowish green with small white-tipped tubercules and a grey-blue tail horn. The sides are striped white or yellow and the [[Spiracle (arthropods)|spiracles]] are white ringed with dark red. The larvae grow to about 80&nbsp;mm. The larval food plants are various species of ''[[Salix]]'', ''[[Populus]]'' and ''[[Malus]]''.<ref name=Carter>Carter, D. J. and [[Brian Hargreaves|Hargreaves, B.]] (1986) ''A Field Guide to Caterpillars of Butterflies and Moths in Britain and Europe''. Collins, London. {{ISBN|0 00 219080 X}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">

⚫
Smerinthus ocellatus caterpillar - Keila.jpg|Caterpillar
⚫
<gallery>
⚫
Smerinthus ocellatus caterpillar on apple tree.jpg|Caterpillar
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Chene.jpg|Rest position on an oak trunk.
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Pupa==
==Pupa==
The pupa is glossy reddish-brown, and is formed below the soil surface in late summer, where it overwinters. The adults emerge the following summer in May or June.<ref name=Carter/>
The pupa is glossy reddish brown, and is formed below the soil surface in late summer, where it overwinters. The adults emerge the following summer in May or June.<ref name=Carter/>


==Subspecies==
==Subspecies==
*''Smerinthus ocellatus ocellatus''
*''Smerinthus ocellatus ocellatus''
*''Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus'' <small>Austaut, 1890</small> (confined to the Atlas Mountains and their surrounding lowlands, from Morocco to Tunisia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/s_atl.htm |title=Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic |publisher=Tpittaway.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-01}}</ref>
*''Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus'' <small>Austaut, 1890</small> (confined to the Atlas Mountains and their surrounding lowlands, from Morocco to Tunisia)<ref>{{cite web |last=Pittaway |first=A. R. |date=2018 |url=http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/s_atl.htm |title=''Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus'' Austaut, 1890 |website=Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic |accessdate=December 17, 2018}}</ref>
*''Smerinthus atlanticus protai'' <small>Speidel & Kaltenbach, 1981</small> (Sardinia and Corsica)
*''Smerinthus atlanticus protai'' <small>Speidel & Kaltenbach, 1981</small> (Sardinia and Corsica)


''Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus'' is sometimes treated as a full species, in which case ''Smerinthus atlanticus protai'' is placed as a subspecies of this species, rather than ''Smerinthus ocellatus''.
''Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus'' is sometimes treated as a full species, in which case ''Smerinthus atlanticus protai'' is placed as a subspecies of this species, rather than ''Smerinthus ocellatus''.
<gallery mode="packed">
Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus MHNT CUT 2010 0 330 Cherchell, Algérie, male dorsal.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus'' ♂
Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus MHNT CUT 2010 0 330 Cherchell, Algérie, male ventral.jpg|''Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus'' ♂ △
</gallery>


==Nomenclatural note==
==Nomenclatural note==
The name ''Smerinthus'' is apparently derived from the Greek feminine noun 'Merinthos', but has been Latinised with the masculine -us ending and is thus, according to the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] article 30.1.3,<ref name=ICZN>International Code for Zoological nomenclature, 4th Edition, 1999, Article 30.1.3. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp</ref> masculine.<ref name=Paclt>Paclt, J. 1978. The Nomenclature in an important British checklist (1972): part 4: correct gender for some other generic names. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 17: 24-26. http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/17/PDF17/17-024.pdf</ref> As the ICZN rules that species names that are adjectives should agree in gender with the genus name, the common use of ''Smerinthus ocellata'' for this species is incorrect.
The name ''Smerinthus'' is apparently derived from the Greek feminine noun 'Merinthos', but has been Latinised with the masculine -us ending and is thus, according to the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] article 30.1.3,<ref name=ICZN>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th Edition, 1999], Article 30.1.3.</ref> masculine.<ref name=Paclt>Paclt, J. (1978). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023119/http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/17/PDF17/17-024.pdf "The Nomenclature in an important British checklist (1972): part 4: correct gender for some other generic names"]. ''Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera''. '''17''': 24-26.</ref> As the ICZN rules that species names that are adjectives should agree in gender with the genus name, the common use of ''Smerinthus ocellata'' for this species is incorrect.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 78: Line 88:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
* [[s:The Moths of the British Isles/Chapter 2|Description in Richard South ''The Moths of the British Isles'']]
* [[s:The Moths of the British Isles/Chapter 2|Description in Richard South's ''The Moths of the British Isles'']]
* [http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/s_oce.htm Sphingidae of the Western Palearctic]
* {{cite web |last=Pittaway |first=A. R. |date=2018 |url=http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/s_oce.htm |title=''Smerinthus ocellatus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic |accessdate=December 17, 2018}}
* [http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Smerinthus_Ocellata Lepiforum.de]
* [http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Smerinthus_Ocellata "06822 ''Smerinthus ocellata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - Abendpfauenauge"]. ''Lepiforum e.V.''. Retrieved December 20, 2018.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q318989}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q318989}}


[[Category:Smerinthus]]
[[Category:Smerinthus]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1758]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1758]]
[[Category:Moths of Europe]]
[[Category:Moths of Europe]]
[[Category:Insects of Europe]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths of Turkey]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 29 May 2024

Eyed hawk-moth
Female in resting position
Male in resting position
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Sphingidae
Genus: Smerinthus
Species:
S. ocellatus
Binomial name
Smerinthus ocellatus
Synonyms
  • Sphinx ocellata Linnaeus, 1758
  • Sphinx salicis Hübner, 1796
  • Sphinx semipavo Retzius, 1783
  • Smerinthus ocellata (misspelling)
  • Smerinthus atlanticus Austaut, 1890
  • Smerinthus atlanticus aestivalis (Austaut, 1890)
  • Smerinthus ocellata albescens Tutt, 1902
  • Smerinthus ocellata biocellata (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata brunnescens (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata caeca Tutt, 1902
  • Smerinthus ocellata caerulocellata (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata cinerascens Staudinger, 1879
  • Smerinthus ocellata deroseata (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata diluta (Closs, 1917)
  • Smerinthus ocellata flavescens Neumann, 1930
  • Smerinthus ocellata grisea (Closs, 1917)
  • Smerinthus ocellata kainiti Knop, 1937
  • Smerinthus ocellata monochromica Cockayne, 1953
  • Smerinthus ocellata ollivryi Oberthür, 1920
  • Smerinthus ocellata pallida Tutt, 1902
  • Smerinthus ocellata parvocellata (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata reducta Schnaider, 1950
  • Smerinthus ocellata rosea Bartel, 1900
  • Smerinthus ocellata rufescens (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata uniformis (Lempke, 1959)
  • Smerinthus ocellata viridiocellata (Lempke, 1959)

Smerinthus ocellatus, the eyed hawk-moth, is a European moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

The eyespots are not visible in resting position, where the forewings cover them. They are displayed when the moth feels threatened, and may startle a potential predator, giving the moth a chance to escape.[2]

Imago

[edit]
The eyespots are displayed when the moth feels threatened

The adult (imago) is very similar in appearance to the other two western Palaearctic Smerinthus species, Smerinthus caecus and Smerinthus kindermannii but differentiated by an apical thorn on the foretibia, and the large, circular hindwing ocellus. The upperside forewings are marked in light and dark shades of brown and resemble the colouring of bark. The hindwings are pink coloured basally and then a yellow ochre. The hindwings are dominated by a large, blue, dark-centred and black-rimmed eyespot. The thorax has light brown sides and dark brown hairs in the middle. In addition to variations in the density of the forewing pattern intensity, differences in colour are also found on the hindwing. In f. flavescens Neumann hindwing pink is replaced by yellow in f. pallida Tutt by grey and in f. albescens Tutt. In f. rosea Bartel, the pink is deep and the forewings are yellowish brown; in f. ollivryi Oberthür, the ocellus is replaced by a buff brown patch. The adult moth has a wingspan of 70–80 millimetres (2.8–3.1 in).[3]

  • Smerinthus ocellata ♂
    Smerinthus ocellata ♂
  • Smerinthus ocellata ♂ △
    Smerinthus ocellata ♂ △
  • Smerinthus ocellata♀
    Smerinthus ocellata♀
  • Smerinthus ocellata ♀ △
    Smerinthus ocellata ♀ △
  • ♂ and ♀ mating
    ♂ and ♀ mating

Historical description

[edit]

Edward Newman described it thus:[4]

The Eyed Hawk-Moth, so called from a large and beautiful spot in each of the hind wings that somewhat resembles an eye. The fore wings are brown, with a very beautiful reddish bloom over them, and clouded with olive-brown. The hind wings are of a delicate rosy red at the base, and a pale brown towards the margin; and each has a large and beautiful eye-like spot, grey in the centre, surrounded with blue, and the blue surrounded by a black ring. The skin of the caterpillar is rough, like shagreen; it is pale green, sprinkled with white, and has seven oblique white stripes on each side. The horn at the tail is blue. It is very common in the autumn, feeding on apple trees in gardens, and on willow bushes in hedges. The chrysalis is red-brown, and glossy. The Moth is found about Midsummer.

Larva

[edit]

The larva (caterpillar) is pale bluish or yellowish green with small white-tipped tubercules and a grey-blue tail horn. The sides are striped white or yellow and the spiracles are white ringed with dark red. The larvae grow to about 80 mm. The larval food plants are various species of Salix, Populus and Malus.[5]

  • Caterpillar
    Caterpillar

Pupa

[edit]

The pupa is glossy reddish brown, and is formed below the soil surface in late summer, where it overwinters. The adults emerge the following summer in May or June.[5]

Subspecies

[edit]
  • Smerinthus ocellatus ocellatus
  • Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus Austaut, 1890 (confined to the Atlas Mountains and their surrounding lowlands, from Morocco to Tunisia)[6]
  • Smerinthus atlanticus protai Speidel & Kaltenbach, 1981 (Sardinia and Corsica)

Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus is sometimes treated as a full species, in which case Smerinthus atlanticus protai is placed as a subspecies of this species, rather than Smerinthus ocellatus.

  • Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus ♂
    Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus ♂
  • Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus ♂ △
    Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus ♂ △

Nomenclatural note

[edit]

The name Smerinthus is apparently derived from the Greek feminine noun 'Merinthos', but has been Latinised with the masculine -us ending and is thus, according to the ICZN article 30.1.3,[7] masculine.[8] As the ICZN rules that species names that are adjectives should agree in gender with the genus name, the common use of Smerinthus ocellata for this species is incorrect.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience - Sphingidae". Cate-sphingidae.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  2. ^ Stevens, Martin (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. PMID 16221330.
  3. ^ Ian Kimber (2010). "Eyed Hawk-moth Smerinthus ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758)". UKMoths. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  4. ^ Edward Newman, The Illustrated Natural History of British Moths (1869)
  5. ^ a b Carter, D. J. and Hargreaves, B. (1986) A Field Guide to Caterpillars of Butterflies and Moths in Britain and Europe. Collins, London. ISBN 0 00 219080 X
  6. ^ Pittaway, A. R. (2018). "Smerinthus ocellatus atlanticus Austaut, 1890". Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  7. ^ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th Edition, 1999, Article 30.1.3.
  8. ^ Paclt, J. (1978). "The Nomenclature in an important British checklist (1972): part 4: correct gender for some other generic names". Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 17: 24-26.
[edit]
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